The image of the "eternal Sonechka" in F. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"The image of the "eternal Sonechka" in the novel F
Dostoevsky, by his own admission, was worried about the fate of "nine-tenths of humanity", morally humiliated, socially disadvantaged in the conditions of the contemporary bourgeois system. The novel "Crime and Punishment" is a novel that reproduces pictures of the social suffering of the urban poor. - Extreme poverty is characterized by the fact that "there is nowhere else to go." The image of poverty constantly varies throughout the novel. This is the fate of Katerina Ivanovna, who remained after the death of her husband with three young children. Crying and sobbing, "wrapping her hands," she accepted Marmeladov's offer, "because there was nowhere to go." This is the fate of Marmeladov himself. “After all, it is necessary that every person should have at least one such place where he was pitied.” The tragedy of a father forced to accept the fall of his daughter. The fate of Sonya, who committed a "feat of crime" over herself for the love of her loved ones. The torment of children growing up in a dirty corner, next to a drunken father and a dying, irritated mother, in an atmosphere of constant quarrels.
Is it permissible for the sake of the happiness of the majority to destroy the "unnecessary" minority?
Dostoevsky opposes. The search for truth, the denunciation of the unjust structure of the world, the dream of "human happiness" are combined in Dostoevsky with disbelief in the violent alteration of the world. The way is in the moral self-improvement of each person.
An important role in the novel is played by the image of Sonya Marmeladova. Active love for one's neighbor, the ability to respond to someone else's pain (especially deeply manifested in the scene of Raskolnikov's confession to the murder) make the image of Sonya ideal. It is from the standpoint of this ideal that the verdict is pronounced in the novel. For Sonya, all people have the same right to life. Sonya, according to Dostoevsky, embodies the people's principle: patience and humility, boundless love for a person.
So, let's take a closer look at this image.
Sonechka - Marmeladov's daughter, a prostitute. She belongs to the "meek" category. "Small, about eighteen years old, thin, displeasedly pretty blonde with wonderful blue eyes." For the first time we learn about her from Marmeladov’s confession to Raskolnikov, in which he tells how she went to the panel for the first time about a critical moment for the family, returned, gave the money to Katerina Ivanovna, and herself lay down facing the wall, “only her shoulders and body all tremble ”, Katerina Ivanovna stood at her feet on her knees all evening, “and then both fell asleep together, embracing.”
For the first time, Sonya appears in the episode with Marmeladov, who was knocked down by horses, who, before his death, asks her for forgiveness. Raskolnikov comes to Sonya to confess to the murder and shift some of his torment onto her, for which he hates Sonya herself.
The heroine is also a criminal. But if Raskolnikov transgressed through others for himself, then Sonya transgressed through himself for others. In her, he finds love and compassion, as well as a willingness to share his fate and carry the cross with him. At the request of Raskolnikov, she reads to him the Gospel brought to Sonya Lizaveta, the chapter about the resurrection of Lazarus. This is one of the most majestic scenes in the novel: “The cigarette butt has long been extinguished in a crooked candlestick, dimly illuminating in this beggarly room the murderer and the harlot, who strangely came together reading the eternal book. Sonya pushes Raskolnikov to repentance. She follows him as he goes to confess. She follows him to hard labor. If the prisoners do not like Raskolnikov, then they treat Sonechka with love and respect. He himself is cold and aloof with her, until an insight finally comes to him, and then he suddenly realizes that he has no person closer to her on earth. Through love for Sonya and through her love for him, Raskolnikov, according to the author, is resurrected to a new life.
"Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, as long as the world stands!" - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of the neighbor and endlessly "unsettled" suffering.
In this development of the lesson, the image of Sonya Marmeladova is revealed, it is shown that it was in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought was discovered, that it was communication with Sonya that made Raskolnikov admit his guilt and confess.
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Development of a lesson in literature
Topic: “Eternal Sonya, while the world stands ...” (The image of Sonya Marmeladova in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”)
Teacher: Kuular Chimis Eres-oolovna. MBOU secondary school No. 1 of Shagonar
The purpose of the lesson:
- consider the image of Sonya Marmeladova;
Show that it is in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought is discovered, that it is communication with Sonya that will make Raskolnikov admit his guilt and confess.
To develop the ability of students to analyze the episode in the context of the whole work;
Develop the ability of independent research work;
Prepare students for home writing
Epigraph: "Man deserves his happiness, and always by suffering"
F.M.Dostoevsky
During the classes:
I Organizing moment.
