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Continuity of generations as a process of cultural transmission. Education ¾ is the process of transferring knowledge and cultural values accumulated by generations. The process of transferring culture to the next generations refers to

1.6.1. Transmission of culture from generation to generation and evolutionary concepts of culture

Contrary to all the statements of supporters of the substantive understanding of culture, it is still not a substance, but an accident. It is the creation of people who always live in society, it is a product of society. I have repeatedly said that society is never a simple collection of people. Society and the totality of the people who make up it never completely coincide. As already noted, the lifetime of a sociohistorical organism always exceeds the lifetime of any of its members. Therefore, the inevitability is the constant renewal of its human composition. There is a change of generations in the society. One is replaced by another.

And each new generation, in order to exist, must learn the experience that the outgoing one had. Thus, in society there is a change of generations and the transfer of culture from one generation to another. These two processes are a necessary condition for the development of society, but they, taken by themselves, do not represent the development of society. They have a certain independence in relation to the process of development of society.

The emphasis on continuity in the development of culture gave grounds for interpreting this development as a completely independent process, and the identification of accumulation in the development of culture made it possible to interpret this process as progressive, ascending. As a result, evolutionary concepts arose in which the development of culture was considered independently of the evolution of society as a whole. The center of gravity in these concepts was shifted from society to culture. This is the concept of the largest English ethnographer Edward Burnett Tylor (Taylor) (1832 - 1917) - the author of the book "Primitive Culture" (1871), famous in his time (1871; last Russian edition: M., 1989). He was a staunch champion of evolutionism. From his point of view, any cultural phenomenon arose as a result of previous development, appeared in society as a product of cultural evolution.

"The Essence and Structure of Culture" - The Return of the Prodigal Son. Art helps to make sense of the past. Aesthetic appreciation. Spatial arts. The role of art in the development of culture. Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Components of artistic culture. Culture. The ambiguity of the concept of "culture". Red egg.

"Cultural hegemony" - The main sources in teaching. Culture today: Japan or Russia. Dutch cultural hegemony. Third British cycle. The innovation of Italian schools. Main problems and prospects. Dynamics of cycles of hegemony. American hegemony. Hegemony. American way of life. Rise of Holland. Dutch styles.

"Cultural globalization" - Formation of an alternative sign-symbolic space. Herbert Marcuse. Pax Americana. China. peripheral corruption. Merging rationality and oppression. States. Human history. global cultural market. Clash of civilizations. Francis Fukuyama. Three scenarios of globalization in the sphere of culture.

"Category of culture" - Culture and meaning. Problem. Culture. Culture and the world of values. Culture category. social reality. Universal language of communication. Culture and Society. The etymology of the word. Culture and technology. Culture and man. Cognition.

"Personality and Culture" - Cultural values. Culture forms the inner world of a person. The structure of culture. Personality and culture. Each person is born, brought up, formed. Socialization and inculturation. The concept of inculturation. Man and culture. The laws of the functioning of culture. Culture is the totality of all the achievements of society.

"Culture and civilization" - Mass culture. The level of development of society. Culture and civilization. Three types of civilizations. Define civilization. Scientific approaches to understanding civilization. The concepts of "civilization" and "culture". Attitude towards culture. Civilization. Types of cultures. The existence of a single universal culture. Culture has three aspects.

Total in the topic 23 presentations

Sociocultural functions of education. Let's consider the main socio-cultural functions and the developing potential of modern education.

1. Education is one of the optimal and intensive ways for a person to enter the world of science and culture. . It is in the process of education that a person masters cultural values. The content of education is drawn and continuously replenished from the cultural heritage of various countries and peoples, from various branches of constantly developing science, as well as from human life and practice. The world today joins forces in the field of education, striving to educate a citizen of the world and the entire planet. The global educational space is developing intensively. Therefore, in the world community there are demands for the formation of a global strategy for human education (regardless of the place and country of residence, type and level of education)

The mission of education is great in developing a responsible attitude towards the culture of the native language and the languages of international communication among the younger generation. This is facilitated by dialogic forms of learning. Dialogue is a form of subjective cognition of the surrounding world. It is of particular importance at the stage of recognition of the essential, heuristic and creative in the proposed educational information. The educational environment formed at school or university influences the choice of communication rules and ways of human behavior in a social group. This choice determines the manner of communication and style of behavior, which will later manifest itself in interpersonal and business contacts of an adult.

At the same time, education is a process of broadcasting culturally shaped patterns of behavior and activity, as well as established forms of social life.

