Family relations in the novel "War and Peace". Composition: Comparison of families in the novel by L.N.

Lesson Objectives:

• to show that Tolstoy's ideal is a patriarchal family with its sacred care of the elders for the younger and the younger for the elders, with the ability of everyone in the family to give more than to take; with relationships built on "good and truth";
• to reveal wider and deeper the epithet family in Tolstoy;
• to form the ability to analyze episodes;
• the ability to create a creative, friendly atmosphere in the classroom.

Equipment: the book "L.N. Tolstoy in portraits, illustrations, documents", A guide for the teacher. Moscow "Enlightenment", 1956.

Family - a group of relatives living together; unity, the union of people united by common interests. (S. Ozhegov "Dictionary of the Russian Language")

Lesson plan

1. Reflection of family thought in the novel.

2. "A man's eyes are a window into his soul" (L. Tolstoy)

3. Why can't it be different in the Rostovs' house?

4. Bolkonsky's house.

5. There is no moral core in parents - it will not be in children either.

6. Family "circles".

7. Epilogue.

The students were given the challenge:

Group 1 - analyze the portrait characteristics of Natasha, Vera, Andrey, Marya, Helen;

Group 2 - analyze scenes showing the family life of the Rostovs;

Group 3 - analyze scenes showing the family life of the Bolkonskys;

4 group - family life of the Kuragins;

group 5 - family "circles" in the novel;

Group 6 - "Epilogue".

Introductory speech of the teacher

The theme of the family is present in one way or another in almost every writer. It received special development in the second half of the 19th century. Despite the fact that in the novel the leading role is given to folk thought, family thought also has its own dynamics of development, therefore War and Peace is not only a historical, but also a family novel. It is characterized by the orderliness and chronicle of the narrative. The stories of families presented in the novel, each has its own core and inner world. Comparing them, we can understand what standard of life L. Tolstoy preached.

The family for Tolstoy is the soil for the formation of the human soul. The atmosphere of the house, the family nest, according to the writer, determines the warehouse of psychology, views and even the fate of the characters.

In the novel "War and Peace" the family fulfills its true, high purpose. Tolstoy's house is a special world in which traditions are preserved, communication between generations is carried out; it is a refuge for man and the basis of all that exists.

In the system of all the main images of the novel, L. Tolstoy identifies several families, on the example of which the author's attitude to the ideal of the hearth is clearly expressed - these are the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs and the Kuragins.

Group 1 performance

Tolstoy's favorite heroes radiate, their eyes shine, because (according to popular belief) the eyes are a mirror of the human soul: “The eyes look and speak with you.” The author conveys the life of the soul of the heroes through the radiance, radiance, sparkle of the eyes.

NATASHA- “a smile of joy and reassurance”, sometimes “happy”, sometimes “appearing because of ready tears”, sometimes “thoughtful”, sometimes “soothing”, “enthusiastic”, sometimes “solemn”, sometimes “more than affectionate”. “And the face with attentive eyes with difficulty, with effort, like a rusty door opens, smiled ...” (comparison). She looks with “questioning-surprised eyes”, “wide-open, frightened”, “red and trembling”, she looks at Anatole “frightened-inquiringly”.

Natasha's smile reveals a rich world of diverse feelings. In the eyes - the wealth of the spiritual world.

NIKOLENKA -“When everyone got up for dinner, Nikolenka Bolkonsky approached Pierre, pale, with shining, radiant eyes ...”

PRINCESS MARIA- “radiant eyes and a heavy tread”, which, in moments of spiritual revival, made Marya’s ugly face beautiful. “... the eyes of the princess, large, deep and radiant (as if rays of warm light sometimes came out of them in sheaves), were so good that very often, despite the ugliness of the whole face, these eyes became more attractive than beauty”;

Marya "always looked prettier when she cried" in moments of deep emotion.

“Her face, from the time Rostov entered, suddenly changed ... All her inner, dissatisfied work, her suffering, striving for good, humility, love, self-sacrifice - all this now shone in those radiant eyes ... In every feature of her tender face ".

By definition, the radiant Tolstoy draws the inner world of his heroes, emphasizing precisely the “higher spiritual life” of the Bolkonskys. The word radiant appears in the text in combination with the nouns eyes, sight, light (eye), shine (eye).

