The meanings of the word peace draw these signs. Complete Encyclopedia of Symbols

Original taken from tipaeto in Symbols and signs.

A symbol of peace

Most of us strongly associate this symbol with the counterculture and hippie movement of the 1960s. Unlike the other symbols on this list, the peace symbol is not of ancient origin. Gerald Holtom created it for a single purpose, now forgotten. He wanted to convey the message of British nuclear disarmament to the world. According to Holtom himself, the drawing represents the man himself in despair, frightened by the nuclear race and the threat of the collapse of the world. Later, he stylized the symbol using several lines and drew a circle around it.

In the world of symbols

“The cross is the guardian of the whole universe,” says St. The Church The eternal and only meaning of this Christian symbol does not need explanation for the believer, with the exception of a private question about the reason for the inscription in the eight-pointed cross of the lower crossbar, as it were skewed
There is an indirect explanation of this in the 9 o'clock service, in the words: For the first one is brought down to hell by the burden of blasphemy, while for the other I am relieved from sins to the knowledge of theology "... In other words, on Golgotha ​​for two thieves, and in life for each person, the cross serves as a measure, as if by weights, of his inner state.

No less ancient, undoubtedly a Christian symbol, we can consider the symbol of St. Trinity, i.e. an equilateral triangle with the apex pointing up. An open eye in a triangle (Fig. 2) is the oldest symbol of the God of the Jews. Let us also note the symbols of a man, a lion, a calf and an eagle, which are usually depicted sequentially on the icons of St. the apostles and evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, corresponding to those characteristic features in the earthly life of the Savior, which every evangelist speaks about, i.e. His human nature.

The only star allowed in Christian symbolism is eight-pointed (Fig. 3). The very number eight in our Church has the meaning of the future age, because. after the six-day creation of the world by God and until the Last Judgment, the Seventh Day of the Lord lasts. After the Last Judgment will be the eighth day - Eternal Life.

The circle is a closed line: a symbol of eternity (Fig. 4), which does not have a proper Christian origin, but is recognized by Christianity. So, in the sacrament of marriage - wedding - they put on wedding rings as a sign of the eternal meaning of the sacrament.

Labarum (Fig. 5) - a symbol that came from Byzantium (ancient Greece), owes its origin to Emperor Constantine
The letters R-X in a circle symbolize the Nativity of Christ, the Greek letters alpha and omega are translated as the beginning and the end. “I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, says the Lord, who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty” (Rev. John ch. 1, p. 8).

We must consider the six-pointed star as the first and main non-Christian symbol. As noted by Nilus in his book “Great in (skipping in the book) ... intersecting triangles (Fig. 6) or only intersecting triangles, without a circle (Fig. 7).
Nilus writes; “...According to Revelation, the devil imagined himself to be similar to the Most High (Isaiah 14:14). The Kabbalistic tetragram (hexagram) or the Masonic "Solomon Seal" therefore also depicts the devil as an equilateral triangle, equal to the first, but only with its apex down, and not up, thus denoting the complete opposite of Satan - God, not without evidence that God's enemy thrown down from the sky. Having begun, according to the Scriptures, at a certain definite moment (according to the Holy Scriptures, during God's counsel about the creation of man with his great destiny), the devil's theomachism rushed into eternity. The Masonic seal and the hexagram of the Kabbalah graphically depict this theomachism by the mutual intersection of equal triangles, and its eternity is a circle.

The symbol below (Fig. 8) is a kind of hexagram and is listed as the great state seal of world freemasonry. This seal reveals the number 666. The age about which St. Scripture and Tradition testify that the age preceding the age of Lucifer's falling away from God should logically have the number 6 in its digital inscription. There are three corners in the triangle. Three corners - three sixes. 666 is the number of the beast? But it is also a human number (Rev. 13:18), firstly, because the angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°, and secondly, because it will be in the name of Antichrist.

In the center is the inscription - God. The inscription is enclosed in a triangle (which, according to Kabbalah, means the subordination of a symbol to its enclosing symbol). The Latin inscription: was not, is not and will not be - refers to the word God.

Freemasons and their offshoots of all kinds: theosophists, spiritualists, occultists, and many others. etc., this symbol is most often referred to as the seal of Solomon.
This star (Fig. 12.) “... as we see, it is two mutually intersecting equilateral triangles, one of which (dark) is apex up, and the other (light) is apex down. The first bears the letter alpha on top of it, the second bears the letter omega. An equilateral triangle, as you know, depicts the Trinitarian God..... Its triangle is depicted as dark with its apex facing upwards...its triangle is light and its apex is turned downwards. The first is Alpha, i.e. The one who is before, the second is Omega, i.e. the one after. This is the solution to the mystery of the "four things" of the Talmud: What is lower and what is higher, What is before and what is after.

An inverted card symbolizes weakness, compliance, self-doubt, poor health, fear, excessive interference of others in our lives. In some cases, it means the doom of intentions to failure or their abandonment due to fear of difficulties.

In the modern literature of occultists and theosophists there is another image of the hexagram, where the triangles have the opposite arrangement, i.e. white triangle on top.
.. because it is explained, as it were, by the triumph of light over darkness. However, it can also mean hesitation and, in connection with this, a delay in solving one's affairs. It can mean balance, prudence, depth in one's problems.
As can be clearly seen (Fig. 13), this is still the same star and circle, here replaced by the Gnostic serpent - Ouroboros. The whole symbolic drawing shows the struggle of two elders. One old man, whose bright face is crowned with a cross, has dark hands. The hands of another elder (Satan) are beaten off by the hands of the bright elder. The figures of the combatants are separated by a Maltese cross. There is a Latin inscription around it: what is higher is lower. Macroprosophus and microprosophus - God and His adversary.

The Maltese Cross (Fig. 14) is the once powerful knightly order of the Hospitallers (Johnnites - members of the Catholic spiritual
The name "Hospitallers of St. John, the knights retained, as well as: a red robe with an eight-pointed cross embroidered with white silk - a symbol of chastity and eight knightly virtues. The order seal depicted a patient on a bed with a cross in his head and a lamp at his feet. The symbolism in fig. 15 and 16 borrowed by us from theosophical publications

Here we see the same seal of Solomon and the symbolic serpent. The difference between them is only in the sign placed in the center of the star, and the new symbol included in the drawing - the swastika or suuastic (Fig. 15).
The sign in the center of the star is called by Kabbalists the Key of Solomon, which reveals the secrets of Kabbalah. He is also an ancient pagan sign of the god Ptah (Egypt), a symbol of the creating and producing fire - nature.

Our attention is drawn to a peculiar difference in these two symbols. The fact is that the theosophical sign originally looked only like in fig. 16 - contained a black cross in the center.

The sign of the swastika itself (Fig. 17) dates back to ancient times, when this sign was a symbol of the god of fire - Agni. Its priests worshiped the sun at sunrise, saluting it by raising their right hand. The swastika was known long before the birth of Christ. In the Trypillia era, both the Trojans and the Jews knew it. This sign is undoubtedly ancient. Both in antiquity and in the modern sense in the East, it corresponds to the concept and meaning of happiness, and since. happiness is a relative concept, it means either health, or wealth, or childbearing, or longevity. From Ireland to Japan, from Lapland to Tibet, we see this or that image of the swastika. Whether its origin is spontaneous in such different parts of the globe, we (and no one) can say.
The researchers of this issue before us only argue that the swastika is a sign of the peoples of the Indo-European branch and is almost absent among the Semites. Among Buddhists, the swastika (see Fig. 17) is interpreted as a sign of the walking sun, a symbol of perpetual motion and life-affirmation. In China, it is known as "wang tzu" - the mystical sign of "Buddha's heart", "virtue" or "ten thousand". In a mystical understanding, the swastika has two meanings: the solar swastika (Fig. 17) and the lunar swastika (Fig. 18), the true color of the solar swastika is orange, and the lunar swastika is white.

During the excavations of Troy, Western archaeologists repeatedly came across images of this sign (Fig. 17) on household items, clay jugs for storing water and wine, as well as in many Hellenic burials.
A. Besant says: “The swastika symbolizes the vortex energy that created the universe”, “digging holes in space”, or, to put it less poetically and more correctly, “forming vortices that are the atoms of building the world” (“Theosophy and Mission of the Theosophical Society”, - Vladivostok, 1921).

The five-pointed star or pentagram (Fig. 19) was among the ancients a symbol of mystery, perfection, and among the Kabbalists it is called the "star of magicians, the holy magical pentagram." For Kabbalists, it becomes a symbol of power, omnipotence and autocracy of Reason.
this magical absolute in Kabbalah meant good and evil. The pentagram, according to the assurances of Kabbalah, facing upwards with two rays, means Satan (the head of a goat, a favorite sign of demon-worshipping Satanists, fits comfortably), one ray upwards is the symbol of the Savior (Fig. 19).

The invariable affiliation of each Masonic lodge is the letter G, inscribed on the wall or in the center of a flaming star (Fig. 21). Papus says about the flaming star: “The brothers learned about the existence of invisible light, which is a source of unknown forces and energies - this secret light is depicted in the form of a pentagonal star. She was a symbol of a man radiating a mysterious light from himself, and thus established this wonderful emblem. (“The Genesis and Development of Masonic Symbols,” p. 67).

scout sign - a lily (Fig. 22), decorated with two pentagrams - scouting arose on the initiative of Baden Powell, a member of the Scottish ritual lodge. In addition, the so-called full scout badge contains the Masonic motto "Be ready", and the ribbon on which these sacramental words are depicted is decorated with the same Masonic knot.

It is not necessary to consider three asterisks as a kind of triangle outline. The symbol we have at our disposal (Fig. 23), taken from Melgunov's book, represents the three principles of nature. It is composed of three pentagrams, with the symbolic signs of the Neoplatonists included in them: mercury, sulfur and salt. These substances, in the language of the adepts of Kabbalah, were those primary elements from which the universe originated. Three stars indicate that the one to whose name they are attached is a perfect microcosm, which, according to the teachings of Masonic mystics, is contained in a perfect man.

Baphomet (Fig. 24). The interpretation of the word Baphomet will be the notarikon of the following formula: TEMPLI-OMNIUM-HOMINUM-RACIS-ABBAS, which in Latin means: "The rector of the temple of peace of all people." The Templars called this term the individualized astral TOURBILLON, which, with skillful management, can lead people along the path of appeasement, etc. ... the Templar order dreamed of establishing the Kingdom of Peace and Unity of all peoples on earth and directed all its resources towards this.
The famous freemason Albert Pike calls Baphomet the primary matter of the Great Creation, Gnostically interpreted as "the fiery body of St. spirit," symbolized by the hermaphrodite goat Mende.

In the description of the lodge where initiations were made to the 30th degree (kadosh), the eagle (Fig. 26) is described as follows: “... Neither the sacred triangle sparkling with gold and azure, nor the flaming pentagram with the polyphonic letter G crowned the canopy over the chair Great Commander, thrice mighty Sovereign. A formidable eagle of relentless struggle reigned over him, in his clenched paws was a sword. And on the chest of the eagle in a triangle was inscribed the sacred name "Adonai". In the symbols of St. Andrew's Freemasonry, the eagle means the fearlessness of freemasons and the royalty of their art, and the sword means warriorship.

