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What does it mean to be an intelligent person arguments. Arguments on the topic: intelligence in a person

D. S. Likhachev wrote: “... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is necessary to live long, not only physical, but also mental.”

I consider the great writer AI Solzhenitsyn a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.

Nobility issue.

Bulat Okudzhava wrote:

Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - Here it is - our holy army.

Give him your hand, For him it's not scary even into the fire.

His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short life to him.

You may not become a winner, but you will die like a man.

The greatness of morality and nobility are components of a feat. In the work of Boris Lvovich Vasilyev “He was not on the lists”, Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with his beloved woman, under continuous German bombardment. This is true heroism.

beauty problem.

Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem “Ugly Girl”: “Is she a vessel in which emptiness or fire flickering in a vessel?”.

True beauty is spiritual beauty. L. N. Tolstoy convinces us of this, drawing in the novel "War and Peace" the images of Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya.

The problem of happiness.

Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:

Seeing beauty in the ugly

See the rivers flowing in the streams!

Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,

He is indeed a happy man.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests, about themselves, at least for a while.”

Growing up problem.

When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.

The words belonging to K. D. Ushinsky are true: “The goal in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness.”

And the poet Eduard Asadov said this:

If you grow up, then from the youth of Nastia,

After all, you mature not in years, but in deeds.

And everything that did not make it to thirty,

Then, you probably won't be able to.

The problem of education.

A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire system of education is the implementation of the slogan about attention to a person. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty.

S. Ya. Marshak has the lines: “Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart.”

The educator who has made his "heart smart" in relation to the pupil will achieve the desired result.

What is the meaning of human life

The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:

The more we tear from the heart,

The more we have in our hearts.

The heroine of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin Dvor” lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, and love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land."

The problem of learning.

Happy is the man who has a teacher in his life

For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov's story "The First Teacher", Duishen was the teacher before whom "... in the most difficult moments of her life" she held an answer and "... did not dare to back down" in the face of difficulties.

The person for whom the profession of a teacher is a vocation is Lidia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina "French Lessons". It was she who became for her student the main person whom he remembered all his life.

The problem of the importance of work in human life.

In relation to work, the moral value of each of us is measured.

K. D. Ushinsky said: “Self-education, if it wants a person to be happy, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life.”

And the Russian proverb says: “Without labor, you can’t even take a fish out of the pond.”

According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: “Labor is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic.”

The problem of self-restraint.

Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.

In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by A. S. Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Golden Fish helped her to acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.

A Russian folk proverb is true: "Better a titmouse in the hands than a crane in the sky."

The problem of indifference.

Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: "My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything."

And some more arguments:

1) G. Troepolsky. "White Bim Black Ear"

Bim meets different people - good, evil, indifferent. Such as Tolik, Matryona, Dasha help the dog. Among people there are those who betray, poison, kill. Because of human malice, Bim suffers.

Ivan Ivanovich brought up kindness and faith in people in Bima. When the owner was taken to the hospital, the dog was faithfully waiting for him. The two felt responsible for each other because they were "tamed". Remembering the owner's attitude towards himself, Bim trustingly goes to people when Ivan Ivanovich is taken to the hospital.

2) V. Zheleznikov. "Scarecrow".

The moral lessons of the story: do not be cruel to people, to animals and plants - to all life on earth; protect your human dignity, never let anyone trample on it; you need to learn to understand people, because disappointment hurts the soul.

Lena Bessoltseva, in the difficult trials that fell on her adolescence, all the time saw her grandfather next to her, felt the strength of his character, leaned on his shoulder. Nikolai Nikolayevich helped her to survive and not to break. Lena appreciated it. Yes, old people need to be protected, listen to their advice, appreciate their experience and willingness to share the misfortune of a loved one. This is a lesson for all of us.

The theme of the cruelty of teenagers in relation to their peers, not like everyone else. Lena Bessoltseva became the object of ridicule in the class. Her classmates staged a boycott, and then committed a terrible deed: they burned an effigy depicting a girl at the stake. Iron Button, Redhead, Shaggy and other peers of Lena, who arranged difficult trials for the girl, I think, received a lesson for life.

The heroine of the story says to her classmates: “To be honest, I feel sorry for you. Poor you, poor people." What did Lena Bessoltseva mean and is she right? Yes, right: her peers are poor not only in their way of life (lack of interests, empty pastime, primitive entertainment), but also in their spiritual qualities (rude, indifferent to someone else's misfortune, envious, cruel).

3) A. Platonov. "Unknown Flower"

This story is about a flower that grew among stones and clay. He worked hard, overcame a lot of obstacles to light up with living fire. The flower really wanted to live. It took a lot of willpower, relentless stubbornness to survive.

A. Platonov in his fairy tale claims that one must work hard in order to live and not die, in order to shine a bright fire on others and call to oneself with a silent voice the joys of life.

“Really, adults are very strange people,” we can repeat after the Little Prince. Often adults do not understand their children at all. Weren't they small themselves? Why do they not always answer children's questions, do not listen to their child?

The little prince lived alone on a very small planet with only volcanoes. Every morning the hero cleaned his volcanoes, weeded the ground so that baobabs would not grow. And people, instead of maintaining order on their planet, cultivating their garden, decorating their home, wage wars, insult the beauty of life with their greed. The little prince claims that it is necessary to restore order on his planet and work every day.

The little prince goes on a journey. He finds himself on planets inhabited by a king and an ambitious man, a drunkard and a businessman, a lamplighter and a geographer. The hero does not linger on any of them, because he sees vices, but does not understand and does not accept them. Lust for power and ambition, drunkenness and greed, fatalism and ignorance - all this prevents people from living. Only on Earth, having met a snake, a flower and a fox, does the Little Prince learn wisdom: "Only the heart is vigilant." The hero returns to his planet, to Rose, whom he has already tamed.

This tale teaches us to be “responsible for those who have been tamed”, that only with the heart can one feel love, that a person is threatened with loneliness among the crowd, that one who has no roots is doomed to loneliness.

5) Sasha Cherny. The story on a moonlit night.

This story is about home, loneliness and happiness. All the characters, except for the children, are homeless and rootless. They lack happiness. And it is so necessary for everyone, because life is given to a person for happiness. The gardener dreams of buying back the house where he was born. Lydia Pavlovna, sitting by the sea, recalls the last time she was madly and simply happy. But happiness is always there, you just need to be able to find it. The author leads readers to this conclusion.

The idea of the story is the pursuit of happiness, the ability to be happy in the world under the sun and moon with other people, nature.

6) K. Paustovsky. "Telegram".

“Be a man,” says Paustovsky. “Repay good for good!” We must not forget about the closest, dearest people who need your attention, care, warmth, kind words, otherwise it may be too late. This happened to the main character of the story, Nastya, who, due to the eternal bustle, lack of time to write and come, did not see her mother for three years. And Katerina Petrovna was waiting for her only daughter, but she never did. The villagers saw off the old woman on their last journey, and the daughter was late for the funeral, cried all night and left the village early (it was a shame in front of people). Nastya did not have time to ask for forgiveness from her mother.

7) A. Green. "Green lamp".

The story that a person must build his own destiny, overcoming difficulties, and not passively wait for good luck, not turn into another person's "toy". John Eve becomes a doctor at the end of the story. He managed to keep his dignity and fulfilled his dream. Yes, a person is not a toy of fate, but its creator, if he has the desire and will to achieve something, if he works and believes in himself and his strength.

Part 4 (Book by V.N. Aleksandrov, O.I. Aleksandrova "Encyclopedia of Arguments")

By creating this book, we wanted to help students successfully pass the unified state exam in the Russian language. In the process of preparing for the essay, a seemingly strange circumstance became clear at first glance: many high school students cannot substantiate this or that thesis with any examples. Television, books, newspapers, information from school textbooks, all this mighty flow of information should, as it were, provide the student with the necessary material. Why does the hand of the writing essay helplessly freeze in the place where it is necessary to argue a personal position?

The problems that a student experiences when trying to substantiate this or that statement are rather caused not by the fact that he does not know some information, but by the fact that he cannot apply the information he knows in the right way. There are no arguments "from birth", the statement acquires the function of an argument when it proves or refutes the truth or falsity of the thesis. An argument in an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language acts as a certain semantic part that follows after some statement (everyone knows the logic of any proof: theorem - justification - conclusion),

In a narrow sense - in relation to the essay on the exam, an example should be considered an argument, which is designed in a certain way and occupies an appropriate place in the composition of the text.

An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to reinforce a generalization made.

Russian language (task C)

Problem with the teacher.

We need to be attentive to teachers not only when we study at school, but also when we enter adulthood. Andrey Dementiev's lines are immortal:

Don't you dare forget the teachers!

They care about you and remember

And in the silence of thoughtful rooms

Looking forward to your return and news.

The problem of talent recognition .

I believe that we should be more attentive to talented people.

On this occasion, V. G. Belinsky very accurately expressed himself: “A true and strong talent will not be killed by the severity of criticism, just as its greetings will not slightly raise it”

Let us recall A. S. Pushkin, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, whose genius was recognized too late. Through the centuries it is hard to realize that the brilliant poet A. S. Pushkin died in a duel very young. And the society surrounding him is to blame for this. How many great works could we still read if not for the villainous bullet of Dantes.

The problem of language destruction.

I am deeply convinced that the improvement of the language should lead to its enrichment, not degradation.

The words of I. S. Turgenev, the great master of literature, are eternal: "Take care of the purity of the language, as a shrine."

We must learn to love our native language, the ability to perceive it as an invaluable gift from the great classics: A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. A. Bunin, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol.

And I would like to believe that our literacy, the ability to read with love and perceive the best works of world classics will prevent the degradation of the Russian language.

The problem of creative search.

It is important for every writer to find his reader.

Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote:

Poetry is the same extraction of radium:

A gram of production, a year of labor.

Issuing a single word for the sake of

A thousand words of verbal ore.

Life itself helps the writer solve the problems of creativity.

The life of S. A. Yesenin was multifaceted, fruitful.

Writer, director, actor V. M. Shukshin achieved recognition thanks to hard creative work.

The problem of saving the family.

I believe that the main function of the family is the continuation of the human race, based on proper education.

A. S. Makarenko very accurately expressed himself on this subject: “If you gave birth to a child, it means that for many years to come you gave him all the tension of your thoughts, all your attention and all your will.”

I admire the family relations of the Rostovs, the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Parents and children are one and the same here. This unity helped to survive in difficult conditions, to become useful to society, to the Motherland.

It is my deep conviction that the development of mankind begins with a full-fledged family.

The problem of recognition of classical literature.

A certain reading culture is necessary for the recognition of classical literature.

Maxim Gorky wrote: “Real life is not much different from a good fantasy tale, if we consider it from the inside, from the side of desires and motives that guide a person in his activity.”

World classics have come a thorny path of recognition. And the real reader is pleased that the works of W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, D. Defoe, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. Dumas, M. Twain, M. A. Sholokhov, Hemingway and many other writers make up the "Golden" fund of world literature.

I believe that there should be a line between political correctness and literature.

The problem of creating children's literature.