ANDREY- “... looked with kind eyes. But in his gaze, friendly, affectionate, the consciousness of his superiority was nevertheless expressed. (meeting with Pierre).

HELEN- “With a calm and proud smile, Helen shouted bravo in delight, - there, under the shadow of this Helen, there it was all clear and simple; but now alone, with herself, it was incomprehensible, ”Natasha thought (metaphor,“ under the shadow of this Helen ”).

Spirituality, emptiness, according to Tolstoy, extinguish the sparkle of the eyes, make the face a lifeless mask: the soulless beauty Helen - a "beautiful statue" with a frozen smile - glistens and shines with everything except her eyes: smile ”(in each portrait description of Helen there is an ironic tinge). Helen has an unchanging, ordinary, monotonously beautiful or self-satisfied smile. We do not see Helen's eye. Apparently, they are beautiful, like her shoulders, lips. Tolstoy does not draw her eyes, because they do not shine with thought and feeling.

FAITH- a cold face, calm, which "a smile makes unpleasant."

It is important for N. Tolstoy to emphasize the nature of a smile or the originality of the facial expression of a particular character, most often the author focuses on the expression of the eyes, the nature of the look.

One of the dominant means in creating portrait characteristics is the use of light adjectives as artistic definitions.

Group 2 performance. ROSTOVS (vol. 1, part 1, ch. 7-17; vol. 2, ch. 1-3; part 1, ch. 13-15; vol. 2, part 1, ch. 1-3; Part 3, Chapters 14-17; Part 5, Chapters 6-18; Vol. 3, Part 3, Chapters 12-17; Chapters 30-32; Vol. 4, Part 1, Ch. 6-8; ch. 14-16; part 2, ch. 7-9; part 4, ch. 1-3)

Rostova - the elder "the countess was a woman with an oriental type of thin face, about 45 years old, apparently exhausted by children, ... The slowness of her movements and speech, which came from the weakness of her strength, gave her a significant look that inspired respect."

Rostov children.

Openness of soul, cordiality (name day, holiday in honor of the guest Denisov, dinner in an English club in honor of Prince Bagration).

The ability of the Rostovs to attract people to themselves, to understand someone else's soul, the ability to empathize, sympathize (Petya Rostov and the French drummer; Natasha and Sonya, Natasha "revive" Andrey's heart; Natasha the patriot, without hesitation, gives all the carts for the wounded; caring for the wounded Bolkonsky Nikolai Rostov will protect Princess Marya on her father's estate from a rebellion of peasants.)

Conclusion: The Rostov family is closest to Tolstoy. Surrounding people are attracted by the atmosphere of love and goodwill that reigns here. Truly Russian hospitality. Selflessness distinguishes all family members. Sincerity, naturalness, liveliness of these people, the author conveys through their movements. The images are unusually plastic, full of vital charm.

The Rostovs are not capable of lying, secrecy disgusts their honest natures: Nikolai will inform his father about the loss to Dolokhov of 43 thousand. Natasha will tell Sonya about the upcoming escape with Anatole; write a letter to Princess Mary about the break with Andrei.

Group 3 performance. BOLKONSKIE(vol. 1, part 1, ch. 22-25; part 3 ch. 11-19; vol. 2, ch. 7-9; vol. 2, part 2, ch. 10-14; vol. 3 , part 3, chapters 1-3; part 3, chapters 20-24; v. 3, part 2, chapters 13-14; chapters 36-37)

Tolstoy treats the Bolkonsky family with warmth and sympathy.

PRINCE NICHOLAS ANDREEVICH. The Bald Mountains have their own special order, a special rhythm of life. The prince evokes invariable respect among all people, despite the fact that he has not been in the public service for a long time. His active mind is constantly busy with something. He raised wonderful children.

PRINCESS MARIA. The compassionate heart of the princess experiences someone else's pain more than her own. “I saw a heartbreaking scene. It was a batch of recruits recruited from us and sent to the army. It was necessary to see the state in which the mothers, wives and children of those who were leaving were, and to hear the sobs of both. You would think that humanity has forgotten the laws of its divine savior, who taught us love and the encouragement of insults, and that it considers its chief merit to be in the art of killing one another.

