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And with Turgenev full name. Brief information about Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a great Russian poet, writer, translator, playwright, philosopher and publicist. Born in Orel in 1818. in a noble family. The boy's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. Little Ivan was homeschooled, as was customary in the noble families of that time, by French and German teachers. In 1927 the boy was sent to study at a private Moscow boarding school, where he spent 2.5 years.

By the age of fourteen I.S. Turgenev knew three foreign languages well, which helped him to enter Moscow University without much effort, from where, a year later, he transferred to the University of St. Petersburg to the Faculty of Philosophy. Two years after the end of which, Turgenev goes to study in Germany. In 1841 he returns to Moscow in order to finish his studies and get a place in the department of philosophy, but due to the royal ban on this science, his dreams were not destined to come true.

In 1843 Ivan Sergeevich entered the service in one of the offices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for only two years. In the same period of time, his first works began to be published. In 1847 Turgenev, following his beloved, singer Polina Viardot, goes abroad and spends three years there. All this time, the longing for the Motherland does not leave the writer and in a foreign land he writes several essays, which will later be included in the book "Notes of a Hunter", which brought Turgenev popularity.

Upon returning to Russia, Ivan Sergeevich worked as a writer and critic in the Sovremennik magazine. In 1852 he publishes an obituary of N. Gogol, forbidden by censorship, for which he is sent to a family estate located in the Oryol province, without the opportunity to leave it. There he writes several works of "peasant" themes, one of which is Mumu, beloved by many since childhood. The writer's link ends in 1853, he is allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and later (in 1856) to leave the country and Turgenev leaves for Europe.

In 1858 he will return to his homeland, but not for long. During his stay in Russia, such famous works as "Asya", "The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons" come out from under the writer's pen. In 1863 Turgenev, together with his beloved Viardot's family, moved to Baden-Baden, and in 1871. - to Paris, where he and Victor Hugo are elected co-chairs of the first international congress of writers in Paris.

I.S. Turgenev died in 1883. in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. The cause of his death was a sarcoma (cancer) of the spine. By the last will of the writer, he was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Brief information about Turgenev.

The city of Orel is the birthplace of the future writer. There, in 1818, he was born into the family of a cavalry guard officer and a wealthy landowner. Was the second child. He spent the first decade of his life in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. This is the family estate of the mother, a tough and domineering woman. She often punished her sons, even beat them. At the same time, she paid a lot of money for their education to prestigious tutors and private boarding houses, communicated with children only in French, and instilled a love for Russian literature.

The children were to be educated, and the Turgenevs moved to Moscow. A little later, their father and husband left the family. At the age of 15, Ivan entered Moscow University. His choice fell on the faculty of literature. Here he experienced the feeling of first love. However, the chosen one did not reciprocate. This story formed the basis of one of his works.

After the death of his father, the family moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan became a student at a local university, where he studied philosophy and became interested in lyrics. As a student, he wrote almost 100 poems, two of them were published. Almost all of the first works of the writer have not been preserved.

For the next three years he lived abroad. In Germany he attended classes of university teachers, continued to write poetry, studied European languages. In Italy, he learned culture, art, wrote poems. In early 1843 he returned to his homeland. The Ministry of the Interior became the place of his service. A period of prose works began in the writer's work. Then Pauline Viardot, a singer, entered his life. This meeting left its mark on everything that happened to Turgenev in subsequent years.

Two years later he left the civil service, went abroad after Viardot and her husband. Traveled around Europe, got acquainted with foreign writers, saw revolutionary events. Returning to Russia, he wrote a scientific work and defended his master's degree in philosophy.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he composed plays for theaters that captivated the audience. He began work on the famous stories of the hunter, in which he showed the cruelty of serfdom. For a posthumous review of Gogol, he was sent under a year of house arrest to the Lutovinovo estate, where he continued his active writing. Here appeared the novel "Rudin", which became the first in a series of similar works. Until the mid-1950s, he worked as part of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine, a break with which occurred after Dobrolyubov's review of the novel On the Eve.

For the last two decades of his life, the writer was almost constantly abroad, but he wrote about Russia. Through his activities, Turgenev connected Russian and European literature, engaged in their mutual enrichment. He was friends with famous French writers, translated their works into Russian. His works were well known by Russian and foreign readers. He himself gained worldwide fame. In 1878, Turgenev was elected vice-president of the Paris International Congress of Writers, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family in 1818. I must say that almost all the major Russian writers of the 19th century came out of this environment. In this article we will consider the life and work of Turgenev.