2. Education as a practice of human socialization and continuity of generations. Education manifests itself as a practice of human socialization and the continuity of generations of people. In different socio-political conditions (and during the period of reforms), education acts as a stabilizing factor between new social ideas and the ideals of previous generations, embodied in the historical tradition. Therefore, education allows you to keep the process of reproduction and transmission of historical and social experience and at the same time consolidate in the minds of the younger generation new political and economic realities, new guidelines for social and cultural development. It is no coincidence that one of the main tasks of education is to prepare the younger generation for an independent life and form an image of the future. The prospect of the future opens up in the course of mastering various forms of human activity (training, work, communication, professional activity, leisure).

Human life is a link in the chain of generations. That is, a person lives in the space of a socio-cultural tradition, which has a significant impact on the formation of his character, behavior, aspirations, values and interests. In this regard, the relationship between tradition and innovation in the field of education and upbringing of a person embodies the relationship between education and culture of peoples in general.

The education system embodies the state, trends and prospects for the development of society, either by reproducing and strengthening the stereotypes that have developed in it, or by improving it.

The social function of education, on the one hand, it is characterized as preparing a generation for an independent life, and on the other hand, it lays the foundations for the future society and forms the image of a person in the future. The essence of preparing for independent living is:

In shaping the way of life accepted in society;

In the development of various forms of life (educational, labor, socio-political, professional, cultural and leisure, family and household);

In the development of the spiritual potential of a person for creation and creativity.

The main functions of education include:
- The optimal and intensive way for a person to enter the world of culture.
- Environment of communication.
- A means of development and formation of a person as a person and a professional.
- The way of socialization of the personality, the process of its self-affirmation.
- A means of ensuring the continuity of generations.
- Factor of social progress.

45. Models of education in modern society.

Education- this is a socially organized and normalized process (and its result) of the constant transfer of socially significant experience by previous generations to subsequent generations, which in ontogenetic terms represents the formation of a person in accordance with the genetic program and socialization of the individual.

Content of education determined by the educational needs of society, as well as the personal need for education. Types of educational content: a) knowledge about nature, society, technology, thinking and methods of activity. B) experience in the implementation of known methods of activity, embodied together with knowledge in the skills and abilities of a person who has mastered this experience. C) the experience of creative, search activities to solve new problems that arise before society. D) the experience of a value attitude to objects or means of human activity, its manifestation in relation to the surrounding world, to other people in the totality of needs that determine the emotional perception of personally-defined objects included in its system of values.

Main stages of education:

1. Preschool. It is represented by the system of preschool institutions. According to American sociologists and educators, if you apply the entire pedagogical arsenal at preschool age, then eight out of ten children will study at school at the level of gifted children.

2. School. The next stage is school, elementary - 3-4 years of study, basic - 5 years of study, secondary school - two more years of study. The school is the main basic institution in the modern education system, the greatest achievement of civilization.

3. Out-of-school education. We include all kinds of out-of-school institutions in it: music, sports schools, stations for young tourists, naturalists, centers of technical and artistic creativity. Their activities ensure the comprehensive development of the personality of a child, a teenager.

4. Vocational education - a professional school, represented by technical schools, vocational schools, now also colleges, universities of various types.

5. Postgraduate education - postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, obtaining a second specialty, institutes and faculties of advanced training, internships, etc.

6. Higher education. Fundamentally new for domestic higher professional education is the forming multi-stage system: bachelor, specialist, master. Attracts its flexibility, the opportunity for young people to get involved in professional activities at different levels of education, the integration of secondary and higher professional educational institutions.

6. Non-state educational institutions. New forms of education appear in the form of independent structures or special divisions of state educational institutions.

By education, we understand such a side of education, which consists in mastering the system of scientific and cultural values accumulated by mankind, in mastering the system of cognitive skills and abilities, forming on their basis a worldview, morality, behavior, moral and other qualities of a person, developing its creative forces and abilities, preparation for social life, for work. All elements of social experience are included in the content of education.

Depending on the goals, nature and level of training, there are secondary, general, polytechnic, vocational and higher education. The knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for every person are provided by a general education school. The knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for an employee of a certain profession are acquired by him in special educational institutions. The content and methodology of general education ensure the formation of cognitive interests and skills in schoolchildren necessary for work, further education and self-education, serve as the basis for polytechnic and vocational education and are carried out in close relationship with them.

Education can be achieved in many ways. This can be independent reading, radio and television programs, courses, lectures, work in production, etc. But the most correct and reliable way is systematically organized education, which aims to provide a person with a normal and complete education. The content of education is determined by state curricula, curricula and textbooks on the subjects studied.

46. Global trends in the development of education.

Features of the current stage of development of education in Russia associated with the following global trends:

the rapid development of modern computer technologies and the expansion of their scope in the educational process of both schoolchildren and adults; saturation of educational institutions with technical means that ensure the implementation of information processes for storing, transmitting and processing information in a new, digital format; using the resources of the global information network Internet in the educational process.