Analysis of the chapters of the invasion of Prince Vasily with his son into the pure world of Princess Marya.

It is possible that it was precisely thanks to the strict, sometimes harsh rules that the old prince established in his house that this pure, bright soul, as close to God as possible for a person, was able to form.

PRINCE ANDREI.“Nicholas Andreevich Bolkonsky’s son, out of mercy, will not serve anyone.”

How and why is Prince Andrei's attitude to family life changing?

"Never, 0never marry, my friend ... what would I not give now, so as not to be married," says Pier. A dream of glory, of his Toulon. But his thoughts take a different direction when he, wounded, is carried away from the field of Austerlitz. A revolution takes place in Andrey's soul. Ambitious dreams give way to a craving for a simple and quiet family life. But he remembered the "little princess" and realized that in his dismissive attitude towards her he was often unfair. Life takes revenge on him for Bolkon's pride. And when the Prince, having become kinder and softened, returns to his native nest, the wife dies from childbirth.

4 group- KURAGINS (vol. 1, part 1, ch. 18-21; part 2, ch. 9-12; part 3, ch. 1-5; vol. 2, part 1, 6-7; t 3, part 2, chapters 36-37; part 3, chapter 5)

LN Tolstoy never calls the Kuragins a family. Here everything is subordinated to self-interest, material gain. All-consuming aspiration leaves its mark on the character, behavior, appearance of Prince Vasily, Helen, Anatole, Hippolyte.

BASIL- a secular person, a careerist, and an egoist (the desire to become the heir to the dying rich nobleman Count Bezukhov; a profitable party for Helen is Pierre; a dream: to marry Anatole's son to Princess Mary;). Prince Vasily's contempt for his sons: the "calm fool" Ippolit and the "restless fool" Anatole.

ANATOL(played a performance of passionate love for Natasha Rostova). Anatole endures the shame of matchmaking easily. He, who accidentally met on the day of marriage to Mary, holds Bourien in his arms. “Anatole bowed to Princess Mary with a cheerful smile, as if inviting her not to laugh at this strange incident, and, shrugging her shoulders, went through the door ...” She would cry once, like a woman, having lost her leg.

HIPPOLITE- mental limitation, which makes his actions ridiculous.

HELEN- "I'm not a fool to give birth" In this "breed" there is no cult of the child, there is no reverent attitude towards him.

Conclusion. The purpose of their life is to be in the spotlight of the world all the time. They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Empty flowers. Unloved heroes are shown in isolation from everything. According to S. Bocharov, the Kuragin family is deprived of that “ancestral poetry” that is characteristic of the Rostov and Bolkonsky families, where relationships are built on love. They are united only by kinship, they do not even perceive themselves as close people (the relationship between Anatole and Helen, the jealousy of the old princess for her daughter and the recognition of Prince Vasily that he is deprived of “parental love” and children are “a burden of his existence”).

This family of intriguers disappears in the fire of 1812, like the unsuccessful world adventure of the great emperor, all Helen's intrigues disappear - entangled in them, she dies.

Performance of the 5th group. FAMILY MUGS"(vol. 1, part 2, ch. 13-21; part 3, ch. 14-19; vol. 3, part 2, ch. 24-29; ch. 30-32; vol. 3, part 3, chapters 3-4)

The house as a calm, reliable marina is opposed to war, family happiness - to senseless mutual destruction.

The concept of HOME is expanding. When Nikolai Rostov returned from vacation, the regiment seemed like a home, as sweet as his parents' house. The essence of the home, the family, manifested itself with particular force on the Borodino field.

RAYEVSKY'S BATTERY“.. here on the battery ... one felt the same and common to everyone, as if family revival.” “These soldiers immediately mentally accepted Pierre into their family ...” (Analysis of the chapters)

Conclusion: this is where the defenders of Borodin drew strength, these are the sources of courage, firmness, and steadfastness. The national, religious, family principles miraculously merged at the decisive hour in the Russian army (Pierre “is completely absorbed in the contemplation of this, more and more burning fire, which in the same way ... flared up in his soul) and gave such a fusion of feelings and such actions, before which any conqueror is powerless. With a wise senile mind, Kutuzov understood this like no one else.

