How Sholokhov shows the absurdity of war. "Monstrous absurdity" of the Civil War in the image of Sholokhov

Lesson topic: "The monstrous absurdity of war in the documents of history and on the pages of Sholokhov's novel

Quiet Don.

(The class works in groups, divided into writers and historians; research work was carried out by a group of students

Purpose: to trace the fate of a person, in his person the fate of the people in the years of terrible historical cataclysms, breaking; the fate of a man who went through the First World War and the Civil War.

Main problem: man and war; reshaping of human character in the course of historical events.

Literature teacher:“So, we continue our lessons of history and literature. Today we work together: philologists and historians. Why do we turn to the study of the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" tohistory, to its documents?

Literature in artistic images reflects life, and in order to better understand the realities of this life, we turn to documents and facts of history.”

The melody of an old Cossack song sounds, pictures of the Don steppe change one after another on the screen. Against this background, the teacher of literature says these words:

Don… Glorious father Don. For a long time, the steppe, washed by rain, flaunts under the sun, which, like a nursing mother, gives a vigorous ear, a heavy grain of wheat.

Steppe. Don steppe. Abundant land that nurtured the talent of M.A. Sholokhov. Here he was born to sing his land, to tell the truth to him, about the Don Cossacks.

Before us is the famous novel by M. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don", each line, each page of which is imbued with an anti-war theme, a call to all mankind to oppose all kinds of wars. The monstrous absurdity of war is proved by the writer throughout the book. Therefore, we called the topic of the lesson “The monstrous absurdity of the war on the pages of the novel Quiet Flows the Don and in the documents of history.”

Are these tragic events fictitious by the author or correspond to reality? This is where historians can help.

The book is completely devoted to the Cossacks, the Don Cossacks, and we will ask our respected historians to tell us who the Cossacks are, what their way of life is. What position did they occupy in Russia.

(A word to historians about the Don Cossacks).

Message from an eleventh grader.

The Cossacks are defined as a military estate in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. In the 14th-17th centuries. they were free people who worked for hire; frontier guards. In 15-16 centuries. there are self-governing communities of free Cossacks from fugitive peasants. These communities were located outside the borders of Russia. It was the Cossacks who were the main driving force behind the popular uprisings in Ukraine and the peasant wars in Russia in the 17-18 centuries. The government tried not to quarrel with the Cossacks, recognized their independence, turning it into a privileged military estate, used it to protect borders, in wars, in pacifying riots . By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 11 Cossack troops. Among them were the Don and Kuban. In 1916, the Cossack population was 4.4 million people, owned 63 million acres of land. About 300,000 Cossacks fought in the First World War.

The beginning of the split was laid hundreds of years ago, when the less prosperous Cossacks of the northern districts, who had neither fat lands, nor vineyards, nor rich hunting and fishing industries, from time to time made raids on Great Russian lands and served as a stronghold for all rebels, starting with Razin. The final split occurred during the civil war (the wealthy on the side of the whites, the poor on the side of the reds). In 1920, the Cossacks as an estate was abolished. In 1936, the Don, Kuban, Terek Cossack formations were created, which participated in the Great Patriotic War.

Literature teacher.What is happening now, from your point of view, the revival of the Cossacks or a masquerade?

Answer: one from the early stories of L.N. Tolstoy - "Cossacks" was written by him after a one and a half year stay among the Terek Cossacks. For Tolstoy, the Cossacks were the ideal peasantry as a peasantry without a landowner: “The whole history of Russia was made by the Cossacks. No wonder the Europeans call us Cossacks. The people want to be Cossacks.”

What is the lifestyle of the Cossacks?

They are busy with peasant labor, they are obliged to undergo military service with their horse, with the “right”, periodically serve camps, fees.

Literature teacher.Today in the lesson we will open the pages of the novel that tell about the life of the Don Cossacks in the most difficult years - the years of the First World War and the Civil War. So, March 1914_th. The first page of the novel opens with an epigraph. Let's listen and think about its content.(The melody of an old Cossack song sounds, on the screen there is a close-up of the words of the epigraph to the novel “Quiet Don”. The student reads expressively)

Literature teacher"

What is the role of the epigraph in the work?(Answer: in the old Cossack songs, taken by the author as an epigraph, a story about an unnatural, fratricidal war, about the tragedy of the people, when the steppe is plowed by the wrong people (horse hooves) is preceded. The steppe was sown by the wrong people (with Cossack heads), it was watered by the wrong people, and the harvest will be harvested by the wrong people. In the songs composed by the Cossacks, the inconsistency of their entire unfortunate tribe, the tribe of warriors and farmers at the same time, is indicated, truthfully explaining and revealing the essence of the tragedy, that terrible, which is washed by father's and mother's tears.