In my opinion, children's literature becomes understandable only if it was created by a real master.

Maxim Gorky wrote: "We need a fun, funny book that develops a sense of humor in a child."

Children's literature leaves an indelible mark on the life of every person. The works of A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, S. Marshak, V. Bianchi, M. Prishvin, A. Lindgren, R. Kipling made each of us rejoice, worry, admire.

Thus, children's literature is the first stage of contact with the Russian language.

Book saving problem.

For a spiritually developed person, the very essence of reading is important, in whatever form it is present.

This is the point of view of Academician D.S. Likhacheva: “... try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without ...”

The value of the book will not be lost if it is presented in an electronic version, as modern writers do. This saves time and makes any work accessible to many people.

Thus, each of us needs to learn how to read correctly and learn how to use the book.

Faith education problem.

I believe that faith in a person should be brought up from childhood.

I was deeply touched by the words of the scientist, spiritual figure Alexander Men, who said that a person needs faith "... in the Highest, in the Ideal."

We start believing in goodness from childhood. How much light, warmth, positive tales of A. S. Pushkin, Bazhov, Ershov give us.

The read text made me think that the sprouts of faith that appeared in childhood multiply significantly in adulthood and help each of us to be more confident.

The problem of unity with nature .

We must understand that the fate of nature is our destiny.

The poet Vasily Fedorov wrote:

To save myself and the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all cults

Infallible

Cult of nature.

The well-known Russian writer V.P. Astafiev in his work “Tsar-Fish” contrasts two heroes: Akim, who disinterestedly loves nature, and Gogu Gertsev, who predatorily destroys it. And nature takes revenge: Goga absurdly ends his life. Astafiev convinces the reader that retribution for an immoral attitude towards nature is inevitable.

I would like to finish with the words of R. Tagore: “I came to your shore as a stranger; I lived in your house as a guest; I leave you as a friend, O my Earth.

Problem with animals.

Yes, indeed, God's creature has a soul, and sometimes it understands better than a man.

I have loved since childhood the story of Gavriil Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear". I admire the friendship between the Owner and the dog, which remained faithful until the end of his life. Sometimes you don't get that kind of friendship.

Kindness and humanity emanates from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupery's fairy tale "The Little Prince". He expressed his main idea with a phrase that has become almost a slogan: "We are responsible for those we have tamed."

The problem of artistic beauty.

In my opinion, artistic beauty is beauty that pierces the heart.

Favorite corner that inspired M.Yu. Lermontov to create real masterpieces of art and literature, was the Caucasus. In the bosom of picturesque nature, the poet felt inspired, inspired.

“I greet you, a deserted corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration,” A.S. Pushkin wrote with love about Mikhailovsky.

Thus, artistic, invisible beauty is the destiny of creative people.

The problem of attitude to their homeland.

A country becomes great thanks to the people living in it.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: "Love for the motherland gives meaning to life, turning life from vegetation into a meaningful existence."

The homeland in a person's life is the most sacred. It is about her that they first of all think in unimaginably difficult situations. During the years of the Crimean War, Admiral Nakhimov, defending Sevastopol, died heroically. He bequeathed to the soldiers to defend the city until the last second.

Let's do what depends on us. And let our descendants say about us: "They loved Russia."

What does our trouble teach us?

Compassion, sympathy is the result of awareness of one's misfortunes.

The words of Eduard Asadov make an indelible impression on me:

And if trouble breaks out somewhere,

I ask you: with my heart never,

Never turn to stone...

The misfortune that befell Andrei Sokolov, the hero of M. A. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", did not kill the best human qualities in him. After the loss of all his loved ones, he did not remain indifferent to the fate of the little orphan Vanyushka.

The text by M. M. Prishvin made me think deeply about the fact that no trouble is someone else's.

The problem with the book.

I think that every book is interesting in its own way.

“Love the book. It will make your life easier, it will help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect the person and yourself, it inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for the person, ”said Maxim Gorky.

Episodes from the biography of Vasily Makarovich Shukshin are very interesting. Due to difficult living conditions, only in his youth, during his admission to VGIK, he was able to get acquainted with the works of the great classics. It was the book that helped him become a wonderful writer, talented actor, director, screenwriter.

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to think about what to do so that we meet only good books.

The problem of media influence.

I am deeply convinced that modern media should instill moral and aesthetic flair in people.

D.S. Likhachev wrote about this: “You need to develop intellectual flexibility in yourself in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the genuinely valuable.”

I recently read in one of the newspapers that in the 1960s and 1970s the popular magazines Moskva, Znamya, Roman-gazeta published the best works of young writers and poets. These magazines were loved by many, because they helped to live for real, to support each other.

So let's learn how to choose useful newspapers and magazines from which you can extract deep meaning.

Communication problem.

In my opinion, every person should strive for sincere communication.

As the poet Andrei Voznesensky well said about this:

The essence of real communication is to give the warmth of your soul to people.

Matryona, the heroine of A. I. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor", lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, love. She “is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land."

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to think about how important it is for each of us to understand the essence of human relationships.

The problem of admiring the beauty of nature.

In my opinion, the beauty of nature is difficult to explain, it can only be felt.

The wonderful lines from the poem by Rasul Gamzatov echo the text of V. Rasputin:

There is no falsehood in the songs of clouds and waters,

Trees, herbs and every creature of God,

The name of the “singer of nature” was firmly entrenched in M. M. Prishvin .. Eternal pictures of nature, magnificent landscapes of our vast country are drawn in his works. He expounded his philosophical visions of nature in his diary "The Road to a Friend".

V. Rasputin's text helped me to realize more deeply that while the sun drinks the dew, while the fish goes to spawn, and the bird builds a nest, the hope is alive in a person that tomorrow will definitely come and, maybe, it will be better than today.

The problem of insecurity in everyday life.

In my opinion, only stability and solidity will help to be confident in "tomorrow".

I would like to emphasize T. Protasenko's thoughts with the words of Eduard Asadov:

Our life is like a narrow light of a flashlight.

And from the ray to the left and to the right -

Darkness: millions of silent years...

Everything that was before us and will come after,

It is not given to us to see, right.

Once Shakespeare through the mouth of Hamlet said: "Time has dislocated the joint."

After reading the passage, I realized that it is we ourselves who will have to set the “dislocated joints” of our time. A complex and difficult process.

The problem of the meaning of life.

I am deeply convinced that a person, engaging in any kind of activity, must be aware of why he is doing it.

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “Deeds are determined by their goals: that deed is called great, which has a great goal.”

An example of a person who sought to live his life usefully is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of L. N. Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. It is he who is vividly characterized by Tolstoy's words: “To live honestly, one must tear, get confused, rush about. Make mistakes. Start and quit again, and forever fight and rush about. And peace is spiritual meanness.

Thus, Yu. M. Lotman helped me to realize even more deeply that each of us should have a main goal in life.

The problem of the complexity of literary work.

In my opinion, it is in the skill of the writer to convey to every person the secrets of his native and foreign languages that his talent is manifested.

Eduard Asadov expressed his thoughts about the complexity of literary work: “I try to comprehend myself day and night ...”.

I recall that the brilliant Russian poets A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov were wonderful translators.

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to reflect on the fact that we should be grateful to those who open up the boundless spaces of languages for us.

The problem of the immortality of the individual.

I am deeply convinced that brilliant personalities remain immortal.

A. S. Pushkin dedicated his lines to V. A. Zhukovsky:

His poetry captivating sweetness

Centuries of envious distance will pass ...

Immortal are the names of people who dedicated their lives to Russia. These are Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Pozharsky, Peter 1, Kutuzov, Suvorov, Ushakov, K. G. Zhukov.

I would like to end with the words of Alexander Blok:

Oh, I want to live crazy

All that exists is to perpetuate,

Impersonal - to humanize,

Unfulfilled - to embody!

The problem of fidelity to this word.

A decent person must be honest, first of all, in relation to himself.

Leonid Panteleev has a story "Honest Word". The author tells us a story about a boy who gave his word of honor to stand on watch until the changing of the guard. This child had a strong will and a strong word.

“There is nothing stronger than a word,” Meander said.

The problem of the role of books in human life.

Finding a good book is always a joy.

Chingiz Aitmatov: “Goodness in a person must be cultivated, this is the common duty of all people, all generations. This is the task of literature and art.

Maxim Gorky said: “Love the book. It will make your life easier, it will help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect the person and yourself, it inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for the person.

The problem of spiritual development of personality.

In our opinion, every person should develop spiritually. D. S. Likhachev wrote "" In addition to large "temporary" personal goals, each person should have one big personal goal ... "

In the work of A. S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, Chatsky is an example of a spiritually developed personality. Petty interests, empty secular life disgusted him. Hobbies, his intellect were much higher than the surrounding society.

The problem of attitude to television programs.

I find it very difficult nowadays to choose the most useful from hundreds of shows to watch.

In the book “Native Land”, D.S. Likhachev wrote about watching television programs: “..spend your time on what is worthy of this waste. Look with a choice."

The most interesting, informative, moral programs, in my opinion, are “Wait for me”, “Clever and clever”, “Vesti”, “Big races”. These programs teach me to sympathize with people, learn a lot of new things, worry about my country and be proud of it.

The problem of chivalry.

In my opinion, obsequiousness and flattery have not yet been eliminated in our society.

In the work of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon", the police chief changed his behavior depending on who he was communicating with: he bowed to the official and humiliated the worker.

In the work of N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General", the entire elite, together with the mayor, tries to please the auditor, but when it turns out that Khlestakov is not who he claims to be, all noble people freeze in a silent scene.

Alphabet distortion problem.

I believe that unnecessary distortion of the written form leads to a violation of the functioning of the language.

Even in ancient times, Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet. On May 24, Russia celebrates the day of Slavic writing. This speaks of the pride of our people for the Russian letter.

The problem of education.

In my opinion, the benefits of education are judged by the final results.

“Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness,” says a Russian folk proverb.

The politician N. I. Pirogov said: “Most of the most educated among us will rightly say no more than that teaching is only preparation for real life.”

The issue of honor.

In my opinion, the word "honor" has not lost its meaning even today.

D.S. Likhachev wrote: "Honor, decency, conscience - these are qualities that need to be cherished."

The story of the hero of the novel by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" by Pyotr Grinev is a confirmation that a person is given the strength to live correctly by fulfilling his duty, the ability to protect his honor and dignity, respect himself and others, and preserve his spiritual human qualities.

The problem of the purpose of art.

I believe that art should have an aesthetic purpose.

V. V. Nabokov said: “What we call art, in essence, is nothing more than the picturesque truth of life, you need to be able to capture it, that’s all.”

The great creations of real artists are recognized all over the world. No wonder the paintings of Russian artists Levitan and Kuindzhi are exhibited in the Louvre Museum of Art in Paris.

The problem of changing the Russian language.

In my opinion, the role of the Russian language depends on us.

“In front of you is a mass - the Russian language. Deep pleasure is calling you. The pleasure will plunge into all its immeasurability and feel its wonderful laws ... ”, N.V. Gogol wrote.

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is a treasure, this is a property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilful, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine! - I. S. Turgenev called.

