Shalamov bread analysis. Varlam Shalamov

Parcels were issued at the watch. Brigadiers certify the identity of the recipient. Plywood broke and cracked in its own way, like plywood. The local trees broke in a different way, screamed in a different voice. Behind the barrier of benches, people with clean hands in overly neat military uniforms were opening, checking, shaking, giving away. Boxes of parcels, barely alive from a months-long journey, thrown skillfully, fell to the floor, split. Lumps of sugar, dried fruit, rotten onions, crumpled packets of shag scattered across the floor. No one picked up the scattered. The owners of the parcels did not protest - to receive the parcel was a miracle of miracles.
Near the watch stood guards with rifles in their hands - some unfamiliar figures were moving in the white frosty fog.
I stood at the wall and waited in line. These blue pieces are not ice! It's sugar! Sugar! Sugar! Another hour will pass, and I will hold these pieces in my hands, and they will not melt. They will only melt in your mouth. Such a large piece is enough for me twice, three times.
And the shag! Own shag! Mainland shag, Yaroslavl "Squirrel" or "Kremenchug No. 2". I will smoke, I will treat everyone, everyone, everyone, and above all those with whom I smoked all this year. Mainland shag! After all, we were given tobacco in rations, taken from army warehouses according to the shelf life - a gamble of gigantic proportions: all the products that were past the shelf life were written off to the camp. But now I'm going to smoke real shag. After all, if the wife does not know that she needs a stronger shag, she will be prompted.
- Surname?
The parcel cracked, and prunes spilled out of the box, the skinned berries of prunes. Where is the sugar? Yes, and prunes - two or three handfuls ...
- You burki! Pilot cloaks! Ha ha ha! With rubber sole! Ha ha ha! Like the head of the mine! Hold it, take it!
I stood bewildered. Why do I need burqas? You can wear burkas here only on holidays - there were no holidays. If only reindeer pima, torbasa or ordinary felt boots. Burki is too chic ... This is not appropriate. Besides...
- Hey, you ... - Someone's hand touched my shoulder. I turned so that I could see both the cloaks, and the box, at the bottom of which there was some prunes, and the authorities, and the face of the man who was holding my shoulder. It was Andrei Boyko, our mountain ranger. And Boyko whispered hastily:
- Sell me these cloaks. I will give you money. One hundred rubles. After all, you won’t bring it to the barracks - they will take it away, they will tear it out. - And Boyko pointed his finger into the white fog. - Yes, and in the barracks steal. On the first night.
"You yourself will come," I thought.
- All right, give me the money.
- You see what I am! Boyko counted out the money. - I do not deceive you, not like others. I said a hundred - and I give a hundred. - Boyko was afraid that he overpaid too much.
I folded the dirty papers into fours, eights and put them in my trouser pocket. Prunes poured from the box into a pea jacket - his pockets had long been torn into pouches.
Buy oils! A kilo of butter! And I will eat with bread, soup, porridge. And sugar! And I'll get a bag from someone - a bag with a string cord. An indispensable affiliation of any decent prisoner from fraers. The thieves don't go with bags.
I returned to the bar. Everyone was lying on the bunk, only Efremov sat with his hands on the cooled stove, and stretched his face to the vanishing heat, afraid to straighten up, to tear himself away from the stove.
- Why don't you melt?
The orderly came up.
- Efremov's duty! The brigadier said: let him take it wherever he wants, and so that there is firewood. I won't let you sleep anyway. Go before it's too late.
Yefremov slipped out the door of the barracks.
- Where is your package?
- Wrong...
I ran to the store. Shaparenko, the store manager, was still a trader. There was no one in the store.
- Shaparenko, bread and butter for me.
- You will kill me.
- Well, take as much as you need.
- How much money do you see? Shaparenko said. - What can a wick like you give? Grab your bread and butter and get going fast.
I forgot to ask for sugar. Oils - kilogram. Bread - kilogram. I'll go to Semyon Sheinin. Sheinin was Kirov's former assistant, who had not yet been shot at that time. We worked with him once together, in the same team, but fate separated us.
Sheinin was in the barracks.
- Let's eat. Butter, bread.
Sheinin's hungry eyes sparkled.
- Now I'm boiling water ...
- Don't need boiling water!
- No, I'm now. - And he disappeared.
Immediately, someone hit me on the head with something heavy, and when I jumped up, came to my senses, there was no bag. Everyone remained in their places and looked at me with malicious joy. The entertainment was of the best kind. In such cases, they were doubly happy: firstly, it was bad for someone, and secondly, it was not bad for me. It's not jealousy, no...
I didn't cry. I barely survived. Thirty years have passed, and I distinctly remember the half-dark hut, the angry, joyful faces of my comrades, the damp log on the floor, Sheinin's pale cheeks.
I came back to the stall. I didn't ask for butter anymore and I didn't ask for sugar. I begged for bread, returned to the barracks, melted the snow and began to cook prunes.
Barack was already asleep: moaning, wheezing and coughing. Three of us cooked by the stove, each his own: Sintsov boiled the crust of bread saved from dinner in order to eat it, viscous, hot, and then to drink with greed hot snow water smelling of rain and bread. And Gubarev stuffed the leaves of "frozen cabbage" into the pot - a lucky man and a cunning one. The cabbage smelled like the best Ukrainian borscht! And I cooked parcel prunes. We all could not help but look into someone else's dishes.
Someone kicked open the barrack doors. Two soldiers stepped out of a cloud of frosty steam. One, younger, is the head of the camp, Kovalenko, the other, older, is the head of the mine, Ryabov. Ryabov was in aviation cloaks - in my cloaks! I hardly realized that it was a mistake that the cloaks were from Ryabov.
Kovalenko rushed to the stove, brandishing the pick he had brought with him.
- Again bowlers! Now I'll show you the bowlers! I'll show you how to spread the dirt!
Kovalenko knocked over pots of soup, crusty bread and cabbage leaves, prunes, and pierced the bottom of each pot with a pick.
Ryabov warmed his hands on the chimney.
- There are pots - so there is something to cook, thoughtfully said the head of the mine. - This is, you know, a sign of contentment.
- Yes, you should have seen what they cook, - said Kovalenko, trampling on the bowlers.
The chiefs came out, and we began to disassemble the crumpled pots and collect each of our own: I - berries, Sintsov - soaked, shapeless bread, and Gubarev - crumbs of cabbage leaves. We ate everything at once - it was the most reliable way.
I swallowed a few berries and fell asleep. I learned a long time ago to fall asleep before my legs warmed up - once I could not do this, but experience, experience ... Sleep was like oblivion.
Life returned like a dream - the doors opened again: white puffs of steam, lying on the floor, running to the far wall of the barracks, people in white coats, smelling of newness, unwornness, and something that did not move, but alive, collapsed on the floor, grunting.
The orderly, in a bewildered but respectful pose, bowed before the white sheepskin coats of the tenants.
- Your man? - And the caretaker pointed to a lump of dirty rags on the floor.
- This is Efremov, - said the orderly.
- Will know how to steal other people's firewood.
Yefremov lay next to me on the bunk for many weeks until they took him away, and he died in an invalid town. He was beaten off "inside" - there were many masters of this business at the mine. He did not complain - he lay and moaned softly.

