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What works belong to Tolstoy. Literary educational program

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, stories, fairy tales and fables in prose for children. The collection includes not only the well-known stories of Leo Tolstoy "Bone", "Kitten", "Bulka", but also such rare works as "Be kind to everyone", "Do not torture animals", "Do not be lazy", "Boy and father" and many others.

Jackdaw and jug

Galka wanted to drink. There was a jug of water in the yard, and the jug only had water at the bottom.
Jackdaw could not be reached.
She began to throw pebbles into the jug and threw so many that the water became higher and it was possible to drink.

Rats and eggs

Two rats found an egg. They wanted to share it and eat it; but they see a crow flying and wants to take the egg.
The rats began to think how to steal an egg from a crow. Carry? - do not grab; roll? - can be broken.
And the rats decided this: one lay on its back, grabbed the egg with its paws, and the other drove it by the tail, and, like on a sleigh, dragged the egg under the floor.

bug

Bug was carrying a bone across the bridge. Look, her shadow is in the water.
It came to the mind of the Bug that there was not a shadow in the water, but a Bug and a bone.
She let her bone in to take that one. She didn’t take that one, but her own went to the bottom.

wolf and goat

The wolf sees - the goat is grazing on a stone mountain and he cannot get close to her; he said to her: “You should go down: here the place is more even, and the grass for food is much sweeter for you.”
And the Goat says: “That’s not why you, wolf, are calling me down: you are not about mine, but about your fodder.”

Mouse, cat and rooster

The mouse went for a walk. She walked around the yard and came back to her mother.
“Well, mother, I saw two animals. One is scary and the other is kind.
The mother said: "Tell me, what kind of animals are these?"
The mouse said: “One scary one, walks around the yard like this: his legs are black, his crest is red, his eyes are protruding, and his nose is hooked. When I walked by, he opened his mouth, lifted his leg and began to scream so loudly that I didn’t know where to go from fear!
"It's a rooster," said the old mouse. - He does no harm to anyone, do not be afraid of him. Well, what about the other animal?
- The other lay in the sun and warmed himself. His neck is white, his legs are gray, smooth, he licks his white breast and moves his tail a little, looks at me.
The old mouse said: “You are a fool, you are a fool. It's a cat after all."

Kitty

There were brother and sister - Vasya and Katya; and they had a cat. In the spring, the cat disappeared. The children looked for her everywhere, but could not find her.

Once they were playing near the barn and heard someone meowing in thin voices above their heads. Vasya climbed the stairs under the roof of the barn. And Katya stood and kept asking:

- Found? Found?

But Vasya did not answer her. Finally, Vasya shouted to her:

- Found! Our cat... and she has kittens; so wonderful; come here soon.

Katya ran home, got milk and brought it to the cat.

There were five kittens. When they grew up a little and began to crawl out from under the corner where they hatched, the children chose one kitten, gray with white paws, and brought it into the house. The mother gave away all the other kittens, and left this one to the children. The children fed him, played with him and put him to bed with them.

Once the children went to play on the road and took a kitten with them.

The wind stirred the straw along the road, and the kitten played with the straw, and the children rejoiced at him. Then they found sorrel near the road, went to collect it and forgot about the kitten.

Suddenly they heard someone shouting loudly:

“Back, back!” - and they saw that the hunter was galloping, and in front of him two dogs saw a kitten and wanted to grab him. And the kitten, stupid, instead of running, sat down on the ground, hunched his back and looks at the dogs.

Katya was frightened by the dogs, screamed and ran away from them. And Vasya, with all his heart, set off to the kitten and, at the same time as the dogs, ran up to him.

The dogs wanted to grab the kitten, but Vasya fell on the kitten with his stomach and covered it from the dogs.

The hunter jumped up and drove the dogs away, and Vasya brought the kitten home and no longer took him into the field with him.

old man and apple trees

The old man was planting apple trees. They told him: “Why do you need apple trees? It is a long time to wait for fruit from these apple trees, and you will not eat apples from them. The old man said: "I will not eat, others will eat, they will thank me."

Boy and father (Truth is the most expensive)

The boy was playing and accidentally broke an expensive cup.
Nobody took it out.
Father came and asked:
- Who broke?
The boy shook with fear and said:
- I.
Father said:
- Thank you for telling the truth.

Do not torture animals (Varya and siskin)

Varya had a siskin. Chizh lived in a cage and never sang.
Varya came to the chizh. - "It's time for you, siskin, to sing."
- "Let me go free, I will sing all day long."

Don't be lazy

There were two men - Peter and Ivan, they mowed the meadows together. Peter the next morning came with his family and began to clean up his meadow. The day was hot and the grass was dry; in the evening it became hay.
And Ivan did not go to clean, but sat at home. On the third day, Peter brought hay home, and Ivan was just about to row.
By evening it started to rain. Peter had hay, and Ivan had all the grass withered away.

Do not take by force

Petya and Misha had a horse. They began to argue: whose horse?
They began to tear each other's horse.
- "Give me, my horse!" - “No, you give me, the horse is not yours, but mine!”
Mother came, took the horse, and nobody's horse became.

Do not overeat

The mouse gnawed the floor, and there was a gap. The mouse went into the gap, found a lot of food. The mouse was greedy and ate so much that its belly was full. When it was daylight, the mouse went to her, but the belly was so full that she did not go through the gap.

Be good to everyone

The squirrel jumped from branch to branch and fell right on the sleepy wolf. The wolf jumped up and wanted to eat her. The squirrel began to ask: "Let me go." The wolf said: “Okay, I'll let you in, just tell me why you squirrels are so cheerful? I’m always bored, but you look at you, you are there, at the top, all playing and jumping. The squirrel said: “Let me go up the tree first, and from there I will tell you, otherwise I am afraid of you.” The wolf let go, and the squirrel went to the tree and said from there: “You are bored because you are angry. Anger burns your heart. And we are cheerful because we are kind and do no harm to anyone.

respect old people

The grandmother had a granddaughter; before, the granddaughter was sweet and slept all the time, and the grandmother herself baked bread, swept the hut, washed, sewed, spun and wove for her granddaughter; and after that the grandmother became old and lay down on the stove and slept all the time. And the granddaughter baked, washed, sewed, wove and spun for her grandmother.

How my aunt talked about how she learned to sew

When I was six years old, I asked my mother to let me sew. She said: “You are still small, you will only prick your fingers”; and I kept coming. Mother took a red piece of paper from the chest and gave it to me; then she threaded a red thread into the needle and showed me how to hold it. I began to sew, but could not make even stitches; one stitch came out large, and the other fell to the very edge and broke through. Then I pricked my finger and wanted not to cry, but my mother asked me: “What are you?” I couldn't help but cry. Then my mother told me to go play.

When I went to bed, stitches seemed to me all the time: I kept thinking about how I could learn to sew as soon as possible, and it seemed to me so difficult that I would never learn. And now I've grown big and I don't remember how I learned to sew; and when I teach my girl to sew, I wonder how she can't hold a needle.

Bulka (Officer's story)

I had a muzzle. Her name was Bulka. She was all black, only the tips of her front paws were white.

