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What did Saltykov Shchedrin write a list of works. Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Saltykov-Shchedrin (pseudonym - N. Shchedrin) Mikhail Evgrafovich (1826 - 1889), prose writer.

Born on January 15 (27 n.s.) in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in the father's family estate in "... the years ... of the very height of serfdom", in one of the back corners of Poshekhonye. Observations of this life will later be reflected in the books of the writer.

Having received a good education at home, Saltykov at the age of 10 was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, where he spent two years, then in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here he began to write poetry, having been greatly influenced by the articles of Belinsky and Herzen, the works of Gogol.

In 1844, after graduating from the Lyceum, he served as an official in the Office of the War Ministry. "... Duty is everywhere, coercion is everywhere, boredom and lies are everywhere..." - this is how he characterized bureaucratic Petersburg. Another life attracted Saltykov more: communication with writers, visiting Petrashevsky's "Fridays", where philosophers, scientists, writers, military men gathered, united by anti-serfdom sentiments, the search for the ideals of a just society.

Saltykov's first novels "Contradictions" (1847), "A Tangled Case" (1848) attracted the attention of the authorities, frightened by the French Revolution of 1848, with their acute social problems. The writer was exiled to Vyatka for "... a harmful way of thinking and a destructive desire to spread ideas that have already shaken the whole of Western Europe...". For eight years he lived in Vyatka, where in 1850 he was appointed to the post of adviser to the provincial government. This made it possible to often go on business trips and observe the bureaucratic world and peasant life. The impressions of these years will have an impact on the satirical direction of the writer's work.

At the end of 1855, after the death of Nicholas I, having received the right to "live where he wants", he returned to St. Petersburg and resumed his literary work. In 1856 - 1857, "Provincial Essays" were written, published on behalf of the "court councilor N. Shchedrin", who became known to all reading Russia, who called him Gogol's heir.

At this time, he married the 17-year-old daughter of the Vyatka vice-governor, E. Boltina. Saltykov sought to combine the work of a writer with public service. In 1856 - 1858 he was an official for special assignments in the Ministry of the Interior, where work was concentrated on the preparation of the peasant reform.

In 1858 - 1862 he served as vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver. He always tried to surround himself at his place of service with honest, young and educated people, dismissing bribe-takers and thieves.

During these years, short stories and essays appeared ("Innocent Stories", 1857㬻 "Satires in Prose", 1859 - 62), as well as articles on the peasant question.

In 1862, the writer retired, moved to St. Petersburg and, at the invitation of Nekrasov, joined the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine, which at that time was experiencing enormous difficulties (Dobrolyubov died, Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress). Saltykov took on an enormous amount of writing and editorial work. But he paid most of his attention to the monthly review "Our Public Life", which became a monument to Russian journalism of the 1860s.

In 1864 Saltykov left the editorial office of Sovremennik. The reason was intra-journal disagreements on the tactics of social struggle in the new conditions. He returned to public service.

In 1865 - 1868 he headed the State Chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan; observations of the life of these cities formed the basis of "Letters on the Province" (1869). The frequent change of duty stations is explained by conflicts with the heads of the provinces, over whom the writer "laughed" in grotesque pamphlets. After a complaint from the Ryazan governor, Saltykov was dismissed in 1868 with the rank of real councilor of state. He moved to St. Petersburg, accepted the invitation of N. Nekrasov to become co-editor of the journal "Domestic Notes", where he worked in 1868 - 1884. Saltykov now completely switched to literary activity. In 1869, he wrote "The History of a City" - the pinnacle of his satirical art.

In 1875 - 1876 he was treated abroad, visited the countries of Western Europe in different years of his life. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola.

In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire culminated in its rage and grotesque: A Modern Idyll (1877-83); "Lord Golovlevs" (1880); "Poshekhon stories" (1883㭐).

In 1884, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski was closed, after which Saltykov was forced to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In the last years of his life, the writer created his masterpieces: "Tales" (1882 - 86); "Little Things in Life" (1886 - 87); autobiographical novel "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1887 - 89).

A few days before his death, he wrote the first pages of a new work "Forgotten Words", where he wanted to remind the "variegated people" of the 1880s about the words they had lost: "conscience, fatherland, humanity ... others are still there ...".

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin is a Russian writer, journalist, publicist and public figure. Born in 1826 on January 27 in the Tver province, a descendant of an old noble family. He excelled in his studies at the noble institute, thanks to which in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. At the age of 22 he was exiled to Vyatka, where he worked for the next 8 years in low positions in the government of the province.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Mikhail Saltykov joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs and also continued to write. After retiring, he moved to St. Petersburg and began to work as an editor in the Sovremennik magazine. In the future, he returned to public service, and was also a member of the editorial board of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. The ban on this publication in 1884 greatly affected the writer's health, which was reflected in various works. He died on April 28, 1889 and was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery according to his own last will next to I.S. Turgenev.

