Master class “Entertaining experiments in physics from improvised materials. Description of experiments in physics

BEI "Koskovskaya secondary school"

Kichmengsko-Gorodets municipal district

Vologda region

Educational project

"Physical experiment at home"

Completed:

7th grade students

Koptyaev Artem

Alekseevskaya Xenia

Alekseevskaya Tanya

Supervisor:

Korovkin I.N.

March-April-2016.

Content

Introduction

Nothing in life is better than your own experience.

Scott W.

At school and at home, we got acquainted with many physical phenomena and we wanted to make home-made devices, equipment and conduct experiments. All our experiments allow us to get deeper knowledge the world and in particular physics. We describe the process of making equipment for the experiment, the principle of operation and the physical law or phenomenon demonstrated by this device. The experiments carried out interested students from other classes.

Target: make a device from available improvised means to demonstrate a physical phenomenon and use it to tell about a physical phenomenon.

Hypothesis: made devices, demonstrations will help to know physics deeper.

Tasks:

Study the literature on conducting experiments with your own hands.

Watch video demonstration of experiments

Build experiment equipment

Hold a demo

Describe the physical phenomenon being demonstrated

Improve the material base of the physicist's office.

EXPERIENCE 1. Fountain model

Target : show the simplest model of the fountain.

Equipment : plastic bottle, dropper tubes, clip, balloon, cuvette.

Ready product

The course of the experiment:

We will make 2 holes in the cork. Insert the tubes, attach a ball to the end of one.

Fill the balloon with air and close with a clip.

Pour into a bottle of water and put it in a cuvette.

Let's watch the flow of water.

Result: We observe the formation of a fountain of water.

Analysis: compressed air in the balloon acts on the water in the bottle. The more air in the balloon, the higher the fountain will be.

EXPERIENCE 2. Carthusian diver

(Pascal's law and Archimedean force.)

Target: demonstrate Pascal's law and Archimedes' force.

Equipment: plastic bottle,

pipette (a vessel closed at one end)

Ready product

The course of the experiment:

Take a plastic bottle with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters.

Take a small vessel (pipette) and load it with copper wire.

Fill the bottle with water.

Press down on the top of the bottle with your hands.

Watch the phenomenon.

Result : we observe the dipping of the pipette and the ascent when pressing on the plastic bottle ..

Analysis : the force will compress the air over the water, the pressure is transferred to the water.

According to Pascal's law, pressure compresses the air in the pipette. As a result, the Archimedean force decreases. The body is sinking. Stop squeezing. The body floats.

EXPERIENCE 3. Pascal's law and communicating vessels.

Target: demonstrate the operation of Pascal's law in hydraulic machines.

Equipment: two syringes of different sizes and a plastic tube from a dropper.

Ready product.

The course of the experiment:

1. Take two syringes different sizes and connect with a tube from a dropper.

2.Fill with incompressible liquid (water or oil)

3. Push down on the plunger of the smaller syringe. Observe the movement of the plunger of the larger syringe.

4. Push the plunger of the larger syringe. Observe the movement of the plunger of the smaller syringe.

Result : We fix the difference in the applied forces.

Analysis : According to Pascal's law, the pressure created by the pistons is the same. Therefore: how many times the piston is so many times and the force generated by it is greater.

EXPERIENCE 4. Dry from water.

Target : show the expansion of hot air and the contraction of cold air.

Equipment : a glass, a plate of water, a candle, a cork.

Ready product.

The course of the experiment:

1. pour water into a plate and place a coin on the bottom and a float on the water.

2. invite the audience to get a coin without getting their hands wet.

3. light a candle and put it in the water.

4. cover with a warm glass.

Result: Watching the movement of water in a glass.

Analysis: when air is heated, it expands. When the candle goes out. The air cools and its pressure drops. Atmospheric pressure will push the water under the glass.

EXPERIENCE 5. Inertia.

Target : show the manifestation of inertia.

Equipment : Wide-mouthed bottle, cardboard ring, coins.

Ready product.

The course of the experiment:

1. We put a paper ring on the neck of the bottle.

2. put coins on the ring.

3. with a sharp blow of the ruler we knock out the ring

Result: watch the coins fall into the bottle.