In all muzzles, the lower jaw is longer than the upper and the upper teeth extend beyond the lower ones; but Bulka's lower jaw protruded so far forward that a finger could be placed between the lower and upper teeth. Bulka's face was wide; eyes large, black and shining; and white teeth and fangs always stuck out. He looked like an arap. Bulka was gentle and did not bite, but he was very strong and tenacious. When he used to get hold of something, he would grit his teeth and hang like a rag, and like a tick, he could not be torn off in any way.

Once they let him attack a bear, and he grabbed the bear's ear and hung like a leech. The bear beat him with his paws, pressed him to himself, threw him from side to side, but could not tear him off and fell on his head to crush Bulka; but Bulka held on to him until they poured cold water on him.

I adopted him as a puppy and fed him myself. When I went to serve in the Caucasus, I did not want to take him and left him quietly, and ordered him to be locked up. At the first station, I was about to sit down on another sling, when I suddenly saw that something black and shiny was rolling along the road. It was Bulka in his copper collar. He flew at full speed to the station. He rushed towards me, licked my hand and stretched out in the shade under the cart. His tongue stuck out to the palm of his hand. He then pulled it back, swallowing saliva, then again stuck it out on a whole palm. He was in a hurry, did not keep up with breathing, his sides were jumping. He turned from side to side and tapped his tail on the ground.

I later found out that after me he broke through the frame and jumped out of the window and, right in my wake, galloped along the road and galloped about twenty miles in the heat.

Milton and Bulka (Story)

I got myself a setter for the pheasants. This dog was called Milton: it was tall, thin, speckled in grey, with long beaks and ears, and very strong and intelligent. They did not squabble with Bulka. Not a single dog has ever snapped at Bulka. He would only show his teeth, and the dogs would curl their tails and walk away. Once I went with Milton for pheasants. Suddenly Bulka ran after me into the forest. I wanted to drive him away, but I couldn't. And it was a long way to go home to take him away. I thought that he would not interfere with me, and went on; but as soon as Milton sensed a pheasant in the grass and began to search, Bulka rushed forward and began to poke his head in all directions. He tried before Milton to raise the pheasant. He heard something like that in the grass, jumped, twirled: but his instinct was bad, and he could not find a trace alone, but looked at Milton and ran where Milton was going. As soon as Milton sets off on the trail, Bulka will run ahead. I recalled Bulka, beat him, but could not do anything with him. As soon as Milton began to search, he rushed forward and interfered with him. I already wanted to go home, because I thought that my hunting was spoiled, and Milton figured out better than me how to deceive Bulka. This is what he did: as soon as Bulka runs ahead of him, Milton will leave a trace, turn in the other direction and pretend that he is looking. Bulka will rush to where Milton pointed, and Milton will look back at me, wag his tail and follow the real trail again. Bulka again ran to Milton, ran ahead, and again Milton deliberately took ten steps to the side, deceived Bulka, and again led me straight. So all the hunting he deceived Bulka and did not let him ruin the case.

Shark (Story)

Our ship was anchored off the coast of Africa. It was a fine day, with a fresh breeze blowing from the sea; but towards evening the weather changed: it became stuffy and, as if from a melted stove, hot air from the Sahara desert was blowing at us.

Before sunset, the captain went on deck, shouted: “Swim!” - and in one minute the sailors jumped into the water, lowered the sail into the water, tied it and made a bath in the sail.

There were two boys on the ship with us. The boys were the first to jump into the water, but they were cramped in the sail, they decided to swim in a race on the high seas.

Both, like lizards, stretched out in the water and with all their strength swam to the place where there was a barrel above the anchor.

One boy at first overtook his comrade, but then began to lag behind. The boy's father, an old artilleryman, stood on the deck and admired his son. When the son began to lag behind, the father shouted to him: “Do not betray! push!"

Suddenly, from the deck, someone shouted: "Shark!" - and we all saw the back of a sea monster in the water.

The shark swam straight at the boys.

Back! back! come back! shark! shouted the gunner. But the guys did not hear him, they swam on, laughing and shouting even more cheerfully and louder than before.

The artilleryman, pale as a sheet, looked at the children without moving.

The sailors lowered the boat, rushed into it and, bending the oars, rushed with all their might to the boys; but they were still far away from them when the shark was no more than 20 paces away.

The boys at first did not hear what was shouted to them, and did not see the shark; but then one of them looked back, and we all heard a piercing squeal, and the boys swam in different directions.

This squeal seemed to wake the gunner. He took off and ran to the cannons. He turned his trunk, lay down on the cannon, took aim and took the fuse.

We all, no matter how many of us were on the ship, froze with fear and waited for what would happen.

A shot rang out, and we saw that the artilleryman had fallen near the cannon and covered his face with his hands. What happened to the shark and the boys we did not see, because for a moment the smoke clouded our eyes.

But when the smoke dispersed over the water, at first a quiet murmur was heard from all sides, then this murmur became stronger, and, finally, a loud, joyful cry was heard from all sides.

The old artilleryman opened his face, got up and looked at the sea.

The yellow belly of a dead shark rippled over the waves. In a few minutes the boat sailed up to the boys and brought them to the ship.

The Lion and the Dog (True)

Illustration by Nastya Aksenova

In London, they showed wild animals and took money or dogs and cats for food for wild animals.

One man wanted to look at the animals: he grabbed a little dog in the street and brought it to the menagerie. They let him watch, but they took the little dog and threw it into a cage to be eaten by a lion.

The dog tucked its tail between its legs and snuggled into the corner of the cage. The lion walked up to her and sniffed her.

The dog lay on its back, raised its paws and began to wag its tail.

The lion touched her with his paw and turned her over.

The dog jumped up and stood in front of the lion on its hind legs.

The lion looked at the dog, turned its head from side to side and did not touch it.

When the owner threw meat to the lion, the lion tore off a piece and left it for the dog.

In the evening, when the lion went to bed, the dog lay down beside him and laid her head on his paw.

Since then, the dog lived in the same cage with the lion, the lion did not touch her, ate food, slept with her, and sometimes played with her.

Once the master came to the menagerie and recognized his little dog; he said that the dog was his own, and asked the owner of the menagerie to give it to him. The owner wanted to give it back, but as soon as they began to call the dog to take it out of the cage, the lion bristled and growled.

So the lion and the dog lived for a whole year in one cage.

A year later, the dog fell ill and died. The lion stopped eating, but kept sniffing, licking the dog and touching it with his paw.

When he realized that she was dead, he suddenly jumped up, bristled, began to whip his tail on the sides, threw himself on the wall of the cage and began to gnaw the bolts and the floor.

All day he fought, tossed about in the cage and roared, then lay down beside the dead dog and fell silent. The owner wanted to carry away the dead dog, but the lion would not let anyone near it.

The owner thought that the lion would forget his grief if he was given another dog, and let a live dog into his cage; but the lion immediately tore her to pieces. Then he hugged the dead dog with his paws and lay like that for five days.

On the sixth day the lion died.

Jump (True)

One ship went around the world and returned home. The weather was calm, all the people were on deck. A big monkey was spinning among the people and amused everyone. This monkey writhed, jumped, made funny faces, mimicked people, and it was clear that she knew that she was being amused, and therefore diverged even more.

She jumped up to the 12-year-old boy, the son of the captain of the ship, tore off his hat from his head, put it on and quickly climbed up the mast. Everyone laughed, but the boy was left without a hat and did not know himself whether to laugh or cry.