II Repetition of the topic covered. (...)
III Explanation of the new topic
Radion Raskolnikov said to Sonya: "... I chose you ...". Why did he choose her? Why? What role does Sonya Marmeladova play in the life of the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov? These are the questions we must answer in today's lesson.
Teacher:
So, Raskolnikov committed a crime that led him to a dead end. Sonya at that time received a yellow ticket. The lines of their lives intersected at the most critical point for them: at the very moment when it was necessary to decide once and for all how to live on. Raskolnikov's old faith has been shaken, but he has not yet found a new one. Doom and involuntary thirst for death as a way out of the impasse took possession of him
Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him“Become the sun, everyone will see you. The sun must first be the sun.”, that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Let's continue his thought.
But not Raskolnikov, but Sonya in the novel becomes such a warm light, although at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height.
Guys, I asked you to prepare thin and thick questions about the heroin at home, let's start with thin questions.
Subtle questions are questions that require a short and quick answer. You can answer in one word.
Thick questions are questions that require a detailed full answer.
Choose who you ask the question.
2. Verbal portrait of Sonya.
- What kind of Sonya do you represent? Describe her, please.
How does Dostoevsky describe it? (read by one student)
3. Working with portraits of Sonya made by different artists. Slideshow.
Illustrations by D.A. will help us to reveal the author’s intention. Shmarinov to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". On one of them, the artist captured Sonya Marmeladova with a candle. Looking at her pale face, one cannot help but feel Sonya's "inexpressible excitement", trembling, some kind of inner burning. Her portrait is perceived as a symbol of conscience, suffering and deep compassion, as a symbol of the duty that she awakens in Raskolnikov, leading him to a moral rebirth. Sonya is holding a candle, with which she is lit from the side and from below, which makes her face light up. Light becomes a "permanent epithet" in Sonya's characterization and in other drawings by the artist.
- What do you think, did the artists manage to convey the image of Sonya?
It is also interesting to trace the reasons for the author's choice of the last name and first name of Sonya Marmeladova.What does the name Sonya, Sophia mean? Why did Dostoevsky call her by that name? (slide).
Student message. “Sofia, Sophia, Sonya is one of Dostoevsky's favorite names. This name means "wisdom", "reasonableness". And, indeed, in the soul of Sonya Marmeladova - this is the image of all women, mothers, sisters. Sophia is also the biblical name of the mother of the three martyrs Faith, Hope and Love.
Rays of warmth emanating from Sonya's soul reach Raskolnikov. He resists them, but still, in the end, he kneels before her. This is confirmed by the hero's encounters with her.
It was Sonechka, the defenseless victim of a cruel world, who brought to repentance the murderer who rebelled against injustice and inhumanity, who wished to remake the world like Napoleon. She saved Raskolnikov's soul
Why does a fallen woman save Raskolnikov's soul?
(Sonya transgressed through herself for others. She lives according to the laws of love for people, committed a crime against herself, sacrificed herself in the name of the people she loved.)
What features does Dostoevsky emphasize in it?
(Dostoevsky constantly emphasizes her timidity, shyness, even intimidation.)
Tell us about Sony's life.
(Sonia's stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, dooms her to life on a yellow ticket. The children, exhausted by hunger, survived thanks to Sonya. Her sacrifice penetrates people's souls with warmth. She gives Marmeladov the last "sinful pennies" for his obscene drunkenness in a tavern ... After the death of his father, death stepmother, it is she, Sonya, who has fallen, who sees the meaning of her life in caring for orphaned young children.Even the people around her, such an act seems truly Christian, and her fall into sin in this case seems holy.)
5. Sonya and Raskolnikov
Tell me, please, how does Raskolnikov look at life and what laws does Sonya Marmeladova live by?
(Raskolnikov does not want to accept life as it is, he protests against injustice. His theory pushes on the path of violence against others for the sake of his well-being. He is ready to step over the corpses of others, seeks to create conditions for himself first of all in order to then change life, strives to rise above this "anthill". Raskolnikov's idea and crime give rise to a conflict in his soul, lead to separation from people, make the hero despise himself most of all for humanity and sensitivity to the suffering of others. Sonya goes the other way. Her life is built according to the laws of self-sacrifice. In shame and humiliation, in conditions that seemed to exclude all purity (moral), she retained a sensitive and sympathetic soul.)
So, Raskolnikov goes to Sonya. How does he explain his first visit to Sonya? What does he expect from him?