Analysis: inertia is the ability of a body to maintain its speed. When hitting the ring, the coins do not have time to change speed and fall into the bottle.

EXPERIENCE 6. Upside down.

Target : Show the behavior of a liquid in a rotating bottle.

Equipment : Wide-mouthed bottle and rope.

Ready product.

The course of the experiment:

1. We tie a rope to the neck of the bottle.

2. pour water.

3. rotate the bottle over your head.

Result: water does not spill out.

Analysis: At the top, gravity and centrifugal force act on the water. If the centrifugal force is greater than gravity, then the water will not pour out.

EXPERIENCE 7. Non-Newtonian fluid.

Target : Show the behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Equipment : bowl.starch. water.

Ready product.

The course of the experiment:

1. In a bowl, dilute starch and water in equal proportions.

2. demonstrate the unusual properties of the liquid

Result: a substance has the properties of a solid and a liquid.

Analysis: with a sharp impact, the properties of a solid body are manifested, and with a slow impact, the properties of a liquid.

Conclusion

As a result of our work, we:

conducted experiments proving the existence of atmospheric pressure;

created home-made devices that demonstrate the dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column, Pascal's law.

We liked to study pressure, make home-made devices, conduct experiments. But there are many interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:

We will continue to study this interesting science

We hope that our classmates will be interested in this problem, and we will try to help them.

In the future, we will conduct new experiments.

Conclusion

It is interesting to watch the experience conducted by the teacher. Conducting it yourself is doubly interesting.

And to conduct an experiment with a device made and designed by one's own hands is of great interest to the whole class. In such experiments, it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how a given installation works.

Conducting these experiments is not difficult and interesting. They are safe, simple and useful. New research ahead!

Literature

Evenings in physics high school/ Comp. EM. Braverman. Moscow: Education, 1969.

Extracurricular work in physics / Ed. O.F. Kabardin. M.: Enlightenment, 1983.

Galperstein L. Entertaining physics. M.: ROSMEN, 2000.

GeagleL.A. Entertaining experiments in physics. Moscow: Enlightenment, 1985.

Goryachkin E.N. Methodology and technique of physical experiment. M.: Enlightenment. 1984

Mayorov A.N. Physics for the curious, or what you don't learn in class. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Academy and K, 1999.

Makeeva G.P., Tsedrik M.S. Physical paradoxes and entertaining questions. Minsk: Narodnaya Asveta, 1981.

Nikitin Yu.Z. Fun hour. M .: Young Guard, 1980.

Experiments in a home laboratory // Kvant. 1980. No. 4.

Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining mechanics. Do you know physics? M.: VAP, 1994.

Peryshkin A.V., Rodina N.A. Physics textbook for grade 7. M.: Enlightenment. 2012

Peryshkin A.V. Physics. - M .: Bustard, 2012

Most people, remembering their school years, we are sure that physics is a very boring subject. The course includes many tasks and formulas that will not be useful to anyone in later life. On the one hand, these statements are true, but, like any subject, physics has the other side of the coin. But not everyone discovers it for themselves.

A lot depends on the teacher.

Perhaps our education system is to blame for this, or maybe it's all about the teacher, who thinks only that he needs to reprimand the material approved from above, and does not seek to interest his students. Most of the time it's his fault. However, if the children are lucky, and the lesson will be taught by a teacher who loves his subject himself, then he will be able not only to interest the students, but also help them discover something new. As a result, it will lead to the fact that children will begin to attend such classes with pleasure. Of course, formulas are an integral part of this subject, there's no getting away from it. But there are also positive aspects. Experiments are of particular interest to students. Here we will talk about this in more detail. We will look at some fun physics experiments that you can do with your child. It should be interesting not only to him, but also to you. It is likely that with the help of such activities you will instill in your child a genuine interest in learning, and "boring" physics will become his favorite subject. it is not difficult to carry out, this will require very few attributes, the main thing is that there is a desire. And, perhaps, then you can replace your child with a school teacher.

Consider some interesting experiences in physics for the little ones, because you need to start small.

paper fish

To conduct this experiment, we need to cut out a small fish from thick paper (you can use cardboard), the length of which should be 30-50 mm. We make a round hole in the middle with a diameter of about 10-15 mm. Next, from the side of the tail, we cut a narrow channel (width 3-4 mm) to a round hole. Then we pour water into the basin and carefully place our fish there so that one plane lies on the water, and the second remains dry. Now you need to drip oil into the round hole (you can use an oiler from a sewing machine or a bicycle). The oil, trying to spill over the surface of the water, will flow through the cut channel, and the fish, under the action of the oil flowing back, will swim forward.