The monkey sat down on the first rung of the mast, took off his hat and began to tear it with his teeth and paws. She seemed to be teasing the boy, pointing at him and making faces at him. The boy threatened her and shouted at her, but she tore her hat even more angrily. The sailors began to laugh louder, and the boy blushed, threw off his jacket and rushed to the mast after the monkey. In one minute he climbed the rope to the first rung; but the monkey was even more agile and faster than he, at the very moment when he thought to grab his hat, climbed even higher.

So you won't leave me! - shouted the boy and climbed higher. The monkey again beckoned him, climbed even higher, but the boy was already disassembled by the enthusiasm, and he did not lag behind. So the monkey and the boy reached the very top in one minute. At the very top, the monkey stretched out to its full length and, catching the rope with its back hand1, hung its hat on the edge of the last crossbar, and itself climbed to the top of the mast and from there writhed, showed its teeth and rejoiced. From the mast to the end of the crossbar, where the hat hung, was two arshins, so that it was impossible to get it except to let go of the rope and the mast.

But the boy was very angry. He dropped the mast and stepped onto the crossbar. Everyone on deck looked and laughed at what the monkey and the captain's son were doing; but when they saw that he let go the rope and stepped on the crossbar, shaking his arms, everyone froze with fear.

He had only to stumble - and he would have been smashed to smithereens on the deck. Yes, even if he did not stumble, but reached the edge of the crossbar and took his hat, it would be difficult for him to turn around and walk back to the mast. Everyone silently looked at him and waited for what would happen.

Suddenly, some of the people gasped in fear. The boy came to his senses from this cry, looked down and staggered.

At this time, the captain of the ship, the boy's father, left the cabin. He carried a gun to shoot seagulls. He saw his son on the mast, and immediately took aim at his son and shouted: “Into the water! jump into the water now! I'll shoot!" The boy staggered, but did not understand. “Jump or shoot! .. One, two ...” and as soon as the father shouted: “three” - the boy swung his head down and jumped.

Like a cannonball, the boy's body slapped into the sea, and before the waves had time to close it, as already 20 young sailors jumped from the ship into the sea. After 40 seconds - they seemed like debts to everyone - the boy's body surfaced. They grabbed him and dragged him onto the ship. After a few minutes, water poured from his mouth and nose, and he began to breathe.

When the captain saw this, he suddenly screamed, as if something was choking him, and ran to his cabin so that no one would see him crying.

Fire dogs (Falle)

It often happens that in cities, on fires, children remain in houses and cannot be pulled out, because they will hide and remain silent from fright, and it is impossible to see them from the smoke. For this, dogs are trained in London. These dogs live with the firemen, and when the house catches fire, the firemen send the dogs to pull the children out. One such dog in London saved twelve children; her name was Bob.

The house caught fire once. And when the firemen arrived at the house, a woman ran out to them. She cried and said that a two-year-old girl remained in the house. The firemen sent Bob. Bob ran up the stairs and disappeared into the smoke. Five minutes later he ran out of the house and in his teeth carried the girl by the shirt. The mother rushed to her daughter and wept for joy that her daughter was alive. The firemen petted the dog and examined it to see if it was burned; but Bob was rushing back into the house. The firemen thought there was something else alive in the house and let him in. The dog ran into the house and soon ran out with something in his mouth. When the people saw what she was carrying, everyone burst out laughing: she was carrying a big doll.

Bone (True)

Mother bought plums and wanted to give them to the children after dinner. They were on a plate. Vanya never ate plums and kept sniffing them. And he really liked them. I really wanted to eat. He kept walking past the plums. When no one was in the room, he could not resist, grabbed one plum and ate it. Before dinner, the mother counted the plums and sees that one is missing. She told her father.

At dinner, the father says: “Well, children, has anyone eaten one plum?” Everyone said, "No." Vanya blushed like a cancer, and also said: “No, I didn’t eat.”

Then the father said: “What one of you has eaten is not good; but that's not the problem. The trouble is that plums have bones, and if someone does not know how to eat them and swallows a stone, he will die in a day. I'm afraid of it."

Vanya turned pale and said: "No, I threw the bone out the window."

And everyone laughed, and Vanya began to cry.

Monkey and Pea (Fable)

The monkey was carrying two full handfuls of peas. One pea jumped out; the monkey wanted to pick it up and spilled twenty peas.
She rushed to pick it up and spilled everything. Then she got angry, scattered all the peas and ran away.

The Lion and the Mouse (Fable)

The lion was sleeping. The mouse ran over his body. He woke up and caught her. The mouse began to ask him to let her in; she said: "If you let me go, and I will do you good." The lion laughed that the mouse promised to do good to him, and let it go.

Then the hunters caught the lion and tied it to a tree with a rope. The mouse heard the lion's roar, ran, gnawed through the rope and said: “Remember, you laughed, you didn’t think that I could do good to you, but now you see, sometimes good comes from a mouse.”

Old grandfather and granddaughter (Fable)

The grandfather became very old. His legs could not walk, his eyes could not see, his ears could not hear, he had no teeth. And when he ate, it flowed back from his mouth. The son and daughter-in-law stopped putting him at the table, and let him dine at the stove. They took him down once to dine in a cup. He wanted to move it, but he dropped it and broke it. The daughter-in-law began to scold the old man for spoiling everything in the house and breaking cups, and said that now she would give him dinner in the pelvis. The old man just sighed and said nothing. Once a husband and wife sit at home and look - their little son plays planks on the floor - something works out. The father asked: “What are you doing, Misha?” And Misha said: “It’s me, father, I’m doing the pelvis. When you and your mother are old, to feed you from this pelvis.

Husband and wife looked at each other and wept. They felt ashamed that they had offended the old man so much; and from then on they began to put him at the table and look after him.

Liar (Fable, another name - Do not lie)

The boy guarded the sheep and, as if seeing a wolf, began to call: “Help, wolf! wolf!" The men come running and see: it's not true. As he did so two and three times, it happened - and a wolf really came running. The boy began to shout: "Here, here, hurry, wolf!" The peasants thought that he was deceiving again, as always, - they did not listen to him. The wolf sees, there is nothing to be afraid of: in the open he cut the whole herd.

Father and Sons (Fable)

The father ordered his sons to live in harmony; they didn't listen. So he ordered to bring a broom and says:

"Break!"

No matter how much they fought, they could not break. Then the father untied the broom and ordered to break one rod at a time.

They easily broke the bars one by one.

Ant and dove (Fable)

The ant went down to the stream: he wanted to get drunk. A wave swept over him and nearly drowned him. Dove carried a branch; she saw - the ant was drowning, and threw a branch into the stream for him. An ant sat on a branch and escaped. Then the hunter set the net on the dove and wanted to slam it shut. The ant crawled up to the hunter and bit him on the leg; the hunter groaned and dropped the net. The dove fluttered and flew away.

Hen and Swallow (Fable)

The chicken found snake eggs and began to hatch them. The swallow saw and said:
"That's it, stupid! You will lead them out, and when they grow up, they will offend you first.

The Fox and the Grapes (Fable)

The fox saw - ripe bunches of grapes were hanging, and began to fit in, as if to eat them.
She fought for a long time, but could not get it. To drown out her annoyance, she says: "Still green."

Two Comrades (Fable)

Two comrades were walking through the forest, and a bear jumped out at them. One rushed to run, climbed a tree and hid, while the other remained on the road. He had nothing to do - he fell to the ground and pretended to be dead.