TUSHIN- an awkward, completely non-military artilleryman, with "big, kind and intelligent eyes." Captain Tushin's battery heroically fulfilled its duty, without even thinking about retreat. During the battle, the captain did not think about the danger, "his face became more and more animated" Despite his non-military appearance and "weak, thin, indecisive voice," the soldiers loved him on his commander.” Tushin did not think about the fact that he could be killed, he only worried when his soldiers were killed and wounded.

KUTUZOV FOR MALASHI - grandfather (as she calls the commander in a related way). Episode "Council in Fili".

BAGRATION- "a son who is worried about the fate of the Motherland."

NAPOLEON- analysis of chapters 26-29, part 2, v.3. The writer emphasizes the coldness, complacency, deliberate profundity in Napoleon's facial expression.

One of his traits, posturing, stands out especially sharply. He behaves like an actor on stage. In front of the portrait of his son, he "made an appearance of thoughtful tenderness", his gesture is "gracefully majestic." Napoleon is sure that everything he does and says "is history"

RUSSIAN ARMY. There is a point of view that Platon Karataev, according to Tolstoy, is a generalized image of the Russian people. (Episodes associated with Pierre in captivity). With his paternal, paternal attitude, he teaches Pierre as the son of gentleness, forgiveness, patience; Karataev fulfilled his mission - "remained forever in the soul of Pierre."

« EPILOGUE"- this is the apotheosis of family happiness and harmony. There are no signs of serious dramatic conflicts here. Everything is simple and reliable in the young families of the Rostovs and Bezukhovs: a well-established way of life, deep affection of the spouses to each other, love for children, understanding, participation,

Family of Nikolai Rostov.

Family of Pierre Bezukhov.

CONCLUSION: L.N. Tolstoy in the novel shows his ideal of a woman and family. This ideal is given in the images of Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya and the images of their families. Tolstoy's favorite heroes want to live honestly. In family relationships, the heroes keep such moral values ​​as simplicity, naturalness, noble self-esteem, admiration for motherhood, love and respect. It is these moral values ​​that save Russia in a moment of national danger. The family and the woman - the keeper of the family hearth - have always been the moral foundations of society.

A wonderful father, general-in-chief Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, raised a brave son and a beautiful daughter, Princess Marya.

Princess Marya lived in the wilderness, she loved her solitude and did not complain to anyone about it, she understood the pain of her father, who was unjustly dismissed by Emperor Paul.

She was a deeply religious person and understood: the Lord will never put a cross beyond measure on anyone's shoulders. In a difficult moment, this girl became a support to the widowed Prince Andrei, a mother to a little orphaned nephew, a friend to Natasha, who had lost her loved one.

Tolstoy endowed this heroine with a noble soul, which was reflected in her radiant, deep eyes.

For the ability to sacrifice herself, “without demanding rewards,” the Lord grants her the happiness of being the beloved woman of one of the heroes of the novel, Nikolai Rostov. With her sacrificial love, she will save her loved ones from despair, giving herself without a trace to people. Princess Marya will become the mother of four children, she will be able to raise not only them, but also her husband. More than one generation of their kind will imitate this wonderful family.

The Bolkonsky family lived according to the principle: "There is no higher feat than laying down your belly for your friends ...". And for the children, first of all, honor, conscience, decency were in the first place. Kutuzov himself will say to Andrei Bolkonsky: “I know: your road is the road of honor.” And it is no coincidence that on the battlefield of Austerlitz, and at Borodino, Prince Andrei will accomplish a feat.

• Rostov family

The amazing Rostov family, it was considered the most hospitable family in all of Moscow. On holidays and on name days, half the city dined with them. The Rostovs did not divide people by rank and rank, they always helped those in need. The gospel commandment “Love your neighbor…” was the rule of all members of this family.

Children, and the owners themselves, were friends with ordinary people, never offended their servants, and they paid Rostov respect and love. The Russian spirit reigned in this family, so all the children grew up to be kind, generous and noble people.