Lit teacher. March 1914.This year separates the world from the war. The news of the war catches the Cossacks at their usual work - they mowed their lives. The terrible word "war" responds with an expressive remark of the old railwayman, when he looks longingly at the recruits: "You are my dear beef ..." And he shook his head reproachfully for a long time. The war with Germany invaded the life of the Tatarsky farm with great national grief. And now the well-established peaceful life is sharply violated, events are developing more and more disturbingly and rapidly. In their formidable whirlpool, people whirl like chips in a flood, and the peaceful, quiet Don is shrouded in gunpowder smoke and the burning of conflagrations.

(We turn to the facts and documents of history. The word is given to historians who will tell us about some moments of the First World War).

(The class gets acquainted with the research work of Elena Platitsyna, which shows what were the reasons for the start of the war, what are the chronological framework of this war). important during this war.) Literature teacher. And now the main question::: how does the war affect people, their characters?

Grigory Melekhov is in the center of the novel. It is on his fate that the author tries to trace the fate of the people, the fate of a person in the most dramatic moments in the life of the Don Cossacks. The image of Grigory Melekhov as a typical personality, as it were, concentrates the main historical conflict in the book, it is through this image that we perceive both the fate of the people and the fate of a person in a given historical era.

Lit teacher.

What can you tell about Grigory Melekhov, about his character traits before all the military events?

Answer:

It is primarily a baker. He is sincere and honest in thought and action. He has a sympathetic heart, a developed sense of pity, compassion (the case of a duckling on the mowing). He is deeply attached to home and to the earth. My hands need to work, not fight,” he says.

AND here is the 14th year.Front. The first deaths are absurd, nvvsegda engraved in memory. Concepts are in no way combined: to grow bread - to kill. Sholokhov reveals the state of mind of a person who shed someone else's blood. The greatest shock to Gregory is the murder of an Austrian.

(part 3. chapter 5. ... Along the railway ...) read).

Killing a person, even an enemy in battle, deeply contradicts the humane nature of Gregory. It torments him, does not allow him to live in peace. So, after the massacre of the Austrian, a very noticeable furrow appeared on his face.

If we talk about how war cripples a person, remakes his character, then one cannot pass by such a scene where the author draws a terrible

The figure of the Cossack Uryupin, nicknamed Chubaty, who agrees that the war made his heart like a wolf.

Lit teacher.

There are many battle scenes in the novel. For what purpose does the author depict them?

Student. I think that the battle scenes in themselves are of no interest to Sholokhov. He is worried about something else - what does war do to a person? The moral protest against the senselessness and inhumanity of war is clearly expressed here.

In part 4, chapter 4, Sholokhov writes: “Just as the salt marsh does not absorb water, so Grigory’s heart did not absorb pity. With cold contempt, he played with his own and someone else's life, that's why he was known as brave - 4 St. George's crosses and 4 medals served. Why? Yes, because he took care of his Cossack glory.

Sholokhov writes: “Grigory went to the front as a good Cossack: not reconciling in his soul with the nonsense of the war, he honestly took care of his Cossack glory” ...

Lit teacher.

How did Grigory's attitude towards the war change after the meeting with Garanzha?

Students:

The meeting with Garanzha radically changed his opinion about the war. The scene in the hospital is an example of this. On the way from Voronezh, the highest person of the imperial family deigned to visit the hospital.

(Fragment of the film "In the hospital")

In this scene, such qualities of Gregory appeared as pride, independence, anger for everything that the war had done. All this escaped from Grigory in a daring trick.

Writers:

« Here it is, Sholokhov's truth about the war. Cossack soldiers hang like corpses on barbed wire fences. German artillery mows down entire regiments. The wounded crawl through the stubble. The earth groans deafly, crucified by many hooves.

The first blows with a sword on a person, the first murders - this remains in the memory for a lifetime. The pain for the land is inescapable.” Ripe bread was trampled by the cavalry; where the battles were going on, shells blew up the gloomy face of the earth with smallpox.

Only a month of war, and how it crippled the fate of people! The author says: “They are getting old before our eyes. They are being obscene. They go berserk. They go crazy."

Literature teacher:

But the world war for Russia is the first round of an ode. She experienced an even more unnatural civil strife, i.e. civil war. A vast territory was on fire.

(A word to historians about the civil war).

Golovachev Ilya: War can be aggressive, liberation and civil. The graduate gives a definition of what a civil war is, its causes, talks about its beginning on the Don and when it ended. Millions of people were drawn into the maelstrom of this murderous war.

Several volunteers spoke on this issue, who also explained that the civil war was accompanied by aggression, even terror. And this was the norm of behavior both on the one hand and on the other. There is no need to idealize either the Bolsheviks or their opponents. Becauseeach side showed this zeal.

History teacherexplains and with the help of the class draws conclusions and generalizes.