Elephant and Pug

Let's continue to conduct entertaining experiments in physics with your child. We suggest that you introduce your baby to the concept of a lever and how it helps to facilitate a person’s work. For example, tell us that you can easily lift a heavy wardrobe or sofa with it. And for clarity, show an elementary experiment in physics using a lever. To do this, we need a ruler, a pencil and a couple of small toys, but be sure to different weight(that's why we called this experience "Elephant and Pug"). We fasten our Elephant and Pug to different ends of the ruler using plasticine, or an ordinary thread (we just tie the toys). Now, if you put the ruler with the middle part on the pencil, then, of course, the elephant will pull, because it is heavier. But if you shift the pencil towards the elephant, then Pug will easily outweigh it. This is the principle of leverage. The ruler (lever) rests on the pencil - this place is the fulcrum. Next, the child should be told that this principle is used everywhere, it is the basis for the operation of a crane, a swing, and even scissors.

Home experience in physics with inertia

We will need a jar of water and a household net. It will be no secret to anyone that if open jar turn it over, the water will pour out of it. Let's try? Of course, for this it is better to go outside. We put the jar in the grid and begin to smoothly swing it, gradually increasing the amplitude, and as a result we make a full turn - one, two, three, and so on. Water does not pour out. Interesting? And now let's make the water pour up. To do this, take a tin can and make a hole in the bottom. We put it in the grid, fill it with water and begin to rotate. A stream shoots out of the hole. When the jar is in the lower position, this does not surprise anyone, but when it flies up, the fountain continues to beat in the same direction, and not a drop from the neck. That's it. All this can explain the principle of inertia. When the bank rotates, it tends to fly straight, but the grid does not let it go and makes it describe circles. Water also tends to fly by inertia, and in the case when we made a hole in the bottom, nothing prevents it from breaking out and moving in a straight line.

Box with a surprise

Now consider experiments in physics with displacement. You need to put a matchbox on the edge of the table and slowly move it. The moment it passes its middle mark, a fall will occur. That is, the mass of the part extended beyond the edge of the tabletop will exceed the weight of the remaining one, and the boxes will tip over. Now let's shift the center of mass, for example, put a metal nut inside (as close to the edge as possible). It remains to place the boxes in such a way that a small part of it remains on the table, and a large one hangs in the air. The fall will not happen. The essence of this experiment is that the entire mass is above the fulcrum. This principle is also used throughout. It is thanks to him that furniture, monuments, transport, and much more are in a stable position. By the way, the children's toy Roly-Vstanka is also built on the principle of shifting the center of mass.

So, let's continue to consider interesting experiments in physics, but let's move on to the next stage - for sixth grade students.

water carousel

We need an empty tin can, a hammer, a nail, a rope. We pierce a hole in the side wall at the very bottom with a nail and a hammer. Next, without pulling the nail out of the hole, bend it to the side. It is necessary that the hole be oblique. We repeat the procedure on the second side of the can - you need to make sure that the holes are opposite each other, but the nails are bent in different directions. We punch two more holes in the upper part of the vessel, we pass the ends of a rope or a thick thread through them. We hang the container and fill it with water. Two oblique fountains will start to beat from the lower holes, and the can will begin to rotate in the opposite direction. I work on this principle. space rockets- the flame from the engine nozzles hits in one direction, and the rocket flies in the other.