During the war of 1812, this family sacrificed their property for the sake of wounded soldiers and officers. And the fifteen-year-old son of the Rostovs, Petya, volunteered to go to the front to fight and died fighting the French. Nicholas, the eldest son, was a brave and honest warrior.

The moral support of the family will be Natasha, the youngest daughter of the Rostovs. It is about her that Prince Andrei will say: “Where she is, there is light; where she is not, there is darkness!”

• The Kuragin family

The image of another family, Prince Vasily Kuragin, where the spirit of profit, deceit, selfishness, careerism reigned ...

The family of Prince Vasily Kuragin lived on the principle of profit and calculation. The teachers of the children were only foreigners. The son of Prince Vasily, Ippolit, could not connect two words in Russian, spoke only French and was considered a silly fellow, but his father managed to arrange him as a diplomat, not in the least embarrassed by Hippolyte's unpredictability and stupidity.

The second son of Kuragin, Anatole, caused the misfortune of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. The depraved and dissolute Anatole upset their marriage, deciding to kidnap and dishonor Natasha.

Pierre Bezukhov gave a very accurate description of the daughter of Prince Vasily to the beautiful Helen: “Where you are, there is evil and debauchery.” It was she who cheated on her husband throughout her entire family life. She was the cause of grief for many good people. "Tolstoy will call the entire Kuragin family a vile, heartless breed." And, indeed, you can’t build happiness either for yourself or for your children on money, on profit and on the calculation of happiness ...

The main idea in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", along with the thought of the people, is the "thought of the family", which was expressed in thoughts about the types of families. The writer believed that the family is the basis of the whole society, and it reflects the processes that take place in society. "According to Tolstoy, the family is the soil for the formation of the human soul. And at the same time, each family is a whole world, special, unlike anything, full of complex relationships.The atmosphere of the family nest determines the characters, destinies and views of the heroes of the work.

1.What is Tolstoy's ideal seven And? This is a patriarchal family, with its holy kindness, with the care of the younger and older about each other, with the ability to give more than take, with relationships built on goodness and truth. According to Tolstoy, the family is made by the constant work of the soul of all family members.

2. All families are different, but the writer denotes the spiritual community of people with the word "breed" .Mother is a synonym for the world in Tolstoy, her spiritual tuning fork. The main thing without which there can be no real family is sincerity. Tolstoy says: "There is no beauty where there is no truth."

3.In the novel, we see the Rostov and Bolkonsky families.

A).P family core - an ideal harmonious whole, where the heart prevails over the mind. Love binds all family members . It manifests itself in sensitivity, attention, cordial closeness. With the Rostovs, everything is sincere, comes from the heart. Cordiality, hospitality, hospitality reign in this family, the traditions and customs of Russian life are preserved.

Parents raised their children, giving them all their love, They can understand, forgive and help. For example, when Nikolenka Rostov lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov, he did not hear a word of reproach from his father and was able to pay the card debt.

B). The children of this family have absorbed all the best qualities of the "Rostov breed". Natasha is the personification of cordial sensitivity, poetry, musicality and intuitiveness. She knows how to enjoy life and people like a child. Life of the heart, honesty, naturalness, moral purity and decency determine their relationships in the family and behavior in the circle of people.

IN). Unlike the Rostovs, Bolkonskylive with the mind, not the heart . This is an old aristocratic family. In addition to blood ties, the members of this family are also connected by spiritual closeness. At first glance, relations in this family are difficult, devoid of cordiality. However, internally these people are close to each other. They are not inclined to show their feelings.

D). The old prince Bolkonsky embodies the best features of the service (nobility, devoted to the one to whom he "sworn". The concept of honor and duty of an officer was in the first place for him. He served under Catherine II, participated in the campaigns of Suvorov. He considered mind and activity to be the main virtues, and laziness and idleness were vices. The life of Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky is a continuous activity. He either writes memoirs about past campaigns, or manages the estate. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky greatly respects and honors his father, who was able to instill in him a high concept of honor. "Your road is the road of honor," he says to his son. And Prince Andrei fulfills his father's parting words during the campaign of 1806, in the battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz, and during the war of 1812.

Marya Bolkonskaya loves her father and brother very much.. She is ready to give all of herself for the sake of her loved ones. Princess Mary completely obeys the will of her father. His word for her is law. At first glance, she seems weak and indecisive, but at the right moment she shows firmness of will and fortitude.