The compass and square (Fig. 27) is one of the most common Masonic symbols. The compass is a symbol of the universality of Masonic society. The square is a symbol of law and conscience. This is the interpretation of the symbols in John's Freemasonry, but already in Andreev's - the compass symbolizes eternity, and the whole sign - the hexagram.
A trowel (shovel) is either a tool for cleansing a person from vice, or condescension, or a tool in the fight against arrogance and anger.
So an unhewn stone (among Masons) symbolizes the profane, i.e. a person who has not been subjected to Masonic processing, or not a Mason at all.
Correct, hewn stone - a cube - the same person after Masonic processing.
The hammer lying near the stone is one of the signs of the dignity of the Master of the Lodge and at the same time his symbol. The knock of the hammer fills the Masons with reverence and respect. Hammer blows open and close the meeting of the lodge. The hammer is a symbol of the power of the master, a symbol of the power of Freemasonry, which turns the profane into a perfect person, and, finally, the symbol of the hammer given to Adoniram by Tubal Cain (Masonic legend). Indispensable utensils in the premises of the lodge are considered to be two pillars of light and darkness, on which the initials of the student and master are written, i.e. Joachim and Boaz (translated from Hebrew - "approved by God" and "approved by power"). The first interpretation is given in the lower Masonic degrees, but in the higher ones: “... To his amazement, he (the newly initiated) learned that all the rites that preceded him, the degrees of initiation he had passed, in their symbols and rites, hid the history of the medieval Templars Templars. The letters I, B and M that he had seen many times, in addition to the meaning revealed to him earlier, marked the burnt grand master of the templars Jacob B. Mole, and the three rebellious masons who killed Adoniram turned out to be nothing more than envy, self-interest and malice, which were the cause of the death of the order of the templars ” (T. Sokolovskaya "Phoenix Chapter", pp. 24-33). The Phoenix is ​​a symbol of the indestructibility of Freemasonry (the Order of Freemasons). Like the Phoenix, the order dies to be reborn under a new guise.

The next symbol (Fig. 28) represents the sign of medieval Masonic lodges, the number 4 is the symbol of the lodge. On the sides of the sign are the letters I and B, i.e. Joachim and Boaz. According to Jung, the number 4 is an archetype of great importance in the development of the human mind. 4 - the archetype of integrity, totality. 4 contains: 1 - God, 2 - the opposition of the Universe, 3 - the universal symbol of the spirit and as 4 is a symbol of matter and time-space: four seasons, four cardinal points, measurements, etc.

Rice. 29 - graphic representation of the word "box". “The lodge is a symbol of the universe and at the same time the perfect human life. Entering into it, the profane must die to the world and rise again in Freemasonry.
In the interpretation of Lenoir, applied by him to the legend of Hiram, "... the bed is a symbol of the earth, and its member is the son of Osiris and Isis."

On fig. 30 is a symbol of the modern Templars and the new sect of Scientists that appeared in America at the end of the last century. The crown is a symbol of higher enlightenment and wisdom

Its founder, Mary Becker Eddy, who received among her followers the name of the Mother of Scientific Christianity, says: “Christ is a kind of world mind, the highest bodily concept of the divine idea, which rejects and destroys error and brings the light of immortality to man”

The badge of the Christian Union of Young People ... they have the answer: “... The triangle symbolizes the work of the Union, i.e. all-round and even development of a physical, intellectual and spiritual person ”(J. Gekker“ Christ. Union of Young People ”, p. 216).

Oriflamme (Fig. 34) - we see the mentioned symbol both in the work and in the works of Acad. N.K. Roerich. This is a symbol of the banner of peace, according to Roerich himself, - three points are a symbol of St. Trinity (gaz. Zarya, 1934, N 240, pp. 5-9). .... a purely Buddhist sign (the circle of being with endless reincarnations - this is indicated by three circles in the center of the general circle., i.e. was, is and will be) ....

We see the same sign in Papus's Genesis and Development of Masonic Symbols (see Fig. 35).

In its spirit with the symbols of N.K. Rerik is a closely related symbol of the organization H.S.M.L. - "Bonfire Brothers". Campfire Brothers are Scouts operating only under the flag of H.S.M.L. Their initial (see above) sign was the inverse triangle, but when the protest of the emigrant masses began to threaten the whole cause of H.S.M.L.,

The Roerich cross in the center of our attention is a sign of the approaching, according to the teachings of theosophists, the era or era of Agni, the era of cosmic fire. No wonder Vel. Vost. France already has the Agni Lodge, founded on May 14, 1920 in Paris (“Mysteries of Freemasonry”, p. 53), the symbol of which is the swastika, and the ends of the Roerich cross so reminiscent of flames. In the center of the cross are the letters K. B. - Bonfire Brothers

The mystical "Tau" (Fig. 37) - one of the letters of the Greek alphabet - is considered by some researchers as the forerunner of the Christian Cross. It is sometimes called the Egyptian cross, supposedly of this form was the staff of Moses in the Sinai desert, on which he hung a copper snake.

The triple “Tau” (Fig. 38), inscribed in a circle, according to Jung, is the most important symbol representing the collective unconscious line, beyond which holiness ends and within which there is a universal spiritual center (originally it was the letter T superimposed on H from “ TEMPLUM HIEROSOLYMAE" - Jerusalem Temple. Further, Jung writes: "... In ancient Greece, the letter "Tau" (T) was a symbol of life, opposed to the letter "theta" (O), the initial and symbol of Thanatos - death. In the Bible, "Tau" is a symbol of the salvation of the righteous. Thus, in the book of the prophet Ezekiel, which speaks of the divine punishment of Jerusalem, it is said: "And the glory of the God of Israel descended from the cherub, on which it was, to the threshold of the house, i.e. - the temple. And He called a man dressed in a linen robe, with a scribe's instrument at his belt. And the Lord said to him: pass through the midst of the city, in the midst of Jerusalem, and make a sign on the limbs of the people who mourn, sighing for all the abominations that are committed among it ”(9.3-4).

Kaodaists believe that the diversity of creeds interferes with their harmony and proclaim their goal is the synthesis of all religions of the world (like the Theosophists). , and with red it is customary to associate Islam (although the color of Islam is green), Confucianism and Christianity. The symbol of Kaodaism is the prisoner in the river. 38 triangle of eyes (Fig. 39) in a halo of sunlight.

Rotary, or the Wheel of Happiness (Fig. 40) is a symbol of a new international society founded in America by lawyer Paul Harris. This symbol is based on a gear wheel with six spokes, very similar to a six-pointed star. The main task of this society is to bring together representatives of all nations for closer business cooperation and common business mutual assistance. The symbolism in fig. 41 is found quite often, in particular, in the publications of the Esperanto society, the creators of the artificial world language,

The tetragram (Fig. 42) is a Kabbalistic cross. The inscription of this symbol was imposed in the Masonic lodges on the forehead of the initiated disciple by the Master of this lodge, who initiated the neophyte into the next step of the Masonic pyramid. This is a symbolic blessing on the thorny path of the newly initiated Mason into a new mystery. The lasso of initiation adds up to the Kabbalistic element of the tetragram (four-letter). Along the edges of the branches of the cross are Hebrew letters, which together give the name of Jehovah in Hebrew writing. In the center of the Kabbalistic cross is the Hebrew letter "shin", which in Kabbalah corresponds to the number 300 and is translated as the Spirit of the Lord.

Representatives of Rosicrucianism say: “...Listen, my brother, to our explanation of the symbolism of this degree of R.K. (Rosicrucians), and then you can interpret it and supplement it as you like ... The cross has been considered a sacred symbol since ancient times. It can be found on the most ancient monuments of all countries: in Egypt, in Assyria, in India, in Ireland ... At its four ends, directed to the four cardinal points, the cross was a symbol of nature ”(A. Pike,“ Morality and Dogma ”,

Pjankovic says: "The whole cross, consisting of four elements or elements (i.e., a certain chemical element is present on each individual branch of the cross), is a symbol of perfect nature." (Fig. 44). The authoritative Masonic writer Ragon says about the same symbol in general: “The rose is the emblem of the feminine, and the cross of the masculine. Their combination is a symbol of eternal universal reproduction. The symbol itself (Fig. 43) represents the Rosicrucian apron or zapon. Apron white with red border, rose and orange cross

Symbol of the Martinist Order

Symbol of the Martinist Order. The components are the Seal of Solomon representing the Old Testament, the cross representing the New Testament, and the circle representing the Gnostic serpent Ouroboros. The order was founded by the mystic Gerard Encausse (Papus) and is based on the teachings of the eighteenth century philosopher Louis Claude de Saint-Martin.

Rosicrucian symbol

Rosicrucian symbol as a symbol of the blood of Christ. Rosicrucians (German Rosenkreuzer), members of secret (mainly religious and mystical) societies in the 17-18 centuries in European countries (primarily in Germany, the Netherlands, Russia). The name comes from the name of the legendary founder of the society, Christian Rosenkreutz, who allegedly lived in the 14th-15th centuries, or from the emblem of the Rosicrucians - the rose and the cross. The ideas of moral self-improvement and the occult sciences - black magic, cabalistics, alchemy - occupied a large place in the teachings and activities of the Rosicrucians. The most famous were the Berlin Rosicrucians, grouped around the heir to the Prussian throne, and then King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Hohenzollern.
The emblem of the Rosicrucians has several variants and symbolizes the redemptive power of the blood of Christ; the symbol as a whole represented an illustration of the triumph of the spirit, the cycle of death and rebirth. The deeper, hidden meaning of the symbol is the union of the divine principles - female and male (Mary and Christ).

Skull and Bones is a secret society. The human skull and bones crossed underneath / Is both a symbol of death and fearlessness in its face. The symbolism of the skull and bones was used by ancient priests and priestesses throughout the world, from the Maya in Central America to the Etruscans in Europe. On some icons, the crucifix is ​​depicted with a skull and bones at the foot and serves as a reminder of death on the cross.

Satanic greeting. Hand with curled fingers in the form of goat horns: The sign of salutation among Satanists is known as the "satanic salute." Young people thus raise their hands during rock concerts. Forms the head of a goat, a common symbol of Satanism. It is on the back of the Satanic Bible.

There is evidence that this gesture is not only among Satanists, this gesture is so in the Orthodox faith, is found in the east (in Buddhism), and so is a gesture from the evil eye (in the same way you can jinx someone).

Vesica Piscis, yoni, mandorla Vesica Piscis (Latin for "fish bladder" or "fish eggs") is formed when two circles intersect. Vesica piscis is an ancient synonym for yoni, "jagat yoni", or vulva. Denotes the female creative force, the spirit of the Great Mother, who gave life to the world and the gods. The yoni sign was intended to convey the shape of the female external genitalia, which the ancients clearly identified as the source of female sexual power. In ancient Indian texts, the paradise island of Jambu had a "form like a yoni". On it grew a sacred, life-giving tree with roses and apples, and there was a "diamond seat" (vajrasana), which clearly represented the cosmic clitoris, the center of the creative spirit of the Goddess. In the Jewish tradition, the open symbolism of the yoni was replaced by the mandorla - "almond (Italian)". The mandorla is sometimes piously interpreted as a gate or entrance to heaven. And it is always depicted vertically (traditions are traditions, even if the original meaning is forgotten). There are many explanations for the mandorla in later Christian tradition. The union of opposites, the dualistic unity of Heaven and Earth, life and death, the symbol of eternal sacrifice, the cloud of ascension, the halo-light emanating from the deity are some of the meanings. There is an image of a mandorla, composed of seven doves and meaning the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. If we continue the two halves of the arc, we get the famous Christian symbol of the fish. In Christianity, fish means baptism, immortality, resurrection (the sign of Jonah). Three images of yoni form a triquetra or triquetra (it is interesting that depending on whether the sign symbolizes the ancient female or Christian male trinity, the gender of the name also changes): The triquetra symbol is often depicted with a circle. Possible values ​​- Life. The three wombs that give rise to life on earth, in the seas and in the air, respectively, are connected by the circle of the Earth into an inseparable unity. . After the Celts adopted Christianity, the triquetra became the Christian symbol of the Trinity. Cross formed by triquetras (Carolingian Cross).