Experiments in physics - Grade 7

Let's do an experiment with mass density and find out how you can make an egg float. Experiments in physics with different densities are best done on the example of fresh and salt water. Take a jar filled with hot water. We put an egg in it, and it immediately sinks. Next, add salt to the water and stir. The egg begins to float, and the more salt, the higher it will rise. This is because salt water has a higher density than fresh water. So, everyone knows that in the Dead Sea (its water is the most salty) it is almost impossible to drown. As you can see, experiments in physics can significantly increase the horizons of your child.

and a plastic bottle

Schoolchildren of the seventh grade begin to study atmospheric pressure and its effect on the objects around us. To reveal this topic more deeply, it is better to conduct appropriate experiments in physics. Atmospheric pressure affects us, although it remains invisible. Let's take an example with hot air balloon. Each of us can inflate it. Then we will put it in a plastic bottle, put the edges on the neck and fix it. Thus, air can only enter the ball, and the bottle becomes a sealed vessel. Now let's try to inflate the balloon. We will not succeed, since the atmospheric pressure in the bottle will not allow us to do this. When we blow, the balloon begins to displace the air in the vessel. And since our bottle is airtight, it has nowhere to go, and it begins to shrink, thereby becoming much denser than the air in the ball. Accordingly, the system is leveled, and it is impossible to inflate the balloon. Now we will make a hole in the bottom and try to inflate the balloon. In this case, there is no resistance, the displaced air leaves the bottle - atmospheric pressure equalizes.

Conclusion

As you can see, experiments in physics are not at all complicated and quite interesting. Try to interest your child - and studying for him will be completely different, he will begin to attend classes with pleasure, which will eventually affect his academic performance.

And get to know with them world and wonders of physical phenomena? Then we invite you to our " experimental laboratory", in which we will tell you how to create simple, but very interesting experiments for children.

Egg experiments

Egg with salt

The egg will sink to the bottom if you put it in a glass of plain water, but what happens if you add salt? The result is very interesting and can visually show interesting density facts.

You will need:

• Salt
• Tumbler.

Instruction:

1. Fill half the glass with water.

2. Add a lot of salt to the glass (about 6 tablespoons).

3. We interfere.

4. We carefully lower the egg into the water and observe what is happening.

Explanation

Salt water has a higher density than regular tap water. It is the salt that brings the egg to the surface. And if you add fresh salt water to the existing salt water, then the egg will gradually sink to the bottom.

Egg in a bottle

Did you know that a boiled whole egg can be easily bottled?

You will need:

• A bottle with a neck diameter smaller than the diameter of the egg
• Hard boiled egg
• Matches
• some paper
• Vegetable oil.

Instruction:

1. Lubricate the neck of the bottle with vegetable oil.

2. Now set fire to the paper (you can just have a few matches) and immediately throw it into the bottle.

3. Put an egg on the neck.

When the fire goes out, the egg will be inside the bottle.

Explanation

The fire provokes the heating of the air in the bottle, which comes out. After the fire goes out, the air in the bottle will begin to cool and contract. Therefore, a low pressure is formed in the bottle, and the external pressure pushes the egg into the bottle.

The balloon experiment

This experiment shows how rubber and orange peel interact with each other.

You will need:

• Balloon
• Orange.

Instruction:

1. Blow up the balloon.

2. Peel the orange, but don't throw away the orange peel.

3. Squeeze the orange peel over the balloon, after which it will burst.

Explanation.

Orange peel contains limonene. It is able to dissolve rubber, which is what happens to the ball.

candle experiment

An interesting experiment showing burning a candle in the distance.

You will need:

• regular candle
• Matches or lighter.

Instruction:

1. Light a candle.

2. Extinguish it after a few seconds.

3. Now bring the burning flame to the smoke coming from the candle. The candle will start burning again.

Explanation

The smoke rising from an extinguished candle contains paraffin, which quickly ignites. The burning vapors of paraffin reach the wick, and the candle begins to burn again.

Vinegar Soda

A balloon that inflates itself is a very interesting sight.

You will need:

• Bottle
• A glass of vinegar
• 4 teaspoons of soda
• Balloon.

Instruction:

1. Pour a glass of vinegar into the bottle.

2. Pour the soda into the bowl.

3. We put the ball on the neck of the bottle.

4. Slowly put the ball vertically, while pouring soda into a bottle of vinegar.

5. Watching the balloon inflate.

Explanation

When baking soda is added to vinegar, a process called soda quenching takes place. During this process, carbon dioxide is released, which inflates our balloon.

invisible ink

Play with your child as a secret agent and create your invisible ink.

You will need:

• half a lemon
• Spoon
• A bowl
• Cotton swab
• White paper
• Lamp.