The bear came up to him and began to sniff: he stopped breathing.

The bear sniffed his face, thought it was dead, and walked away.

When the bear left, he climbed down from the tree and laughs: “Well,” he says, “did the bear speak in your ear?”

“And he told me that bad people are those who run away from their comrades in danger.”

The Tsar and the Shirt (Fairy Tale)

One king was sick and said: "I will give half of the kingdom to the one who will cure me." Then all the wise men gathered and began to judge how to cure the king. No one knew. Only one wise man said that the king can be cured. He said: if you find a happy person, take off his shirt and put it on the king, the king will recover. The king sent to look for a happy person in his kingdom; but the ambassadors of the king traveled all over the kingdom for a long time and could not find a happy person. There was not a single one that was satisfied with everyone. Who is rich, let him be ill; who is healthy, but poor; who is healthy and rich, but his wife is not good, and who has children not good; everyone is complaining about something. Once, late in the evening, the tsar’s son walks past the hut, and he hears someone say: “Thank God, I’ve worked out, ate and go to bed; what else do I need?" The king's son was delighted, ordered to take off this man's shirt, and give him money for it, as much as he wants, and take the shirt to the king. The messengers came to the happy man and wanted to take off his shirt; but the happy one was so poor that he didn't even have a shirt on.

Two brothers (Fairy tale)

The two brothers went on a journey together. At noon they lay down to rest in the forest. When they woke up, they saw that a stone was lying near them and something was written on the stone. They began to disassemble and read:

“Whoever finds this stone, let him go straight into the forest at sunrise. A river will come in the forest: let him swim across this river to the other side. house, and in that house you will find happiness.

The brothers read what was written, and the younger one said:

Let's go together. Maybe we will swim across this river, bring the cubs home and find happiness together.

Then the elder said:

I will not go into the forest for cubs and I do not advise you. First thing: no one knows whether the truth is written on this stone; maybe all this is written for laughter. Yes, maybe we didn't get it right. Second: if the truth is written, we will go into the forest, night will come, we will not get to the river and get lost. And if we find a river, how will we swim across it? Maybe it's fast and wide? Third: even if we swim across the river, is it really easy to take the cubs away from the she-bear? She will tear us up, and instead of happiness, we will disappear for nothing. The fourth thing: even if we manage to carry away the cubs, we will not reach the mountain without rest. But the main thing is not said: what kind of happiness will we find in this house? Perhaps we will find such happiness there, which we do not need at all.

And the younger one said:

I don't think so. In vain they would not write this on a stone. And everything is written clearly. First thing: we won't get in trouble if we try. Second thing: if we do not go, someone else will read the inscription on the stone and find happiness, and we will be left with nothing. The third thing: not to work hard and not to work, nothing in the world pleases. Fourth, I don't want to be thought that I was afraid of something.

Then the elder said:

And the proverb says: "To seek great happiness is to lose little"; and moreover: "Do not promise a crane in the sky, but give a titmouse in your hands."

And the smaller one said:

And I heard: "To be afraid of wolves, not to go into the forest"; moreover: "Water will not flow under a lying stone." For me, I have to go.

The younger brother went, and the older one stayed.

As soon as the younger brother entered the forest, he attacked the river, swam across it and immediately saw a bear on the shore. She slept. He grabbed the cubs and ran without looking back at the mountain. He had just reached the top, - people came out to meet him, they brought him a carriage, took him to the city and made him king.

He reigned for five years. In the sixth year another king came to fight against him, stronger than he; conquered the city and drove it out. Then the younger brother went on wandering again and came to the older brother.

The older brother lived in the village neither richly nor poorly. The brothers rejoiced at each other and began to talk about their lives.

Elder brother says:

So my truth came out: I always lived quietly and well, and you like it and was the king, but I saw a lot of grief.

And the smaller one said:

I do not grieve that then I went into the forest to the mountain; although I feel bad now, but there is something to remember my life, and you have nothing to remember.

Lipunyushka (Fairy tale)

An old man lived with an old woman. They didn't have children. The old man went to the field to plow, and the old woman stayed at home to bake pancakes. The old woman baked pancakes and says:

“If we had a son, he would take pancakes to his father; and now with whom shall I send?"

Suddenly, a little son crawled out of the cotton and said: “Hello, mother! ..”

And the old woman says: “Where did you come from, son, and what is your name?”

And the son says: “You, mother, unspun the cotton and put it in a column, and I hatched there. And call me Lipunyushka. Give, mother, I will take the pancakes to father.

The old woman says: “Will you tell, Lipunyushka?”

I will, mother...

The old woman tied the pancakes in a bundle and gave them to her son. Lipunyushka took the bundle and ran into the field.

In the field he came across a bump on the road; he shouts: “Father, father, transplant me over a hummock! I brought you pancakes."

The old man heard from the field, someone was calling him, went to meet his son, transplanted him over a tussock and said: “Where are you from, son?” And the boy says: “I, father, bred in cotton,” and served pancakes to his father. The old man sat down to have breakfast, and the boy said: “Give me, father, I will plow.”

And the old man says: “You don’t have the strength to plow.”

And Lipunyushka took up the plow and began to plow. He plows and sings songs himself.

The gentleman was driving past this field and saw that the old man was sitting at breakfast, and the horse was plowing alone. The master got out of the carriage and said to the old man: “How is it with you, old man, plows a horse alone?”

And the old man says: "I have a boy plowing there, he sings songs." The master came closer, heard the songs and saw Lipunyushka.

Barin and says: “Old man! sell me the boy." And the old man says: “No, I can’t sell it, I have only one.”

And Lipunyushka says to the old man: "Sell, father, I will run away from him."

The man sold the boy for a hundred rubles. The master handed over the money, took the boy, wrapped him in a handkerchief and put him in his pocket. The master came home and said to his wife: "I brought you joy." And the wife says: “Show me what it is?” The master took a handkerchief from his pocket, unfolded it, but there was nothing in the handkerchief. Lipunyushka ran away to his father a long time ago.

Three Bears (Fairy Tale)

One girl left home for the forest. She got lost in the forest and began to look for her way home, but she did not find it, but came to the house in the forest.

The door was open; she looked at the door, sees: there is no one in the house, and entered. Three bears lived in this house. One bear was a father, his name was Mikhailo Ivanovich. He was big and shaggy. The other was a bear. She was smaller, and her name was Nastasya Petrovna. The third was a little bear cub, and his name was Mishutka. The bears were not at home, they went for a walk in the forest.

There were two rooms in the house: one dining room, the other bedroom. The girl entered the dining room and saw three cups of stew on the table. The first cup, very large, was Mikhail Ivanychev's. The second cup, smaller, was Nastasya Petrovnina; the third, little blue cup, was Mishutkin. Beside each cup lay a spoon: large, medium and small.

The girl took the biggest spoon and drank from the biggest cup; then she took the middle spoon and drank from the middle cup; then she took a small spoon and drank from a little blue cup; and Mishutkin's stew seemed to her the best.

The girl wanted to sit down and sees three chairs at the table: one large one - Mikhail Ivanovich; the other is smaller - Nastasya Petrovnin, and the third, small, with a blue little pillow - Mishutkin. She climbed onto a large chair and fell; then she sat down on the middle chair, it was awkward on it; then she sat down on a small chair and laughed - it was so good. She took the little blue cup on her knees and began to eat. She ate all the stew and began to swing on a chair.