The problem of human responsiveness.

Reading this text, remember your own examples.

Once upon a time, an unfamiliar woman helped me and my parents find the right address in the city of Belgorod, although she was in a hurry to go about her business. And her words stuck in my memory: “In our age, we just help each other, otherwise we will turn into animals.”

The heroes of the work of A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team" are immortal. The guys who selflessly provide help help to form a moral and aesthetic sense. The main thing is to cultivate a bright soul in yourself, a desire to help people and understand who to be in this life.

The problem of remembering native places.

Sergei Yesenin has wonderful lines:

Low house with blue shutters

I will never forget you,

Were too recent

Resounding into the dusk of the year.

I. S. Turgenev spent the last years of his life abroad. He died in the French city of Bougeval in 1883. Before his death, the seriously ill writer turned to his friend Yakov Polonsky: “When you are in Spasskoye, bow from me to the house, the garden, my young oak, the homeland, which I will probably never see again.

The text I read helped me to realize more deeply what is dearer than my native places, my homeland, and a lot has been invested in this concept, nothing can be.

The problem of conscience.

I believe that the most important decoration of a person is a clear conscience.

“Honor, decency, conscience are qualities that need to be cherished,” wrote D. S. Likhachev.

Vasily Makarovich Shukshin has a film story "Kalina Krasnaya". The protagonist Egor Prokudin, a former criminal, cannot forgive himself in his heart for bringing a lot of grief to his mother. When meeting with an elderly woman, he cannot admit that he is her son.

The read text made me think deeply about the fact that no matter what situations we find ourselves in, we must not lose our human face and dignity.

The problem of individual freedom and responsibility to society.

Everyone should be aware of their responsibility to society. This is confirmed by the lines written by Y. Trifonov: “A reflection of history lies on every person. It scorches some with a bright, hot and menacing light, on others it is barely noticeable, a little flickering, but it exists on everyone.

Academician D.S. Likhachev said: “If a person lives to bring good to people, to ease their suffering in case of illness, to give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity”

Chingiz Aitmatov said about freedom: “The freedom of the individual and society is the most important unchanging goal and the most important meaning of being, and there can be nothing more important in historical terms, this is the most important progress, and therefore the well-being of the state”

The problem of patriotism

“Love for the Motherland gives the meaning of life, turning life from vegetation into a meaningful existence,” wrote D. S. Likhachev.

The exploits of the older generation during the Great Patriotic War confirm that the Motherland in a person's life is the most sacred. One cannot remain indifferent when reading the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by Boris Lvovich Vasilyev about young anti-aircraft gunners who died defending their native land from the enemy.

A real soldier who selflessly loves his homeland is Nikolai Pluzhnikov, the hero of Boris Vasiliev's story "He was not on the lists." Until the last minute of his life, he defended the Brest Fortress from the Nazis.

“A person cannot live without a Motherland, just as one cannot live without a heart,” wrote K. G. Paustovsky.

The problem of choosing a profession.

Only then will a person be passionate about his work, if he does not make a mistake in choosing a profession. D.S. Likhachev wrote: “You have to be passionate about your profession, your business, those people who you directly help (this is especially necessary for a teacher and a doctor), and those to whom you bring help “from a distance”, without seeing them.”

The role of mercy in human life.

Russian poet G. R. Derzhavin said:

Who does not harm and does not offend,

And does not repay evil for evil:

The sons of their sons will see

And every good thing in life.

And F. M. Dostoevsky owns the following lines: “Not accepting a world in which at least one tear of a child is shed”

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.

Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Scaffold" warns us about the universal misfortune. The main characters of the novel, wolves, Akbara and Tashchainar, perish through the fault of man. All nature perished in their face. Therefore, people are waiting for the inevitable scaffold.

The read text made me think about the fact that we should learn devotion, understanding, love from animals.

The problem of the complexity of human relationships.

The great Russian writer L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “There is life only if you live for others.” In War and Peace, he reveals this idea, showing, using the example of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, what real life is.

And S. I. Ozhegov said: “Life is the activity of a person and society, in one or another of its manifestations.”

The relationship between fathers and children.

B.P. Pasternak said: “The violator of love for one’s neighbor is the first of people to betray himself ...”

Writer Anatoly Aleksin describes the conflict between generations in his story "The Division of Property". “Suiting your mother is the most superfluous thing on earth,” the judge says to a man-son who is suing his mother for property.

Each of us needs to learn to do good. Do not cause trouble, pain to loved ones.

Friendship issue.

V.P. Nekrasov wrote: “The most important thing in friendship is the ability to understand and forgive.”

A. S. Pushkin characterized true friendship as follows: “My friends, our union is beautiful! He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal.

The problem of jealousy.

Jealousy is a feeling that is not controlled by the mind, forcing you to do thoughtless acts.

In M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Flows the Don”, Stepan severely beats his wife Aksinya, who for the first time truly fell in love with Grigory Melekhov.

In Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, her husband's jealousy leads Anna to suicide.

I think everyone should strive to be able to understand a loved one and find the courage to forgive him.

What is true love?

Wonderful lines from Marina Tsvetaeva:

Like right and left hand

Your soul is close to my soul.

K. D. Ryleev has a historical thought about Natalya Borisovna Dolgoruky, the daughter of Field Marshal Sheremetyev. She did not leave her fiancé, who had lost his will, titles, fortune, and followed him into exile. After the death of her husband, the twenty-eight-year-old beauty took her hair as a nun. She said: "In love there is a secret, sacred, it has no end."

The problem of perception of art.

The words of L. N. Tolstoy in art are true: “Art performs the work of memory: it selects the most vivid, exciting, significant from the stream and captures it in the crystals of books.”

And V. V. Nabokov said this: “What we call art, in essence, is nothing more than the picturesque truth of life; you have to be able to catch it, that's all."

The problem of intelligence.

D. S. Likhachev wrote: “... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is necessary to live long, not only physical, but also mental.”

I consider the great writer AI Solzhenitsyn a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.

Nobility issue.

Bulat Okudzhava wrote:

Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - Here it is - our holy army.

Give him your hand, For him it's not scary even into the fire.

His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short life to him.

You may not become a winner, but you will die like a man.

beauty problem.

Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem “Ugly Girl”: “Is she a vessel in which emptiness or fire flickering in a vessel?”.

True beauty is spiritual beauty. L. N. Tolstoy convinces us of this, drawing in the novel "War and Peace" the images of Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya.

The problem of happiness.

Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:

Seeing beauty in the ugly

See the rivers flowing in the streams!

Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,

He is indeed a happy man.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests, about themselves, at least for a while.”

Growing up problem .

When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.

The words belonging to K. D. Ushinsky are true: “The goal in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness.”

And the poet Eduard Asadov said this:

If you grow up, then from the youth of Nastia,

After all, you mature not in years, but in deeds.

And everything that did not make it to thirty,

Then, you probably won't be able to.

The problem of education.

A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire system of education is the implementation of the slogan about attention to a person. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty.

S. Ya. Marshak has the lines: “Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart.”

The educator who has made his "heart smart" in relation to the pupil will achieve the desired result.

What is the meaning of human life

The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:

The more we tear from the heart,

The more we have in our hearts.

The problem of learning.

Happy is the man who has a teacher in his life

The problem of the importance of work in human life.

In relation to work, the moral value of each of us is measured.

K. D. Ushinsky said: “Self-education, if it wants a person to be happy, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life.”

And the Russian proverb says: “Without labor, you can’t even take a fish out of the pond.”

According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: “Labor is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic.”

The problem of self-restraint.

Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.

In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by A. S. Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Golden Fish helped her to acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.

A Russian folk proverb is true: "Better a titmouse in the hands than a crane in the sky."

The problem of indifference.

Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: "My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything."

Encyclopedia of arguments

The annotation comes first, and then the arguments themselves.

An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to reinforce a generalization made.

The example is not just a fact, but typicalfact, i.e., a fact that reveals a certain trend, serving as the basis for a certain generalization. The typing function of the example explains its widespread use in argumentation processes.

In order for an example to be perceived not as a separate statement representing some information, but as an argument, it must be arrange composition: it must occupy a subordinate position in the semantic hierarchy in relation to the affirmed, serve as material for the deduced provisions.

Our encyclopedia of arguments contains several thematic headings, each of which is divided into the following sections:

Problems
Affirming theses that need to be substantiated

3. Quotes (they can be used both to expand the introduction and to create the final part of the essay)

4. Examples that can be used to argue the general thesis.

Perhaps someone will be confused by the obvious identity of the arguments from different thematic headings. But after all, any social problem, ultimately, comes down to a naked confrontation between good and evil, life and death, and these universal categories draw into their orbit all the diversity of human manifestations. Therefore, speaking, for example, about the need to protect nature, we must also talk about love for the motherland and the moral qualities of a person.

1. Problems

1. Moral qualities of a real person
2. The fate of man

3. Humane attitude towards a person

4. Mercy and compassion

2. Affirming theses

Bring light and goodness to the world!
To love a person is the main principle of humanism.
We are responsible for someone else's life.

4. Help, comfort, support - and the world will become a little kinder.

3. Quotes

1. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

2. If your life does not awaken your life, the world will forget you in the eternal change of being (I. Goethe, German writer).

3. The only commandment: "Burn" (M. Voloshin, Russian poet).

4. Shining on others, I burn out (Van Tulp, Dutch physician).

5. While you are young, strong, cheerful, do not get tired of doing good (A. Chekhov, Russian writer).

4. Arguments

Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor.

1) The American writer D. London in one of his works told about how a man and his wife got lost in the endless snowy steppe. Food supplies ran out, and the woman grew weaker and weaker every day. When she fell exhausted, her husband found crackers in her pockets. It turns out that the woman, realizing that there would not be enough food for two, saved food in order to enable her beloved to be saved.

2) The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

3) In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former blockade survivor recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

4) The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home, where sick old people who could not even walk lived. Nurse Lidia Pashentseva rushed to help the disabled. The woman pulled several sick people out of the fire, but she could not get out herself.

5) The lumpfish lay their eggs at the edge of the low tide.

If the departed water exposes a bunch of caviar, then you can see a touching sight: the male guarding the caviar from time to time waters it from his mouth so that it does not dry out. Probably, caring for your neighbor is a property of all living things.

6) In 1928, the airship of the famous Italian traveler Nobile crashed. The victims were on the ice, they sent a distress signal by radio. As soon as the message arrived, the Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen equipped a seaplane and, risking his life, went in search of Nobile and his comrades. Soon, communication with the aircraft was interrupted, only a few months later its wreckage was found. The famous polar explorer died saving people.

7) During the Crimean War, the famous doctor Pirogov, having learned about the plight of the garrison defending Sevastopol, began to ask for war. He was refused, but he was persistent, because he did not think of a quiet life for himself, knowing that many of the wounded needed the help of an experienced surgeon.

8) In the legends of the ancient Aztecs, the axis said that the world was completely destroyed four times. After the fourth cataclysm, the sun went out. Then the gods gathered and began to think how to create a new luminary. They made a big fire, and its light dispelled the darkness. BUT, so that the light from the fire does not go out, one of the gods had to voluntarily sacrifice himself to the fire. And then one young god threw himself into a blazing flame. This is how the sun appeared, which illuminates our earth. This legend expresses the idea that selflessness is the light of our life.