Literature teacher:

Quiet Don is a story about that tragedy. The tremendous work with archival documents allowed Sholokhov to portray the events in a socially concrete way. Sholokhov is one of those who spoke of the civil war as the greatest tragedy. War captures the fate of huge segments of the population. It passed through estates, families, hearts. The logic of the class struggle is very cruel, it separates relatives on different sides of the barricades, breaks into families, does not spare kindred feelings. Their own killed their own, inventing sophisticated methods for this.

How is this reflected in the novel?(The guys are actively discussing)

Peter, brother of Gregory, says: “Look how the people were divided, bastards! As if they drove with a plow ... one in one direction, the other in the other ..

This confrontation is especially pronounced in Sholokhov's Don Stories, where the events echo the novel Quiet Flows the Don.

An example of this are some of the stories "Birthmark", "Shibalkovo Seed", "Kolovert", "Food Commissar".(Each story is analyzed in detail by the class and the close connection between the events in the stories and the novel “Quiet Flows the Don” is proved)

(Film. (Daria shoots a Bolshevik).

Literature teacher.

And here Sholokhov is socially concrete. Why such a confrontation? It turns out that Soviet power is attractive primarily to the rural proletarians and the poorest peasantry. interests basic the masses of the Cossacks, possessed considerable reserves of the most fertile land, it does not answer.

And Gregory?

(G students speak and work with the book, there is an active discussion of the scenes of the novel.)

No, not only class affiliation repels Gregory from Soviet power. In the actions of the new government, he does not see the embodiment of those ideals of equality and fraternity, social justice, which this government declared. An example is the following lines from the novel:

(vol. 3, part 6, ch. 20 “Take the Red Army .... on this shelf).

This is one of the reasons for his disagreement.

Sholokhov is one of those who spoke of the civil war as the greatest tragedy that had grave consequences. Let's dwell on some of the cruel episodes of the novel.

(the scene of the massacre of the Chernetsovites: vol. 2, part 5, chapter 12 “Caught, you bastard ... .. cut them ...).

How are Podtelkov and Chernetsov depicted in this scene?

Their behavior clearly embodies the power of hatred and enmity that divided the Don. The main thing before us is not enemies, but people.

And what is the state of Melekhov?

The scene of the execution of the officers turned Grigory's soul upside down. He went to Podtyolkov ... He stands up not for some idea, but for an unarmed person. Always, in the most tragic moments, in moments of disappointment and confusion, Gregory turns his thoughts to the house, to his native nature, to peasant labor.

(Vol. 2, Part 5, Chapter 13 “He was broken by fatigue acquired in the war ... I wanted peace and quiet.)

Dissatisfaction was highly aroused by the document on decossackization, which became the cause of mass terror, causing reciprocal cruelty.

(A word to historians about decossackization and mass terror).

Slide.

(+ Listened to interesting messages from individual guys on this topic with visual elements, with historical facts and documents.)

Again, the word to the writers.

“They pitted the people,” Grigory thinks about what is happening. It is impossible to pass by after the next episode of the execution of Podtelkov and his detachment.

(vol. 2 h 5. ch. 30 "After the second volley ... what happens to people ...").

(FILM ABOUT THE Execution of Podtelkovites).

Literature teacher:

How does Gregory perceive this execution?

Gregory perceives this execution as a just retribution, as evidenced by his passionate monologue addressed to Podtyolkov: “Do you remember under the Deep? “Gregory leaves without waiting for the execution, because. for him, a warrior and humanist, the massacre of the unarmed is disgusting, no matter what it was caused by.

The hero does not find the truth on any of the opposing sides. Everywhere there is deceit, cruelty, which can be justified, but which is rejected by the human nature of Gregory, a man of peaceful labor, a farmer, a grain grower. Destruction of Russians by Russians, countrymen

It is unnatural for him to be countrymen. He does not accept the horrors of the civil war.

(remember the poem "Civil War" by Voloshin).

Against the background of musical accompaniment, Zhenya Lukin reads a poem.

In the book, life and death, high and eternal, collide - tragic realities that have become familiar, ordinary in the time of confusion and debauchery.

Rejecting violent death (the execution of Podtyolkov, Likhachev, the murder of Cossacks), Sholokhov opposes it with the harmony of the eternal, boundless world. Reading the lines of the novel, we find symbols of peaceful life: a birch with brown buds, an eagle floating over the steppe, a quiet Don breaking ice floes, separating the warring.

Language teacher:

How does the novel end?

A word to the class: the guys work with the chapters of the novel, read the necessary pages, draw conclusions.

(v4 p8 ch.17 “In the morning the next day ... to the end).

(We look again at a fragment from the film.

Film-Grigory at the Don.)

Teacher: “What are the origins of the tragedy of Melekhov?

Eleventh graders:

The fact is that nature endowed him with the deepest humanism, a great ability to love, to farm, to cultivate the land.

For Gregory, those eternal values ​​on which he was brought up remained above all else. He understood with all his gut the monstrous absurdity of the war.

The tragedy is that in the revolution, in the civil war, neither on the side of the Reds, nor on the side of the Whites, he did not find a common truth, did not find what he was brought up on.