Instruction:

1. Squeeze some lemon juice into a bowl and add the same amount of water.

2. Dip a cotton swab into the mixture and write something on the white paper.

3. Wait for the juice to dry and become completely invisible.

4. When you're ready to read the secret message or show it to someone else, heat the paper by holding it close to a light bulb or fire.

Explanation

Lemon juice is organic matter, which oxidizes and turns brown when heated. Diluted lemon juice in water makes it hard to see on paper, and no one will know there's lemon juice in it until it's warmed up.

Other substances which work in the same way:

• Orange juice
• Milk
• onion juice
• Vinegar
• Wine.

How to make lava

You will need:

• Sunflower oil
• Juice or food coloring
• Transparent vessel (can be a glass)
• Any effervescent tablets.

Instruction:

1. First, pour the juice into a glass so that it fills about 70% of the volume of the container.

2. Fill the rest of the glass with sunflower oil.

3. Now we are waiting for the juice to separate from the sunflower oil.

4. We throw a pill into a glass and observe an effect similar to lava. When the tablet dissolves, you can throw another one.

Explanation

The oil separates from the water because it has a lower density. Dissolving in the juice, the tablet releases carbon dioxide, which captures parts of the juice and lifts it up. The gas is completely out of the glass when it reaches the top, and the juice particles fall back down.

The tablet hisses due to the fact that it contains citric acid and soda (sodium bicarbonate). Both of these ingredients react with water to form sodium citrate and carbon dioxide gas.

Ice experiment

At first glance, you might think that the ice cube, being on top, will eventually melt, due to which it should cause the water to spill, but is it really so?

You will need:

• Cup
• Ice cubes.

Instruction:

1. Fill the glass with warm water up to the rim.

2. Lower the ice cubes carefully.

3. Watch the water level carefully.

As the ice melts, the water level does not change at all.

Explanation

When water freezes, turning into ice, it expands, increasing its volume (which is why even heating pipes can burst in winter). Water from melted ice takes up less space than the ice itself. So when the ice cube melts, the water level stays about the same.

How to make a parachute

find out about air resistance making a small parachute.

You will need:

• Plastic bag or other lightweight material
• Scissors
• A small load (perhaps some figurine).

Instruction:

1. Cut out a large square from a plastic bag.

2. Now we cut the edges so that we get an octagon (eight identical sides).

3. Now we tie 8 pieces of thread to each corner.

4. Don't forget to make a small hole in the middle of the parachute.

5. Tie the other ends of the threads to a small load.

6. Use a chair or find high point to launch the parachute and check how it flies. Remember that the parachute should fly as slowly as possible.

Explanation

When the parachute is released, the load pulls it down, but with the help of the lines, the parachute occupies a large area that resists the air, due to which the load slowly lowers. The larger the surface area of ​​the parachute, the more this surface resists falling, and the slower the parachute will descend.

A small hole in the middle of the parachute allows air to flow through it slowly, rather than flopping the parachute to one side.

How to make a tornado

Find out, how to make a tornado in a bottle with this fun scientific experiment for children. The items used in the experiment are easy to find in everyday life. Made homemade mini tornado much safer than the tornado that is shown on television in the steppes of America.

Experiment is one of the most informative ways of knowing. Thanks to him, it is possible to obtain various and extensive titles about the phenomenon or system under study. It is the experiment that plays a fundamental role in physical research. Beautiful physical experiments remain in the memory of future generations for a long time, and also contribute to the popularization of physical ideas among the masses. Here are the most interesting physical experiments according to the opinion of the physicists themselves from the survey of Robert Creese and Stony Book.

1. Experiment of Eratosthenes of Cyrene

This experiment is rightfully considered one of the most ancient to date. In the third century BC. librarian Library of Alexandria Erastofen Cyrensky interesting way measured the radius of the earth. on the day of the summer solstice in Siena, the sun was at its zenith, as a result of which shadows from objects were not observed. At the same time, 5000 stadia to the north in Alexandria, the Sun deviated from the zenith by 7 degrees. From here the librarian received information that the circumference of the Earth is 40 thousand km, and its radius is 6300 km. Erastofen received indicators only 5% less than today's, which is simply amazing for the ancient measuring instruments he used.

2. Galileo Galilei and his very first experiment

In the 17th century, Aristotle's theory was dominant and unquestioning. According to this theory, the speed of a body falling directly depended on its weight. An example was a feather and a stone. The theory was erroneous, as it did not take into account air resistance.