The chair broke and she fell to the floor. She got up, picked up a chair and went to another room. There were three beds: one large - Mikhail Ivanychev; the other middle one is Nastasya Petrovnina; the third is small - Mishenkina. The girl lay down in a large one, it was too spacious for her; lay down in the middle - it was too high; she lay down in a small one - the bed fit her just right, and she fell asleep.

And the bears came home hungry and wanted to have dinner.

The big bear took the cup, looked and roared in a terrible voice:

WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP?

Nastasya Petrovna looked at her cup and growled not so loudly:

WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP?

But Mishutka saw his empty cup and squeaked in a thin voice:

WHO DRINKED IN MY CUP AND DRINKED EVERYTHING?

Mikhail Ivanovich looked at his chair and growled in a terrible voice:

Nastasya Petrovna glanced at her chair and growled not so loudly:

WHO SAT ON MY CHAIR AND PUSHED IT FROM THE PLACE?

Mishutka looked at his broken chair and squeaked:

WHO SIT ON MY CHAIR AND BROKEN IT?

The bears came to another room.

WHO GOT IN MY BED AND KRUGGED IT? roared Mikhail Ivanovich in a terrible voice.

WHO GOT IN MY BED AND KRUGGED IT? Nastasya Petrovna growled, not so loudly.

And Mishenka set up a bench, climbed into his bed and squeaked in a thin voice:

WHO WAS IN MY BED?

And suddenly he saw the girl and squealed as if he was being cut:

Here she is! Hold it, hold it! Here she is! Ay-ya-yay! Hold on!

He wanted to bite her.

The girl opened her eyes, saw the bears and rushed to the window. It was open, she jumped out the window and ran away. And the bears did not catch up with her.

What is the dew on the grass (Description)

When you go to the forest on a sunny summer morning, you can see diamonds in the fields, in the grass. All these diamonds shine and shimmer in the sun in different colors - yellow, red, and blue. When you come closer and see what it is, you will see that these are drops of dew gathered in triangular leaves of grass and glisten in the sun.

The leaf of this grass inside is shaggy and fluffy, like velvet. And the drops roll on the leaf and do not wet it.

When you inadvertently pick off a leaf with a dewdrop, the drop will roll down like a ball of light, and you will not see how it slips past the stem. It used to be that you would tear off such a cup, slowly bring it to your mouth and drink a dewdrop, and this dewdrop seemed tastier than any drink.

Touch and Sight (Reasoning)

Braid the index finger with the middle and braided fingers, touch the small ball so that it rolls between both fingers, and close your eyes yourself. It will look like two balls to you. Open your eyes - you will see that one ball. The fingers deceived, and the eyes were corrected.

Look (best from the side) at a good clean mirror: it will seem to you that this is a window or a door and that there is something behind it. Feel with your finger - you will see that it is a mirror. Eyes deceived, and fingers corrected.

Where does the water from the sea go? (Reasoning)

From springs, springs and marshes, water flows into streams, from streams into rivers, from rivers into large rivers, and from large rivers it flows from the sea. From other sides other rivers flow into the seas, and all rivers have flowed into the seas since the world was created. Where does the water from the sea go? Why doesn't it flow over the edge?

The water from the sea rises in mist; the mist rises higher, and clouds are made from the mist. The clouds are blown by the wind and spread over the earth. From the clouds, water falls to the ground. From the ground flows into swamps and streams. From streams flows into rivers; from rivers to sea. From the sea again the water rises into the clouds, and the clouds spread over the land...

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a great Russian writer who created over 279 literary works. In our article you will get acquainted with the list of the best and most popular books of this author.

Novels

War and Peace

"War and Peace" is an epic four-volume novel written during the hostilities of 1805-1812. Tolstoy was inspired by the ongoing events, which is why he decided to create this masterpiece. The action of the book takes place during the war with Napoleon (Russia was an ally of Austria, also participating in this conflict). Each volume tells a different story. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

The first volume tells about the life of Russian society in the 19th century, about how people lived in those difficult years, and the stories of the poor and rich social strata are touched upon.

The second volume of the book "War and Peace" describes in detail the arrival of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov to Austria in the town of Braunau, which was made to inspect and assess the power and strength of the Russian army.

The third volume is considered the most "calm and peaceful", as it is dedicated to the love stories of the main characters, in particular the young count's son Pierre Bezukhov.

The fourth part of the novel begins with the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte's troops on Russian soil.

Tolstoy's books are read by the whole world

Anna Karenina

Anna Karenina is a novel about the unhappy love of a young married woman named Anna Karenina, who was passionately in love with the brave and courageous officer Alexei Vronsky. Also in this work you can find many interesting historical facts about the life of the bourgeois and peasant society of the 19th century. The author describes in detail St. Petersburg of that time, and this happens simultaneously with the love events of the novel.

family happiness

"Family Happiness" is a novel that was first published in the well-known at that time magazine "Russian Messenger" in 1859. The book tells the story of a young village girl who fell in love with the best friend of her recently deceased father - 38-year-old Sergei Mikhailovich. After some time, the man married a young beauty, so the first years of their married life, including quarrels and partings, are described below.

Resurrection

"Resurrection" is a work written in 1899, which is considered the last novel by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. The book tells the story of a court hearing in which the case of the theft of money and the poisoning of the merchant Smelkov, who could not be saved, is being considered, as a result of which he dies. The police managed to establish the identity of three suspects in this crime. What will be next? Who will be made guilty? You can learn about this by reading the book.

an educated person should be familiar with at least a few works of Tolstoy

stories

Christmas night

"Christmas Night" is a short story written in 1853. The book is about a little girl who remembers an old Christmas story told to her by her grandmother. One night, a man went in search of fire in order to warm his wife and newly born child. Along the way, he meets shepherds warming themselves by the fire. The shepherds allowed the stranger to take coals from their fire. They were very surprised that he did not burn himself when he took the red-hot stones in his hands. Who is this mysterious traveler? If you are intrigued, then you need to read this story as soon as possible.

Sevastopol in August 1855

"Sevastopol in August 1855" is a book that is part of a cycle of three works about the defense of the city of Sevastopol, which took place in 1855 during the Crimean War. The story "Sevastopol in August 1855" describes the fate of the young soldier Volodya, who voluntarily went to the front. This work describes military operations, the experiences of the protagonist, his personal idea and impression of the war.

Blizzard

Snowstorm is a short story written by Leo Tolstoy in 1856. The book is written on behalf of the author and begins with a story about how he jumps into a sleigh to a passing coachman and asks to be taken home from the station. On the way, a severe snowstorm begins, which the city of Novocherkassk has not seen for a long time lately. It became difficult for the horse to walk, she could hardly see anything because of the blizzard, so the driver decided to turn back. The protagonist tried to help the coachman and decides to get out of the wagon to find a trail from the sleigh, but nothing comes of it. How will they manage to deal with this situation?

Demoted

"Degraded" is a story that was written in 1856, which is part of the Caucasian cycle of Tolstoy's works. The plot of the book takes place during the Caucasian War in 1850. The story begins with a young prince serving in an artillery battalion of the Russian army. In a small forest clearing near the fire, officers gather to chat and play a game that was popular at that time - towns. Suddenly, a strange stranger appears - a little man in a hare coat, who sits down next to the officers and begins to tell his story. Who is this strange person? You will only learn about this from the book.