Gregory returns to what he left: to his son, to his home, to the earth. I wanted to clean up cattle, throw hay, breathe in the withered smell of sweet clover, wheatgrass ... I wanted peace and silence.

Describing the horrors and senselessness of war, in particular the civil one, in the novel Quiet Flows the Don, Sholokhov called for the fraternal mercy of Russians to Russians.

The ending of the second book of the novel has a symbolic meaning.(read).

Teacher:

What do you think this issymbolic meaning?

Children performances:

Sholokhov contrasts the fratricidal war, the mutual cruelty of people with the life-giving force of nature. Reading these lines, we involuntarily recall the finale of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons":

“No matter how passionate, sinful, rebellious the heart is hidden in the grave, the flowers growing on it serenely look at us with their innocent eyes; they tell us not only about eternal calm, they tell us about that great calm, about that great calm of “indifferent nature”, they talk about eternal reconciliation and endless life.

A history teacher:summarizes everything that has been said about the civil

a war in which there are no winners, about those horrors when a brother goes

on his brother, son on his father ... Turning to the graduates, he expresses confidence

certainty that the future generation will not allow the monstrous horrors of any

war.

Literature teacher:

“The lessons of history and literature are the lessons of life. The study of the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" we complete the image of Ilyinichna, and this is not accidental. The heroine of the second plan, she carries the idea of ​​​​motherhood, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe natural unity of people, which is hardly the central one in the novel. Without dividing the world into reds and whites, this elderly Cossack woman turns out to be capable of love and compassion for a variety of people, even those who hurt her. This affirmation of the priority of eternal moral values ​​over everything class, social, and divisive is the unfading significance of the novel, its humanistic pathos. "

In conclusion, the teachers thank the class for the active

work, give grades, give the names of those who most often

participated in the discussion of questions raised by teachers,

those who prepared interesting messages. Wish the graduates

Good luck, health and high scores when passing the exam.

The monstrous absurdity of war in the image of Sholokhov. Give an example of the effect of war on any hero and get the best answer

Answer from Stanislawa[guru]
Consider how the First World War is depicted in the novel Quiet Flows the Don.
The war with Germany invaded the life of the Cossacks of the Tatarsky farm with great national grief.
In the spirit of old beliefs, the writer draws a gloomy landscape, foreshadowing trouble: “At night, clouds thickened beyond the Don, burst dry and rolling thunderclaps, but did not fall on the ground, puffing with feverish heat, rain, lightning fired in vain ... At night, an owl roared on the bell tower. Unsteady and terrible screams hung over the farm, and the owl flew from the bell tower to the cemetery ...
- To be thin, - the old people prophesied ... - The war will overtake.
And now the well-established peaceful life is sharply violated, events are developing more and more disturbingly and rapidly. In their formidable whirlpool, people whirl like chips in a flood, and the peaceful, quiet Don is shrouded in gunpowder smoke and the burning of conflagrations (Part 3, Ch. IV).
As a tragedy, Gregory experienced the first human blood shed by him.
episode of the novel - the emotional experiences of the hero (part 3, ch. X). Killing a person, even an enemy in battle, deeply contradicts the humane nature of Gregory. It torments him, does not allow him to live in peace, breaks, cripples his soul.
The war brought complete disappointment, I wanted to return to civilian life. It was on this fertile soil that the seeds of “Bolshevik truth,” the promise of peace, fell.
Here begins Gregory's attempts to understand the complex structure of life. Here begins his tragic path to the truth, to the people's truth.
Unjustified inhumanity pushed Melekhov away from the Bolsheviks, as it contradicted his ideas of conscience and honor. Grigory Melekhov many times had to observe the cruelty of both whites and reds, so the slogans of class hatred began to seem fruitless to him: “I wanted to turn away from the whole hostile and incomprehensible world seething with hatred. He was drawn to the Bolsheviks - he walked, he led others, and then he took thought, his heart went cold. Kotlyarov, enthusiastically arguing that the new government gave the poor Cossacks rights, equality, Grigory objects: “This government, besides ruin, does not give anything to the Cossacks! ”
Gregory after some time begins his service in the White Cossack units.
Most of the Cossacks who rebelled against Soviet power in April and did not leave with the Don army to the lower reaches of the Don, fled from the kurens at the first news of the arrests, hid in distant farms and winter quarters, those who were mobilized by Krasnov against their will remained. They arbitrarily withdrew from the front in January, let the Reds into the Upper Don, believing the promises of the Soviet government and its new henchmen Mironov and Fomin that they would all be given an amnesty for this. These people had already fought to the point of nausea - both for the German war and for the 18th year, and now they wanted only a peaceful life in their kurens. They have already forgotten to think about defending their rights before people from other cities, as in December 17, when they supported the Kamensky Revolutionary Committee with this condition. It became clear to everyone - they would have to share, against the red muzhik Russia, with all its might, leaning from the north, you can’t trample. The agreement with the Red Army was simple - you do not touch us, we do not touch you, and whoever remembers the old will be out of sight. The neutrality of the Don was beneficial to Moscow: if successful, the Kubans, exhausted by the war, could follow the example of the Dons, and this promised an early victory for the Red Army in the south, since Denikin's army consisted mainly of Kubans and Dons. But people called “commissioners of arrests and searches” arrived in the villages, and punitive teams went to the kurens ... They took away not only the front-line soldiers who laid down their arms, but also the “grandfathers” - the Knights of St. George, the living glory of the Don, who refused to take off their crosses, Cossack caps, rip stripes off your pants. Machine guns rattled behind the outskirts of the villages, to which, until recently, on Christmas holidays, brisk dark-haired young people in excellent fur coats, with diamond rings on short thick fingers, came from Trotsky's headquarters ...