This page presents GDZ around the world Grade 3 Part 1 - workbook authors Pleshakov A.A. and Novitskaya M.Yu. for the 2019-2020 academic year. We hope that this "reshebnik" will help in the preparation of homework on the subject of the world around us.

Joy of knowledge

Page 3 - 5 - Light of Knowledge

1. Pick up the proverbs of the peoples of your region about the power of the mind, knowledge, skillful hands. Write them down.

Proverbs about the power of the mind- Mind will win. - Any advice to the mind is good. - What is the mind, such are the speeches. - The mind is more beautiful than gold, but the truth is the light of the sun. - With a fist you will defeat one, and with your mind - thousands. more proverbs about mind and reason Proverbs about the power of knowledge- Literacy is not evil, but the truth is strong. - Knowledge is better than wealth. - The bird is red with feathers, and the man with knowledge. - Knowledge is more valuable than wealth. - Knowledge and wisdom adorn a person. Proverbs about skillful hands- Skilful hands are assistants to science. You can't buy golden hands with silver. - A hundred tips will not replace a pair of experienced hands. - A craftsman and a needleworker brings joy to himself and to people.

2. Questions "how?", "why", "why?" mankind owes most of the great discoveries. Make up and write down questions about what you would like to learn in the classroom at school?

How do black holes appear? How were the pyramids built in Egypt? Why is Japan called the Land of the Rising Sun? Why are planes disappearing in the Bermuda Triangle? Why explore space? Why does a woodpecker knock on a tree? Why do birds fly in a school?

3. Consider the corner of nature in the photo above. Tell her what you already know about this plant. Make up and write down questions about what else you would like to know about him. Try to find answers to your questions.

Douglasia or pseudosuga tissolista or pseudosuga Menzies The picture shows Douglasia. It is also called pseudosuga tissolista or pseudosuga menzies, pseudosuga Ienzis, Douglas fir, pseudosuga tissolist, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, Douglas fir. "Where can you meet Menzies' false sugu?"- Pseudosuga Menzies is found in North America as well as Asia. - What is the maximum height of a douglas?- Douglas can reach a height of up to 100 meters. - Why does this plant have so many names and how did they appear?- While traveling in North America in 1791, biologist and physician Archibald Menzies saw a large tree that looked like a fir. The message about this tree went unnoticed. But in 1827, this tree was rediscovered by the English botanist David Douglas, who brought it to Europe. Then the tree was given the name "Douglas fir". During the study, it was found that with all the similarities with fir, there are a number of differences that made it possible to distinguish the genus - pseudo-hemlock in the pine family. So "Douglas fir" became Douglas pseudo-hemlock, and even later - yew-leaved pseudo-hemlock. Then it was decided to name the tree in honor of the discoverer, that is, the Menzies pseudo-hemlock, but the old names: "Douglas fir" or "Douglas fir" have been preserved and are used by arborists.

4. Based on the photo on page 5, tell us what you already know about Red Square in Moscow. Compose and write down questions about what else you would like to know about the cultural monuments depicted in the photograph. Try to find answers to your questions.

Red Square in Moscow The picture shows Red Square. On the left is St. Basil's Cathedral, and on the right is the Spasskaya Tower. In front of the Temple there is a place of execution, where in the old days royal decrees were announced. There are other attractions on Red Square, for example, the Lenin Mausoleum is located there. - What is the total area of ​​Red Square in Moscow in kilometers and how much people can fit in the square? - The length of Red Square is 330 meters long and 70 meters wide, while the total area is 23,100 square meters or 0.023 square kilometers. If we translate square meters into hectares, it turns out that the area of ​​​​Red Square is 2.31 hectares. One person occupies an area - 0.21 m2, then it turns out that Red Square can fit: 23100: 0.21 = 110,000 people. At the same time, the entire population of Moscow, which is 12,380,664 people in 2017 on Red Square, will not be able to fit on Red Square. - Why is the red square in Moscow called red? - Often in fairy tales there is an expression "beautiful girl", which means a beautiful girl. In relation to the area, red means beautiful. According to another version, he believes that when Moscow was founded, there were many wooden buildings in it, which burned very often. The area next to the Kremlin was no exception. So, due to frequent fires, the area was called Fire, and later they began to call it "Red Square" because it is the color of fire. - What is the height of the Spasskaya Tower? - The height of the Spasskaya Tower together with the star is 71 meters.

5. Color the illustration for the ancient Greek myth of Daedalus and Icarus.

Illustration for the ancient Greek myth of Daedalus and Icarus

Page 6 - 11 - How the world is studied

1. What ways of studying the world do these textbooks use? Sign yourself or use words for reference.

Words for reference: observation, experience, determination of natural objects, measurement, modeling.

2. Practical work "Observation".
Purpose of work: to master the stages of observation.
Observe the behavior of aquarium fish (or other animals) during feeding. Think through the steps and take notes.

1. Purpose of observation: to observe the behavior of aquarium fish during feeding.
2. Observation plan:
   • feed goldfish with dry food, pouring it on the surface of the water,
   • track fish behavior
   • record the results of the observation.
3. Observation results: if goldfish have not eaten all the poured food within 5 minutes, then they are overfed and food leftovers will spoil the water.
4. Conclusions: It is important that goldfish get enough, but not too much food.

Make up questions for each other to find out if the goal of the observation is achieved. Evaluate your progress by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.
We were able to formulate the purpose of observation.
We made a clear plan of observation.
We successfully completed the observation plan and recorded the results.
We were able to draw conclusions from observation.

3. Practical work "Experience".
The purpose of the work: to master the stages of the experiment.
Experiment with a magnet. Think through the steps and take notes.

1. The purpose of the experiment: to find out if a magnet can attract any metal.
2. Experiment plan:
   1. Take a magnet.
   2. Scatter objects made of metal (pins), gold (earrings), silver (pendant) on the table.
   3. Bring a magnet to each item.
   4. Write down the result.
3. Results of the experiment: the magnet attracts objects made of metal, but not from any.
4. Conclusions: a magnet can attract objects made of metal, but not from any. Objects made of gold and silver, which are also metals, cannot be attracted by a magnet.

Make up questions for each other to find out if the goal of the experience is achieved. Evaluate your progress by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.
We were able to formulate the purpose of the experiment.
We made a clear plan for the experience.
We successfully completed the experiment plan and recorded the results.
We have learned from experience.
4. What device (tool) will be required for each case? Point with arrows.


5. Practical work "Measurement of mass".
Purpose of work: to learn how to measure mass using scales.
1. With the help of the picture, study the device of the balance.

2. Consider a set of weights for scales. Record the mass of each weight.
3. Measure the weight of the items given by the teacher. Enter the measurement results in the table.

4. Add.

A scale is a device for measuring weight.

We learned how scales work.
We understand how scales work.
We have learned how to measure mass.

6. Practical work "Measurement of length".
Purpose of work: to learn how to measure length using a ruler (tape measure).

1. Using the picture, study the device of the ruler and tape measure. Compare them. Consider when you should use a ruler and when you should use a tape measure.

The ruler should be used to measure objects of small length. When the subject is large, it is advisable to use a tape measure.

2. Fill in the blanks.

Completed task:

3. Measure the length of objects given (or indicated) by the teacher. Enter the measurement results in the table.

4. Add.

Ruler and tape measure are tools for measuring length.

Come up with questions and tasks for each other to find out if the goal of the work has been achieved. Evaluate your progress by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.
We learned how the ruler and tape measure work.
We understood in which cases a ruler should be used, and in which - a tape measure.
We have learned how to measure length.
We have learned how to record measurement results.

Page 12 - 13 - The book is a source of knowledge

1. Write down the details of a non-fiction book that you especially liked:

2. Draw an illustration for this book. Instead of a picture, you can stick a photo on the topic of the book.

3. Read the statements about the importance of books and the native language in a person's life, which are posted on the Reading Moscow train of the Moscow Metro.

A house without books is like a body without a soul. Cecerone True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. K.G. Paustovsky

Cicero Mark Tullius - Roman politician, orator and writer. Information taken from the New Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, page 798. Paustovsky Konstantin Georgievich - Russian writer. Master of lyrical prose. Information taken from the New Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, page 545.

4. Make up your own statement about the benefits of books and reading. Write it down.

All human wisdom is hidden in books, and only by reading you can comprehend it.

5. In what reference publications can you find out what the ancient Greek city of Troy is famous for? Write it down.

The Ancient World, The Complete Encyclopedia, Sh. Hardman, F. Steele, R. Tames, 2007 - A. B. Preobrazhensky. I know the world: Children's encyclopedia: History of the ancient world. 2001.

Page 14 - 15 - Going on a tour

1. Find a description and point with arrows.

Completed version:

2. Give 1-2 examples.

Art museums: Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

Museum-apartment, house-museum, museum-estate: Museum of Vladimir Mayakovsky, Apartment Museum of S.S. Prokofiev

Reserves, national parks: Moscow State Museum-Reserve Kolomenskoye , Izmailovsky Island - museum-reserve

3. Think of and write down the questions you would like to ask at the zoo or botanical garden.

• Why do hippos have pink milk?
• Is it true that elephants are afraid of mice?
• What color is a giraffe's tongue?
• How many years do acorns appear on an oak tree?
• Why is a walnut called walnut?

Find out what questions other guys have prepared. Can you answer them?

4. On your own or with the help of additional literature, on the Internet, determine which museums are shown in the photographs in the Appendix. Cut and paste them into the appropriate boxes.

Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin

5. Think and write where you can go on an excursion in your area. Underline the name of the place that seems most interesting to you.

• Garage Museum of Contemporary Art
• Museums of the Moscow Kremlin
• Planetarium
• Museum "Upside Down House"

Page 16 – 17 – Our tour

Go on a tour and make a photo story about it. Write down how you rate the tour and why.

Armory in Moscow

I liked the tour. I learned a lot of new and interesting things.

Page 18 - 21 - What the plan will tell you

Terrain plan- this is an accurate drawing of the area, made with the help of conventional signs.

2. On your own or with the help of a textbook, sign the symbols of the plan.

3. Cut out the symbols of the plan from the Appendix and stick them in the appropriate boxes.

			1 - Arable land. 2 - Garden.

4. Draw the symbols of the plan.

Check yourself in the textbook.