D). These are very different families, but they, like any wonderful families, have a lot in common. Both the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys are patriots, their feelings were especially pronounced during the Patriotic War of 1812. They express the national spirit of war. Prince Nikolai Andreevich is dying because his heart could not stand the shame of the retreat of the Russian troops and the surrender of Smolensk. Marya Bolkonskaya rejects the French general's offer of patronage and leaves Bogucharov. The Rostovs give their carts to the soldiers wounded on the Borodino field and pay the most expensive - the death of Petya.

4. It is on the example of these families that Tolstoy draws his family ideal. Tolstoy's favorite heroes are characterized by:

-constant work of the soul;

-naturalness;

- caring attitude towards relatives;

-patriarchal way of life;

-hospitality;

- the feeling that it is the house, the family that is the support in difficult moments of life;

- "childhood of the soul";

- Proximity to the people.

It is by these qualities that we recognize ideal, from the point of view of the writer, families.

5.In the epilogue of the novel, two more families are shown, surprisingly uniting Tolstoy's beloved families. This is the Bezukhov family (Pierre and Natasha), which embodied the author's ideal of a family based on mutual understanding and trust, and the Rostov family - Marya and Nikolai. Marya brought kindness and tenderness, high spirituality into the Rostov family, and Nikolai shows spiritual kindness in relations with the closest people.

“All people are like rivers, each has its own source: home, family, its traditions ..” - so Tolstoy believed. Therefore, Tolstoy attached such great importance to the question of the family. That is why the “family thought” in the novel “War and Peace” was no less important to him than the “folk thought”

2. The theme of loneliness as the leading motive of M.Yu. Lermontov. Reading by heart one of the poet's poems (at the student's choice).

M. Yu. Lermontov lived and worked during the years of the most severe political reaction that came in Russia after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. The loss of his mother at an early age and the very personality of the poet accompanied the aggravation in his mind of the tragic imperfection of the world. Throughout his short but fruitful life, he was alone.

1.That is why loneliness is the central theme of his poetry.

A). The lyrical hero of Lermontov is a proud, lonely person, opposed to the world and society. He does not find a home for himself either in secular society, or in love and friendship, or in the Fatherland.

B). His loneliness in light reflected in the poem "Duma". Here he showed how much the modern generation lagged behind in spiritual development. The cowardice of secular society, which was afraid of rampant despotism, aroused angry contempt in Lermontov, but the poet does not separate himself from this generation: the pronoun “we” is constantly found in the poem. His involvement in a spiritually bankrupt generation allows him to express the tragic worldview of his contemporaries and at the same time pass a harsh sentence on them from the perspective of future generations.

Lermontov expressed the same idea in the poem "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd." Here he feels lonely among the “decency of tight masks”, he is unpleasant to touch the “beauties of the city”. He alone stands against this crowd, he wants to “impudently throw an iron verse in their faces, drenched in bitterness and anger.”

IN). Lermontov longed for real life. He regrets the generation lost to this life, he envies the great past, full of the glory of great deeds.

In the poem "And boring and sad" all life is reduced to "an empty and stupid joke." And indeed, it does not make sense when "there is no one to shake hands with in a moment of spiritual hardship." This poem shows not only loneliness Lermontov in society, but also in love and friendship. His disbelief in love is clearly visible:

To love ... but whom? ., for a while - it's not worth the trouble,

And it's impossible to love forever.

In the poem “Gratitude” there is the same motive of loneliness . The lyrical hero, apparently, thanks his beloved “for the bitterness of tears, the poison of a kiss, for the revenge of enemies, for the slander of friends”, but in this gratitude one can hear a reproach for the insincerity of feelings, he considers a kiss “poison”, and friends - hypocrites who slandered his.

G). In the poem "Cliff" Lermontov allegorically talks about the fragility of human relations . The cliff suffers from loneliness, which is why it is so dear to visit the cloud that rushed off in the morning, “playing merrily across the azure”.

The poem “In the Wild North” tells about a pine tree standing “lonely on a bare peak”. She dreams of a palm tree, which “in the distant desert, in that region where the sun rises”, stands, like a pine tree, “alone and sad.” This pine dreams of a kindred soul, located in distant warm lands.