Parents

The acquaintance of Ivan's parents is noteworthy. In 1815, a young and handsome cavalry guard Sergei Turgenev arrived in Spasskoye. He made a strong impression on Varvara Petrovna (the writer's mother). According to a contemporary close to her entourage, Varvara ordered to pass it on to Sergei through acquaintances so that he would make a formal proposal, and she would gladly agree. For the most part, it was Turgenev who belonged to the nobility and was a war hero, and Varvara Petrovna had a large fortune.

Relations in the newly minted family were strained. Sergei did not even try to argue with the sovereign mistress of their entire fortune. Only alienation and barely restrained mutual irritation hovered in the house. The only thing the spouses agreed on was the desire to give their children the best education. And for this they spared neither effort nor money.

Moving to Moscow

That is why the whole family moved to Moscow in 1927. At that time, wealthy nobles sent their children exclusively to private educational institutions. So young Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was sent to a boarding school at the Armenian Institute, and a few months later he was transferred to the Weidenhammer boarding school. Two years later, he was expelled from there, and the parents no longer made attempts to arrange their son in any institution. The future writer continued to prepare for entering the university at home with tutors.

Studies

Entering Moscow University, Ivan studied there for only a year. In 1834, he moved with his brother and father to St. Petersburg and transferred to a local educational institution. Young Turgenev graduated from it two years later. But in the future, he always mentioned Moscow University more often, giving it the greatest preference. This was due to the fact that the St. Petersburg Institute was known for its strict supervision of students by the government. There was no such control in Moscow, and the freedom-loving students were very pleased.

First works

We can say that Turgenev's work began with the university bench. Although Ivan Sergeevich himself did not like to recall the literary experiments of that time. He considered the beginning of his writing career the 40s. Therefore, most of his university works never reached us. If Turgenev is considered a demanding artist, then he did the right thing: the available samples of his writings of that time belong to the category of literary apprenticeship. They can be of interest only to historians of literature and those who want to understand how Turgenev's work began and how his writing talent was formed.

Fascination with philosophy

In the mid and late 30s, Ivan Sergeevich wrote a lot to hone his writing skills. For one of his works, he received a critical review from Belinsky. This event had a great influence on Turgenev's work, which is briefly described in this article. After all, it was not only that the great critic corrected the mistakes of the inexperienced taste of the "green" writer. Ivan Sergeevich changed his views not only on art, but also on life itself. Through observation and analysis, he decided to study reality in all its forms. Therefore, in addition to literary studies, Turgenev became interested in philosophy, and so seriously that he was thinking about becoming a professor at a department of a university. The desire to improve this area of knowledge led him to the third university in a row - Berlin. With long breaks, he spent about two years there and studied the works of Hegel and Feuerbach very well.

First success

In 1838-1842, Turgenev's work was not very active. He wrote little and mostly only lyrics. The poems he published did not attract the attention of either critics or readers. In this regard, Ivan Sergeevich decided to devote more time to such genres as drama and poetry. The first success in this field came to him in April 1843, when "Powder" was published. A month later, a laudatory review by Belinsky was published in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

In fact, this poem was not original. She became outstanding only thanks to Belinsky's recall. And in the review itself, he spoke not so much about the poem as about Turgenev's talent. Nevertheless, Belinsky was not mistaken, he definitely saw outstanding writing abilities in the young author.

When Ivan Sergeevich himself read the review, it caused him not joy, but rather embarrassment. The reason for this was doubts about the correctness of the choice of his vocation. They overcame the writer from the beginning of the 40s. Nevertheless, the article encouraged him and forced him to raise the bar for his activities. Since that time, Turgenev's work, briefly described in the school curriculum, received an additional impetus and went uphill. Ivan Sergeevich felt responsible to critics, readers and, above all, to himself. So he worked hard to improve his writing skills.

Arrest

Gogol died in 1852. This event greatly influenced the life and work of Turgenev. And it's not all about emotional experiences. Ivan Sergeevich wrote a "hot" article on this occasion. The censorship committee of St. Petersburg banned it, calling Gogol a "lackey" writer. Then Ivan Sergeevich sent the article to Moscow, where, through the efforts of his friends, it was published. An investigation was immediately appointed, during which Turgenev and his friends were declared the perpetrators of state unrest. Ivan Sergeevich received a month of imprisonment, followed by deportation to his homeland under supervision. Everyone understood that the article was only a pretext, but the order came from the very top. By the way, during the "imprisonment" of the writer, one of his best stories was published. On the cover of each book there was an inscription: "Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev" Bezhin Meadow ".