Creative stages of life

Mikhail Saltykov graduated from the Lyceum in the second category. Among the standard lyceum "sins" like smoking, rudeness and careless appearance, he was also credited with writing disapproving poems. However, the poems of the future writer turned out to be weak, and he himself understood this, so he quickly abandoned poetic activity.

According to the debut work of Saltykov-Shchedrin "Contradictions", it is noticeable that the young prose writer was greatly influenced by the novels of George Sand and French socialism. “Contradictions” and “A Tangled Case” aroused indignation among the authorities, and Mikhail Evgrafovich was exiled to Vyatka. During this period of his life, he practically did not engage in literature. It turned out to return to her in 1855, when, after the death of Nicholas I, the young official was allowed to leave the place of exile. "Provincial Essays", published in the "Russian Bulletin", made Shchedrin a well-known and revered author in a wide circle of readers.

Being the vice-governor of Tver and Ryazan, the writer did not stop writing for many magazines, although readers found most of his works in Sovremennik. From the works of 1858-1862, the collections "Satires in Prose" and "Innocent Stories" were formed, each published three times. During his service as the manager of the state chamber of Penza, Tula and Ryazan (1864-1867), Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov published only once with the article “Testament to my children”.

In 1868, the publicist completely left the civil service and, at the personal request of Nikolai Nekrasov, became one of the key employees of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. Ten years later he became editor-in-chief. Until 1884, when Otechestvennye Zapiski were banned, Saltykov-Shchedrin devoted himself entirely to working on them, publishing almost two dozen collections. During this period, one of the author's best and most popular works, The History of a City, was published.

Having lost his most beloved publication, Mikhail Evgrafovich published in Vestnik Evropy, which included the most grotesque collections: Poshekhon Antiquity, Tales, and Little Things in Life.

The main motives of creativity

Saltykov-Shchedrin became a popularizer of the socio-satiric fairy tale. He exposed in his stories and stories human vices, relations between power and people, bureaucratic crime and tyranny, as well as landlord cruelty. The novel "Lord Golovlyovs" depicts the physical and spiritual decay of the nobility of the late 19th century.

After the closure of Otechestvennye Zapiski, Saltykov-Shchedrin directed his writing talent to the Russian government, creating exclusively grotesque works. A distinctive feature of the author's style is the depiction of the vices of the bureaucratic and power apparatus not from the outside, but through the eyes of a person who enters this environment.

Saltykov-Shchedrin (pseudonym - N. Shchedrin) Mikhail Evgrafovich- Russian satirist.

Born in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in the father's family estate in "... the years ... of the very height of serfdom", in one of the back corners of Poshekhonye. Observations of this life will later be reflected in the books of the writer.

During these years, short stories and essays appeared ("Innocent Stories", 1857㬻 "Satires in Prose", 1859 - 62), as well as articles on the peasant question.

In 1864 Saltykov left the editorial office of Sovremennik. The reason was intra-journal disagreements on the tactics of social struggle in the new conditions. He returned to public service.

In 1875 - 1876 he was treated abroad, visited the countries of Western Europe in different years of his life. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola.

In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire culminated in its rage and grotesque: A Modern Idyll (1877-83); "Lord Golovlevs" (1880); "Poshekhon stories" (1883㭐).

In 1884, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski was closed, after which Saltykov was forced to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In the last years of his life, the writer created his masterpieces: "Tales" (1882 - 86); "Little Things in Life" (1886 - 87); autobiographical novel "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1887 - 89).

M. Saltykov-Shchedrin died in St. Petersburg.

The fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin combine folklore motifs and satire inherent in all the literary activity of the Russian writer. Most of them were created in the late period of this author's work. What works did Saltykov-Shchedrin write? The list of fairy tales and their brief analysis are presented in the article.

social satire

Saltykov-Shchedrin turned to this genre more than once. The list of fairy tales does not include such works as "The History of a City", "Modern Idyll", "Abroad". But they also have fantastic motifs.

It is no coincidence that the writer often resorted to the fairy tale genre in the eighties. It was during this period that the socio-political situation in Russia became so aggravated that it became increasingly difficult for a writer to use his satirical potential. Folklore plots, the heroes of which are often animals and other living creatures, have become one of the ways to circumvent censorship restrictions.

Fantasy and reality

What did Saltykov-Shchedrin rely on in creating small works? The list of fairy tales is a list of works, each of which is based on folk art and satire in the spirit of Krylov's fables. In addition, the writer's work was influenced by the traditions of Western European romanticism. But, despite the borrowing of various motifs, the short works created by Saltykov-Shchedrin are completely original in genre.