Reads in 10-15 minutes

original - 4-5 hours

The plot of V. Shalamov's stories is a painful description of the prison and camp life of the prisoners of the Soviet Gulag, their tragic destinies similar to one another, in which chance, merciless or merciful, helper or murderer, arbitrariness of bosses and thieves dominate. Hunger and its convulsive satiety, exhaustion, painful dying, slow and almost equally painful recovery, moral humiliation and moral degradation - this is what is constantly in the center of the writer's attention.

For the show

Camp corruption, Shalamov testifies, affected everyone to a greater or lesser extent and took place in a variety of forms. Two thieves are playing cards. One of them is played down and asks to play for a "representation", that is, in debt. At some point, irritated by the game, he unexpectedly orders an ordinary intellectual prisoner, who happened to be among the spectators of their game, to give a woolen sweater. He refuses, and then one of the thieves "finishes" him, and the sweater still goes to the thieves.

Single metering

Camp labor, unequivocally defined by Shalamov as slave labor, is for the writer a form of the same corruption. A goner-prisoner is not able to give a percentage rate, so labor becomes torture and slow death. Zek Dugaev is gradually weakening, unable to withstand the sixteen-hour working day. He drives, turns, pours, again drives and again turns, and in the evening the caretaker appears and measures Dugaev's work with a tape measure. The mentioned figure - 25 percent - seems to Dugaev to be very large, his calves are aching, his arms, shoulders, head are unbearably sore, he even lost his sense of hunger. A little later, he is called to the investigator, who asks the usual questions: name, surname, article, term. A day later, the soldiers take Dugaev to a remote place, fenced with a high fence with barbed wire, from where the chirring of tractors can be heard at night. Dugaev guesses why he was brought here and that his life is over. And he regrets only that the last day was in vain.