transcript

1 "Monstrous absurdity" of the Civil War in the image of Sholokhov Teacher Nenartavichen N.I. A civil war is a calamity for both warring sides, for it is disastrous for both the victors and the vanquished. The pages of Sholokhov's stories are thickly stained with blood. Democritus F.G. Biryukov The purpose of the lesson: to study the Don stories of M. Sholokhov, to identify the concept of the civil war in the early works of M. Sholokhov using the stories of Mole, Alien Blood as an example. Lesson objectives: to form the ability to work independently with the texts of stories; to form the ability to generalize, compare, contrast, draw conclusions; develop analytical thinking, creativity, monologue speech, associative apparatus of students, using during the lesson such methods of pedagogical technology as: Bloom's Chamomile (Chamomile of questions), association technique, drawing up a syncwine, heuristic conversation, reception Unfinished sentence. Preliminary task for students: read the Don stories of M. Sholokhov, compose a syncwine on the topic of the Civil War, prepare an individual message Features of the self-consciousness of the Cossacks, the Cossacks. Lesson equipment: texts of the Don stories by M. Sholokhov, a portrait of the writer, an exhibition of his books, dictionaries. Lesson plan 1. Introductory speech of the teacher. Actualization of students' knowledge (representation of syncwines). Referring to the first epigraph of the lesson. Determining the objectives of the lesson. 2. Teacher's word about M. Sholokhov and his early works. 3. Revealing the reader's perception (Chamomile Bloom), identifying the features of the Don stories of M. Sholokhov, the features of the self-consciousness of the Cossacks, the Cossacks (individual communication of the student). Referring to the second epigraph of the lesson. 4. Analysis of the stories Mole, Alien blood. At this stage of the lesson, such techniques are used as the reception of associations, heuristic conversation, during which the teacher asks reproductive, problematic, analytical, thin and thick questions; the following forms of work: frontal and individual. 5. Summing up the lesson. Final word from the teacher. 6. Homework (Reception Unfinished Sentence).

2 Content of the lesson 1. Introductory speech of the teacher. Twenties of the XX century. Difficult, troubled time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, a civil war flared throughout the entire territory of a huge, once great power, which had been gathering a span since the reign of Ivan Kalita. From the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, from the White Sea to the Caucasus and the Orenburg steppes, there were bloody battles, and, it seems, except for a handful of provinces of Central Russia, there was no volost or county where various authorities of all shades and ideological colors would not replace each other several times . And it is no coincidence that it was the civil war that became the subject of depiction in Russian literature of this period. Updating students' knowledge. What is a civil war from a historical point of view? Answer: this is an armed struggle for power between representatives of different classes. In other words, this is a struggle within the country, within the nation, people, between fellow countrymen, neighbors, close relatives. What was the civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century? What is a civil war from your point of view? You expressed your attitude to the civil war in cinquains. Imagine them. intermediate conclusion. The civil war is the greatest disaster, a tragedy for the country, the people as a whole, for every family and every person individually. It forces people to exterminate each other, demanding sacrifices by the insatiable Moloch, dividing relatives and friends. And the remark of the Greek philosopher Democritus is absolutely correct in this respect. Referring to the first epigraph of the lesson. In the works of which writers and poets did the theme of the civil war find its reflection? Answer: M. Bulgakov White Guard; B. Pilnyak The Naked Year, The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon; D. Furmanov Chapaev; A. Serafimovich Iron Stream; I. Babel Cavalry; A. Fadeev Defeat; M. Voloshin Usobica; M. Tsvetaeva Don, Moscow, poem Perekop; D. Poor Seeing off. Determining the objectives of the lesson. So, the theme of the civil war found its embodiment both in prose and in poetry of the twenties of the XX century. And today in the lesson we turn to the Don stories of M. Sholokhov. Our goal is to reveal the concept (system of views) of the civil war by M. Sholokhov, that is, to find out which M. Sholokhov shows the civil war on the pages of his early works.