List of fairy tales

"Bogatyr".
"Hyena".
"Wild landowner".
"Conscience gone."
"The wise scribbler".
"Poor wolf".
"Selfless Bunny".
"Kissel".
"Horse".
"Unsleeping eye".
"Idle talk".
"Liberal".
"Way-road."
"Christ Night"

Heroes

In the fabulous works of Saltykov-Shchedrin there are two forces depicted not without a hint of social inequality. One of them is the people. The second is, of course, elements that exploit ordinary workers. The people, as a rule, were symbolized by birds and defenseless animals. Idle but dangerous landlords were personified by predators.

In the above list there is a fairy tale "Konyaga". In this work, the main image symbolizes the Russian peasantry. Thanks to the work of Konyaga, grain is being harvested in the endless fields of the country. But he has neither rights nor freedom. His destiny is endless hard labor.

A generalized image of the Russian peasant is also present in the work "The Wild Landowner". One of the most striking images in Russian literature of the 19th century is a simple humble worker - a character that can so often be found when reading short fairy tales by Saltykov-Shchedrin. The list should be supplemented with the following works:

"Idle talk".
"Village Fire"
"Crow Petitioner".
"Christmas tale".
"Eagle patron".

Nikolai Shchedrin - pseudonym, real name - Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov; Russian Empire, Tver province, the village of Spas-Ugol; 01/15/1826 - 04/28/1889

The books of Saltykov-Shchedrin are known far beyond the borders of our country. Mikhail Evgrafovich is rightfully considered a classic of Russian literature, and it is difficult to overestimate his contribution to world literature. The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin have been translated into many languages of the world, and in our country many of the writer's works are included in the school curriculum.

Biography of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was born on January 15, 1826 in the family of a nobleman Evgraf Vasilyevich. He was the sixth child in the family. The family lived in the Spas-Ugol estate in the Kolyazinsky district. It was here that the boy received his first education. Initially, his father's serf was his teacher, then his elder sister, then a priest, then a governess, and finally, a student of a theological seminary, took care of his upbringing. Until in 1836 he entered the Moscow Noble Institute. For diligent study, two years later he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It was here that Saltykov-Shchedrin took his first steps in literature. He wrote mostly poetry, often of a "disapproving" nature. But later I realized that poetry is not his. In 1844 he graduated from the Lyceum with the rank of the second class. Moreover, of the 22 two students who began to study with him, only five were able to do this.

In August 1945, Mikhail Saltykov was enrolled in the Office of the War Ministry. But he was able to get a full-time position as an assistant secretary only two years later. But in literature he was much better. His bibliographic notes are published by the Sovremennik magazine, in 1847 Saltykov-Shchedrin's first story, Contradictions, was published, and literally six months later, Tangled History. Written under the influence, the story "Tangled" fell out of favor with the authorities. As a result, in 1848 the writer was exiled to Vyatka.

In Vyatka, Saltykov-Shchedrin worked in the office and even headed it several times. The link ended only in 1855. And already in 1856 he was sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to check the office work in the Tver and Vladimir provinces. At about the same time, he began to publish in the Russian Bulletin. His "Provincial Essays" become very popular, and are even reprinted several times as a complete set of works. In 1858, the writer was appointed vice-governor in Ryazan, and two years later in Tver. At this time, he is published in almost all known magazines. But, starting from 1860, almost all the works of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin appear in Sovremennik. The writer himself, like the magazine, begins to experience harassment. Therefore, Mikhail Evrgafovich is transferred to serve in the Treasury.

With the transition of "Notes of the Fatherland" under the editorship, Saltykov-Shchedrin becomes one of the most active employees. In 1868, he completely switched to work in a magazine. At first he was one of the employees, and after the death of Nekrasov, he took his place as editor. This period is rightfully considered one of the most fruitful in the writer's work. It is on him that the release of Saltykov-Shchedrin's books "History of a City", "Well-meaning Speeches", "Lord Golovlevs", as well as most of the writer's tales fall. Mikhail Evgrafovich devoted himself completely to his work. Partly because of this, his health was shaken in the mid-70s. The prohibition of the "Notes of the Fatherland" in 1884 was a truly huge blow for him. By inertia, he continued to write, and these later works were in no way inferior to his earlier works, but without communication with the reader, he faded away. Saltykov-Shchedrin died in 1889. And according to his own will, he was buried next to the grave.

Books by Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin on the Top Books website

Books by Saltykov-Shchedrin were popular at all times. It is not for nothing that many of them are presented in ours, and they occupy far from the last places there. At the same time, the tales of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, which are still in demand and relevant, should be noted as a separate element. No wonder many of them are presented in ours, as well. And given the presence of the writer's works in the school curriculum, we will not yet meet the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin in the ratings of our site.