Galileo Galilei doubted this theory and decided to conduct a series of experiments personally. He took a large cannonball and fired it from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, paired with a light musket bullet. Given their close streamlined shape, air resistance could easily be neglected, and of course both objects landed at the same time, disproving Aristotle's theory. believes that one should personally go to Pisa and throw something similar in appearance and different in weight from the tower in order to feel like a great scientist.

3. The second experiment of Galileo Galilei

Aristotle's second statement was that bodies under the action of a force move at a constant speed. Galileo launched metal balls along an inclined plane and recorded the distance they covered in a certain time. Then he doubled the time, but the balls covered 4 times the distance during this time. Thus, the dependence was not linear, that is, the speed was not constant. From this, Galileo concluded that the accelerated motion under the action of force.
These two experiments served as the basis for the creation of classical mechanics.

4. Henry Cavendish experiment

Newton is the owner of the formulation of the law gravity, which contains the gravitational constant. Naturally, the problem of finding its numerical value arose. But for this it would be necessary to measure the force of interaction between bodies. But the problem is that the force of attraction is rather weak, it would be necessary to use either gigantic masses or small distances.

John Michell managed to come up with, and Cavendish to conduct in 1798 a rather interesting experiment. A torsion balance was used as a measuring device. On them, balls on thin ropes were fixed on the yoke. Mirrors were attached to the balls. Then, very large and heavy ones were brought to small balls and the displacement was fixed along the light spots. The result of a series of experiments was the determination of the value of the gravitational constant and the mass of the Earth.

5. The experiment of Jean Bernard Léon Foucault

Thanks to the huge (67 m) pendulum, which was installed in the Paris Panthéon, Foucault in 1851 brought the fact of the Earth's rotation around its axis by experiment. The plane of rotation of the pendulum remains unchanged with respect to the stars, but the observer rotates with the planet. Thus, one can see how the plane of rotation of the pendulum gradually shifts to the side. This is a fairly simple and safe experiment, unlike the one we wrote about in the article.

6. Isaac Newton's experiment

Again, Aristotle's statement was tested. There was an opinion that different colors are mixtures in different proportions light and darkness. The more darkness, the closer the color to purple and vice versa.

People have long noticed that large single crystals decompose light into colors. A series of experiments with prisms were carried out by the Czech naturalist Marcia the English Khariot. new series Newton started in 1672.
Newton set up physical experiments in a dark room, passing a thin beam of light through a small hole in thick curtains. This beam hit the prism and was decomposed into the colors of the rainbow on the screen. The phenomenon was called dispersion and later theoretically substantiated.

But Newton went further, because he was interested in the nature of light and colors. He passed the rays through two prisms in series. Based on these experiments, Newton concluded that color is not a combination of light and darkness, and even more so is not an attribute of an object. White light consists of all the colors that can be seen in dispersion.

7. Thomas Young's experiment

Until the 19th century, the corpuscular theory of light dominated. It was believed that light, like matter, consists of particles. Thomas Young, an English physician and physicist, conducted his own experiment in 1801 to test this claim. If we assume that light has a wave theory, then the same interacting waves should be observed as when two stones are thrown into water.

To simulate stones, Jung used an opaque screen with two holes and light sources behind it. Light passed through the holes and a pattern of light and dark stripes formed on the screen. Light stripes formed where the waves strengthened each other, and dark stripes where they extinguished.

8. Klaus Jonsson and his experiment

In 1961, the German physicist Klaus Jonsson proved that elementary particles have a corpuscular-wave nature. For this, he conducted an experiment similar to Young's, only replacing the rays of light with beams of electrons. As a result, it was still possible to obtain an interference pattern.

9. Robert Milliken's experiment

As early as the beginning of the nineteenth century, the idea arose that every body had an electric charge, which was discrete and determined by indivisible elementary charges. By that time, the concept of an electron was introduced as a carrier of this very charge, but it was not possible to experimentally detect this particle and calculate its charge.
The American physicist Robert Milliken succeeded in developing the perfect example of finesse in experimental physics. He isolated charged water droplets between the plates of a capacitor. Then, using X-rays, he ionized the air between the same plates and changed the charge of the drops.