5. At the lesson, the teacher asked: “What does the scale of the plan depicted in the textbook mean?” The children responded like this:

Seryozha: "One centimeter on the plan corresponds to one meter on the ground."
Nadia: “One centimeter on the map corresponds to 50 meters on the ground.”
Vitya: "One centimeter on the ground corresponds to 10 meters on the plan."
Ira: One centimeter on the map corresponds to 100 meters on the ground.

Who answered correctly? Mark with a tick.

6. Practical work "Tourist plans".

1) Consider the plan of the zoo in the textbook.

Orient yourself on the sides of the horizon and determine in which parts of the zoo they live:

a) tigers - in the north
b) lions - in the south
c) bullfinches and other birds - in the west
d) camels - in the east

2) Consider a fragment of the plan of Moscow in the textbook.

Fragment plan of Moscow

Write down what sights of the city are depicted on it.

Sparrow Hills Luzhniki Stadium

3) Consider the plan of the central part of St. Petersburg. Determine how to get from the Moscow railway station to the Winter Palace. Write what you can see on this route.

Plan of the central part of Saint-Petersburg From the Moskovsky railway station you need to go to the left along Nevsky Prospekt, pass by the Anichkov Bridge, and after the Alexander Column turn right. And then we will find ourselves near the Winter Palace. Following this route, you can see the Anichkov Bridge, the Kazan Cathedral, the Alexander Column and Palace Square.

Put on the plan any other route. Describe it orally.

If you brought other travel plans to class, consider them. Make up questions and tasks for each other to see if you have learned how to read travel plans.

We have learned to determine the sides of the horizon on the plan.
We learned how to find various sights on the plan.
We have learned to determine according to the plan how to get to one place or another.
We learned how to lay a certain route on the plan.

Page 22 - 23 - Planet on a sheet of paper

1. Using the textbook, complete the definition.

A map is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.

2. Mark the sides of the horizon on the world map.

3. Color as indicated on the map:

4) Using the textbook, complete the definitions.

Mainland It is a huge piece of land, surrounded on all sides by water. It is also called the continent. part of the world- this is the mainland or part of the mainland with islands located nearby.

Explain (orally) what are the similarities and differences between the mainland and part of the world.

5. Write down in the table the names of all the continents and parts of the world.

Color in any color that does not match the names of the continents and parts of the world.

6. Using the textbook map, give examples (3-4 names in each paragraph).

Seas: Barents Sea, Arabian Sea, Norwegian Sea, Beaufort Sea. Rivers: Lena, Amazon, Volga, Ob. Islands: Aleutian Islands, New Zealand Islands, Madagascar Island, Tasmania Island.

Page 24 - 25 - Countries and peoples on the political map of the world

1. Consider a wall political map of the world. Determine the name and borders of the country where the capital is Rome - an ancient city, about the culture of which you already know a lot. What are the names of its neighboring countries? Write down the information obtained through the study of the political map of the world:

Let's turn to the map and see that the neighboring countries are: France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. Rome is the capital of Italy Italy's neighbors are Austria, Switzerland, France and Slovenia.

2. Read the story about Heinrich Schliemann. Find on the wall political map of the world the countries whose languages ​​he learned, where he lived and worked. Check them off.

Heinrich Schliemann was born in 1922 in Germany. A childhood dream of finding the ancient city of Troy led him at the age of 18 as a sailor on the ship Dorothea, which was heading to Venezuela. The ship got into a storm and sank, and Heinrich miraculously escaped and ended up in Amsterdam. Here he worked in a trading office and in two years mastered Russian , English , French , Dutch , Spanish , Portuguese And Italian languages. Then Heinrich Schliemann went to Petersburg and for 20 years he conducted his trading business in the Russian capital. During this time he learned Polish , Swedish , Greek, Arab and other languages, got rich in gold mining in America. And finally went to Greece- fulfill your dream. In order to read the Iliad in the original, he learned ancient Greek in six weeks. Homer's text became his guide. And the ancient land of Greece revealed its secret to the archaeologist. G. Schliemann was buried in Athens.

We mark on the map with flags all the countries whose languages ​​G. Schliemann learned, where he lived and worked.

Political map of the world - click to enlarge the image

3. Consider representatives of different countries in traditional costumes. Find the country of their native language on the political map of the world. Write down the names of these countries and their capitals.

Country - Belarus Capital - Minsk	Country — Mexico Capital - Mexico City
Country - Turkey Capital - Ankara	Country - China Capital - Beijing

Page 26 — 27 — Traveling, we learn the world

1. Together with your friends, discuss and make a plan for preparing a trip around your city (village). Use the sample plan from the textbook for this.

Purpose of Travel: learn about the death of the royal family. Place of travel: Temple on blood Sources of information about the place of travel: Internet. Reference literature: Pilgrims from all over Russia will set off in July along the route "The Shrines of the Yekaterinburg Diocese, Tsar's Days." Pravoslavie.ru; E. Gilbo "The Secret of the Death of the Royal Family", article 2004; Greg King, Penny Wilson The Romanovs. The fate of the royal dynasty. Publishing house "Eksmo", Moscow, 2005 Maps, schemes, plans, guides: map of the city of Yekaterinburg. Equipment: camera, navigator. Weather forecast: find out on the website gismeteo.ru. Dress code: loose, comfortable shoes. My companion(s): parents.

2. After the trip, choose the most interesting thing from the diary and write it down on these lines.

The tragic death of Emperor Nicholas II was the end of the great Russian Empire. The fateful events that took place in Yekaterinburg, in the house of engineer Ipatiev, gave rise to many legends. There are many mysteries left for historians to unravel.

3. In the farm "On the Edge" of the Belgorod Region, we will learn the art of beekeeping. Cut out the drawings from the Application. Complete the photo story with them, observing the order in the work of working bees and in the worries of the beekeeper.

Page 28 – 29 – Transport

1. Draw an old vehicle for the peoples of your region or paste a photo.

Photo of an ancient vehicle - a sled pulled by a troika

2. Distribute the vehicles by type. Mark land transport with a red circle, water transport with a blue circle, and air transport with a yellow circle.

Which of these vehicles are old and which are modern? Answer verbally.

3. Project "Inquisitive Passenger". Read the story and look at the photos.

You already know about the Reading Moscow train. And the Aquarelle train runs in the Moscow metro. You get into the car and it's like you're in an art gallery. Boys, girls and guys of your age are interested in the creations of Russian artists. Often the passengers of this train move from car to car to see as many paintings as possible. Many photograph what they especially liked. The "Watercolor" train is a wonderful gift for all art lovers and just inquisitive people.
Train "Watercolor"

Come up with a project of one of the modes of transport for inquisitive passengers. What phenomena of nature and culture of your region would you like to present in your project? Draw and describe the project on pages 30-31.

Project name : classical music tram
Name of means of transport : tram
Appearance :

Description: Classical music will be played in the tram. In the intervals between compositions, the announcer will talk about various interesting facts related to writing works, the composers who wrote them, their lives, performers.

Page 32 — 33 — Media and communication

1. Come up with symbols to convey information. Draw them on the flags.

Swap notebooks with a friend and decipher the information on the flags. Write it down in words.

On the left is a sign warning of some event that requires attention. On the right is an arrow to the right - indicating the direction of further movement.

2. Imagine that you are sending a letter to a friend. Complete the mailing envelope using the required information.

3. Frame information from a local newspaper or magazine about natural phenomena or cultural events that interest you, about the people of your region.

4. Write down from memory the names of the media and communications. Check yourself in the textbook.

Means of information and communication Postal service, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, internet.

The world is like a home

Page 34 - 35 - The world of nature in folk art

1. Using the text of the textbook on p. 46 complete the sentence:

The word "ekos" ("oikos") in Greek means " house, dwelling ". The word "logos" in Greek means knowledge . The ancient Greeks called the word "oecumene" part of the world inhabited and developed by man .

2. Color a fragment of an old spinning wheel. Determine how many tiers of the universe it depicts. Describe them orally.

3. Make up a chain of questions and answers on the model of the song “Where are you going, Foma?” Using knowledge about the nature and life of the people of your region. For the final answer, use the hints of the textbook or put the name of the person to whom you are writing this song. You can make a drawing for the text as a gift (on a separate sheet).

Option 1- Where are you going, shepherd? Where are you taking your sheep? - On the field. - Why are you on the field? - Feed the sheep. Why feed the sheep? - To give wool. Why do you need wool? - To keep the kids warm in winter. Option #2- Where are you going, Anya? - Collect mushrooms. Why do you need mushrooms? - To cook soup. - Why do you need soup? - To feed yourself and treat your friends!

Page 36 - 37 - What everything is made of

1. Find the extra photo in each row and circle it. Explain (verbally) your choice.

natural objects - everything related to nature. In addition, we are surrounded by countless objects created by man. The first figure shows natural objects, except for a mug, which is a man-made object, so it will be superfluous in this row. The second figure shows objects created by man, except for the titmouse, which is a natural object, so it will be superfluous in this row.

2. Give examples of natural objects (3-4 in each row).
Objects of inanimate nature: planets, waterfalls, stones.
Objects of wildlife: trees, animals, birds, insects.
3. Fill in the table using the text and illustrations of the textbook. You can add your own examples.

4. Find out by the description of the substances and write their names in the boxes.
- This substance is part of any living organism. The human body is 2/3 of this substance.

- This substance is found in the form of a stone underground, and also dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans. It can be found in every home - the kitchen.

- This substance is added to many products - sweets, cakes, pastries. In nature, it is found in plants.

Sugar

- This substance is our helper in the kitchen, because it burns well. But in the event of a leak, it can spread throughout the apartment, but it is very dangerous.

Natural gas

— These substances are created artificially. They are used to make household items, window frames, toys and many other products.

Plastic

5. Underline the names of solids in blue pencil, and the names of substances in green: salt, nail, iron, horseshoe, aluminum, wire, copper, gasoline can, plastic, gasoline, icicle, water, ice floe, candy, sugar, salt shaker.

Page 38 – 39

6. Practical work (experience) "Water is a solvent".

The purpose of the experiment: to determine which substances water dissolves and which does not.
1) Suggest a plan (order) for the experiment.

1. Pour water into 4 glasses.
2. Put sugar in the 1st glass.
3. Put salt in the 2nd glass.
4. Put chalk in the 3rd glass.
5. Put clay in the 4th glass.
6. Watch the result.
7. Write Output

2) Look at the drawing. Select the equipment that we will need for the experiment. Mark the selected items with a checkmark.

3) Follow the instructions.

Pour the water from the flask into 4 beakers. Pour sugar into glass No. 1, salt into glass No. 2, crushed chalk into glass No. 3 (grind chalk in a mortar), and clay into glass No. 4. Stir all the substances with a glass rod. What are you watching? Describe verbally.

4) Record the results of the experiment by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate columns of the table.

5) Make a conclusion. Check yourself on the Application.

Water dissolves sugar and salt, but does not dissolve sand and chalk.

Think questions for each other to see if the goal of the experience is achieved. Evaluate your progress by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.
We proposed the right experience plan.
We have chosen the right equipment.
We accurately recorded the results of the experiment.
We correctly drew a conclusion from experience.

Page 40 - 41 - World of celestial bodies

1. Using the textbook information, write the numbers into the text.

Sun diameter in 109 times the diameter of the earth. The mass of the sun in 330 thousand times the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers . The temperature on the surface of the sun reaches 6 thousand degrees , and at the center of the sun 15-20 million degrees .