(He is looking for a kindred spirit, because Sonya also transgressed. At first, Raskolnikov does not see the difference between his crime and Sonya's crime. He sees in her a kind of ally in crime.)
How can one explain the behavior of Raskolnikov, who unceremoniously examines the room? Who did he expect to see?
(He wants to understand how she lives as a criminal, how she breathes, what supports her, in the name of which she has transgressed. But, looking at her, he softens, his voice becomes quiet.
Raskolnikov expected to see a man focused on his troubles, tormented, doomed, ready to seize on the slightest hope, but he saw something else that gave rise to the question: “Why could she remain in this position for so long and not go crazy, if she couldn’t was to throw herself into the water.")
How does Raskolnikov imagine the girl's future?
(“Throw yourself into a ditch, fall into a lunatic asylum, or throw yourself into debauchery.”)
Three roads and all fatal. Why didn't she do it? What is the reason?
(Faith, deep, capable of working miracles. Strength. In Sona I saw the strength that allows her to live. Her source is in caring for other people's children and their unfortunate mother. She trusts in God and waits for deliverance.)
Through acquaintance with Sonya, Raskolnikov opens up the world of people living according to other laws, the laws of human brotherhood. Not indifference, hatred and rigidity, but open spiritual communication, sensitivity, love, compassion live in her.
What book did Raskolnikov notice in Sonya's room?
The book that Raskolnikov noticed on the chest of drawers in Sonya's room turned out to be the New Testament in Russian translation. The gospel belonged to Lizaveta. The innocent victim accepts death silently, but will "speak" God's word. Raskolnikov asks to read to him about the Resurrection of Lazarus.
Why was this episode from the Gospel chosen?
(Raskolnikov walks among living people, talks to them, laughs, is indignant, but does not recognize himself as alive - he recognizes himself as dead, he is Lazarus, who has been in a coffin for 4 days. But, like the dim light of that candle stub that illuminated in “this beggarly a murderer and a harlot, who strangely came together while reading an eternal book, ”the light of faith glimmered in the soul of the criminal in a possible resurrection for himself.)
Work with text.
Read the episode of Sonya reading a passage from the Gospel, follow Sonya's condition. Why does she feel like this? (The music “Ave Maria” sounds. Sonya’s hands trembled, her voice was not enough, she did not pronounce the first words, but from the 3rd word her voice rang and broke through like a stretched string. And suddenly everything changed.
Sonya reads, wishing that he, blinded and unbelieving, would believe in God. And she trembled with joyful expectation of a miracle. Raskolnikov looked at her, listened and understood how Jesus loves those who suffer. “Jesus shed tears,” at this time Raskolnikov turned around and saw that “Sonya was trembling with a fever.” He expected this.)
She wanted Raskolnikov to accept faith in Christ and through it he could go to rebirth through suffering.
Why is the Gospel read by a criminal and a harlot? (The gospel shows the way to rebirth, they felt the union of souls.)
Dostoevsky singled out the words "I am the Resurrection and the life." Why?
(Soul awakens.)
What is your impression of Sonya Raskolnikov leaving?
(Raskolnikov, listening to Sonya's stories about Katerina Ivanovna, her heartfelt reading of the Gospel, changed his mind about her. Sonya loves people with Christian love. Raskolnikov, who does not believe in God, dreams of power over all trembling creatures, understood Sonya's truth, her sacrificial purity. )
Leaving Sonya, he said that he would tell who killed. “I know and I’ll tell you… I’ll tell you alone! I chose you."
In the novel, it is important not only to whom Raskolnikov comes with a confession, but also where it happens - in the apartment of the tailor Kapernaumov, where Sonya rents a room. Kapernaumov is a significant surname.
Sonya - the embodiment of pure goodness - finds something in common in Raskolnikov, as if the embodiment of pure evil, and vice versa, Raskolnikov sees his own reflection in the depths of Sonya's soul, knows that they once go "along the same road", that they have "one target".
Two truths: truth, Raskolnikov and, truth, Sonya. But one is true, the other is false. To understand where the truth is, you need to compare these heroes, whose fate has a lot in common, but they differ in the main.
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What is the strength of Sonya?
(In the ability to love, compassion, in self-sacrifice in the name of love.)
Sonya, with her love, pity and compassion, her endless patience and self-sacrifice, her faith in God, saves Raskolnikov. Living with his inhuman idea, not believing in God, he changes only in the epilogue of the novel, having accepted faith in his soul. “To find Christ means to find one's own soul” - this is the conclusion that Dostoevsky comes to.