Informatization of education is manifested through a set of measures to transform pedagogical processes based on the introduction of information products and information and communication technologies into education. The use of modern technical devices (personal computers, television and video equipment, various devices for converting information from one type to another) and information and communication technologies in the learning process leads to an analysis and a new understanding of the didactic process, the establishment of new principles of learning.

The Federal Target Program for the Development of Education for 2006 - 2010 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2005 No. 803) highlights the main directions of this scientific and practical problem, which include not only the provision of educational institutions with computer equipment, but also relate to changes in methods, forms and the content of training in connection with the penetration of information and communication technologies into the educational process.

The global trend in education is the information boom, that is, a sharp increase in the volume and speed of circulation of information in modern society. The main cause of the "boom" should be recognized as mass education, supplying literate people, producers and consumers of both scientific and mass public information.

The most obvious problem born of the information boom has been the need to revise Learning content . The ever-increasing flow of information and the changes in scientific understanding that go with it have called into question the content of many "classic" textbooks. A compact and understandable presentation of established knowledge, which the textbook assumes, has become difficult due to the constantly accelerating renewal of the composition of scientific, technical, social and humanitarian knowledge. In addition, it required the introduction of new academic subjects, such as computer science, cultural studies, eco.

At the same time, education is a process of translating cultural patterns of behavior and activity, as well as established forms of social life. In this regard, the dependence of developed individual countries on the level and quality of education, culture and qualifications of citizens is more and more clearly visible.

The spiritual in a person manifests itself due to his "growing" into culture. The carrier of culture is the family, and the first is mastered in the process of learning and self-education, upbringing and self-education, professional activities and communication with people around. However, it is in the process of teaching upbringing that a person acquires sociocultural norms that are of historical importance for the development of civilization, society and man. Therefore, when determining the goals and objectives of educational systems, the social order is specified. In turn, the content of education can be limited by the standards of the region, country, and the whole world, which take into account the nature of human interaction with cultural values, the measure and degree of their appropriation and creation.

2. Education as a practice of human socialization and continuity of generations. Education manifests itself as a practice of human socialization and the continuity of generations of people. In different socio-political conditions (and during the period of reforms), education acts as a stabilizing factor between new social ideas and the ideals of previous generations, embodied in the historical tradition. Therefore, education allows you to keep the process of reproduction and transmission of historical and social experience and at the same time consolidate in the minds of the younger generation new political and economic realities, new guidelines for social and cultural development. It is no coincidence that one of the main tasks of education is to prepare the younger generation for an independent life and form an image of the future. The prospect of the future opens up in the course of mastering various forms of human activity (training, work, communication, professional activity, leisure).

In the context of a radical change in ideological views, social ideas, ideals and the life of people in general, it is education that performs a stabilizing function and helps a person adapt to new living conditions.

At critical moments in history, it is necessary to ensure the continuity of the cultural and educational tradition, preserving the identity of the people and the established system of values. The preservation of the above components contributes to their integration in the system of world values as elements of the macro-society. At the same time, tradition performs a defining function in the processes of education and upbringing of a new generation.

The education system embodies the state, trends and prospects for the development of society, either by reproducing and strengthening the stereotypes that have developed in it, or by improving it.

The social function of education, on the one hand, it is characterized as preparing a generation for an independent life, and on the other hand, it lays the foundations for the future society and forms the image of a person in the future. The essence of preparing for independent living is:

In shaping the way of life accepted in society;

In the development of various forms of life (educational, labor, socio-political, professional, cultural and leisure, family and household);

In the development of the spiritual potential of a person for creation and creativity.

Therefore, each socio-economic formation and cultural-historical stage in the development of society and the state is characterized by its own system of education, and for the people, the nation - the system of education. However, there are common features in international pedagogical systems. It is they who lay the foundations for the process of integration into the global educational space.

What cultural and educational traditions that have developed in different civilizations are known today?

For example, the rational logic of teaching at school and university has historically developed in European civilization.

In Asian civilization, Confucianism was formed as a methodology for the education and upbringing of a person.

In the process of history, education developed in Rus' as "education by the world." It was in Russia that public opinion was often used for educational influence on a person. Therefore, the theory of educating a person in a team and through a team, created by A. S. Makarenko, only summed up some of the existing tradition.

3. Education is a mechanism for shaping the social and spiritual life of a person and a branch of mass spiritual production.

Educational and training institutions concentrate the highest samples of the socio-cultural activity of a person of a certain era. Therefore, the social value of education is determined by the importance of an educated person in society. The humanistic value of education lies in the possibility of developing the cognitive and spiritual needs of a person. In an integral system of education of all types and levels, the accumulation and development of the country's intellectual, spiritual and moral potential takes place.