Tell your classmates about the Sun. Include in your story the data written out from the textbook.

2. Fill in the table. Take one example from a textbook (figure on p. 56). Try to find other examples (1-2 in each column) in additional literature, on the Internet.

The difference between stars by color

Names of stars by color

3. The sun and the celestial bodies moving around it make up the solar system. Build a model of the solar system. To do this, mold planet models from plasticine and arrange them in the correct sequence on a sheet of cardboard. Sign the names of the planets on the plates and stick them on your model.

4. Solve the crossword.

1) The largest planet in the solar system.
2) A planet that has rings that are clearly visible in a telescope.
3) The closest planet to the Sun.
4) The planet farthest from the sun.
5) The planet we live on.
6) Planet - a neighbor of the Earth, located closer to the Sun than the Earth.
7) Planet - a neighbor of the Earth, located farther from the Sun than the Earth.
8) A planet located between Saturn and Neptune.

5. Using various sources of information, prepare a report about a star, constellation, or planet that you would like to learn more about. Write down the basic information for your message. Specify sources of information.

Star Aldebaran One of the brightest stars in the night sky, the main, brightest star in the constellation Taurus, is called Aldebaran. In Arabic, this word also means "following." Aldebaran is an orange-red giant star. Its brightness is 150 times greater than that of the Sun. It is located at a distance of 65 light years from us. Source: Tarasov L.V., Tarasova T.B. Space: encyclopedia - M.: Eksmo, 2015.- 96 p.: ill. - (Your first encyclopedia).

Page 42 - 43 - Invisible Treasure

1. In the text of the textbook, find the paragraph that explains the occurrence of wind. Read it carefully. Imagine and draw a diagram of the occurrence of wind.

In nature, moving air is wind. As you know, the earth in different places is heated differently by the sun. Air is heated from the ground. Warm air is lighter than cold air; it rises, and cold air rushes to its place. This is where the wind comes in.

See what other guys have suggested. Evaluate your work and the work of your comrades. Whose scheme is correct, accurate, understandable? Who made mistakes? Tell us about the occurrence of wind according to the most successful schemes.
2. Sign on the diagram the names of the gases that are part of the air. Check yourself in the textbook.

Underline with a green pencil the names of the gas that living organisms absorb when they breathe.
Underline with a red pencil the name of the gas that living organisms emit when they breathe.
3. Study the properties of air and write down your findings.

1) Is air transparent or opaque?
The air is transparent.
2) Does air have color?
Air has no color.
3) Does the air smell?
The air is odorless.
4) What happens to air when heated or cooled?
hot air expands .

This experience shows that cold air compresses.
5) How does air conduct heat?
Air does not conduct heat well.

4. What is the name of the equipment used in these experiments? Point with arrows.

Page 44 - 45 - The most important substance

Practical work "Investigation of the properties of water."

Goal of the work: determine the properties of water.

Dip a glass rod into a glass of water. Is she visible? What property of water is this talking about?

Conclusion: water is transparent.

Compare the color of the water with the color of the stripes shown on this page. What do you see? What does it say?

Conclusion: Water is colorless.

Smell the clean water. What property of water can be established in this way?

Conclusion: water has no smell.

Immerse a flask with a tube filled with colored water in hot water. What are you watching? What does this indicate?

Conclusion: when heated, water expands.

Place the same flask on ice. What are you watching? What does this indicate?

Conclusion: As water cools, it contracts.

General conclusion: water is transparent, colorless, odorless, expands when heated, contracts when cooled.

Determine the purpose of each experience. Describe (verbally) its course. Check your conclusions on the Appendix.

We have chosen the right equipment for experiments.
Our conclusions coincided with those given in the Appendix.
We correctly determined the properties of water, but inaccurately formulated the conclusions.
We made mistakes in determining some properties of water.

Page 46 - 47 - Natural elements in folk art

1. Cut out photos from the Application. Stick them under the names of natural elements. At the bottom of the table, draw images of fire, water and air, characteristic of the fine and applied arts of the peoples of your region.

2. Write down riddles about fire, water and air, created by the creativity of the peoples of your region. Guess them to members of other working groups.

Riddles about fire The firebird flies, drops golden feathers. (Fire) Lives without drinking. But it is necessary to drink - dies. (Fire) The scarlet rooster went out in the water. (Fire) Chew - I don’t chew, but I eat everything. (Fire) Riddles about water Falls in winter, murmurs in spring, rustles in summer, drips in autumn. (Water) In frying, the day is the most desired. (Water) Why not roll it up the mountain, not carry it away in a sieve and not hold it in your hands? (Water) Riddles about air What are we breathing? What do we not see? (Air) What can you not see either in the room or on the street? (Air)

3. Consider patterns of folk embroidery. Define the images of fire, water and air.

Orally compose a fairy tale about natural elements.

Page 48 – 49 – Storage lands

1. Complete the definitions on your own or with the help of a textbook.

Minerals are natural substances Rocks are natural compounds of minerals.

2. Practical work "Composition of granite".

The purpose of the work: to determine the minerals that make up granite.

1. Consider and compare samples of minerals: feldspar, quartz, mica. Orally describe their properties (color, transparency, gloss).
2. Examine a piece of granite with a magnifying glass. Find colored grains. It is the mineral feldspar. Find translucent grains. It is the mineral quartz. Look for black shiny grains. This is the mineral mica.
3. Fill in the diagram based on the results of the study.

4. Make a conclusion (orally). Check yourself on the Application.

Come up with questions and tasks for each other to find out if the goal of the work has been achieved. Evaluate your progress by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.

We have correctly described the properties of minerals.
We correctly identified the minerals that make up granite.
We correctly filled out the “Granite Composition” chart.
Our conclusion coincided with that given in the Appendix.

3. Do you know what is stored in the pantries of the Earth? Cut out photos from the Application and paste them into the appropriate boxes.

4. Write down the names of minerals in your region.

Gold, gas, oil, granite, asbestos, iron ore.

Page 50 - 51 - Miracle underfoot

Practical work "Study of the composition of the soil."

The purpose of the work: to determine what is included in the composition of the soil.

Consider equipment prepared for practical work. Indicate the names of objects with arrows. Explain (verbally) what they are used for.

Throw a lump of dry soil into the water. What are you watching? What does it say?

Conclusion: The soil contains air.

Heat some fresh soil over a fire. Hold a cold glass over the soil. What are you watching? What does it say?

Conclusion: Soil contains water.

Keep heating the soil. Wait for smoke and bad smell to appear. This burns the humus of the soil, which is formed from the remains of plants and animals. The humus gives the soil a dark color. What does this experience indicate?

Conclusion: the soil contains humus.

The calcined soil, in which the humus burned down (it is gray), pour into a glass of water and stir. Watch what settles to the bottom first and what after a while. What does this experience say?

Conclusion: The soil contains clay and sand.

Place a few drops of water on the glass, in which the soil has been for a long time. Hold the glass over the fire. What happened to the water? What's left on the glass? These are mineral salts. What does this experience say?

Conclusion: The soil contains mineral salts.
General conclusion: the composition of the soil includes air, water, humus, clay, sand, mineral salts.

Determine the purpose of each experience. Describe (verbally) its course. Check your conclusions on the Appendix. Rate your work by putting a "+" sign in the appropriate boxes.
We correctly named the equipment for experiments.
Our findings are consistent with those in the Appendix.
We correctly determined the composition of the soil, but inaccurately formulated the conclusion.
We made mistakes in determining the composition of the soil.

Page 52 - 53 - World of Plants

1. Find out the groups of plants according to the descriptions. Write the names of the groups in the boxes.

• These plants have roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits in which seeds ripen - 9 letters. Answer: flowery. flowering plants have flowers and fruits. They have all the other parts too: roots, stems, leaves. These plants are the most diverse. The group includes 250,000 species. Examples of flowering plants: Narcissus, calendula, marigold, willow, lily of the valley, aster, sunflower, pear, potato, linden, coltsfoot, dandelion.
• These plants do not have roots, stems, leaves, flowers or fruits. Their body is called the thallus - 9 letters. Answer: algae. Seaweed- the inhabitants of the water. An example of algae is seaweed. Algae do not have roots, stems, leaves, flowers or fruits. The body of algae looks like long brown ribbons, it is called the thallus. The group includes 100,000 species.
• Plants of this group have stems and leaves, but no roots, flowers and fruits with seeds - 3 letters. Answer: moss. mosses grow in damp places. They have stems and leaves, but they do not have roots, flowers, or fruits with seeds. The group includes 27,000 species.
• These plants have all parts except flowers and fruits. Their seeds ripen in cones - 7 letters. Answer: conifers. coniferous plants have roots, stems, leaves (needles), but do not have flowers and fruits. Instead of fruits, they have cones in which seeds ripen. The group includes 600 species. Examples of conifers: pine, thuja, larch, spruce.
• Plants of this group have roots, stems and leaves that look like large feathers. But they do not have flowers, fruits and seeds - 11 letters. Answer: ferns. ferns easily recognizable by the beautiful leaves that look like large feathers. In addition to leaves, ferns have roots and stems. They do not have flowers, fruits or seeds. The group includes 10,000 species.

2. In class, the teacher asked for examples of flowering plants. The children responded like this:

• Seryozha: narcissus, calendula, marigolds, willow, pine.
• Nadia: lily of the valley, aster, sunflower, pear, potato.
• Vitya: thuja, larch, fern, water lily, strawberry.
• Ira: seaweed, spruce, linden, coltsfoot, dandelion.

Which of the guys answered correctly? Who made one mistake, two mistakes, three mistakes?

Nadia has the correct answer, Serezha has one mistake, Ira has two mistakes, Vitya has three mistakes.

3. Identify these plants. Write the names of the plants and the groups they belong to.

Flowering	Flowering	Flowering	Flowering
Fern	mosses	Conifers	Conifers

4. Using the Green Pages book, prepare a report about one of the plant species of any group. Write down the names of the species, groups and brief information for your message.

Burdock, he is a burdock

Many plants: lilies of the valley, snow-white water lilies - disappear from the face of the earth, but not burdock.
Due to the fact that its fruit baskets are firmly attached to a person’s clothing and spread everywhere, the burdock grows everywhere.

If you arm yourself with a magnifying glass and carefully examine this plant, then inside the ball-basket there are small purple flowers, and outside there are special leaves. They end with spikes-thorns, thanks to which they are easily attached to humans and animals.

Page 54 – 55 – Our journey into the world of plants

On these pages, prepare a photo story about the amazing world of plants in your region or other places you have visited. In photographs and captions, try to convey your attitude to the world of plants.

Plants of the Urals

Blue cornflower is an annual plant. It occurs along the edges of forests, glades, roadsides, as a weed plant in vegetable gardens and fields of cereal crops.

Shrub up to 120 cm high. She is a close relative of lingonberries. Blueberries bloom in June-July, and bear fruit in August-September. Its fruits are very tasty. They are widely used for cooking various dishes.

- perennial herbaceous plant. In Russia, it grows everywhere (with the exception of the Far North): in glades, forest edges, among shrubs, in dry open grassy places, along hillsides. In Europe, it is called - oregano, it is a distant relative of mint, lemon balm, sage, basil and other herbs. Oregano is almost the most important spice for making the legendary Italian pizza and Greek salad.