Prisoner of the Caucasus

"Prisoner of the Caucasus" - a story that was first published in the magazine "Zarya" in 1873. It tells about the Russian officer Zhilin, who, by an unfortunate coincidence, was captured by the highlanders during the Caucasian War. Zhilin's mother sends him a letter with a request that his son come to see her. The young man immediately decides to go to meet his mother. On the way he is attacked and taken prisoner.

Filipok

"Filipok" - a story written by Lev Nikolaevich in 1875. The plot describes the life of a little curious boy named Philip, but his mother affectionately calls him "Filipok". The boy is interested in everything that catches his eye. Philip dreams of going to school. Every morning he looks with envy at the older guys who are going to study. One day, he decides to sneak into class. What will he get? You can find out by reading the book.

Surat coffee shop

"Surat Coffee House" is a short story created in 1906. It tells about one small coffee shop located in the Indian town of Surat. Travelers, travelers and high-ranking officials were very fond of visiting this place, because excellent coffee was brewed in the Surat coffee house. Once a strange man came here, introducing himself as a theologian. What is the meaning of his appearance? This can be found in the story.

Dream of a young king

"The Dream of the Young Tsar" is a work written in 1958. It tells about the life of a young king who recently took the throne. For almost 5 weeks he worked tirelessly, practically without rest: he signed decrees, attended meetings, received foreign ambassadors and guests. One day he had a strange dream. What was it about? You can learn about this only after reading this book.

Tale

Childhood

"Childhood" is one of the books included in the trilogy of Leo Tolstoy's autobiography, which was written in 1852. The story tells many facts and stories from the life of the writer, describes his experiences, joys, resentments, first love, ups and downs.

Cossacks

"Cossacks" - a story by Lev Nikolaevich, written in 1864. It tells about the Cossack cadet Olenin Dmitry Andreevich, who went from Moscow to the Caucasus to a new place of service. Olenin is located in the small village of Novomlinskaya, located on the banks of the Terek River. A little later, the guy falls in love with the daughter of the owners of the house, from whom he rents housing. The girl's parents are against such a union, because they already have a groom for their daughter in mind. Who is this? You can only learn about this from the book.

Morning of the landowner

"The Morning of the Landowner" is a story created in 1856, which has an autobiographical style of writing. It tells about the 19-year-old prince Nekhlyudov, who comes to his village for the holidays. After living in the capital, the young man was greatly surprised by the poor life of local peasants, so he decides to help unfortunate people. The guy decides to leave the university, return to his native land and engage in agriculture.

Two hussars

"Two Hussars" - a story first published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1857. Lev Nikolaevich dedicated this work to his beloved sister. It tells about the hussar Fyodor Turbin (a count and a well-known secular person at that time), who arrived in a small provincial town, in whose hotel he meets cornet Ilyin, who not so long ago lost a large amount of money in cards. Turbin decides to help the unfortunate man and comes up with a game plan to beat the card sharper. Will they succeed?

Idyll

"Idyll" is one of the last stories of Leo Tolstoy, written in 1862. In this work, the author describes the life of his family in the village of Yasnaya Polyana, located in the Tula province. The village "idyll" of the Tolstoy family is described in detail in this book.

adolescence

"Boyhood" is the second story from the autobiographical trilogy of Leo Tolstoy, created in 1855. The book tells about the teenage period of the life of the boy Kolya, who is going through many difficulties: first feelings, betrayal of friends, school exams and admission to a cadet school.

Youth

Youth is the last story in an autobiographical trilogy, written in 1857. It describes the life of a young guy Nikolai Irtenyev in his university years, about his friends, their experiences and difficulties that they will face more than once.

Hadji Murad

"Hadji Murad" - a story published in 1890. The book tells about the life of the famous brave Avar Hadji Murad, who fought in the Caucasian War against the Russian army. Hadji Murad goes over to the side of the enemy, abandons his compatriots and runs away from them into the mountains. Further, he tries to establish relations with the Russian soldiers, starting to fight along with them.

Along with this also read

The above works, written by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, are considered one of the best and most famous among readers around the world. But, there are books that are no less popular and interesting. These include:

"Polyushka";
"Mother";
"Diary of a Madman";
"Master and worker";
"Posthumous notes of the elder Fyodor Kuzmich";
"Father Sergius";
"The History of Yesterday";
"Two horses";
"Kholstomer";
"Lucerne";
"Expensive";
"Fake Coupon";
"Alyosha Pot";
"For what?";
"The Power of Childhood";
"Father Vasily";
"Three Days in the Village";
"Khodynka";
"Infected family";
"Nihilist";
"The Fruits of Enlightenment";
"Grateful soil";
"The Aeronaut's Tale";
"Bounce";
“The power of darkness, or the Claw is stuck, the whole bird is abyss”;
"Pyotr Khlebnik";
“All qualities come from her”;
"Dramatic treatment of the legend of Agea";
"A song about the battle on the Chernaya River on August 4, 1855".

In this article, you learned about the best and most interesting works of Leo Tolstoy. The most popular novels, novellas and short stories were described here. Each of which we recommend reading.

Count Leo Tolstoy, a classic of Russian and world literature, is called a master of psychologism, the creator of the epic novel genre, an original thinker and teacher of life. The works of the brilliant writer are the greatest asset of Russia.

In August 1828, a classic of Russian literature was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate in the Tula province. The future author of "War and Peace" became the fourth child in a family of eminent nobles. On the paternal side, he belonged to the ancient family of Counts Tolstoy, who served and. On the maternal side, Lev Nikolaevich is a descendant of Ruriks. It is noteworthy that Leo Tolstoy also has a common ancestor - Admiral Ivan Mikhailovich Golovin.

Lev Nikolayevich's mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died of childbed fever after the birth of her daughter. At that time, Leo was not even two years old. Seven years later, the head of the family, Count Nikolai Tolstoy, died.

Childcare fell on the shoulders of the writer's aunt, T. A. Ergolskaya. Later, the second aunt, Countess A. M. Osten-Saken, became the guardian of the orphaned children. After her death in 1840, the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian - the father's sister P. I. Yushkova. The aunt influenced his nephew, and the writer called his childhood in her house, which was considered the most cheerful and hospitable in the city, happy. Later, Leo Tolstoy described his impressions of life in the Yushkov estate in the story "Childhood".

Silhouette and portrait of Leo Tolstoy's parents

The classic received his primary education at home from German and French teachers. In 1843, Leo Tolstoy entered Kazan University, choosing the faculty of Oriental languages. Soon, due to low academic performance, he moved to another faculty - law. But even here he did not succeed: two years later he left the university without receiving a degree.

Lev Nikolaevich returned to Yasnaya Polyana, wanting to establish relations with the peasants in a new way. The idea failed, but the young man regularly kept a diary, loved secular entertainment and became interested in music. Tolstoy listened for hours, and.

Disillusioned with the life of the landowner after spending the summer in the countryside, 20-year-old Leo Tolstoy left the estate and moved to Moscow, and from there to St. Petersburg. The young man rushed between preparing for the candidate's exams at the university, music lessons, carousing with cards and gypsies, and dreams of becoming either an official or a cadet of a horse guard regiment. Relatives called Leo "the most trifling fellow", and it took years to distribute the debts he had incurred.