9) The famous film director S. Rostotsky said that he made the film “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” as a tribute to the female nurse who pulled him out of the battlefield during the Great Patriotic War.

10) Naturalist Eugene Mare, who lived among baboons in Africa for three years, once spied how a leopard lay down near the path along which a belated herd of baboons hurried to the saving caves: males, females, babies - in a word, sure prey. Two males separated from the herd, slowly climbed the rock above the leopard and jumped down at once. One grabbed the throat of the leopard, the other in the back. With its hind paw, the leopard ripped open the belly of the first and with its front paws broke the bones of the second. But for some fractions of a second before death, the fangs of the first baboon closed on the vein of a leopard, and the whole trio went to the next world. Of course, both baboons could not help but feel the mortal danger. But they saved the herd.

Compassion and mercy. sensitivity

1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man”. It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

2) V. Hugo in the novel Les Misérables tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

3) One of the medical scientists insisted that the laboratory staff work in the clinic: they had to see how the patients suffer. This forced young researchers to work with tripled energy, since a specific human life depended on their efforts.

4) In ancient Babylon, the sick were taken out to the square, and every passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person's misfortune, there is no other person's suffering.

5) During the filming of the film “Cold Summer 53 ...”, which took place in a remote Karelian village, all the surrounding residents gathered, especially children, to see the “grandfather of the Wolf” - Anatoly Papanov. The director wanted to drive the residents away so that they would not interfere with the filming process, but Papanov gathered all the children, talked with them, wrote something to everyone in a notebook. And the children, eyes shining with happiness, looked at the great actor. In their memory forever remained a meeting with this man, who interrupted expensive shooting for them.

6) Ancient historians told that Pythagoras bought fish from fishermen and threw them back into the sea. People laughed at the eccentric, and he said that by saving fish from the nets, he was trying to save people from a terrible lot - to be enslaved by the conquerors. Indeed, all living things are connected by invisible, but strong threads of causality: each of our actions, like a booming echo, rolls through the space of the universe, causing certain consequences.

7) An encouraging word, a caring look, an affectionate smile help a person succeed, strengthen his faith in himself. Psychologists have conducted a curious experiment that clearly proves the validity of this statement. We recruited random people and asked them to make benches for the kindergarten for some time. The workers of the first group were constantly praised, while the other group was scolded for incompetence and negligence. What is the result? In the first group, benches were made twice as much as in the second. So, a kind word really helps a person.

8) Every person needs understanding, sympathy, warmth. One day, the outstanding Russian commander A. Suvorov saw a young soldier who, frightened of the upcoming battle, ran into the forest. When the enemy was defeated, Suvorov awarded the heroes, the order went to the one who cowardly sat out in the bushes. The poor soldier nearly collapsed with shame. In the evening, he returned the award and confessed to the commander of his cowardice. Suvorov said: "I take your order for safekeeping, because I believe in your courage!" In the next battle, the soldier impressed everyone with his fearlessness and courage and deservedly received the order.

9) One of the legends tells about how Saint Kasyan and Nikola Ugodnik once walked across the earth. We saw a man who was trying to pull a cart out of the mud. Kasyan, in a hurry to do something important and not wanting to soil his heavenly dress, went on, and Nikola helped the peasant. When the Lord found out about this, he decided to give Nikola two holidays a year, and Kasyan one every four years - February 29.

10) In the early Middle Ages, your well-bred, pious owner considered it his duty to shelter a beggar vagabond under the roof of his house. It was believed that the prayers of the destitute are more likely to reach God. The owners asked the unfortunate tramp to pray for them in the temple, for which they gave him a coin. Of course, this cordiality was not devoid of a certain self-interest, nevertheless, even then, moral laws were born in the minds of people, which demanded not to offend the destitute, to pity them.

11) The famous figure skating coach Stanislav Zhuk drew attention to the girl, whom everyone considered unpromising. The coach liked that she, not possessing a special talent, worked without sparing herself. Zhuk believed in her, began to study with her, the most titled figure skater of the twentieth century, Irina Rodnina, grew out of this girl.

12) Numerous studies by psychologists who study the problems of school education prove how important it is to instill in a child faith in his strength. When a teacher places high hopes on students, expects high results from them, then this is already enough to increase the level of intelligence by 25 points.

13) An almost unbelievable incident was told in one of the television programs. The girl wrote a fairy tale about her friend, who since childhood, due to a serious illness, could not walk. The fairy tale spoke of the magical healing of the sick. A friend read a fairy tale and, as she herself admitted, she decided that now she must recover. She just threw away her crutches and walked. This is the magic of sincere kindness.

14) Compassion is inherent not only to man. It is characteristic even of animals, and this is evidence of the natural nature of this feeling. Scientists have done the following experiment: next to the experimental chamber they placed a cage with a rat, which received an electric shock every time one of its compatriots took a bread ball from the shelf. Some of the rats continued to run and eat, ignoring the suffering creature. Others quickly grabbed food, ran to another corner of the cell, and then ate it, turning away from the cage with the tortured relative. But most of the animals, having heard the squeak of pain and found its cause, immediately refused food and did not run up to the shelf with bread.

Callous and callous attitude towards a person

1) In January 2006, there was a terrible fire in Vladivostok. The premises of the Savings Bank, which was located on the eighth floor of the high-rise building, caught fire. The boss demanded that the employees first hid all the documents in a safe, and then evacuated. While the documents were being removed, a fire engulfed the corridor, and many girls died.

2) During the recent war in the Caucasus, an incident occurred that caused justified indignation in society. A wounded soldier was brought to the hospital, but the doctors refused to accept him, citing the fact that their institution belongs to the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the soldier belongs to the department of the Ministry of Defense. While looking for the right medical unit, the wounded died.

3) One of the Germanic legends tells about a man who, having spent many years in sin, decided to repent and start a righteous life. He went to the Pope to ask for his blessing. But the Pope, hearing the confession of the sinner, exclaimed that before his cane was covered with leaves, before he received a petition. The sinner realized that it was too late for him to repent, he went on to sin further. But the next day, the Pope's cane suddenly became covered with green leaves, messengers were sent for the sinner to announce his forgiveness, but they could not find him anywhere.

4) The position of the rejected is always tragic. Even if he brings new knowledge, new truths, no one listens to him. Scientists pay attention to the fact that such a phenomenon occurs among animals. The monkey, who occupied a low position in his herd, was taught to get bananas with the help of complex manipulations. Kindred simply took away these bananas, without even trying to understand how they were mined. When the leader of the pack was taught such tricks, all the relatives followed his manipulations with interest and tried to imitate him.

5) A person can be saved with a word, or he can be destroyed.

The tragedy happened the day before the operation. An English surgeon drew the famous Russian actor Yevgeny Evstitneev his heart and explained that out of the four valves, only one works for him, and that is only 10 percent. “YOU will die anyway,” the doctor said, “whether you have surgery or not.” The meaning of his words was that you need to take a risk by agreeing to the operation, because we are all mortal, we will all die sooner or later. The great actor instantly imagined what the doctor was talking about. And the heart stopped.

6) Napoleon was in poverty in his youth, almost starving, his mother wrote desperate letters to him, crying for help, because she had nothing to feed her huge family. Napoleon bombarded various authorities with petitions, asking for at least some alms, he was ready to serve anyone, just to earn meager funds. Wasn't it then, faced with snobbish arrogance and callousness, he began to cherish dreams of power over the whole world in order to take revenge on all mankind for the experienced torments.

Problems

1. Man and homeland

2. The connection of a person with his people

Affirming theses

1. Love, appreciate and protect your homeland.

2. Love for the motherland is manifested not in loud words, but in a careful attitude to what surrounds you.

3. Each of us is a living particle of the river of time, which flows from the past into the future

Quotes

1. A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart (K. Paustovsky).

2. I ask my offspring to take my example: to be faithful to the fatherland until the gasp (A. Suvorov).

3. Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with the fatherland (V. Belinsky).

Arguments

Man cannot live without his homeland

1) A well-known writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to escape from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute and he will be free. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

2) The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

3) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because the homeland was dearer to him than political differences.

4) African slaves taken to America yearned for their native land. In desperation, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, dropping the body, could, like a bird, fly home.

5) The most terrible punishment in ancient times was considered the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home - a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language ... There you are all alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving the homeland meant for a person to lose everything.

6) The outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretiak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a big salary. Tretyak pointed to heaven and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The answer of the famous athlete confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

7) When in the middle of the 19th century the English squadron laid siege to Istanbul, the hundred face of Turkey, the entire population rose to the defense of their city. The townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented the Turkish cannons from firing accurately at enemy ships.

8) One day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?"

The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the earth, holding on to it with its roots. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible.

9) When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain hung over England, the entire population, hitherto torn by hostility, rallied the axis around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, people of simple rank signed up for the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the "invincible armada" of the Spaniards was defeated.

10) The Turks during their military campaigns captured captured boys and youths. Children were forcibly converted to Islam, turned into warriors, who were called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and humility, the new warriors would become a reliable stronghold of the state. But this did not happen: the Janissaries had nothing to defend, cruel and merciless in battle, they took flight in case of serious danger, constantly demanded higher salaries, refused to serve without a generous reward. It all ended with the fact that the detachments of the Janissaries were disbanded, and the inhabitants, on pain of death, were forbidden to even pronounce this word.

11) Ancient historians tell of a Greek athlete who refused to fight for Athens, explaining that he needed to prepare for sports competitions. When he expressed a desire to participate in the Olympic Games, the citizens told him: “You did not want to share our grief with us, which means you are not worthy to share joy with us.”

12) The famous traveler Afanasy Nikitin saw a lot of outlandish and unusual things during his travels. He told about this in his travel notes “Journey beyond the Three Seas”. But the exoticism of distant lands did not extinguish his love for his homeland, on the contrary, the longing for his father's home flared up in his soul even more.

13) Once during the First World War, at a military meeting, Nikolai-2 uttered a phrase that began like this: "To me and Russia ...". But one of the generals present at this meeting politely corrected the tsar: “Your Majesty, YOU probably wanted to say“ Russia and you ... ”Nicholas P admitted his mistake.

14) Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against the armies, then in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

] 5) The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.

16) Napoleon, entering Russia, knew that the peasants were greatly oppressed by the landlords, so he hoped for the support of the common people. But what was his surprise when he was informed that the peasants did not want to sell fodder for hard currency. “They don’t understand their benefits?!” the emperor exclaimed in bewilderment and confusion.

17) When the outstanding Russian doctor Pirogov came up with an apparatus for inhaling ethereal vapors, he turned to a tinsmith with a request to make it according to the drawings. The tinkerer learned that this device was designed to operate on soldiers who fought during the Crimean War, and said that he would do everything for free for the sake of the Russian people.