IN In the poem “Leaflet” we see the motives of loneliness and the search for our native land. The oak leaf is looking for a home. He “clung to the root of a tall plane tree”, but she drove him away. And he is alone in the world again. Lermontov, like this leaflet, was looking for shelter, but he never found it.

D). The lyrical hero is an exile not only of society, but also of his homeland, At the same time, his attitude to the homeland is twofold: unconditionally loving his homeland, he nevertheless utterly alone in it. So, in the poem “Clouds”, Lermontov first compares his lyrical hero with clouds (“you rush as if like me, exiles ...”), and then opposes him to them (“passions are alien to you and suffering is alien”). The poet shows the clouds as "eternal wanderers" - this eternal wandering often carries a hint of wandering, homelessness becomes a characteristic feature of Lermontov's hero .

The concept of homeland in Lermontov is associated primarily with the concept of the people, labor, with nature (“Motherland”), however, the lyrical hero, a free and proud person, cannot live in a “country of slaves, a country of masters”, he does not accept Russia meek, submissive, in which arbitrariness and lawlessness reign (“Farewell, unwashed Russia ...”).

2. How does the lyrical hero of Lermontov perceive his loneliness?:

A ) In some cases, doomed to loneliness evokes a sad, sad mood. The lyrical hero of Lermontov would like to "give a hand" to someone who will understand him and save him from loneliness, but there is no one .In such works as “It stands alone in the wild north ...”, “Cliff”, “No, I don’t love you so passionately ...”, etc., loneliness acts as the eternal lot of all creatures and, above all, man. such poems - longing, awareness of the tragedy of life.

B) However, more often loneliness is perceived by the lyrical hero of Lermontov as a sign of being chosen. . This feeling can be called proud loneliness . The lyrical hero of Lermontov is lonely because he is higher than people who not only do not want, but cannot understand him. In the secular crowd, in general in human society, there is no one who would be worthy of a poet. He is lonely because he is an extraordinary person, and such loneliness can really be proud. This thought runs through such poems as “No, I am not Byron, I am different ...”, “Death of a poet”, “Prophet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd ...”, “Sail”.

Concluding the theme of loneliness in Lermontov's lyrics, it must be said that the poet owns several wonderful works, full of energy and noble indignation, the desire to change the existing reality. His lyrics reflected the entire complex spiritual world of the poet.

“War and Peace” is a Russian national epic, which reflects the national character of the Russian people at the moment when their historical fate was being decided. L.N. Tolstoy worked on the novel for almost six years: from 1863 to 1869. From the very beginning of work on the work, the writer's attention was attracted not only by historical events, but also by the private, family life of the characters. Tolstoy believed that the family is a cell of the world, in which the spirit of mutual understanding, naturalness and closeness to the people should reign.

The novel "War and Peace" describes the life of several noble families: Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins.

The Rostov family is an ideal harmonious whole, where the heart prevails over the mind. Love binds all family members. It manifests itself in sensitivity, attention, cordial closeness. With the Rostovs, everything is sincere, comes from the heart. Cordiality, hospitality, hospitality reign in this family, the traditions and customs of Russian life are preserved.

Parents raised their children, giving them all their love, They can understand, forgive and help. For example, when Nikolenka Rostov lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov, he did not hear a word of reproach from his father and was able to pay the card debt.

The children of this family have absorbed all the best qualities of the “Rostov breed”. Natasha is the personification of cordial sensitivity, poetry, musicality and intuitiveness. She knows how to enjoy life and people like a child.

The life of the heart, honesty, naturalness, moral purity and decency determine their relationships in the family and behavior in the circle of people.

Unlike the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys live by reason, not by heart. This is an old aristocratic family. In addition to blood ties, the members of this family are also connected by spiritual closeness.

At first glance, relations in this family are difficult, devoid of cordiality. However, internally these people are close to each other. They are not inclined to show their feelings.