Literature

In 1851, the writer's brother, officer Nikolai Tolstoy, persuaded Leo to go to the Caucasus. For three years Lev Nikolaevich lived in a village on the banks of the Terek. The nature of the Caucasus and the patriarchal life of the Cossack village were later reflected in the stories "Cossacks" and "Hadji Murad", the stories "Raid" and "Cutting the Forest".

In the Caucasus, Leo Tolstoy composed the story "Childhood", which he published in the journal "Sovremennik" under the initials L. N. Soon he wrote the sequels "Adolescence" and "Youth", combining the stories into a trilogy. The literary debut turned out to be brilliant and brought Lev Nikolayevich his first recognition.

The creative biography of Leo Tolstoy is developing rapidly: the appointment to Bucharest, the transfer to the besieged Sevastopol, the command of the battery enriched the writer with impressions. From the pen of Lev Nikolaevich came out a cycle of "Sevastopol stories". The writings of the young writer struck critics with a bold psychological analysis. Nikolai Chernyshevsky found in them "the dialectic of the soul", and the emperor read the essay "Sevastopol in the month of December" and expressed admiration for Tolstoy's talent.

In the winter of 1855, 28-year-old Leo Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and entered the Sovremennik circle, where he was warmly welcomed, calling him "the great hope of Russian literature." But in a year, the writer's environment with its disputes and conflicts, readings and literary dinners got tired. Later, in Confession, Tolstoy confessed:

“These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”

In the autumn of 1856, the young writer went to the Yasnaya Polyana estate, and in January 1857 he went abroad. For six months, Leo Tolstoy traveled around Europe. Traveled to Germany, Italy, France and Switzerland. He returned to Moscow, and from there to Yasnaya Polyana. In the family estate, he took up the arrangement of schools for peasant children. In the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, twenty educational institutions appeared with his participation. In 1860, the writer traveled a lot: in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, he studied the pedagogical systems of European countries in order to apply what he saw in Russia.

A special niche in the work of Leo Tolstoy is occupied by fairy tales and compositions for children and adolescents. The writer created hundreds of works for young readers, including kind and instructive tales "Kitten", "Two Brothers", "Hedgehog and Hare", "Lion and Dog".

Leo Tolstoy wrote the ABC school manual to teach children to write, read and do arithmetic. Literary and pedagogical work consists of four books. The writer included instructive stories, epics, fables, as well as methodological advice to teachers. The third book included the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina"

In the 1870s, Leo Tolstoy, continuing to teach peasant children, wrote the novel Anna Karenina, in which he contrasted two storylines: the Karenins' family drama and the domestic idyll of the young landowner Levin, with whom he identified himself. The novel only at first glance seemed to be a love story: the classic raised the problem of the meaning of the existence of the “educated class”, opposing it with the truth of the peasant life. "Anna Karenina" highly appreciated.

The turning point in the mind of the writer was reflected in the works written in the 1880s. Life-changing spiritual insight is central to stories and novels. “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Kreutzer Sonata”, “Father Sergius” and the story “After the Ball” appear. The classic of Russian literature paints pictures of social inequality, castigates the idleness of the nobles.

In search of an answer to the question about the meaning of life, Leo Tolstoy turned to the Russian Orthodox Church, but he did not find satisfaction there either. The writer came to the conclusion that the Christian church is corrupt, and under the guise of religion, the priests are promoting a false doctrine. In 1883, Lev Nikolaevich founded the publication Posrednik, where he set out his spiritual convictions with criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church. For this, Tolstoy was excommunicated from the church, the secret police watched the writer.

In 1898, Leo Tolstoy wrote the novel Resurrection, which received critical acclaim. But the success of the work was inferior to "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace".

For the last 30 years of his life, Leo Tolstoy, with his doctrine of non-violent resistance to evil, has been recognized as the spiritual and religious leader of Russia.

"War and Peace"

Leo Tolstoy did not like his novel "War and Peace", calling the epic "wordy rubbish". The classic wrote the work in the 1860s, while living with his family in Yasnaya Polyana. The first two chapters, called "1805", were published by "Russian Messenger" in 1865. Three years later, Leo Tolstoy wrote three more chapters and completed the novel, which caused heated debate among critics.

Leo Tolstoy writes "War and Peace"

The features of the heroes of the work, written in the years of family happiness and spiritual uplift, the novelist took from life. In Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, the features of Lev Nikolayevich's mother, her penchant for reflection, brilliant education and love for art are recognizable. The traits of his father - mockery, love of reading and hunting - the writer awarded Nikolai Rostov.

When writing the novel, Leo Tolstoy worked in the archives, studied the correspondence of Tolstoy and Volkonsky, Masonic manuscripts, and visited the Borodino field. The young wife helped him, copying the drafts cleanly.

The novel was read avidly, striking readers with the breadth of the epic canvas and subtle psychological analysis. Leo Tolstoy characterized the work as an attempt to "write the history of the people".

According to the estimates of the literary critic Lev Anninsky, by the end of the 1970s, the works of the Russian classic were filmed 40 times abroad alone. Until 1980, the epic War and Peace was filmed four times. Directors from Europe, America and Russia made 16 films based on the novel "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection" was filmed 22 times.

For the first time, "War and Peace" was filmed by director Pyotr Chardynin in 1913. The most famous film was made by a Soviet director in 1965.

Personal life

Leo Tolstoy married 18-year-old Leo Tolstoy in 1862, when he was 34 years old. The count lived with his wife for 48 years, but the life of the couple can hardly be called cloudless.

Sofya Bers is the second of three daughters of Andrey Bers, a doctor at the Moscow Palace Office. The family lived in the capital, but in the summer they rested in the Tula estate near Yasnaya Polyana. For the first time, Leo Tolstoy saw his future wife as a child. Sophia was educated at home, read a lot, understood art and graduated from Moscow University. The diary kept by Bers-Tolstaya is recognized as a model of the memoir genre.

At the beginning of his married life, Leo Tolstoy, wishing that there were no secrets between him and his wife, gave Sophia a diary to read. The shocked wife learned about her husband's turbulent youth, gambling, wild life and the peasant girl Aksinya, who was expecting a child from Lev Nikolayevich.

The first-born Sergey was born in 1863. In the early 1860s, Tolstoy took up writing the novel War and Peace. Sofya Andreevna helped her husband, despite the pregnancy. The woman taught and raised all the children at home. Five of the 13 children died in infancy or early childhood.

Problems in the family began after the end of Leo Tolstoy's work on Anna Karenina. The writer plunged into depression, expressed dissatisfaction with the life that Sofya Andreevna so diligently arranged in the family nest. The moral throwing of the count led to the fact that Lev Nikolayevich demanded that his relatives give up meat, alcohol and smoking. Tolstoy forced his wife and children to dress in peasant clothes, which he himself made, and wished to give the acquired property to the peasants.

Sofya Andreevna made considerable efforts to dissuade her husband from the idea of distributing good. But the resulting quarrel split the family: Leo Tolstoy left home. Returning, the writer assigned the duty of rewriting drafts to his daughters.