190 The German General Guderian recalled a shocking incident. During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet artilleryman was captured, who alone was dragging a cannon with a single shell. It turns out that this fighter knocked out four enemy tanks and repelled a tank attack. What force forced a soldier, deprived of support, to fight desperately against enemies - this German general could not understand. It was then that he uttered the now historic phrase: “It doesn’t look like we’ll be walking around Moscow in a month.”

20) Red Army fighter Nikodim Korzennikov is called phenomenal: he was the only deaf-mute soldier from birth in all the armies of the world. He volunteered for the front to defend his homeland. Rescuing the commander of the detachment, he was captured. He was severely beaten, not realizing that HE is simply not able to give out any military secrets - a deaf-mute! Nicodemus was sentenced to hang, but he managed to escape. I got a German machine gun and went out to my own. He fought as a machine gunner in the most dangerous sectors of the war. Where did this man, who could neither hear nor speak, get the strength to do what nature itself denied him? Of course, it was a sincere and selfless love for the motherland.

21) The famous polar explorer Sedov once gave the ballerina Anna Pavlova a beautiful smart husky. Anna Pavlova loved to take this dog for a walk. But the unexpected happened. They rode past the snow-covered Neva, the husky saw the endless expanses of the snowy field, jumped out of the sleigh with a bark and, rejoicing at the familiar landscape, quickly disappeared from sight. So Pavlov did not wait for her pet.

1. Problems

1. The meaning of human life
2. Loyalty to your calling
3. Finding a Life Path
4. True and False Values
5. Happiness
6. Liberty

P. Affirming theses

1. The meaning of human life lies in self-realization.

Love makes a person happy.

3. A lofty goal, serving ideals allows a person to reveal the forces inherent in him.

To serve the cause of life is the main goal of man.
A person cannot be deprived of freedom.

6. You can't force a person to be happy.

III. Quotes

1. There is nothing insurmountable in the world (A. V. Suvorov, commander).

2. Only labor gives the right to enjoyment (N. Dobrolyubov, literary critic).

3. In order to live honestly, one must strive to get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always fight and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness (L. Tolstoy, writer).

4. What is life? What is its meaning? What is the purpose? There is only one answer: in life itself (V. Veresaev, writer).

5. And the two wings behind me no longer glow at night (A. Tarkovsky, poet).

6. It takes a lot of courage to be born, live and die (A. MacLean, English writer).

7. The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them (M. Zoshchenko, Russian writer).

8. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when you die (D.Oru EM, English writer).

9. There are no great talents without great will (O. Balzac, French writer).

10. Think and create, create and think - this is the basis of all wisdom (I. Goethe, German writer).

11. Man is born to live either in convulsions of anxiety or in the lethargy of boredom (Voltaire, French writer). 12. A person who chooses evil is to a certain extent better than the one who was forced to do Good (E. Burgess, English writer).

IV. Arguments

Human self-realization. Life is a struggle for happiness

1) Let's imagine that some kind magician or some highly developed aliens decided to benefit humanity: they saved people from the need to work, putting all the work on smart machines. What would have happened to us then, to our age-old dream of an idle and merry life? Man would lose the joy of overcoming, and life would turn into a painful existence.

2) A tiny apple seed thrown into the ground will eventually grow into a tree that will produce sweet, juicy fruits. So a person must realize the forces inherent in him by nature, germinate in order to please people with the fruits of his labors.

3) The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an outstanding man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sickening to him." Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing - to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "no tears, no life, no love."

4) The colonists of North America drove the native Indians to special settlements - reservations. White people wished the Indians well: they built their dwellings, provided them with food and clothing. But a strange thing: the Indians, deprived of the need to get their own food with their labor, began to die out. Probably, work, dangers, life's hardships are necessary for a person in the same way as air, light and water.

5) Self-realization is one of the most important human needs. From the point of view of a tradesman who considers calm satiety to be the highest good, the act of the Decembrists seems to be the height of madness, some kind of ridiculous eccentricity. After all, almost all of them come from wealthy families, quite successfully made a career, were known. But life was contrary to their convictions, their ideals, and they exchanged luxury for the shackles of convicts for the sake of their goal.

6) Some travel companies in the USA offer their clients strange types of recreation: being in captivity, escaping from captivity. The calculation is correct, because people, tired of boredom, of the dull everyday life, are ready to pay huge sums of money to find themselves in extreme conditions. A person needs difficulties, needs to struggle with hardships and dangers.

7) One talented inventor came up with a container in which the dishes did not break, he came up with special carts for transporting wood. But no one was interested in his inventions. Then he began to make counterfeit money. He was caught and put in jail. It is bitter to realize that society has failed to create the conditions for this person to be able to realize his outstanding talent.

8) Some scholars continue to argue that it was not man who descended from the monkey, but, on the contrary, the monkey descended from people who, as a result of degradation, turned into animals.

10) The magazines told about a curious experiment of scientists: near a hole, FROM which threatening sounds were heard. They put up a cage with rats. The animals carefully began to sneak up to the mink, look into it, and then, overcoming fear, climbed inside. What made the animals climb there? They had food! No physiological need can explain such "curiosity"! Consequently, the instinct of knowledge is also inherent in animals. There is some powerful force that makes us discover something new, expand the boundaries of what has already been known. Inextinguishable curiosity, an inexhaustible thirst for truth - these are the inalienable qualities of all living things.

11) A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Similarly, a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life.

12) A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable stagnation.

13) It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change, and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, relentless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

14) A. Chekhov in his works shows how smart, full of strength people gradually lose their “wings,” how high feelings fade in them, how they slowly sink into the swamp of everyday life. “Never give up!” - this call sounds in almost every work of the writer.

15) N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, entering adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

16) The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

17) M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

18) Newspapers told about a young man who became crippled after spinal surgery. He had a lot of free time, which he did not know what to spend on. He admitted that the happiest moment in his life came when a friend asked him to rewrite lecture notes. The patient realized that even in this position people might need him. After that, he mastered the computer, began to post ads on the Internet in which he was looking for sponsors for children in need of urgent surgery. Being chained to a wheelchair, he saved dozens of human lives.

19) Once in the Andes there was a plane crash: a plane crashed in the gorge. Some of the passengers miraculously survived. But how do you live among the eternal snows, away from human habitation.? Someone began to passively wait for help, someone lost heart, preparing for death. But there were those who did not give up. They, falling into the snow, falling into the abyss, went in search of people. Wounded, barely alive, they still made it to the mountain village. Soon, rescuers rescued the survivors from trouble.

21) Medieval knights performed numerous feats, hoping that the most worthy of them would see the holy grail. When the most worthy was called to the temple so that he could see the sacred vessel, then the lucky one

experienced the bitterest disappointment in life: what to do next? Is it really the end of all searches, dangers, battles, is there really no need for feats anymore?

22) Overcoming difficulties, strenuous struggle, tireless search - these are the necessary conditions for the formation of a person. Let's remember the famous parable about the butterfly. Once a man saw a butterfly trying to get out through a small gap in the cocoon. He stood for a long time and watched the unsuccessful attempts of the unfortunate creature to get out into the light. The man's heart was filled with pity, and he parted the edges of the cocoon with a knife. A frail insect crawled out, dragging its helpless wings with difficulty. The man did not know that the butterfly, tearing the shell of the cocoon, strengthens its wings, develops the necessary muscles. And he, with his pity, doomed her to certain death.

23) Some American billionaire, apparently Rockefeller, became decrepit, and it became harmful for him to worry. He always read the same newspaper. In order not to disturb the billionaire with various stock exchange and other troubles, they issued one special copy of the newspaper and put it on his table. Thus, life went on as usual, and the billionaire lived in another, illusory, specially created world for him.

False Values

1) I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

2) Newspapers told about the fate of a successful manager who became interested in role-playing in a fight club. He was ordained a knight, given a new name, and the invented life fascinated the young man so much that he forgot about work, about his family ... Now he has a different name, a different life, and he regrets only one thing, that it is impossible to leave the real forever life into the life that he invented for himself.

4) The name of a simple peasant girl Joan of Arc is known to everyone today. For 75 years, France waged an unsuccessful war against the English invaders. Jeanne believed that it was she who was destined to save France. The young peasant woman persuaded the king to give her a small detachment and was able to do what the smartest military leaders could not do: she set people on fire with her violent faith. After years of ignominious defeats, the French were finally able to defeat the invaders.

When you reflect on this truly wonderful event, you understand how important it is for a person to be guided by a great goal.

5) A little girl, practicing on the trapeze, fell and broke her nose. The mother rushed to her daughter, but Ilya Repin stopped her to look at the blood flowing from her nose, to remember its color, the nature of the movement. The artist at that time was working on the canvas "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan." This fact, which most people will regard as a manifestation of callousness on the part of the father, speaks of the special nature of the artist. He selflessly serves art, its truth, and life becomes the material for his creations.

6) Few people know that during the filming of the famous film by N. Mikhalkov “Burnt by the Sun”, the weather deteriorated, the temperature dropped to minus six. Meanwhile, according to the scenario, there should be a sultry summer. Actors portraying vacationers had to swim in icy water, lie on cold ground. This example shows that art requires sacrifice from a person, complete dedication.

7) M. Gorky, while working on one of his novels, described the scene of the murder of a woman. Suddenly the writer screamed and fell unconscious. Arriving doctors found a wound in the writer in the very place where the heroine of his work was stabbed with a knife. This example shows that a true writer does not just invent events, but writes with the blood of his soul, he passes everything created through his heart.

8) The French writer G. Flaubert in the novel Madame Bovary told about the fate of a lonely woman who, entangled in life's contradictions, decided to poison herself. The writer himself felt the signs of poisoning and was forced to seek help. It was not by chance that he later said: “Madam Bovary is me.”

9) Loyalty to one's vocation cannot but command respect. Narodnaya Volya member Nikolay Kibalchich was sentenced to death for attempting to assassinate the tsar. While waiting to die, he worked on a jet engine project. More than his own life, he was concerned about the fate of the invention. When they came for him to take him to the place of execution, Kibalchich gave the gendarme the drawings of the spacecraft and asked them to hand them over to the scientists. “It is touching that a person before a terrible execution has the strength to think about humanity!” - this is how K. Tsiolkovsky wrote about this spiritual feat.

10) The Italian poet and philosopher D. Bruno spent eight years in the dungeons of the Inquisition. They demanded from him that he renounce his convictions, and promised to save his life for this. But Bruno did not sell his truth, his faith.

11) When Socrates was born, his father turned to the oracle to find out how to raise his son. The oracle replied that the boy did not need either mentors or educators: he had already been chosen for a special path, and his spirit-genius would lead him. Later, Socrates admitted that he often heard a voice inside himself that ordered him what to do, where to go, what to think about. This semi-legendary story expresses faith in the chosenness of great people who are called by life for great accomplishments.

12) The doctor N. I. Pirogov, once observing the work of the sculptor, came to the idea of using a plaster cast in the treatment of patients. The use of a plaster cast was a real discovery in surgery and eased the suffering of many people. This case suggests that Pirogov was constantly absorbed in his thoughts about how to treat people.