Page 56 - 57 - Fertile land and plants in folk art

1. Color the patterns on the vintage towel. Define the images of the earth and plants. Decorate the second towel with ancient patterns typical of the arts and crafts of the peoples of your region.

Now we will offer several options for embroidery on vintage towels. But first of all, we note that mainly white and red colors were used for embroidery. This is due to the fact that there were simply no other dyes.

At the same time, the following rules were used for old Russian embroidery.

• The earth was displayed at the bottom of the towel, while black colors were allowed. As a reflection of the Earth, geometric figures were used: squares, rhombuses.
• Plants were embroidered on the top of the towel, usually an image of flowers, leaves. Picture allowed
  ears in the middle of the towel.

2. Draw an illustration for the fairy tale of the peoples of your region, in which the plant plays an important role in the development of the action.

Before completing this task, let's recall fairy tales in which the plant plays an important role in the development of the action.

• First of all, the Russian-folk tale "Turnip" comes to mind.
• Russian folk tale "Rejuvenating apples".
• Russian folk tale "Tops and Roots".
• Russian folk tale "Spikelet".
• Russian folk tale "Golden Ears".
• "Toad and Rose" Vsevolod Garshin.
• "The Scarlet Flower" by Sergei Aksakov.
• "Flower-seven-flower" Valentina Kataev.
• "Unknown Flower" by Andrey Platonov.
• "Twelve Months" by Samuil Marshak.

And now we will give some drawings to the named fairy tales.

3. Pick up and write down the riddles and proverbs of the peoples of your region about the land-nurse and plants.

Proverbs and sayings about the land-nurse and plants The plant is an ornament of the earth. The earth loves care. Who cherishes the earth, the earth pities. Fertilize the land more - the harvest will be higher. In the land of crumbs, from the land of cakes. The deeper the seed is buried, the better it will be born. Grass without clover is like porridge without butter.

And now the riddles

Riddles about the land-nurse and plants It breathes and grows, but cannot walk. (Answer: plant) *** Hey, blue bells! With a tongue, but no ringing! (Answer: flowers are bells) *** Head on a leg, peas in the head. (Answer: poppy) *** Sisters are standing around: Yellow eyes, white cilia. (Answer: daisies) *** The whole world feeds. (Answer: earth)

Page 58 – 59 – Animal world

1. Write the names of the groups of animals listed. Use reference words if necessary.

Frog, toad, newt is amphibians. Earthworm, beer is worms. Snail, slug, octopus, squid is shellfish. Crayfish, crab, shrimp is crustaceans. Starfish, sea urchin, sea lily is echinoderms. Spider, scorpion, haymaker - this is arachnids. Lizard, snake, crocodile, turtle is reptiles.

2. Identify the animals. Write the names of the animals and the groups they belong to. Use reference words as needed.

		Already

Page 80 - 81 - How to preserve the wealth of nature

1. Using the text of the textbook, fill in the right column of the table.

The negative impact of man on nature	Measures for the protection of nature
Poisonous emissions from industrial enterprises and cars into the air	Construction of installations that trap harmful substances. Creating cars that pollute less (running partly on gasoline and partly on electricity).
Ingress of domestic wastewater, waste from industrial enterprises, farms into the water	Construction of a treatment plant in which polluted water will pass through various filters. In addition, at the treatment facilities it is worth using invisible bacteria that neutralize toxic substances.
Losses of minerals during extraction, transportation, processing	Carefully and economically use minerals in their extraction, transportation and processing.
Destruction of plants that protect the soil	Plants strengthen the soil with their roots, so to preserve soil is important to protect and plant plants.
Collection of rare plants by the population	Protect rare plants by constructing nature reserves, national parks and botanical gardens.
Excessive hunting of animals, poaching	Prohibit and restrict the hunting of rare animals. Guard animals, constructing nature reserves and national parks. Also help animal protection zoos.

2. Think up and draw symbols showing the protection of natural communities

c) a reservoir

Discuss the symbols suggested by other groups. Choose the most successful ones.

Tell by conventional signs about the protection of natural communities.

Page 82 - 83 - Nature protection in the culture of the peoples of Russia and the world

1. Write down (optional) proverbs, legends, fairy tales of the peoples of your land, which say that it is necessary to love and protect nature.

Proverbs that say that it is necessary to love and protect nature- Fire is the king, water is the queen, earth is mother, heaven is the father, wind is the master, rain is the breadwinner. Whoever cherishes the earth, she pities. - Feed the earth - it will feed you. - Love nature - she will respond with kindness! - To break a tree - a second, and to grow - years. - Take care of your dear land, like a beloved mother.

2. Imagine yourself as the main environmentally friendly settlement. Draw in a box a diagram of your imaginary farm, where for heating, lighting, for various types of activities, the power of water, wind, heat of the sun, waste and garbage processing are used, areas intended for felling are replanted with trees. Use the experience of the peoples of your region, which has been preserved in rural and dacha settlements, in books about the ancient and modern culture of the peoples of Russia and the world.

Page 84 - Wonderful Journey

Visit (optionally) a local history or zoological museum, a batanical garden, a zoo, a natural or historical and cultural reserve in your region. Paste the most interesting photo of your trip.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most famous symbols of mankind, many of which you will probably be able to decipher without our tips.

Yin Yang

Black and white "fish" intertwined in a circle is one of the most popular symbols. There are many interpretations of it, but each of them is true in its own way. The black half embodies the dark, earthy, northern or feminine, and the white half embodies the opposite.

We know this symbol from Taoist philosophy, but in fact the harmony of dark and light came from Buddhist culture. Yin-Yang has become the personification of Eastern teachings and Chinese medicine.

The most common interpretation is the balance, harmony between the feminine and masculine, good and evil.

Magen David (Star of David)

Although today we perceive this symbol as exclusively Jewish, it appeared in India around the Bronze Age. Then he meant Anahata - the chakra that reveals all that is beautiful and is responsible for love.

By the way, even today this symbol is found in different cultures. For example, in Islam, the same six-pointed stars are depicted on the bedspread that covers the main shrine in Mecca.

They began to associate the Star of David with the Jews already in the Middle Ages, although at that time this symbol could more often be found in Arabic treatises.

Since this symbol was depicted on the family coat of arms of King David who lived in Iran, the star was called Magen David. It was also used by Heinrich Heine, who signed his articles in this way. The Rothschild family also included this sign in their coat of arms. Subsequently, Magen David became a symbol of the Zionists.

Caduceus

This is one of the oldest symbols that was used in the ritual ceremonies of ancient Egypt. By the way, its meaning is interpreted differently depending on the application. In ancient Rome, this sign was a symbol of immunity, in occultism - a sign of secret knowledge and the key to it. But in the United States in the century before last, the caduceus was distributed as a medical emblem.

But the most common meaning of the caduceus is its interpretation as a symbol of trade, wealth and prosperity. A torch with curly snakes is found on the emblem of the chamber of commerce, customs or tax service, courts and even some cities.
The torch is interpreted as the axis of life, and intertwined snakes symbolize movement, the struggle between good and evil, the unity of God and man, as well as many other phenomena and concepts.

chrism

This symbol is one of the most iconic symbols of Christians. He is known as the monogram of Christ, that is, chrism is the interweaving of the first two letters of his name. Although chrism is one of the symbols that were traditionally depicted on the banners of the Roman Empire.

There is an interpretation according to which this is an ancient symbol of the sun in some religions. That is why many Christian movements do not recognize this sign.

Ohm

An ancient sacred symbol for Hindus, which means the divine triad. He personifies Creation, Maintenance and Destruction, being the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.

The mantra "Om" is a mantra of strength, mind and eternity. This is one of the symbols that has become popular in pop culture and cinema.

Chalice of Hygieia

Who has not seen this sign that has become a symbol of medicine? This emblem came to us from Ancient Greece, where it meant the struggle for health and strength. For the first time, doctors used it back in the days of the Roman conquests, and later this sign became a generally accepted symbol of medicine. Although the emblem of the WHO is slightly different - it is a snake wrapped around a staff. But we still know that an asp with a bowl means a medical preparation or an institution.

Ichthys

The graphic silhouette of a fish with an inscribed abbreviation in Greek "Jesus Christ - the Son of God" was used by the first Christians during the period of persecution. Fish is a symbol of Christianity, the apostles and religious teachings.

Today, the abbreviation itself is more common, although these crossed "crescents" can be found on ancient places of worship.

Rose of Wind

The wind rose is a symbol-amulet for sailors. They believed that this sign would help them return home and not go astray. But in some occult teachings there is a similar symbolism that personifies the angelic essence.

Wheel with 8 spokes

In different religions and religious rites, this symbol meant different things. But the most common interpretation is the sun, movement in a circle, fate, fortune.

In everyday life, the expression "Wheel of Fortune" is firmly entrenched. It came from this symbol.

Ouroboros

The serpent devouring its own tail represents the cycle of life and death. But with the advent of Christianity, where the serpent is the personification of evil, the ouroboros became a symbol of the struggle between good and evil.

Hammer and sickle

A relatively "young" symbol that came into the world with the communist movement. It was coined in 1918 and meant the peasantry (sickle) and the working class (hammer). Today it is perceived as a symbol of communism.

fleur-de-lis

Sign of royalty. It was especially widespread in France, although initially the flower was interpreted as a symbol of purity and innocence. In the Renaissance, this sign symbolized mercy and compassion. Many consider the fleur-de-lis to be a stylized iris flower.

Crescent

Initially, the crescent was the personification of the night deity. In some images from Ancient Egypt, we can see the headdresses with a crescent moon on the gods. But today it is the most established symbol of Islam. The crescent is also found in Christianity, where it symbolizes the Virgin Mary and Paradise.

double headed eagle

In ancient Sumer, the double-headed eagle was a solar symbol representing the sun and light. During the formation of the first states, the double-headed eagle became one of the most common symbols of empires. The symbol gained popularity as the coat of arms of the Roman Empire, the Paleolog dynasty (Byzantium) and the Golden Horde. Today it can often be found in the coats of arms of many states.

Pentacle

Since ancient times, it has been a symbol of protection. Appeared long before the emergence of world religions. But each of them found its own interpretation of the pentagram. For example, in Christianity it is a symbol of the five wounds on the body of Christ. But more the sign is known as Solomon's seal.

The pentagram is found in different meanings. It is used both as an occult symbol and as a religious one. The inverted pentagram is interpreted as a symbol of evil.

Swastika

Today, this symbol is associated with evil and fascism, having completely lost its original meaning. Moreover, in some countries this symbolism is prohibited by law.

But the history of the swastika begins 10 thousand years ago. Initially, it was interpreted as a wish for good luck and prosperity. In pre-Columbian America, the swastika meant the sun, life, movement.

All-seeing eye

A sign of truth, teaching and patronage. Found in ancient Egypt and in the modern world. For example, it can be seen on US currency banknotes. Usually used in conjunction with a triangle or pyramid symbol. The sign is found both in religious and occult movements, and in the symbolism of Masons.

Cross

Initially, the cross symbolized life and the sun. It was used by the priests of Ancient Egypt, India and other ancient civilizations.

With the advent of Christianity, the cross changed its meaning somewhat, becoming a symbol of death and resurrection. Today it is the most common sign of Christianity.