The death of the last child, seven-year-old Vanya, briefly brought the couple closer. But soon mutual insults and misunderstanding alienated them completely. Sofya Andreevna found solace in music. In Moscow, a woman took lessons from a teacher, to whom romantic feelings arose. Their relationship remained friendly, but the count did not forgive his wife for "half-treason".

The fatal quarrel of the spouses happened at the end of October 1910. Leo Tolstoy left home, leaving Sophia a farewell letter. He wrote that he loved her, but he could not do otherwise.

Death

82-year-old Leo Tolstoy, accompanied by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. On the way, the writer fell ill and got off the train at the Astapovo railway station. Lev Nikolaevich spent the last 7 days of his life in the stationmaster's house. The whole country followed the news about Tolstoy's state of health.

The children and wife arrived at the Astapovo station, but Leo Tolstoy did not want to see anyone. The classic died on November 7, 1910: he died of pneumonia. His wife survived him by 9 years. Tolstoy was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.

Quotes by Leo Tolstoy

Everyone wants to change humanity, but no one thinks about how to change themselves.
Everything comes to those who know how to wait.
All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
Let everyone sweep in front of his door. If everyone does this, the whole street will be clean.
Life is easier without love. But without it there is no point.
I don't have everything I love. But I love everything I have.
The world moves forward thanks to those who suffer.
The greatest truths are the simplest.
Everyone is making plans, and no one knows if he will live until the evening.

Bibliography

1869 - "War and Peace"
1877 - "Anna Karenina"
1899 - "Resurrection"
1852-1857 - "Childhood". "Adolescence". "Youth"
1856 - "Two Hussars"
1856 - "Morning of the landowner"
1863 - "Cossacks"
1886 - "Death of Ivan Ilyich"
1903 - Notes of a Madman
1889 - "Kreutzer Sonata"
1898 - "Father Sergius"
1904 - "Hadji Murad"

Russian writers are rightfully considered real geniuses of literature. All of them made an invaluable contribution to the development of the art of the word, so their works remain relevant in our time and will be relevant for many years to come. This is largely due to the fact that all writers were not only educated and wise, but also talented people. This helped them to create not only complex and relevant, but also interesting works.

Lev Tolstoy

One of the most famous Russian classics is Leo Tolstoy, whose books were printed in huge numbers. His works are known for their scale and deep philosophical problems that the author reveals.

Tolstoy's books, as a rule, are very voluminous, but not because he repeats a lot, but because he approaches the disclosure of a particular topic as thoroughly as possible. The writer is always trying to get to the core of things. This article will focus on the main books of Tolstoy, which had the greatest public outcry and which made a really huge contribution to world culture.

War and Peace

The epic novel "War and Peace" is one of the most significant works of world literature of the 19th century. It does not just show important historical events of that time, it conveys the atmosphere of that time, the mood of people and talks about the most important things.

The idea of the novel was fundamentally different from what happened in the end. Tolstoy wanted to write a book about the life of a Decembrist who returned from exile. However, in the process of work, the writer realized that the thoughts that he wants to convey to people require a deeper and more thorough analysis of Russian life. That is why the story begins long before the events of December 14, 1925.

The author leads his characters through several decades of their lives, showing their moral development in the context of historical events. The war with Napoleon completely changed the minds of the people of that time. They stopped speaking French, became disillusioned with the war and military leaders, but most importantly, they began to understand what the real value of life is.

The heroes of the novel are very complex and multifaceted personalities who, with their life quests, are trying to come to eternal truths and tell the reader about them. Tolstoy's book "War and Peace" is a novel about the most important things in life that should be mastered by every person. That is why this work is loved all over the world. It has been filmed many times both in Russia and abroad. Particular attention should be paid to the film adaptation, filmed by the Soviet director Sergei Bondarchuk, because for it he was awarded the Oscar film award in 1965.

"Anna Karenina"

The books of L. N. Tolstoy are often filmed by famous foreign directors. Based on the novel "Anna Karenina" in 2012, the British director Joe Wright made a film. This project was very successful and grossed about $70 million at the box office. The main roles were played by such famous actors as Keira Knightley and Jude Law.

The plot of the novel takes place in St. Petersburg in the 19th century. A very respected and wealthy representative of the golden youth, Count Vronsky, falls in love with a married girl, Anna Karenina. She was given in marriage against her will and did not love her husband, who was much older than her. An affair begins between Vronsky and Anna Karenina, which breaks the fate of both and leads to sad consequences ...

Anna Karenina, like all of Tolstoy's books, reflects the main problems of Russian life. This novel tells what are the consequences of those marriages that are not for love. He teaches to be more attentive to close people, as well as honest in relation to himself and others.

"Resurrection"

The novel "Resurrection" was the last work of Leo Tolstoy. It was printed in huge numbers and translated into almost all major languages of the world. This was necessary, since interest in Tolstoy's work was enormous, especially after the publication of the novels "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina".

This novel came out much later than all of Tolstoy's previous books. This greatly fueled public interest in this work. However, an important role in such popularity was played by the fact that the theme of the novel was very relevant at that time. The plot tells how a young officer, completely without thinking about the consequences, seduced an innocent girl. Such an act became fatal in his fate. After that, the life of both heroes changed a lot ...

The novel "Resurrection", like Tolstoy's previous works, was filmed a huge number of times by directors from different countries. Particular attention should be paid to the film by the Soviet director Mikhail Schweitzer, filmed in 1960.

Finally

The works of Leo Tolstoy are known and loved not only in Russia, but also abroad. He was an innovator in the field of literature, it was from his pen that the now very common literary techniques first began to appear. Tolstoy's books are a true classic of world literature.

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy; Russian Empire, Tula province; 08/28/1828 - 11/07/1910
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy needs no introduction. This is a world famous coryphaeus of Russian and world realism. Tolstoy's works have been reprinted many times in most languages of the world, they have been filmed in almost all countries, and Tolstoy's plays are still very popular. All this makes the inclusion of Leo Tolstoy in our rating simply mandatory. After all, his works are relevant even now, thanks to this, those who want to read Tolstoy do not decrease over the years.

Biography of Leo Tolstoy

Stories:

History of yesterday
Raid
Marker notes
logging
Blizzard
Demoted
Lucerne
Albert
three deaths
Two horses
Bounce
Aeronaut's Tale
How people live
Where there is love, there is God
Two old men
Let the fire go - do not put out
The enemy is stucco, but God's is strong
Two brothers and gold
Ilyas
Cross
How much land does a person need
Candle
Three elders
Strider
Three sons
Who is right?
Francoise
Surat coffee shop
Karma
Three parables
Expensive
Assyrian king Esarhadon
Destroying hell and restoring it
A tale about Ivan the Fool and his two brothers: Semyon the Warrior and Taras the Belly, and the mute sister Malanya, and about the old devil and the three imps.
Divine and human
For what?
Korney Vasiliev
Berries Wolf
grateful soil
Songs in the village
Conversation with a passerby
Three days in the countryside
Alyosha Pot
by accident
Father Vasily
What did I see in my dream
Idyll
Diary of a Madman
Posthumous notes of the elder Fyodor Kuzmich ...
Two different versions of the history of the lubok-covered beehive
The power of childhood
Dream of a young king
Khodynka
Traveler and peasant
History of yesterday
How Russian soldiers die
Christmas night
Uncle Zhdanov and Chevalier Chernov
Fragments of stories from village life