I would like you, just like Sonya, to love people as they are, to be able to forgive and give the light that comes from your soul to other people.
7. Homework. Composition "I chose you ..."
One of the central characters of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is Sonya Marmeladova.
This girl has a hard life. Sonya's mother passed away early, her father married another woman who has her own children. Need forced Sonya to earn money in a low way: she is forced to go to the panel. It would seem that after such an act, Sonya should have been angry with her stepmother, because she practically forced Sonya to earn money in this way. But Sonya forgave her, moreover, every month she brings money to the house in which she no longer lives. Sonya has changed outwardly, but her soul has remained the same: crystal clear. Sonya is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, and not everyone can do this. She could live "in spirit and mind", but she must feed her family. And this act proves her disinterestedness. Sonya did not condemn people for their actions, did not condemn either her father or Raskolnikov. The death of his father left a deep imprint in Sonya's soul: "From under this ... hat, a thin, pale and frightened face peeked out with an open mouth and eyes motionless with horror." Sonya loved her father, despite all his shortcomings. Therefore, his unexpected death was a great loss in Sonya's life.
She understands and experiences pain together with people. So, she did not condemn Raskolnikov when he confessed to her the crime he had committed: “She suddenly took him by both hands and bowed her head to her shoulder. This short gesture even struck Raskolnikov with bewilderment, it was even strange: how? not the slightest disgust, not the slightest disgust for him, not the slightest shudder in her hand!” Sonya realized that, having killed the old pawnbroker, Raskolnikov had killed himself. His theory collapsed, and he is at a loss. Sonechka, sincerely believing in God, advises him to pray, repent, bow to the earth. Raskolnikov understands that Sonya is an exceptional person: "The holy fool, the holy fool!" To which Sonya replies: “Why, I ... dishonest ... I am a great sinner.” She has no one to rely on, no one to expect help from, so she believes in God. In prayer, Sonya finds the calm that her soul needs so much. She does not judge people, since only God has the right to do so. But she does not impose faith by force. She wants Raskolnikov to come to this himself. Although Sonya instructs and asks him: "Cross yourself, pray at least once." She loves this man and is ready to go with him even to hard labor, because she believes: Raskolnikov will understand his guilt, repent, and begin a new life. Life with her, with Sonya. Love and faith give her strength in any trials and difficulties. And it was her endless patience, quiet love, faith and desire to help a loved one - all this together made it possible for Raskolnikov to start a new life. For Sonya and for Dostoevsky himself, sympathy for man is characteristic of man. Raskolnikov teaches Sonya courage, masculinity. Sonya teaches him mercy and love, forgiveness and sympathy. She helps him find a way to the resurrection of the soul, but Raskolnikov himself strives for this. Only in hard labor does he understand and accept Sonya's faith and love: “How can her convictions not now be my convictions? Her feelings, her aspirations at least ... "Having understood this, Raskolnikov becomes happy and makes Sonya happy:" He knew with what infinite love he would now atone for all her suffering. Sonya is given happiness as a reward for her suffering.
Sonya is the ideal of Dostoevsky. Because only a highly moral person, sincere and loving, can be an ideal. Sonya brings with her the light of hope and faith, love and sympathy, tenderness and understanding - this is how a person should be, according to Dostoevsky. And I completely agree with him.