The old prince Bolkonsky embodies the best features of the service (nobility, devoted to the one to whom he “sworn.” The concept of honor and duty of an officer came first for him. He served under Catherine II, participated in the campaigns of Suvorov. He considered the main virtues to be mind and activity ", and vices - laziness and idleness. The life of Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky is continuous activity. He either writes memoirs about past campaigns, or manages the estate. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky greatly respects and honors his father, who was able to instill in him a high concept of honor. " Your road is the road of honor," he says to his son. And Prince Andrei fulfills his father's parting words during the campaign of 1806, in the battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz, and during the war of 1812.

Marya Bolkonskaya loves her father and brother very much. She is ready to give all of herself for the sake of her loved ones. Princess Mary completely obeys the will of her father. His word for her is law. At first glance, she seems weak and indecisive, but at the right moment she shows firmness of will and fortitude. roman tolstoy family national

Both the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys are patriots, their feelings were especially pronounced during the Patriotic War of 1812. They express the national spirit of war. Prince Nikolai Andreevich is dying because his heart could not stand the shame of the retreat of the Russian troops and the surrender of Smolensk. Marya Bolkonskaya rejects the French general's offer of patronage and leaves Bogucharov. The Rostovs give their carts to the soldiers wounded on the Borodino field and pay the dearest - the death of Petya.

Another family is shown in the novel. These are Kuragins. The members of this family appear before us in all their insignificance, vulgarity, heartlessness, greed, immorality. They use people to achieve their selfish goals. The family is devoid of spirituality. For Helen and Anatole, the main thing in life is the satisfaction of their base desires. They are completely cut off from the life of the people, they live in a brilliant, but cold light, where all feelings are perverted. During the war, they lead the same salon life, talking about patriotism.

In the epilogue of the novel, two more families are shown. These are the Bezukhov family (Pierre and Natasha), which embodied the author's ideal of a family based on mutual understanding and trust, and the Rostov family - Marya and Nikolai. Marya brought kindness and tenderness, high spirituality into the Rostov family, and Nikolai shows spiritual kindness in relation to the closest people.

Showing different families in his novel, Tolstoy wanted to say that the future belongs to such families as the Rostovs, Bezukhovs, Bolkonskys.

(375 words)

The novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy was written in 1869. Despite the fact that most of the narrative is occupied by battle scenes and the war with Napoleon, the main storyline is the history of families. The author describes Russian society during the war period, and through genealogical ties, one can best show the behavior and feelings of people during a historical upheaval. The family thought in the epic novel "War and Peace" also reveals the philosophical and moral credo of the writer.

We are shown the lives of three different secular families. They are completely different from each other, but their lives are closely intertwined. These are the houses of the Bolkonskys, Rostovs and Kuragins, using their examples the author presents the family foundations of several generations.

The reader comes to visit the Bolkonskys. The most important member of the family is Prince Nikolai, he believed that everything and everyone in his family should obey a strict order. The hero independently taught his daughter the sciences, and also brought up in her such qualities as intelligence and character activity.

Princess Mary loved her father, she obeyed him and took care of him with zeal. Her brother Andrei also loved Nikolai Bolkonsky and respected him, but could not endure his despotic manners for a long time.

Relations between them were calm, each was busy with what he was supposed to do, and had his own place. They were honest and decent people and, moreover, true patriots, but they did not like the light and idle talk in high society.

Unlike the previous family, the Rostovs were close to tender love, sincerity, mutual understanding and support. They actively participated in the fate of each other, helped even when the deeds of the guilty turned out to be reprehensible. The patriotism that manifests itself in the Rostovs proves the importance of "family thought" in War and Peace. The eldest son became a hussar, Natasha gave a cart for the maimed, the parents donated their house to shelter the victims, and the youngest son Petya died heroically in a partisan battle.

Kuragins are a family that is absolutely opposite to the first two. In this family, no one knows how to love and worry about each other. Prince Vasily lives only for the sake of profit and always knows with whom to conclude the engagement of children, with whom it is worth being friends in order to profitably settle in life. He adapts to the situation, and there can be no talk of devotion to the motherland in their family.

At the end of the novel, the Bolkonsky and Rostov families are related. They have always been linked by spiritual kinship. Tolstoy showed each clan as an individual and unique cell of society, where all members actively live and educate new generations in the best traditions of their ancestors.

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