3 2. Teacher's word about M. Sholokhov and his early works. Don stories were published in 1926. Their author M. Sholokhov was young at that time, but, despite the fact that he was 21 years old, he already had a lot behind him: the upheavals of the civil war, which instantly crossed out his childhood on the Don, in the village of Veshenskaya. And then the reality of another life. Sholokhov served as a census statistician, an educational program teacher, a clerk of a procurement office, having voluntarily joined the food detachment, he became a food commissar. I had to be in different bindings, - he later writes in his autobiography. He will remember himself, at the age of sixteen, at the interrogation conducted by Nestor Makhno himself, and how, releasing the teenager, the father threatened him with cruel reprisals for the future. He will remember how he, the commander of the food detachment, was sentenced to death for abuse of power. The events of that time were the factual material that formed the basis of his first stories. Later, in 1922, in Moscow, M. Sholokhov met the young poets and prose writers A. Bezymensky, M. Svetlov, A. Fadeev, who made up the Young Guard group, who helped the young writer publish his first stories about the civil war in the Journal of Peasant Youth and on the pages of the newspaper Young Leninist. Subsequently, M. Sholokhov combined these stories into collections of Don stories and the Azure Steppe. So, we turn to the Don stories of M. Sholokhov. 3. Revealing the reader's perception. What stories made the strongest impression on you? What feelings did you experience while reading them? What is most striking in the stories of M. Sholokhov? What becomes the center of the ideological clash in the Don stories of M. Sholokhov? Answer: family; complex family relationships reflected the conflict of the era. Where does the action take place in M. Sholokhov's stories? Answer: in the southern regions of Russia, on the Don. Identification of the features of self-consciousness of the Cossacks, the Cossacks (individual communication of the student). Commentary for the teacher. The historical memory of the Cossacks was characterized by ideas about the common fate and kinship of all Cossack troops, a single way of life for all Cossacks; ideas about personal freedom, independence, equality, brotherhood.

4 A special place was occupied by ideas about the Cossack traditions that developed over the centuries, among which one should highlight love of freedom, collectivism, mutual assistance, devotion to military duty, morality, religious tolerance. The Cossacks, as a military estate, owed all their rights and privileges to the tsar and considered themselves among the main defenders of his power. But at the same time, the Cossacks were characterized by a certain duality of attitudes towards the monarch and the government: on the one hand, they strove for freedom and independence from any institutions of power, on the other hand, the Cossacks faithfully defended tsarism in front of other segments of the population. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the Cossacks were represented by the middle peasants, that is, wealthy Cossacks (kulaks) who owned land plots. Therefore, after the October Revolution, they actively resisted the new government, which resulted in bloody, violent forms. intermediate conclusion. It is this bloody, fierce struggle of the Cossacks against the new government that is shown in the Don stories of M. Sholokhov. Referring to the second epigraph of the lesson. 4. Analysis of the stories Mole, Alien blood. 1) Analysis of the story Mole. A mole is one of the first published stories by M. Sholokhov. Do you think it is possible to decipher the story from the first lines, that is, to determine what it is about and how it will end? Answer: the story from the first line seems to smoke with blood. It seems to begin with invisible death, the liquidation of the gang. And if the work begins with death, then it will end with death. Evil begets evil. Pay attention to the details: lamb bone, horse sweat. What do they mean? Answer: a mutton bone is a kind of symbol of something animal, inhuman, which seems to be leaning on us from the first line of the story; and horse sweat is a symbol of persecution in the work. Who feels trapped in a story? Answer: main characters: Nikolka and his father, chieftain of the gang. How does the author portray Nikolka's state of mind at the beginning of the story? What role does the portrait of the hero and his memories of childhood play in the work? Answer: the life of Nikolka Koshevoy, the squadron commander, got out of the usual course, the usual norm. This is evidenced by the portrait of the hero. Sholokhov emphasizes the contradiction between a young age and the harsh life experience that the civil war gave him. Shouldered Nikolka, looks beyond his years. His eyes are aging in radiant wrinkles and his back is stooped like an old man. (And he is 18 years old). In the memories of the hero of childhood, there is a longing for a normal peaceful life. What is Nicola thinking about? Answer: Again the blood got tired of living so disgusted with everything.