Pacific

One of the most common symbols that was invented as an emblem of the movement for nuclear disarmament. But gradually its original meaning was transformed into universal reconciliation and the renunciation of the use of military force. Now this sign is an international symbol of peace.

Olympic rings

The most famous sports symbol. It has several interpretations: five rings - five continents, five rings as five skills that each competitor must master. There is another meaning in which five colors mean five elements surrounding a person.

Compasses and square

A symbol that has always been attributed only to the Masonic lodge. But its interpretation is quite diverse. The compass means the sky, and the square means the earth, symbolizing the unity of the spiritual and the earthly. Often in the resulting rhombus the letter G is depicted, which is interpreted as the soul of a person.

Smile

The most popular Internet symbol that has only one meaning is have a happy day. Initially, the smiley was the emblem of an advertising campaign, but very soon the sign joined any message that they want to give goodwill.

dollar sign

This sign denotes not only the American currency, but also any other that has the name "dollar". But the origin of this symbol remains a mystery. There is an interpretation that the dollar is an abbreviation for the peso currency, because initially the Spaniards dominated the continent. According to another version, this is a graphic designation of the path and the pillars of Hercules.

Mars and Venus signs

This symbol appeared in Antiquity. A circle with a stripe down means Venus, who admires her beauty in the mirror. A circle with an arrow up means the strength and courage of martial Mars.

Have you ever wondered how many symbols you encounter every day? The purpose of any symbol is to convey meaning while saving space. But do we really know the true meanings of all those symbols that we use?

23 PHOTOS

1. Symbol of infinity.

The mathematical meaning of infinity dates back to 1655, when the English mathematician John Wallis first used it in his work De Sectionibus Conicis. Wallis did not explain his choice of this symbol, but it is thought to be a variant form of the Roman number CIƆ, which was sometimes used to represent plurality.

2. OK.

In the US, the OK gesture is used to indicate that something or someone is okay. However, in some European countries it is an offensive gesture, which means that the person it is directed to is "null". In the countries of the Mediterranean and South America, the sign actually symbolizes the anus.

3. Pacific.

The combination of the circle, the vertical line and the descending lines stands for the Pacific or peace symbol, designed by peacemaker Gerald Herbert Holt on February 21, 1958 as the logo of the direct action committee against nuclear war. The symbol was quickly adopted by the hippie community in the 1960s, which made it popular all over the world.

4. Smiley.

Probably the most massive character in emails. The smiley was created in the early 1970s. The simplest, most childlike image of a happy face is inscribed in an ideal circle: two vertical, oval eyes and a large, upturned, semicircular mouth. The choice of yellow as the backdrop was set apart by the sun and represents a radiant, unclouded happiness.

5. Male symbol.

The male symbol is known as the symbol of Mars. The image of a circle with an arrow coming out of it, pointing to the angle in the upper right corner, the symbol of Mars is an image of the shield and spear of the Roman god of war - Mars. It is also the symbol of the planet Mars, sometimes referred to as the "fire planet" or the "planet of war".

6. Female symbol.

The female symbol is the astrological symbol of the planet Venus. It is also used to represent the female gender. The circle reminds us of the inclusive nature of our universe. It also represents the womb of a woman. The cross (added in the 16th century) under the circle indicates that all matter is born from the womb.

7. Recycling symbol.

This iconic symbol originated on the very first Earth Day in April 1970. At the time, Container Corporation of America was sponsoring a nationwide competition for environmental and design students to create a symbol that represented recycling. Student Gary Dean Anderson won the competition with his three arrows, representing the Earth's finite resources and the need to preserve and renew them for future generations. The arrows are green because it is the color of nature.

8. Skull and bones.

This notorious symbol, consisting of a human skull and two bones stacked underneath, originated in the medieval era when it was used to represent death. It was later adopted by the pirates, who put this symbol on their flags. Today, it is used as a warning label on containers of poisonous or dangerous substances.

9. Heart symbol.

Today, the heart symbol symbolizes love, emotions, and romance, but in the past, it had a completely different meaning. For example, in ancient Greece, the shape of the heart was the symbol for silphium, a plant that the ancient Greeks used to flavor food, as a medicine, and also as a birth control.

10. Symbol of radiation.

The symbol is used to identify radioactive sources, containers for radioactive materials, and areas where radioactive materials are stored. The symbol was created in 1946.

11. Victoria.

The gesture has different meanings, depending on the cultural context. It can represent both peace, victory, success or approval, but also contempt and defiance.

12. Swastika.

In the modern world, the swastika is now synonymous with fascism because it was the symbol used by Nazi Germany. However, the swastika has actually been known for thousands of years and its original meaning was a symbol of good luck. For example, in the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, the swastika means "well-being." The symbol has been used for thousands of years by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains and was considered a purely Indian sign. Whether this ancient sign will be able to get rid of modern associations is a big question.

13. Crescent.

Although the crescent is a very common symbol in Islamic iconography, it is not actually Islamic in origin. The symbol has been used in Christian art for many centuries.

14. Checkmark.

A check mark is used to indicate that something is correct, checked, or completed. Today, the check mark is widely used in many parts of the world, but its origins are believed to date back to the Roman era. Then "V" was used to shorten the word "veritas", which means "true" - the truth.

15. Bluetooth symbol.

The Bluetooth symbol is associated with the ancient Danish ruler Harald Blathand, who was nicknamed "the blue tooth" for his love of blueberries. The symbol representing Bluetooth technology is a combination of two Scandinavian runes: "Hagall" (analogue of the Latin "H") and "Bjarkan" (the equivalent of the Latin "B"), which form the initials of the king's name.

16. Power symbol.

The famous power on/off symbol is the result of a logical evolution in user interface design. Initially, most of the early power controls were switches between "On" and "Off". These abbreviations were then replaced with the numbers 1 and 0. To create the power button symbol, the symbols "1" and "0" were superimposed on top of each other.

17. Pink ribbon.

The pink ribbon has been the international symbol of breast cancer awareness since 1979. The pink ribbon represents the health, vitality and empowerment of women.

18. Symbol of availability.

With a blue square and a stylized image of a person using a wheelchair, the symbol of accessibility has become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. The symbol was designed by Danish design student Suzanne Kefoed in 1968.

19. Exit sign.

Another easily recognizable international symbol is the exit sign, which indicates the location of the nearest emergency exit in the event of a fire or other emergency. The symbol was designed in the late 1970s by a Japanese designer named Yukio Ota and adopted for international use in 1985. Green represents safety, and like traffic lights, it says go.

A trademark symbol indicates that the previous word or symbol is a registered trademark.

21. Hammer and sickle.

The hammer and sickle was one of the most recognizable symbols of Soviet power. The hammer and sickle signify the workers' and peasants' union: the hammer is the traditional symbol of the proletariat, and the sickle is the traditional symbol for the peasantry. However, in European religious symbolism, the hammer is also associated with aggressive male power, and the sickle with death.

22. Staff of Asclepius.

The Staff of Asclepius is a symbol associated with medicine and healthcare. The son of the god Apollo and the princess Koronis, Asclepius was the Greek demigod of medicine. According to mythology, he could heal the sick and bring the dead back to life. The staff of Asclepius is wrapped in a snake because the ancient Greeks viewed snakes as sacred animals and used them in healing rituals.

23. Maltese cross.

The Maltese Cross is the symbol most commonly associated with the Knights of Malta who ruled the Maltese Islands between 1530 and 1798. Its eight angles signify the eight obligations of knights, namely "to live in truth, to have faith, to repent of one's sins, to show humility, to love justice, to be merciful, to be sincere, to endure persecution."

Municipal budgetary educational institution

“Secondary school No. 3 p.g.t. Kukmor"

"The world around us"

(Glossary for 3rd grade students

according to the textbook by A.A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us")

Compiled by: Gatina Gulnaz Rashitovna,

primary school teacher

IIqualification category

Kukmor, 2011

From the compiler

The proposed manual is a collection of terms studied by students of grade 3 in the course "The World Around Us". It can be used both in class and when preparing homework. All terms are divided into thematic sections, the terms are arranged in alphabetical order, which makes it easier for students to work.

This manual can be used by teachers to compile tests, test papers, crossword puzzles.

Section 1. How the world works.

bacteria Microorganisms, predominantly unicellular.

Biology - a set of sciences about wildlife, about the laws of organic life.

Imagination - the ability to imagine, think creatively, fantasize, mental representation.

Perception - a form of sensory reflection of reality in consciousness, the ability to detect, accept, distinguish and assimilate the phenomena of the external world and form their image.

Coat of arms - the emblem of the state, city, clan, depicted on flags, coins, seals, state and other documents.

State - the main political organization of a society that manages it, protects the economic and social structure, it has its own territory, state borders, capital, state language

Reserve These are plots of land where all nature is inviolable.

Microscope - a magnifying device for viewing objects that are indistinguishable with the naked eye.

Thinking - the highest stage of cognition - the process of reflecting objective reality in representations, judgments, concepts.

People - the population of the state, the inhabitants of the country.

national park - a territory where human activity is limited for the purpose of environmental protection.

Society is a collection of people united by historically conditioned forms of joint life and activity.

Environment - this is everything that surrounds us, the places where we live, work, relax.

organism - a living whole that has a set of properties that distinguish it from inanimate matter.

Memory - the ability to preserve and reproduce in the mind previous impressions, experience, as well as the very stock of impressions and experience stored in the mind.

Psyche - a set of sensations, ideas, feelings, thoughts as a reflection in the mind of objective reality; human mentality.

Psychology - a science that studies the processes and patterns of mental activity.

Family - a group of close relatives living together.

Flag - a panel of a certain color or several colors attached to a shaft or cord, one of the emblems of the state.

kingdoms - one of the four higher spheres of the organic world - the kingdom of animals, the kingdom of fungi, the kingdom of plants, the kingdom of pellets ("shotguns" is the common name for bacteria and blue-green algae)

Human - a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, the ability to create tools and use them in the labor process.

Ecology - the science of the relationship of living systems of various levels with the environment, the interaction of man with nature.

Section 2. This amazing nature

Atmosphere - a layer of air that surrounds us and our planet, which protects the earth from excess heat and cold, from excessive solar radiation.

Botany - plant science, one of the branches of biology.

Substance - this is what bodies are made of, there are solid, liquid and gaseous.

Air - a mixture of many gases, mainly nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21% and carbon dioxide - 1%.

Mycelium - the vegetative body of the fungus. The underground part of the fungus, in the form of thin threads.

plant breath - absorption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.

Zoology - the science of animals, one of the branches of biology.

Acid is a chemical compound containing a hydrogen atom.

Condensation - the process of changing from a gaseous state to a liquid state.

Starch - carbohydrate that accumulates in cells in the form of grains.

The water cycle in nature - water evaporates from the surface of the earth, forms clouds and returns to the earth in the form of rain and snow.

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Insect pollinators are insects that pollinate flowers.

Nectar - sweet flower juice.

Pollination - the transfer of pollen from the stamen of the flower to the stigma of the pistil, where fertilization occurs.

consumer organisms - so environmental scientists call animals, as they consume substances produced by plants.

Producer organisms - this is how environmental scientists call plants, since they are able to use the energy of the Sun, create, produce nutrients from carbon dioxide, water and inorganic compounds.

Destructive organisms - These are bacteria and fungi that destroy the remains of dead animals and plants.