4. Education as a process of translation of culturally designed patterns of human activity.

In the process of training and education, a person masters socio-cultural norms that have cultural and historical significance. As a result, the norms of morality and moral behavior of a person in a social group and at work, in the family and public places, as well as the rules of communication, interpersonal and business contacts are mastered. It is no coincidence that the meaning of education is seen not only in the transmission of social experience in time, but also in the reproduction of established forms of social life in the space of culture.

5. Education as a function of the development of regional systems and national traditions.

The specificity of the population of individual regions determines the nature of pedagogical tasks. Young people are included in the spiritual life of the city or village through education. Regional educational systems take into account the educational needs of different socio-cultural groups of the population. So, for example, the development of an educational standard is determined by the specifics of the region of the country.

For example, for schools in St. Petersburg, the discipline "History and culture of St. Petersburg" is included in the regional component, for schools in Dagestan - "History and culture of the peoples of the Caucasus."

6. Education is the social institution through which the basic cultural values and goals of the development of society are transmitted and embodied.

Educational systems - these are social institutions that carry out purposeful preparation of the younger generation for an independent life in modern society. In the process of setting goals and objectives for specific educational systems, it is necessary to clarify the social order within the entire education system of the country. For example, in the 1970s-80s, the national education system was faced with the task of preparing a creative, intellectually and spiritually developed person, a citizen of his homeland and an internationalist, brought up in the spirit of communist ideas and ideals. In the 1980-90s, priority was given to the training of an enterprising and sociable person who speaks foreign languages. If in the first period physicists, mathematicians, engineers had a high social status, today lawyers, economists and businessmen, as well as humanitarians - philologists, translators, teachers of foreign languages are socially significant.

Educational institutions - these are social institutions, the developing network of which, as a system of preschool, school, secondary specialized, higher and additional education, acquires the state status of the education system in the country. In this context, educational institutions are included in social practice. Their social function is to provide educational services to the population of the country. The implementation of the social function requires forecasting and planning the development of education. The latter becomes a significant component in the process of formation of the state educational policy of the country. The state norm of this or that type of education is determined by the state educational standard. One of the main directions of such a policy is the development of state educational standards for schools and universities.

State educational standards determine the compulsory curriculum of each school or university. This standard has two parts. The first part is a set of compulsory disciplines for all schools or universities, the second part is optional disciplines. At the level of the Russian Federation, the first part is called the federal, and the second - the regional component. At the level of a particular educational institution, the first part is the compulsory disciplines of the curriculum for all students, the second part is elective subjects. The standard includes a mandatory set of requirements for the preparation of a graduate of a school or university.

7. Education as an active accelerator of cultural change and transformation in social life and in the individual.

The spiritual principle in a person manifests itself due to his "growing" into the cultural heritage of the family and the cultural tradition that he masters throughout his life through the processes of education, upbringing and professional activity. Education accelerates this process in the course of the development and formation of a person as a person, subject and individuality. This fact is proved by research and educational practice. In the educational process, teachers create conditions and choose such means and technologies that ensure the personal growth of students, the development of their subjective properties and the manifestation of individuality. Each academic discipline and a certain educational technology is focused on the development of these qualities.

Summary

Culture and education remain in the center of attention of the entire world community. They act as the leading factors of social progress and the development of civilization.

The interaction of culture and education can be considered in different aspects:

At the level of society, in a historical context;

At the level of specific social institutions, spheres or environments of human development;

At the level of academic disciplines.

Human education and the educational system are considered only in a specific socio-cultural context, due to the versatility of their relationship.

Education performs sociocultural functions:

It is a way of socialization of the individual and the continuity of generations;

An environment for communication and familiarization with world values, achievements of science and technology;

Accelerates the process of development and formation of a person as a person, subject and individuality;

Provides the formation of spirituality in a person and his worldview of value orientations and moral principles.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. How did you understand the following idea: culture is a prerequisite and a result of human education?

2. Expand the meaning of the main functions of modern education,

3. In what aspects can the relationship between education and culture, education and society be considered?

The emphasis on continuity in the development of culture gave grounds for interpreting this development as a completely independent process, and the identification of accumulation in the development of culture made it possible to interpret this process as progressive, ascending. As a result, evolutionary concepts arose in which the development of culture was considered independently of the evolution of society as a whole. The center of gravity in these concepts was shifted from society to culture. This is the concept of the largest English ethnographer Edward Burnett Tylor (Taylor) (1832 - 1917) - the author of the book "Primitive Culture", famous in his time. He was a staunch champion of evolutionism. From his point of view, any cultural phenomenon arose as a result of previous development, appeared in society as a product of cultural evolution.

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