5 What motive arises in the thoughts of the hero? Answer: the motive of the hardening of the soul. The antipode of the young hero is the Ataman of the gang, Nikolka's father. How is the state of mind of Ataman revealed? What role does the landscape of chapter 3 play in its disclosure? Answer: His soul has hardened, as in the summer the traces of bull's hooves near the muzgi of the steppe become stale in the summer, - Sholokhov writes about Ataman. This hardening of the soul, savagery is also emphasized by comparing the chieftain with a wolf. The Ataman leads the gang like a wolf who has won over a flock of sheep, leaves the road and the virgin roadless. Longing for a lost life also sounds in the landscape of fertile land, seen through the eyes of a former farmer who became the Ataman of the gang. Pain, wonderful and incomprehensible, sharpens from the inside, fills the muscles with nausea. What do the lives of Nikolka and Ataman have in common? Answer: their life has gone out of its usual course, they are driven. Why? Answer: the heroes broke away from their former life, their traditions. What is the central conflict of the story? What is his tragedy? Answer: the conflict between the whites and the reds gives way to another, more important between the centuries of the emerging norms of human life and the inhumanity of fratricidal war. When does this conflict reach its climax? How does Ataman realize the murder of Nikolka? Answer: the murder of the enemy, justified by the situation of war, is perceived by the hero as infanticide, a sin for which there is no justification, which can only be expiated by death. What literary associations do you have when reading this episode? intermediate conclusion. M. Sholokhov at the end of the story shows that Christian repentance is stronger than class hatred, the author shifts the focus from the social conflict to the universal one. What do you think is the meaning of the name? Analyze the semantics of the word mole. Answer: The word mole has the same root words genus, homeland, people, kinship, kindred. A mole is not only a sign by which Ataman recognizes his son killed by him, but also a sign of former unity, kinship of people who have become irreconcilable enemies. The word mole is associated with its root with words meaning everything that turned out to be split, destroyed by the civil war. Appeal to the reading experience of students. The dramatic split of the Cossack world, the Cossack family becomes the basis of the plot of many stories by M. Sholokhov. Name these stories. Answer: stories Family Man, Food Commissar, Bakhchevik. And if in the story Mole, infanticide is a tragic accident, then in these stories, infanticide and parricide are the conscious choice of the characters. intermediate conclusion. In many early stories, M. Sholokhov shows the tragic path of dehumanization of heroes, telling about cruelty and the collapse of all moral principles in a person. The heroes of these stories cannot rise to Christian love for the enemy, to the ideal of forgiveness. Namely, in this Christian, all-forgiving love, M. Sholokhov sees salvation from complete dehumanization. And an example of this is the story Alien Blood. 2) Analysis of the story Alien blood. What do the stories Mole and Alien Blood have in common, how do they differ?

6 Which of the heroes of the story Alien blood goes through a difficult path of incarnation? What qualities, traits of the Russian national character are embodied in the image of the main character, grandfather Gavrila? Answer: the image of the protagonist embodied such qualities as perseverance, wisdom, adherence to traditions, father's love for his son, forgiveness and humanism. In what episodes do they appear? How is the conflict between grandfather Gavrila and Nikolai Kosykh, a nineteen-year-old food commissar, resolved? Formulate the idea of ​​the story. 5. Summing up the lesson. What is the concept of the civil war in the Don stories of M. Sholokhov? Final word from the teacher. The Civil War appears in M. Sholokhov's Don stories as a tragedy, as a path of dehumanization, as a catastrophe in which all human ties, moral laws, and traditions of the people collapse. But behind the image of mutual cruelty, the author's ideal of gentleness and forgiveness is revealed. M. Sholokhov in his early stories shows that despite the horror and chaos, death and devastation that gripped Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the soul of the people invariably remains alive and pure. The most ordinary people always retain in themselves nostalgia for the former peaceful life, and the memory of the human in man, and a passionate dream of future happiness. 6. Homework. Complete the sentence Civil War in the Don stories of M. Sholokhov in writing - by revealing the concept of the civil war in the early stories of M. A. Sholokhov.

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The monstrous absurdity of war in the image of Sholokhov. Give an example of the effect of war on any hero and get the best answer