Humus - part of the soil, which is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals under the action of microbes.

plant nutrition - absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.

The soil is the top fertile layer of the earth.

Nature - this is everything that surrounds us and exists independently of a person.

Pollen - small yellow grains in flowers.

Sugar is a white crystalline sweet nutrient derived from sugar beet or sugar cane.

Air properties a: transparent, colorless, odorless, expands when heated, contracts when cooled, conducts heat poorly.

Salt - a white crystalline substance with a pungent taste, soluble in water.

Body - all objects surrounding us are natural (bodies of nature) and artificial (made by nature).

Chemistry - a science that studies the composition, structure and properties of substances and their transformations.

Particle - the smallest and simplest part of physical matter; These are molecules and atoms.

soil erosion - the process of erosion of the soil by water, blowing it with the wind.

Section 3. We and our health

Allergy is a special sensitivity to certain things.

Anatomy The science that studies the structure of the human body.

Respiratory system provides the body with oxygen and helps remove carbon dioxide from the body; it consists of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Vision - the ability to perceive the size, shape, color of objects and their location.

infectious diseases - diseases arising from infection with pathogenic bacteria or viruses.

Leather - the shell of our body, which evenly covers it, performs a protective function.

Smell The ability of a person to smell.

Musculoskeletal system - the skeleton and muscles, the main role of which is to provide support and movement of the body.

Human organism - a system of organs interconnected and forming a single whole.

Touch is the ability to feel touch.

Pigment - a dye that determines the color of the skin.

Digestive system provides the human body with nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins; it consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach

Hearing - the body's ability to perceive sound waves.

Physiology The science that studies the functioning of the human organs.

Section 4 Our Safety

Valve - a valve for regulating the output of liquid, steam or gas, shuts off the water in the apartment.

Dispatcher - an employee who regulates from one central point the course of work of an enterprise (fire department, emergency department, water supply, gas service).

Sidewalk, footpath These are designated walking paths.

Rules of conduct on fire

Fire - it's always a problem. However, not everyone knows the elementary rules of behavior in case of fire. And even familiar from childhood - “call 01” - is forgotten in a panic. Here are some of the simplest tips that will help you in a difficult situation. The main rule is never panic!

1. If the fire is small, you can try to immediately extinguish it, throw, for example, a thick cloth, blanket, or pour water on it.

2. If the fire does not go out immediately, leave the room immediately. And only after that call "01".

3. If it is not possible to leave the burning room, immediately inform the firefighters by phone "01" of the exact address and number of your apartment. After that, call for help from the window.

4. In a fire, smoke is much more dangerous than fire, so you need to be as low as possible to the floor of the room and crawl out.

5. In case of fire, it is strictly forbidden to use the elevator.

6. The basic rule in case of fire is not to panic. When meeting with firefighters, obey their instructions.

Improvised means for extinguishing a fire

The most common fire extinguishing agent is water. Its fire-extinguishing properties are mainly in the ability to cool a burning object. Being fed to the combustion center from above, the non-evaporated part of the water wets and cools the surface of the burning object and, flowing down, makes it difficult for the remaining parts not covered by fire to ignite.

Sand and earth are also used in fire fighting, especially when flammable liquid ignites. Sand and earth thrown with a shovel (use shovels, metal and wooden scoops, you can use a piece of sheet steel, plywood, a baking sheet, a frying pan, a ladle) knock down the flame and isolate it from air access. The release of combustible vapors stops if the surface of the burning liquid is covered with sand or earth to such an extent that a dry, unimpregnated layer is formed.

Extinguishing with water already burning flammable and combustible liquids (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) in a residential building, garage, pantry is not recommended. These liquids are lighter than water, therefore, floating on its surface, they continue to burn and increase the burning area when the water spreads. To extinguish a fire in such a situation, fire extinguishers, sand, earth are used, dense fabrics moistened with water can be used.

When extinguishing a burning surface of a liquid spilled on the floor, it is necessary to extinguish all burning or smoldering surrounding objects, since any spark left in a place inaccessible to observation can ignite the vapors of the burning liquid, and the fire will resume again.

Having discovered that the electrical networks caught fire, it is necessary to immediately de-energize the electrical wiring. Turning off the current, you should begin to extinguish the fire, using fire extinguishers, water, sand. Until the current is turned off, the burning wire insulation can be extinguished with dry sand, throwing it with a shovel or shovel.

GAS LEAK ACCIDENTS

Many natural gases are sources of danger to humans. However, the most dangerous are methane (city main gas) and liquefied petroleum gas (in cylinders) used in everyday life. When leaking, they cause suffocation, poisoning and can lead to an explosion, so you need to know and strictly follow the rules for using gas appliances, columns, stoves and caring for them.

HOW TO PROCEED IN THE EVENT OF MAINS GAS LEAKAGE

If you smell gas in the room, immediately shut off its supply to the stove. At the same time, do not smoke, do not light matches, do not turn on the lights and electrical appliances (it is best to de-energize the entire apartment by turning off the power supply at the switchboard) so that the spark cannot ignite the gas accumulated in the apartment and cause an explosion.

Thoroughly ventilate the entire apartment, not just the gassed room, by opening all doors and windows. Leave the room and do not enter it until the smell of gas disappears.

If people around you show signs of gas poisoning, take them to fresh air and lay them down so that their head is higher than their legs. Call an ambulance.

If the smell of gas persists, call the emergency gas service (tel. 04), available 24 hours a day.

www.novsu.ru/file/116073

Actions in case of damage to the water supply, heating system, sewerage

In the case when the apartment is flooded with water, immediately inform the dispatching services. Service phone numbers must be booked in advance.

Notify neighbors of the incident

Try to use the containers you have to collect water.

Try to find the place and sources of the accident, and, in the absence of a threat to your life, isolate them by performing temporary repairs: apply a bandage, seal or clamp the gap, etc.

Arrange for children and the elderly to leave the premises, remove the sick if they cannot move

Remove carpets and other moisture-absorbing materials from floors

Prepare passages to the accident area for the rapid movement of emergency workers, indicate to them the exact location and source of the incident

Remember, the sooner you report an emergency to the appropriate emergency services, the less likely it will be.

Actions for pet and snake bites

A person can be bitten by domestic and wild animals, insects, reptiles, fish.

In order to avoid dog bites, the following rules must be observed:

Do not approach a dog that does not have a muzzle;

Do not disturb the dog during meals and sleep;

Do not touch someone else's dog, do not try to pick it up, do not feed it;

Do not approach the dog from behind, do not touch it unexpectedly;

Do not approach a dog that is on a leash (chain);

Do not approach the enclosure in which the dog is located, do not put your hand in it;

Hold on with the unexpected appearance of the dog confidently, without fear. If you are afraid of a dog, he will attack you. If you are not afraid of her, she will only growl and bare her teeth;

Do not show active and aggressive actions in relation to the owner of the dog;

Never run away from a dog;

Do not swing at the dog with your hand, stick, other object, do not tease the dog;

Do not approach the dog during preparation or immediately after mating;

Do not touch puppies;

Give way to the dog and its owner in a narrow corridor, aisle, elevator;

Do not look directly into the dog's eyes, do not smile, do not show your teeth.

If it was not possible to avoid the attack of the dog, it is necessary:

Throw an object (thing) towards the dog, this will distract it for a while;

Use gas canister;

Protect your throat, face, neck;

Use improvised means for protection: a stick, an umbrella, a briefcase. Blows should be applied to the head, upper jaw, nose, groin. Before the jump, the dog crouches, at this moment you need to press your chin to your chest, protect your throat, put your hands forward;

Hold the dog by the neck, hair and immobilize (tie) it;

Climb a tree or hide in a shelter; in the yard, behind the fence, in the house, in the car;

Try to stop the dog with a loud command "Fu", "Sit", "Lie down", "No";

Shout to attract the attention of passers-by, the police;

Grab the dog and throw it into the water, hit the ground or a tree, a pole;

Drive the dog into the yard or room.

To minimize the possibility of being bitten by a venomous snake, you must:

Do not try to catch the snake, press it to the ground. This applies to adults as well as to newly hatched cubs - they are equally poisonous;

Let the snake crawl away, don't kill it;

Move in the daytime, avoid dense thickets, tall grass, overhanging branches;

Carefully inspect the route;

Carefully study the place of the upcoming overnight stay, parking;

Use rubber shoes, boots, boots;

Do not walk barefoot in snake habitats;

Constantly watch the actions of the snake, do not make sudden movements, do not provoke the snake to attack;

Avoid movement at dusk or at night;

Use thick clothing, a long stick for reconnaissance of the path and protection from snakes;

After sleep, shake off bedding and clothes;

Use mustard to repel snakes;

In snake-hazardous places, it is necessary to have an antidote serum, a syringe, be able to use it, know the dosage;

Know how to provide first aid to an injured person;

Know the characteristic habitats of snakes, their habits;

Know and strictly follow the rules of conduct in dangerous places.

If the thermometer is broken

If the thermometer crashed:

Take people to another room, open a window for ventilation. Collect balls of mercury (you can use a damp paper towel, crumb of bread) and drop them into a glass jar of water. Never use a vacuum cleaner! The jar must be tightly closed with a lid, and the materials at hand that were used to collect mercury should be tightly packed in a plastic bag. Then it is necessary to carry out a wet cleaning of the room in which the thermometer crashed. For processing, we use a soap-soda solution (400 grams of laundry soap and half a kilogram of soda ash or baking soda per 10 liters of water). After wet cleaning, it is necessary to ventilate this room for two to three days.

The collected mercury must be taken to the nearest fire department, where the reception of mercury and mercury-containing devices from the population is organized.

Section 5. What economics teaches

Obverse - the side of the coin on which the coat of arms is depicted.

Bank interest - the payment that the debtor makes for lending money to him.

Barter direct exchange of one commodity for another.

Budget - a table that takes into account and compares cash income and expenses for a certain period of time.

edge - the edge of a coin.

Money is a special commodity that can be exchanged for any other goods and services.

Budget deficit - Lack of money due to too much spending.

Income - money that falls into the budget.

animal husbandry is the raising of domestic animals for food and materials for industry.

Capital - property, thanks to which new goods are produced; anything that can generate income.

Purchase and sale is an exchange in which money is involved.

Legend - the inscription on the coin.

taxes - involuntary contributions of the population of the country.

Tax office - a special state body that monitors the correctness of the calculation and payment of taxes.

Taxpayers those who pay taxes.

Industry is an integral part of the economy.

Needs - everything that a person, family, people, enterprise, state, society needs, what they need for their existence and activity.

Profit - a positive difference between the income from the production and sale of goods and the costs of their production and the sale itself.

Industry is divided into industries, including mining, food, chemical, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, light industry, electric power industry.

crop production - the part of agriculture that deals with the cultivation of crops.

Consumption - money that is spent from the budget.

Reverse - the side on which the denomination of the coin is indicated, that is, its dignity.

Saving - part of the money set aside for the future.

Goods - these are things, objects with the help of which people satisfy their needs.

Three pillars of the economy natural resources, labor, capital.

Losses - the negative difference between the income from the production and sale of goods and the costs of their production and the sale itself.

Services is the work that people do to satisfy the needs of other people.

Price - the cost of one thing, an object.

Economy Distance learning for teachers according to the Federal State Educational Standard at low prices