13) “I was always amazed at the immense diligence and patience of Kirill Lavrov,” director Vladimir Bortko recalls of the outstanding actor: “We had to film a 22-minute conversation between Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, such scenes are filmed for two weeks. On the set, Lavrov, an 80-year-old man, spent 16 hours in a 12 kg chest armor without saying a word of reproach to the film crew.

14) Scientific research requires selfless service.

The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles said to his contemporaries: "Nothing is born from nothing and does not disappear anywhere, one goes into another." People laughed at the ravings of a madman. Then Empedocles, in order to prove his case, threw himself into the fire-breathing mouth of the volcano.

The act of the philosopher made fellow citizens think: maybe, in fact, the mouth of a madman spoke the truth, which is not afraid even of death. It is no coincidence that the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher became a source for scientific insights in later eras.

15) Michael Faraday once got to a lecture by the famous English chemist Davy. The young man was bewitched by the words of the scientist and decided to devote his life to scientific knowledge. To be able to communicate with him, Faraday decided to get a job as a servant in Davy's house.

1. Problems

1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world

2. The role of personality in history
3. The moral choice of man
4. The conflict of man and society

5. Man and nature

II. Affirming theses

1. A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better.

2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act, an inadvertent word can turn into the most unpredictable consequences.

4. Remember your High human responsibility!

III. Quotes

1. There is one undoubted sign that divides the actions of people into good and evil: the act increases the love and unity of people - it is good; he produces enmity and separation - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer).

2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill will not touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker)

4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, an ancient Chinese thinker).

6. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker).

7. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

At everyone in the hands fate peace

1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not obey an unknown voice and frightened away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly into the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will be frightened and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people.

2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Plague Maiden.

One day the farmer went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Plague Maiden jumped on his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all people died: both small children, and gray-haired old men, and beautiful girls, and stately guys.

This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death?

4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, the fighters who repulsed the attack of the militants rushed to the box with grenades. But when they opened it, they found that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. The soldiers, suffering heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster.

6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by going through a gate that someone forgot to close.

7) A terrible accident in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator with a bucket hooked a gas pipeline pipe. In this place, many years later, a gap formed, the gas escaped, and then a real disaster came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire.

8) An American spacecraft crashed when an assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel Bay.

9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were on the run looking for the killer. All archives were raised, but the one on whom suspicions fell was at that time inseparably in the hospital. And then it turned out that he had already been discharged a long time ago, the nurse had simply forgotten to complete the paperwork, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody deed.

10) Moral irresponsibility turns into monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason, convulsed. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had sent a curse on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were severely interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked being the center of attention from adults. But what about the innocent? The girls didn't think about it.

11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. There is an incredible situation: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: "Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated." So that this and many other mistakes are not repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character.

12) Sowed evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was filled with rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat-catcher began to play his pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay the promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he again played the pipe, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river.

The role of personality in history

1) "Notes of a hunter" by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, after reading the bright, vivid stories about the peasants, realized that it was immoral

own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a mild-mannered Negro who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel stirred up the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.

4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. Hence, these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after that, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future helped stop possible aggression against our country.

6) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his impudence would lead to: he depicted delicate lilies on the state emblem. Thus, the English king showed that from now on, neighboring France is also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the pretext for the Hundred Years War, which brought countless disasters to people.

7) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on the circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his own righteousness, on his adherence to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to all. Taking over the management of the factory, he created favorable conditions for the life of the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean up the territory, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, a nursery, reduced the working day from 14 to 10 hours. For several years, the inhabitants of the town were literally reborn: they mastered the letter, drunkenness disappeared, enmity ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen has many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great reformer.

Human and nature

1) Why did it happen that in ancient Rome there were too many destitute, distressed "proletarians"? Indeed, riches from all over the ecumene flocked to Rome, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went mad with excesses.

Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, the rivers became shallow, the groundwater level decreased, land erosion developed, and crops decreased. And this is with a more or less constant population growth. The ecological crisis, as we now say, has worsened.

2) Beavers build amazing dwellings for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the extermination of that biomass, without which they are finished. Man, in front of our eyes, continues the fateful work that he began millennia ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed the forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kum are obvious evidence of the criminal activity of man, which continues to this day. Isn't the pollution of the oceans a testament to this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary food resources.

3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that it was they who protect people from evil spirits, bestow good luck on hunting. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; the death penalty was due for the murder of this sacred animal. And in India, even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a greengrocer's shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper would never turn this sacred guest away. To many, such reverence for animals will seem ridiculous superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood relationship with nature. The feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, today many have lost it.

4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that stuck in his memory for a long time. Once he, walking with his wife through the forest, saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage darted about anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put a chick there. After that, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled over their heads. Reading this touching story, one wonders whether we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times.

5) In Russian folk tales, the unselfishness of a person is often glorified. Emelya was not going to catch a pike - she herself got into his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick, he will put it in a nest, if a bird falls into a snare, he will free it, he will throw a fish ashore in a wave, he will release it back into the water. Do not seek benefits, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is taught by folk wisdom.

6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of rash human activity, which often ignores the laws of nature, believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumer attitude, a cruel retribution awaits a person.

7) Human intervention in the complex life of nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals could not adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer settled in, flooded forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the rest of the inhabitants.

8) Global warming, which is being talked about more and more lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of the life of a person who, in the pursuit of profit, violates the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are talking more and more about the reasonable self-limitation of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should be the main goal of human activity.

9) The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the story of space vagrants who ruined their planet, dug up all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the earth began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all mankind, which predatory plunders nature.

10) One by one, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear from the earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas are spoiled.

In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts up her udder instead of feeding, grooming and getting the same bucket of milk every day.

11) Recently, some Western experts have proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there they will be forever mothballed. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, will infect the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples.

12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean where foreign companies mine phosphate. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. As tractors scrape off the last kilo of fertilizer-laden soil. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the boundless ocean of space? Maybe the people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new haven?

13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant in fish. But fish is caught not only by people - it is also hunted by cormorants. For this reason, cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. Destroyed ... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the number of "harmful" birds - predators in Scandinavia and "harmful" cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because mass epizootics began in these areas (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which killed a huge number of birds, and fish.

After that, with a considerable delay, it was found that the "pests" feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent mass infectious diseases ...

This example once again demonstrates how intricately everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach the solution of natural problems.

14) Seeing a worm washed by rain on the pavement, Dr. Schweitzer put it back into the grass, and took out an insect floundering in a puddle from the water. “When I help an insect get out of trouble, I am trying to atone for part of the guilt of mankind for the crimes committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer spoke out in defense of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

1. Problems

1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society

2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of man
3. The educational function of art

II. Affirming theses

True art ennobles a person.
Art teaches a person to love life.

3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art.

4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts.

III. Quotes

1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer).

2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer).

3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer).

4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer).

5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer).

6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer).

8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).

9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist).

10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher).

11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer).

12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher).

13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much.

3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food.

4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle.

5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate.

6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you."

10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced the words “French”, “homeland”, almost forgotten during the religious wars. He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the novelist's pen, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' fiction affects the reader much stronger and brighter than historical truth.

11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals were arguing about what snow is like. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white, like ... snow.

Pepin lived in the same house. Went to him to resolve the dispute.

Repin: did not like being interrupted from work. He angrily he shouted:

Well, what do you want?

What is snow like?

Just not white! – and slammed the door.

12) People believed in the truly magical power of art.

So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with St. Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.

1. Problems

1.Education and culture

2. Human education
3. The role of science in modern life
4. Man and scientific progress
5. Spiritual Consequences of Scientific Discoveries
6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development

II. Affirming theses

Nothing can stop the knowledge of the world.

2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man.

The purpose of science is to make a person happy.

III. Quotes

1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).

Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).

7. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).

8. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky).

IV. Arguments

Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes… Doesn't this picture remind of a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Mankind has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom ... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box.

A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

b) “We got on the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

8) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?

10) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced the society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward.

11) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was alcoholized. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"

12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.

13) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?

14) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transferring power

an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe.

15) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path.

16) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church, so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.

Laws of social development.

Man and power

1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe both lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday.

This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force.

3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun.

4) The historian E. Tarle, in one of his books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need wise men, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society.

6) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built in this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer were looking.

Man and knowledge

1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.

6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters.

7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -

12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.

13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from worldly storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

1. Problems

1. historical memory
2. Attitude towards cultural heritage

3. The role of cultural traditions in moral development

human

4. Fathers and children

II. Affirming theses

There is no future without the past.

2. The people, deprived of historical memory, turns into dust, which is carried by the wind of time.

3. Penny idols should not replace real heroes who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their people.

III. Quotes

1. The past is not dead. It didn't even pass (Wu Faulkner, American writer).

2. Whoever does not remember his past is doomed to relive it (D. Santayana. American philosopher).

3. Remember those who were, without whom you would not be (V. Talnikov, Russian writer).

4. A people dies when it becomes a population. And it becomes a population when it forgets its history (F. Abramov, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Let's imagine people who start building a house in the morning, and the next day, without finishing what they started, they start building a new house. Nothing but bewilderment, such a picture can cause. But after all, this is exactly what people do who reject the experience of their ancestors and, as it were, begin to build their “house” anew.

2) A person who looks into the distance from a mountain can see more. Similarly, a person who relies on the experience of his predecessors sees much further, and his path to the truth becomes shorter.

3) When people mock their ancestors, their worldview, their philosophy, customs, they are to the same fate

prepares himself. Descendants will grow up and they will laugh at their fathers. But progress lies not in the rejection of the old, but in the creation of the new.

4) The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

5) Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Stormy Station" tells the legend of the mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who tried to wrest her son from the captivity of unconsciousness. And over the steppe sounds her desperate cry: “Remember your name!”

6) Bazarov, who scorns the "old men", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people.

7) One science fiction story tells about the fate of people who fly on a huge spaceship. They have been flying for many years, and the new generation does not know where the ship is flying, where is the final point of their centuries-old journey. People are seized with painful melancholy, their life is devoid of singing. This story is a disturbing reminder to all of us about how dangerous the gap between generations is, how dangerous the loss of memory is.

8) The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

9) The ancient Persians forbade enslaved peoples to teach their children to read and write and music. It was the most terrible punishment, because the living threads with the past were torn, the national culture was destroyed.

10) At one time, the futurists put forward the slogan "Throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity." But it is not possible to create in emptiness. It is no coincidence that in the work of the mature Mayakovsky there is a living connection with the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

11) During the Great Patriotic War, the film "Alexander Nevsky" was shot so that the Soviet people would have spiritual sons, a sense of unity with the "heroes" of the past.

12) The outstanding physicist M. Curie refused to patent her discovery, declared that it belongs to all mankind. She said that she could not have discovered radioactivity without great predecessors.

13) Tsar Peter 1 knew how to look far ahead, knowing that future generations would reap the fruits of his efforts. Once Peter, planting acorns. noticed. how one of the nobles present at the same time smiled skeptically. The enraged king said, “I understand! YOU think that I will not live to see mature oaks. Is it true! But you are a fool; I leave an example for others to do the same, and the descendants eventually built ships from them. I’m not working for myself, it’s good for the state in the future.”