I did not bow to you, I bowed to all human suffering. F. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment The conductor of the author's philosophy (undivided service to people) and the personification of goodness in the novel is the image of Sonya Marmeladova, who managed to resist the evil and violence around her with the strength of her own soul. F. M. Dostoevsky describes Sonya warmly and cordially: “She was a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat intimidated face. She was wearing a very simple house dress, on her head was an old hat of the same style. Like all the poor in St. Petersburg, the Marmeladov family lives in terrible poverty: both eternally drunk, resigned to a humiliating and unfair life, Marmeladov descended, and consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, and small helpless children. Seventeen-year-old Sonya finds the only way to save her family from starvation - she goes out into the street to sell her own body. For a deeply religious girl, such an act is a terrible sin, because, violating Christian commandments, she destroys her soul, dooming her to torment during her lifetime and to eternal suffering after death. And yet she sacrifices herself for the sake of her father's children, for the sake of her stepmother. The merciful, selfless Sonia finds the strength not to become hardened, not to fall into the dirt surrounding her in street life, to maintain infinite philanthropy and faith in the strength of the human person, despite the fact that she causes irreparable harm to her soul and conscience. That is why Raskolnikov, who has broken all ties with people close to him, comes to Sonya in the most difficult moments for him, brings her his pain, his crime. According to Rodion, Sonya committed a crime no less serious than he, and perhaps more terrible, since she sacrifices not someone, but herself, and this sacrifice is in vain. The girl is well aware of the guilt that lies on her conscience, because she even thought about suicide, which could save her from shame and torment in this life. But the thought of poor and helpless hungry children made her humble, forget about her suffering. Considering that Sonya did not really save anyone, but only “ruined” herself, Raskolnikov tries to convert her to his “faith” and asks her an insidious question: what is better - a scoundrel “to live and do abominations” or an honest person to die? And he receives an exhaustive answer from Sonya: “But I can’t know God’s providence ... And who put me here as a judge: who will live and who won’t live? » Rodion Raskolnikov failed to convince the girl who was firmly convinced that sacrificing oneself for the good of loved ones is one thing, and depriving others of the life in the name of this good is a completely different matter. Therefore, all the efforts of Sonya are aimed at destroying the inhuman theory of Raskolnikov, who is "terribly, infinitely unhappy." Defenseless, but strong in her humility, capable of self-denial, the “eternal Sonya” is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, therefore, in her actions, life itself blurs the boundaries between good and evil. Not sparing herself, the girl saved the Marmeladov family, just as selflessly she rushes to save Raskolnikov, feeling that he needs him. According to Sonya, the way out lies in humility and the adoption of basic Christian norms, which help not only to repent of one's sins, but also to cleanse oneself of everything evil and destructive for the human soul. It is religion that helps the girl survive in this terrible world and gives hope for the future. Thanks to Sonya, Raskolnikov understands and recognizes the unviability and inhumanity of his theory, opening his heart to new feelings, and his mind to new thoughts that only love for people and faith in them can save a person. It is from this that the moral revival of the hero begins, who, thanks to the strength of Sonya's love and her ability to endure any torment, overcomes himself and takes his first step towards resurrection.Love a man even in his sin, for this
already a semblance of divine love is the top
love on earth...
F. M. Dostoevsky
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" shows the hero's path from crime to punishment through repentance, purification to resurrection. For as long as a person lives, good and evil, love and hatred, faith and godlessness will live in him. Each hero is not just a literary image, but the embodiment of some idea, the embodiment of certain principles.
So, Raskolnikov is obsessed with the idea that for the sake of the happiness of some people it is possible to destroy others, that is, the idea of establishing social justice by force. Luzhin embodies the idea of economic predation, professes the philosophy of acquisition. Sonya Marmeladova is the embodiment of Christian love and self-sacrifice.
“Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands!” What melancholy, pain are heard in this bitter meditation of Raskolnikov! The winner in the novel is not the cunning and prudent Luzhin with his theory of “love yourself,” not Raskolnikov with the theory of permissiveness, but the little modest Sonya. The author leads us to the idea that permissiveness, selfishness, violence destroy a person from the inside and only faith, love and suffering purify.
Among poverty, wretchedness and depravity, Sonya's soul remained pure. And it seems that such people live to cleanse the world of dirt and lies. Wherever Sonya appears, a spark of hope for the best ignites in the soul of people.
Sonya herself is still a child: "very young, like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear ... but frightened face." But she took upon herself the care of her father, of Katerina Ivanovna and her children, of Raskolnikov. Sonya helps not only financially - she first of all tries to save their souls. The heroine does not condemn anyone, believes in the best in a person, lives according to the laws of love, is convinced that, having committed a crime, one must repent before oneself, before people, before one's land. Everyone needs Sonya. Raskolnikov needs Sonya. "I need you," he tells her. And Sonya follows him even to hard labor. It is significant that all the convicts loved her. “Mother, Sofya Semyonovna, you are our mother, tender, sick!” they told her. material from the site
"Eternal Sonya" is hope. Her Gospel under Raskolnikov's pillow is hope. Hope for goodness, love, faith, that people will understand: faith must be in the soul of every person.
"Eternal Sonya"... People like her "are destined to start a new kind of people and a new life, renew and purify the earth."
In our world it is impossible without such people. They give us faith and hope. They help the fallen and the lost. They save our souls, helping to escape from the "dirt" and "cold".
Sonya is “eternal”, because love, faith, beauty are eternal on our sinful earth.
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