After his release, the writer went into exile in the village of Spasskoe. He spent almost a year and a half there. At first, nothing could captivate him: neither hunting, nor creativity. He wrote very little. The then letters of Ivan Sergeevich were replete with complaints of loneliness and requests to come to visit him at least for a while. He asked fellow craftsmen to visit him, as he felt a strong need for communication. But there were also positive moments. As the chronological table of Turgenev's work says, it was at that time that the writer had the idea of writing "Fathers and Sons". Let's talk about this masterpiece.

"Fathers and Sons"

After its publication in 1862, this novel caused a very heated controversy, during which the majority of readers dubbed Turgenev a reactionary. This controversy frightened the writer. He believed that he would no longer be able to find mutual understanding with young readers. But it was to them that the work was addressed. In general, the work of Turgenev experienced hard times. "Fathers and Sons" became the reason for this. As at the beginning of his writing career, Ivan Sergeevich began to doubt his own vocation.

At this time, he wrote the story "Ghosts", which perfectly conveyed his thoughts and doubts. Turgenev reasoned that the writer's fantasy is powerless before the secrets of the people's consciousness. And in the story "Enough" he generally doubted the fruitfulness of the activity of an individual for the benefit of society. It seemed that Ivan Sergeevich no longer cares about success with the public, and he is thinking about ending his career as a writer. Pushkin's work helped Turgenev change his mind. Ivan Sergeevich read the great poet's reasoning regarding the opinion of the public: “She is fickle, many-sided and subject to fashion trends. But a true poet always addresses the audience given to him by fate. His duty is to arouse good feelings in her.”

Conclusion

We examined the life and work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Since then, Russia has changed a lot. Everything that the writer put to the fore in his works is left in the distant past. Most of the manor estates found on the pages of the author's works are no longer there. And the theme of evil landowners and the nobility no longer has a social urgency. And the Russian village is completely different now.

Nevertheless, the fate of the heroes of that time continues to arouse genuine interest in the modern reader. It turns out that everything that Ivan Sergeevich hated is also hated by us. And what he saw as good is so from our point of view. Of course, one can disagree with the writer, but hardly anyone will argue with the fact that Turgenev's work is timeless.

Very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born November 9, 1818 in Orel. Father - Sergei Nikolayevich Turgenev (1793-1834), military man. Mother - Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850), a noblewoman. In 1836 he graduated from the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University. From 1836 to 1839 he lived and studied in Germany. In 1852 he was exiled to his village for two years. He moved to Germany in 1863. In 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Was not married. Had an illegitimate daughter. Was fond of hunting. He died on September 3, 1883 at the age of 64 in Paris. He was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg. Main works: “Fathers and Sons”, “Mumu”, “Noble Nest”, “Rudin”, “Asya”, “On the Eve” and others.

Brief biography (detailed)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a 19th-century Russian realist writer, poet, translator and corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Oryol in a noble family. The writer's father was a retired officer, and his mother was a hereditary noblewoman. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate, where he had personal teachers, tutors, serf nannies. In 1827, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow in order to give their children a decent education. There he studied at a boarding school, then studied with private teachers. The writer has been fluent in several foreign languages since childhood, including English, French and German.

In 1833, Ivan entered Moscow University, and a year later he transferred to St. Petersburg to the verbal department. In 1838 he went to Berlin for lectures in classical philology. There he met Bakunin and Stankevich, meetings with whom were of great importance for the writer. For two years spent abroad, he managed to visit France, Italy, Germany and Holland. The return home took place in 1841. At the same time, he began to actively attend literary circles, where he met Gogol, Herzen, Aksakov, etc.

In 1843, Turgenev joined the office of the Minister of the Interior. In the same year, he met Belinsky, who had a considerable influence on the formation of the literary and social views of the young writer. In 1846, Turgenev wrote several works: Breter, Three Portraits, Freeloader, Provincial Woman, etc. In 1852, one of the writer's best stories, Mumu, appeared. The story was written while serving a link in Spassky-Lutovinovo. In 1852, Notes of a Hunter appeared, and after the death of Nicholas I, 4 major works by Turgenev were published: On the Eve, Rudin, Fathers and Sons, and Noble Nest.

Turgenev gravitated toward the circle of Western writers. In 1863, together with the Viardot family, he left for Baden-Baden, where he actively participated in cultural life and made acquaintances with the best writers of Western Europe. Among them were Dickens, George Sand, Prosper Merimee, Thackeray, Victor Hugo and many others. Soon he became the editor of foreign translators of Russian writers. In 1878 he was appointed vice-president at an international congress on literature held in Paris. The following year, Turgenev was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Living abroad, he was also drawn to his homeland with his soul, which was reflected in the novel Smoke (1867). The largest in volume was his novel "Nov" (1877). I. S. Turgenev died near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883. The writer was buried according to his will in St. Petersburg.