14) When parents do not understand the aspirations of their children, do not understand their life goals, this often leads to an insoluble conflict. Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya, the sister of the famous mathematician S. Kovalevskaya, was successfully engaged in literary work in her youth. Once she received a favorable review from F. M. Dostoevsky, who offered her cooperation in his journal. When Anna's father found out that his unmarried daughter was corresponding with a man, he was furious.

“Today you sell your stories, and then you start selling yourself!” He lashed out at the girl.

15) The Great Patriotic War will forever disturb the heart of every person with a bleeding wound. The blockade of Leningrad, in which hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger and cold, has become one of the most dramatic pages in our history. An elderly resident of Germany, feeling the guilt of her people before the dead, left a will to transfer her monetary inheritance to the needs of the Piskarevsky memorial cemetery in St. Petersburg.

16) Very often children are ashamed of their parents, who seem to them ridiculous, outdated, backward. Once, in front of a merry crowd, a wandering jester began to ridicule the young ruler of a small Italian town because his mother was a simple laundress. And what did the angry lord do? He ordered to kill his mother! Of course, such an act of a young monster will cause natural indignation in every normal person. But let's look inside ourselves: how often have we experienced feelings of embarrassment, annoyance and annoyance when our parents allowed themselves to express their opinions in front of our peers?

17) No wonder time is called the best judge. The Athenians, not understanding the greatness of the truths discovered by Socrates, condemned him to death. But very little time passed, and people realized that they had killed a person who stood above them in spiritual development. The judges who passed the death sentence were expelled from the city, and a bronze monument was erected to the philosopher. And now the name of Socrates has become the embodiment of man's restless desire for truth, for knowledge.

18) An article was written in one of the newspapers about a lonely woman who, having despaired of finding a decent job, began to feed her infant son with special medicines. to give him epilepsy. Then she would have been given a pension for caring for a sick child.

19) Once one sailor, who was baking the whole crew with his playful tricks, was washed away by a wave into the sea. He was surrounded by a flock of sharks. The ship quickly moved aside, there was nowhere to wait for help. Then the sailor, a convinced atheist, remembered a picture from his childhood: his grandmother was praying at the icon. He began to repeat her words, invoking God. A miracle happened: the sharks did not touch him, and four hours later, noticing the loss of the sailor, the ship returned for him. After the voyage, the sailor asked the old woman's forgiveness for making fun of her faith as a child.

20) The eldest son of Tsar Alexander II was bedridden and already dying. The Empress visited the Grand Duke every day after the obligatory walk in the carriage. But one day Nikolai Alexandrovich felt worse and decided to take a rest during the hours of his mother's usual visit to him. As a result, they did not see each other for several days, and Maria Alexandrovna shared with one and the ladies-in-waiting her annoyance at this circumstance. "But why don't you go at another hour?" she was surprised. "No. It’s inconvenient for me, ”the Empress replied, unable to break the established order even when it came to the life of her beloved son.

21) When in 1712 Tsarevich Alexei returned from abroad, where he spent about three years, Father Peter 1 asked him if he had forgotten what he had studied, and immediately ordered to bring the drawings. Alexey, fearing that his father would force him to make a drawing in his presence, decided to avoid the exam in the most cowardly way. He "intended to spoil his right hand" with a shot in the palm. He did not have enough determination to seriously fulfill his intention, and the matter was limited to a burn of his hand. The simulation nevertheless saved the prince from the exam.

22) A Persian legend tells of an arrogant sultan who, while hunting, left his servants and, getting lost, came across a shepherd's hut. Exhausted by thirst, he asked for a drink. The shepherd poured water into a jug and gave it to the lord. But the sultan, seeing the nondescript vessel, knocked it out of the hands of the shepherd and angrily exclaimed:

I never drank from such vile jugs - The broken vessel said:

Ah, the Sultan! In vain you abhor me! I am your great-grandfather, and I was once, like you, a sultan. When I died, I was buried in a magnificent tomb, but time turned me into dust that mixed with clay. The potter, having dug up that clay, made many pots and vessels out of it. Therefore, my lord, do not despise the simple earth from which you came and into which you will one day become.

23) There is a tiny piece of land in the Pacific Ocean - Easter Island. On this island there are cyclopean stone sculptures that have long excited the minds of scientists around the world. Why did people build these huge statues? How did the islanders manage to lift multi-ton boulders? But the locals (and there are just over 2 thousand of them left) do not know the answers to these questions: the thread connecting the generations has been interrupted, the experience of the ancestors is irretrievably lost, and only silent stone colossi remind of the great deeds of the past.

1. Problems

1. The moral qualities of a person
2. Honor and dignity as the highest human values
3. The conflict of man and society
4. Man and social environment
5. Interpersonal relationships
6. Fear in a person's life

P. Affirming theses

Man must always remain man.
A man can be killed, but his honor cannot be taken away.
You need to believe in yourself and be yourself.

4. The character of a slave is determined by the social environment, and a strong personality itself influences the world around.

PI. Quotes

1. It takes a lot of courage to be born, live and die (English writer).

2. If they give you lined paper, write across (J. R. Jimenez, Spanish writer).

3. There is no fate that contempt would not overcome (A. Camus, French writer and philosopher).

4. Go forward and never die (W. Tennyson, English poet).

5. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Orwell, English writer).

6. Man creates his resistance to the environment (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

Honor is dishonor. Loyalty is betrayal

1) The poet John Brown received a project of Enlightenment from the Russian Empress Catherine, but could not come because he fell ill. However, he had already received money from her, so, saving his honor, he committed suicide.

2) Jean-Paul Marat, a well-melted leader of the Great French Revolution, who was called the "Friend of the People", from childhood was distinguished by a heightened sense of his own dignity. Once a home teacher hit him in the face with a pointer. Marat, who was then 11 years old, refused to accept the letter. The parents, angry at their son's stubbornness, locked him in a room. Then the boy broke the window and jumped out into the street, the adults gave up, but Marat's face remained a scar from the glass cut for the rest of his life. This scar has become a kind of sign of the struggle for human dignity, because the right to be oneself, the right to be free is not given to a person initially, but is won by him in opposition to tyranny, obscurantism.

2) During the Second World War, the Germans persuaded a criminal for a large monetary reward to play the role of a famous hero of the Resistance. He was put in a cell with the arrested underground workers so that he could learn from them all the necessary information. But the criminal, feeling the care of strangers, their respect and love, suddenly abandoned the miserable role of an informer, did not give out the information he had heard from the underground, and was shot.

3) During the Titanic disaster, Baron Guggenheim gave up his place in the boat to a woman with a child, and he shaved himself carefully and accepted death with dignity.

4) During the Crimean War, a certain brigade commander (minimum - colonel, maximum - general) promised to give dowry for his daughter half of what he "saves" from the amounts allocated to his brigade. Acquisitiveness, theft, betrayal in the army led to the fact that, despite the heroism of the soldiers, the country suffered a shameful defeat.

5) One of the prisoners of the Stalinist camps told such a case in his memoirs. The guards, wanting to have fun, forced the prisoners to do squats. Confused by beatings and hunger, people began to obediently carry out this ridiculous order. But there was one man who, despite threats, refused to obey. And this act reminded everyone that a person has an honor that no one can take away.

6) Historians report that after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne, some officers who swore allegiance to the sovereign committed suicide because they considered it dishonorable to serve someone else.

7) In the most difficult days of the defense of Sevastopol, the outstanding Russian naval commander Admiral Nakhimov was sent news of a high award. Upon learning of this, Nakhimov said irritably: “It would be better if they sent me cannonballs and gunpowder!”

8) The Swedes, who besieged Poltava, offered the townspeople to surrender. The situation of the besieged was desperate: there was no gunpowder, no cannonballs, no bullets, no strength to fight. But the people gathered in the square decided to stand to the end. Fortunately, the Russian army soon approached, and the Swedes had to lift the siege.

9) B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: "Aren't you afraid of the dead?" "I'm not afraid of anything with you!" - the girl answered, and these words made the man gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

In the hands of a young soldier, a defective combat grenade almost exploded. Seeing that in a few seconds the irreparable would happen, Dmitry kicked a grenade out of the soldier’s hands and covered him with himself. Risky is not the right word. The grenade exploded very close. And the officer has a wife and a one-year-old daughter.

11) During the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander 11, the carriage was damaged by a bomb explosion. The coachman begged the emperor not to leave it and go to the palace as soon as possible. But the emperor could not leave the bleeding guards behind, so he stepped out of the carriage. At this time, a second explosion thundered, and Alexander -2 was mortally wounded.

12) Betrayal at all times was considered a heinous act that dishonors the honor of a person. So, for example, the provocateur who gave the members of the Petrashevsky circle to the police (the great writer F. Dostoevsky was among those arrested) was promised a well-paid job as a reward. But, despite the diligent efforts of the police, all St. Petersburg clerks refused the services of a traitor.

13) The English athlete Crowhurst decided to take part in the round-the-world solo yacht race. He had neither the experience nor the skill necessary for such a competition, but he urgently needed money to pay off his debts. The athlete decided to outsmart everyone, he decided to wait out the main race time, and then at the right time to appear on the track to finish ahead of the rest. When the plan seemed to succeed, the yachtsman realized that he could not live in violation of the laws of honor, and he committed suicide.

14) There is a species of birds in which the males have a short and hard beak, and the females are long and curved. It turns out that these birds live in pairs and always help each other: the male breaks through the bark, and the female uses her beak to look for larvae. This example shows that even in the wild, many creatures form a harmonious unity. Moreover, people have such high concepts as fidelity, love, friendship - these are not just abstractions invented by naive romantics, but real-life feelings conditioned by life itself.

15) One traveler told that the Eskimos gave him a large bunch of dried fish. Hurrying to the ship, he forgot her in the plague. Returning six months later, he found this bundle in its original place. The traveler learned that the tribe survived a hard winter, people were very hungry, but no one dared to touch someone else's, fearing to incur the wrath of higher powers by a dishonorable act.

16) When the Aleuts divide the booty, they carefully monitor that everyone gets equally. But if one of the hunters shows greed and demands more for himself, then they don’t argue with him, they don’t swear: everyone gives him their share and silently leaves. The disputer gets everything, but, having received a bunch of meat, he realizes that he has lost the respect of his fellow tribesmen. and hurries to beg their forgiveness.

17) The ancient Babylonians, wanting to punish a guilty person, whipped his clothes with a whip. But this did not make it easier for the criminal: he kept his body, but the dishonored soul bled.

18) The English navigator, scientist and poet Walter Raleigh fought furiously with Spain all his life. The enemies have not forgotten this. When the warring countries began long negotiations for peace, the Spaniards demanded that Raleigh be given to them. The English king decided to sacrifice the brave navigator, justifying his betrayal with concern for the good of the state.

19) Parisians during World War II found a very effective way to fight the Nazis. When an enemy officer entered a tram or a subway car, everyone got out in unison. The Germans, seeing such a silent protest, understood that they were confronted not by a miserable bunch of dissenters, but by a whole people soldered by hatred for the invaders.