Answer from Stanislawa[guru]
Consider how the First World War is depicted in the novel Quiet Flows the Don.
The war with Germany invaded the life of the Cossacks of the Tatarsky farm with great national grief.
In the spirit of old beliefs, the writer draws a gloomy landscape, foreshadowing trouble: “At night, clouds thickened beyond the Don, burst dry and rolling thunderclaps, but did not fall on the ground, puffing with feverish heat, rain, lightning fired in vain ... At night, an owl roared on the bell tower. Unsteady and terrible screams hung over the farm, and the owl flew from the bell tower to the cemetery ...
- To be thin, - the old people prophesied ... - The war will overtake.
And now the well-established peaceful life is sharply violated, events are developing more and more disturbingly and rapidly. In their formidable whirlpool, people whirl like chips in a flood, and the peaceful, quiet Don is shrouded in gunpowder smoke and the burning of conflagrations (Part 3, Ch. IV).
As a tragedy, Gregory experienced the first human blood shed by him.
episode of the novel - the emotional experiences of the hero (part 3, ch. X). Killing a person, even an enemy in battle, deeply contradicts the humane nature of Gregory. It torments him, does not allow him to live in peace, breaks, cripples his soul.
The war brought complete disappointment, I wanted to return to civilian life. It was on this fertile soil that the seeds of “Bolshevik truth,” the promise of peace, fell.
Here begins Gregory's attempts to understand the complex structure of life. Here begins his tragic path to the truth, to the people's truth.
Unjustified inhumanity pushed Melekhov away from the Bolsheviks, as it contradicted his ideas of conscience and honor. Grigory Melekhov many times had to observe the cruelty of both whites and reds, so the slogans of class hatred began to seem fruitless to him: “I wanted to turn away from the whole hostile and incomprehensible world seething with hatred. He was drawn to the Bolsheviks - he walked, he led others, and then he took thought, his heart went cold. Kotlyarov, enthusiastically arguing that the new government gave the poor Cossacks rights, equality, Grigory objects: “This government, besides ruin, does not give anything to the Cossacks! ”
Gregory after some time begins his service in the White Cossack units.
Most of the Cossacks who rebelled against Soviet power in April and did not leave with the Don army to the lower reaches of the Don, fled from the kurens at the first news of the arrests, hid in distant farms and winter quarters, those who were mobilized by Krasnov against their will remained. They arbitrarily withdrew from the front in January, let the Reds into the Upper Don, believing the promises of the Soviet government and its new henchmen Mironov and Fomin that they would all be given an amnesty for this. These people had already fought to the point of nausea - both for the German war and for the 18th year, and now they wanted only a peaceful life in their kurens. They have already forgotten to think about defending their rights before people from other cities, as in December 17, when they supported the Kamensky Revolutionary Committee with this condition. It became clear to everyone - they would have to share, against the red muzhik Russia, with all its might, leaning from the north, you can’t trample. The agreement with the Red Army was simple - you do not touch us, we do not touch you, and whoever remembers the old will be out of sight. The neutrality of the Don was beneficial to Moscow: if successful, the Kubans, exhausted by the war, could follow the example of the Dons, and this promised an early victory for the Red Army in the south, since Denikin's army consisted mainly of Kubans and Dons. But people called “commissioners of arrests and searches” arrived in the villages, and punitive teams went to the kurens ... They took away not only the front-line soldiers who laid down their arms, but also the “grandfathers” - the Knights of St. George, the living glory of the Don, who refused to take off their crosses, Cossack caps, rip stripes off your pants. Machine guns rattled behind the outskirts of the villages, to which, until recently, on Christmas holidays, brisk dark-haired young people in excellent fur coats, with diamond rings on short thick fingers, came from Trotsky's headquarters ...

1

"The monstrous absurdity of war" in the novel "Quiet Flows the Don"

September

Let us recall the scene of Napoleon awarding a randomly selected Russian soldier (“War and Peace”). “It was an explosion of bestial enthusiasm,” as it was written in the diary of a murdered Cossack (entry dated September 2, part 3, ch. 11), over whose life the staff clerks laughed. This diary just mentions "War and Peace", where Tolstoy speaks of a line between two enemy troops - a line of uncertainty, as if separating the living from the dead.

, the inhumanity of war.

• The battle scenes in themselves are of no interest to Sholokhov. He is worried about something else - what does war do to a person. A moral protest against the senselessness and inhumanity of war is clearly expressed.

acute sensation of someone else's pain

• Killing a person, even an enemy in battle, is contrary to the humane nature of Gregory. Love for everything, a keen sense of someone else's pain, the ability to compassion - this is the essence of the character of Sholokhov's hero.

• The madness of a war in which innocent people die (senseless sacrifices laid on the altar of someone's ambition) - that's what the hero thinks about.

• What figurative means does the author use?

he shows how the Cossacks are copying page leads diary one of the Cossacks letters from the front; lyrically colored campfire scenes breaks the voice of the author of the hard life of the hair

Sholokhov's visual means are varied: he shows how the Cossacks write off "Prayer from the gun", "Prayer from the battle", "Prayer during the raid"; leads pages diary one of the Cossacks letters from the front; lyrically colored campfire scenes- the Cossacks sing "The Cossack went to a foreign land far away ..."; the voice of the author bursts into the epic narrative, addressing the widows: “Tear on yourself, dear, the collar of the last shirt! Tear your hair, liquid from a bleak, hard life, bite your blood-bitten lips, break your hands mutilated by work and fight on the ground at the threshold of an empty hut!

Gregory's qualities

• Gregory's qualities

• Pride, independence, anger for everything the war has done

Following the traditions of Russian literature, through battle scenes, through the sharp experiences of the characters, through landscape sketches, lyrical digressions (the campfire scene is a soldier's song), Sholokhov leads to an understanding of the strangeness, unnaturalness, inhumanity of war.

At home

• At home: (according to book 2) 1) How did the events of the world war affect the peaceful life of the Cossacks?

• 2) The new government and the attitude of the Cossacks towards it.

• 3) The Civil War as a tragedy of the people (pick up episodes).

• 4) Reread v.2, part 5, ch. 1, 12, 13,24,30

• 5) Draw up a plan "The fate of Grigory Melekhov."