Years of life: from 10/28/1818 to 08/22/1883

Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Ivan Sergeevich was born in the city of Orel. His father came from an old noble family, was superbly handsome, had the rank of retired colonel. The writer's mother was the opposite - not very attractive, far from young, but very rich. On the father's side, it was a typical marriage of convenience, and the family life of Turgenev's parents can hardly be called happy. Turgenev spent the first 9 years of his life in the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo family estate. In 1827 the Turgenevs settled in Moscow to educate their children; they bought a house on Samotek. Turgenev first studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer; then he was given as a boarder to the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. A year later, because of the older brother who entered the guards artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Turgenev then moved to St. Petersburg University. At St. Petersburg University, Turgenev met P. A. Pletnev, to whom he showed some of his poetic experiments, which by that time had already accumulated a lot. Pletnev, not without criticism, but approved of Turgenev's work, and two poems were even published in Sovremennik.

In 1836, Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, he again took the final exam the next year, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 went to Germany. Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. Listening to lectures at the university on the history of Roman and Greek literature, he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin at home. The writer returned to Russia only in 1841, and in 1842 he passed the exam for a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. To obtain a degree, Ivan Sergeevich had only to write a dissertation, but by that time he had already lost interest in scientific activity, devoting more and more time to literature. In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, Turgenev entered the civil service in the Ministry of the Interior, however, after serving for two years, he resigned. In the same year, the first major work of Turgenev, the poem Parasha, appeared in print, which was highly appreciated by Belinsky (with whom Turgenev later became very friendly). Significant events take place in the personal life of the writer. After a series of youthful loves, he became seriously interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to a daughter from him. And by 1843, Turgenev met the singer Pauline Viardot, whose love the writer carried through his whole life. Viardot was married by that time, and her relationship with Turgenev was rather strange.

By this time, the writer's mother, irritated by his inability to serve and incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and starving, while maintaining the appearance of well-being. At the same time, starting from 1845, Turgenev wandered all over Europe, either after Viardot, or with her and her husband. In 1848, the writer becomes a witness of the French Revolution, during his travels he gets to know Herzen, George Sand, P. Merimee, in Russia he maintains relations with Nekrasov, Fet, Gogol. Meanwhile, there is a significant turning point in Turgenev's work: since 1846 he has turned to prose, and since 1847 he has not written almost a single poem. Moreover, later, when compiling his collected works, the writer completely excluded poetic works from it. The main work of the writer during this period is the stories and novels that made up the "Notes of a Hunter". Published as a separate book in 1852, The Hunter's Notes attracted the attention of both readers and critics. In the same 1852, Turgenev wrote an obituary for Gogol's death. Petersburg censorship banned the obituary, so Turgenev sent it to Moscow, where the obituary was published in Moskovskie Vedomosti. For this, Turgenev was sent to the village, where he lived for two years, until (mainly through the efforts of Count Alexei Tolstoy) he received permission to return to the capital.

In 1856, Turgenev's first novel, Rudin, was published, and from that year the writer again began to live in Europe for a long time, returning to Russia only occasionally (fortunately, by this time Turgenev had received a significant inheritance after the death of his mother). After the publication of the novel "On the Eve" (1860) and the article dedicated to the novel by N. A. Dobrolyubov "When will the real day come?" there is a break between Turgenev and Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility was maintained to the end). The conflict with the "young generation" was aggravated by the novel "Fathers and Sons". In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the early 60s, relations between Turgenev and Viardot improved again, until 1871 they lived in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. His all-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. On the slope of his life, Turgenev wrote his famous "poems in prose", in which almost all the motives of his work are presented. In the early 80s, the writer was diagnosed with cancer of the spinal cord (sarcoma) and in 1883, after a long and painful illness, Turgenev died.

Information about the works:

Regarding the obituary on Gogol's death, Musin-Pushkin, chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, spoke as follows: "It is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer."

Peru Ivan Turgenev owns the shortest work in the history of Russian literature. His prose poem "Russian language" consists of only three sentences.

The brain of Ivan Turgenev, as physiologically the largest measured in the world (2012 grams), is included in the Guinness Book of Records.

The body of the writer was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral took place with a huge gathering of people and resulted in a mass procession.