20) The Czech hockey player M. Nova, as the best player on the team, was presented with a Toyota of the latest model. He asked to pay him the cost of the car and divided the money among all members of the team.

21) The well-known revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robberies. The fate of this not ordinary person excited the writer A. Fedorov, who began to petition for a pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the Chekists. Kotovsky, risking their lives, rescued the young man from captivity.

role of example. Human education

1) An important educational role is played by example in the life of animals. It turns out that not all cats catch mice, although this reaction is considered instinctive. Scientists have found that kittens, before they start catching mice, must see how adult cats do it. Kittens raised with mice rarely become their killers later.

2) The world-famous rich man Rockefeller already showed the qualities of an entrepreneur as a child. He divided the sweets bought by his mother into three parts and sold them at a premium to his little sweet-tooth sisters.

3) Many people tend to blame adverse conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But after all, it is the struggle, overcoming difficulties, that is the most important condition for a full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes the test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magical item).

4) I. Newton studied mediocre at school. Once he was offended by a classmate who bore the title of the first student. And Newton decided to take revenge on him. He began to study so that the title of the best went to him. The habit of achieving the set goal became the main feature of the great scientist.

5) Tsar Nicholas I hired the outstanding Russian poet V. Zhukovsky to educate his son Alexander II. When the future tutor of the prince presented a plan of education, his father ordered that Latin and ancient Greek classes, which had tormented him in childhood, be thrown out of this plan. He did not want his son to waste time on meaningless cramming.

6) General Denikin recalled how, being a company commander, he tried to introduce relations with soldiers based not on “blind” obedience to the commander, but on consciousness, understanding of the order, while trying to avoid harsh punishments. However, alas, the company soon found itself among the worst. Then, according to Denikin's memoirs, sergeant major Stepura intervened. He formed a company, raised his huge fist and, going around the line, began to repeat: “This is not Captain Denikin for you!”

7) The blue shark bears more than fifty cubs. But already in the mother's womb, a ruthless struggle for survival begins between them, because there is not enough food for everyone. Only two are born into the world - these are the strongest, most ruthless predators who wrested their right to exist in a bloody duel.

A world in which there is no love, in which the strongest survive, is a world of ruthless predators, a world of silent, cold sharks.

8) The teacher who taught the future scientist Fleming often took her students to the river, where the children found something interesting, enthusiastically discussed the next find. When the inspector came to check how well the children were learning, the students and the teacher hurriedly climbed into the classroom through the window and pretended to be enthusiastically engaged in science. They always passed the exam well, and no one knew. that children learn not only from books, but also in the course of live communication with nature.

9) The formation of the outstanding Russian commander Alexander Suvorov was greatly influenced by two examples: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. His mother told him about them, who said that the main strength of a person is not in the hands, but in the head. In an effort to imitate these Alexanders, the fragile, sickly boy grew up to become a remarkable military leader.

10) Imagine that you are sailing on a ship that has been overtaken by a terrible storm. Roaring waves rise to the very sky. The wind rips off shreds of foam with a howl. Lightning cut through the lead-black clouds and drown in the sea abyss. The crew of the unfortunate ship is already tired of fighting the storm, in the pitch darkness one cannot see the native shore, no one knows what to do, where to sail. But suddenly, through the impenetrable night, a bright beam of a lighthouse flashes, which shows the way. Hope with a joyful light illuminates the eyes of the sailors, they believed in their salvation.

Great figures have become something like beacons for mankind: their names, like guiding stars, showed the way to people. Mikhail Lomonosov, Jeanne d'Arc, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolai Vavilov, Leo Tolstoy - they all became living examples of selfless devotion to their work and gave people faith in themselves.

11) Childhood is like soil into which seeds fall. They are tiny, you can't see them, but they are there. Then they start to grow. The biography of the human soul, the human heart is the germination of seeds, their development into strong, large plants. Some become pure and bright flowers, some become ears of corn, some become evil thistles.

12) They say that a young man came to Shakespeare and asked:

I want to become just like you. What do I need to do to become Shakespeare?

I wanted to become a god, but I became only Shakespeare. Who will you be if you want to become just me? the great playwright answered him.

13) Science knows many cases when a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was brought up: for several years away from people. Then he was caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast, lost almost all human features. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, that their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same years as the animals that raised them live on average ...

What does this example say? The fact that a child needs to be brought up daily, hourly, purposefully manage his development. The fact that outside of society, a human child turns into an animal.

14) Scientists have long been talking about the so-called pyramid of abilities. At an early age, there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, even fewer in universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three per cent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to prevail in thinking and behavior. people, in general - to the world.

» Arguments for composing the exam - a large collection

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Until the age of twenty-six

Languishing in the idleness of leisure,

No service, no wife, no business

Couldn't do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" destitute people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonya ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: "Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,

But everything is contained by a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect a reward for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side, and once again we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.

3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.

2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Only to the workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Either shyness or jealousy torment ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of language.

1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore there are many bright, juicy colors of love and hope in his lyrics. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes

Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.

2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without the music of Mozart too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt you can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And safer, of course,

But how to make this deadline? ..

23) About our smaller brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me”, where Yulia Drunina talks about the unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic - "In response to all whom she has tamed", she will say that the attitude towards "our smaller brothers", towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a "touchstone" for each of us .

2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and besides, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Motherland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:

Weaved over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people.

Come on people never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

you happy to be

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.

26) The theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers he with such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the “firmament” of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around", then to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .

30) Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".

31) The problem of time.

During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...

32) The theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God

He punished everyone with love,

What would have learned to believe in agony.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin

Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Rus', flap your wings":

Oh Rus', flap your wings,

Put another support!

With other names

Another steppe rises.

36) The theme of the memory of the war.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...

Quite often, modern citizens use the phrase "intelligent person", but few people are puzzled by the question related to the true meaning of this concept. We tend to confuse "intelligence" with "education", and these two concepts have completely different designations.

A truly intelligent citizen Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev seeks to help his readers in recognizing the differences between false and true intelligence. Today, the problem of the imaginary and authenticity of culture, true morality and intelligence is especially relevant.

Often the mask of external integrity hides spiritual emptiness. Likhachev claims that “intelligence ... in the ability to understand ...” of the people around you, and not just in the presence of knowledge. According to the author, intelligence is amenable to development and training, so it is necessary to educate it in oneself. It also seems interesting that there is a connection between the mental state of a person and his physical health.

For centuries, it was typical for the Russian intelligentsia to be engaged in the creation of spiritual wealth in order to fill life with moral meaning, and this despite all the humiliation and persecution. The example of literary heroes becomes proof of the correctness of such a judgment. Professor Preobrazhensky, whose image was created by Bulgakov, devoted his life to science. It was not difficult for him to understand that power was seized by boors who did not need science and culture. Anger is guided by such ball-shaped and similar ones, namely those who are not endowed with the ability to build something, since they only tend to destroy.

Likhachev's final words used in the article are rather an appeal to each individual: "Social duty ... is to be intelligent ... duty ... to oneself." They deserve special attention.

Updated: 2017-02-25

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It seems that the concepts of upbringing, decency, spiritual nobility - everything that we used to associate with the words "intellectual" and "intelligence" are blurred before our eyes. One brave critic once admitted in the press: before reading any work on the Internet or on a floppy disk, he checks with a computer whether there is profanity. If not, they will never read: pink water!

Composition

Any concept and term “fades” with time and inevitably changes, and if it does not disappear completely, then in any case it loses its originally laid down moral and ideological components. Unfortunately, it is impossible to avoid this, however, for some concepts, key and fundamental, it becomes especially alarming. In his text, I. Fonyakov raises the actual problem of intelligence.

Many publicists, philologists and scientists argued and argued on this topic. I. Fonyakov draws our attention to the fact that the concepts that make up the very term "intelligentsia", such as "education", "decency", "spiritual nobility", are blurred and lose their significance, and at the same time lose their meaning and meaning and the very word "intellectual". The writer cites as an example a typical representative of the modern "creative intelligentsia", who in all seriousness considered works that do not use obscene vocabulary as "pink water", thereby expressing his confident approval of the abundance in Russian literature of swearing and other words that were still considered yesterday unacceptable and prohibited. In contrast to this “intellectual,” I. Fonyakov also cites such great personalities as the author of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, Metropolitan Hilarion, Nestor and other chronicler monks, whose contribution to history is undoubtedly irreplaceable, and focuses on the fact that both these individuals and those who, based on the term, are “representatives of a social stratum that arose under certain circumstances” are also considered to be “Russian intelligentsia”, which is fundamentally wrong.

An intellectual is a person who has mental decency and intellectual freedom. The author believes that the intelligentsia is not only a social stratum that emerged in the 15th-16th centuries. These are, first of all, educated and thinking people guided by moral categories and unconditional intellectual freedom, and the main helmsman in this case should be conscience and a sense of responsibility for the future generation. Intellectuals are independent individuals, driven only by their own convictions and capable of making a worthy contribution to the history of their fatherland, and those who are able to sacrifice cultural values in the pursuit of profit, fashion, dubious innovation or any of their own prejudices, are called intellectuals in the full meaning of this words are wrong and stupid.

I agree with the point of view of I. Fonyakov and also believe that the intelligentsia is not just a social stratum or a crowd of people who consider themselves "knowledgeable" and "educated". Intellectuals in the full sense of the word are individuals who are free from everything that contradicts their convictions, but at the same time, their goal can only be a contribution to the future of their country and its comprehensive development, and only conscience can serve as guidelines for true “Russian intellectuals” and morality.

In the novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" describes the difficult fate of a true intellectual who faced such an inhuman and inhuman element as war. The protagonist desperately tried to prove himself both as a doctor and as a poet, however, faced with the real world, he realized that it was more profitable to “be like everyone else” and be content with philistine values and joys. Throughout the entire work, Yuri Zhivago is faced with moral and ethical contradictions - the real world, full of murders, hypocrisy, lies and vices, turned out to be so alien to him, but the hero himself, being a morally pure, thinking, real Russian intellectual, could not immerse himself in this atmosphere and take over the habits and properties of everything that surrounded him, and he could only be content with his own creativity and deep loneliness, hiding in the depths of his soul the hope for a happy future.

A similar problem was raised in his comedy "Woe from Wit" and A.S. Griboyedov. The main character, Chatsky, being a representative of a new generation of intellectuals, faced rejection and misunderstanding on the part of conservatives led by Famusov. The protagonist, driven by revolutionary aspirations and the desire to raise his country "from its knees", wanted to convey his ideas to a large number of people and started from the society in which he had to be for a long time - but there he was considered crazy. The Famus society was afraid of freethinking and change - its representatives did not care about the state of the country and its further development, they all worried only about their own well-being, and therefore Chatsky's attempts to get to their conscience and morality could not initially be crowned with success. The townsfolk won in numbers, and Chatsky had only to disappear as soon as possible in anticipation of like-minded people.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the problem of the Russian intelligentsia lies primarily in the "smearing" of key concepts and the incorrect interpretation of the term. From century to century, different political and cultural figures express different attitudes towards this "social stratum", but no one's opinion should and cannot influence the interpretation of the term "intellectual" in any way.

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