Shock therapy

Prisoner Merzlyakov, a man of large build, finds himself at common work, feels that he is gradually losing. One day he falls, cannot get up immediately and refuses to drag the log. He is beaten first by his own people, then by the escorts, they bring him to the camp - he has a broken rib and pain in the lower back. And although the pain quickly passed, and the rib grew together, Merzlyakov continues to complain and pretends that he cannot straighten up, trying to delay his discharge to work at any cost. He is sent to the central hospital, to the surgical department, and from there to the nervous department for research. He has a chance to be activated, that is, written off due to illness at will. Remembering the mine, aching cold, a bowl of empty soup that he drank without even using a spoon, he concentrates all his will so as not to be convicted of deceit and sent to a penal mine. However, the doctor Pyotr Ivanovich, himself a prisoner in the past, was not a blunder. The professional replaces the human in him. He spends most of his time exposing the fakers. This amuses his vanity: he is an excellent specialist and is proud that he has retained his qualifications, despite the year of general work. He immediately understands that Merzlyakov is a simulator and looks forward to the theatrical effect of a new exposure. First, the doctor gives him roush anesthesia, during which Merzlyakov's body can be straightened, and a week later, the procedure of the so-called shock therapy, the effect of which is similar to an attack of violent madness or an epileptic seizure. After it, the prisoner himself asks for an extract.

Major Pugachev's last fight

Among the heroes of Shalamov's prose there are those who not only strive to survive at any cost, but are also able to intervene in the course of circumstances, to stand up for themselves, even risking their lives. According to the author, after the war of 1941-1945. prisoners who fought and passed German captivity began to arrive in the northeastern camps. These are people of a different temper, “with courage, the ability to take risks, who believed only in weapons. Commanders and soldiers, pilots and scouts...”. But most importantly, they possessed the instinct of freedom, which the war awakened in them. They shed their blood, sacrificed their lives, saw death face to face. They were not corrupted by camp slavery and were not yet exhausted to the point of losing their strength and will. Their “guilt” was that they were surrounded or captured. And it is clear to Major Pugachev, one of these people who have not yet been broken: “they were brought to their death - to change these living dead,” whom they met in Soviet camps. Then the former major gathers prisoners who are just as determined and strong, to match, ready to either die or become free. In their group - pilots, scout, paramedic, tanker. They realized that they were innocently doomed to death and that they had nothing to lose. All winter they are preparing an escape. Pugachev realized that only those who bypassed the general work could survive the winter and then run away. And the participants in the conspiracy, one by one, advance into the service: someone becomes a cook, someone a cultist who repairs weapons in the security detachment. But spring is coming, and with it the day ahead.

At five o'clock in the morning there was a knock on the watch. The attendant lets in the camp cook-prisoner, who, as usual, has come for the keys to the pantry. A minute later, the duty officer is strangled, and one of the prisoners changes into his uniform. The same thing happens with another, who returned a little later on duty. Then everything goes according to Pugachev's plan. The conspirators break into the premises of the security detachment and, having shot the guard on duty, take possession of the weapon. Keeping the suddenly awakened fighters at gunpoint, they change into military uniforms and stock up on provisions. Leaving the camp, they stop the truck on the highway, drop off the driver and continue on their way in the car until the gas runs out. After that, they go to the taiga. At night - the first night at liberty after long months of captivity - Pugachev, waking up, recalls his escape from the German camp in 1944, crossing the front line, interrogation in a special department, accusation of espionage and sentence - twenty-five years in prison. He also recalls the visits to the German camp of the emissaries of General Vlasov, who recruited Russian soldiers, convincing them that for the Soviet authorities all of them, who were captured, are traitors to the Motherland. Pugachev did not believe them until he could see for himself. He lovingly looks over the sleeping comrades who believe in him and stretch out their hands to freedom, he knows that they are "the best, worthy of all." And a little later, a fight ensues, the last hopeless battle between the fugitives and the soldiers surrounding them. Almost all of the fugitives die, except for one, seriously wounded, who is cured and then shot. Only Major Pugachev manages to escape, but he knows, hiding in a bear's lair, that he will be found anyway. He doesn't regret what he did. His last shot was at himself.

LESSONS 1 - 2. V. SHALAMOV. "KOLYMA STORIES" OBJECTIVES: Analyzing the works of V. T. Shalamov, to answer the question: "What could a person oppose to this hellish colossus, grinding it with its teeth of evil?" Equipment: book exhibition: V. Shalamov. "Kolyma stories"; A. Solzhenitsyn. "The Gulag Archipelago"; O. Volkov. "Immersion in darkness"; recording of I. Talkov's song "Russia". DURING THE CLASSES. 1. Opening remarks Turning the pages of the works of V. Shalamov, A. Solzhenitsyn, O. Volkov, A. Zhigulin, we will feel the need to talk about the difficult, totalitarian time in our country. In many families, in the countryside and in the city, among the intelligentsia, workers and peasants, there were people who were sent to hard labor for many years for their political convictions, where many of them died from unbearable living conditions. Shalamov, Volkov, Zhigulin, Solzhenitsyn are writers who have drunk this cup to the full. “How do you get to this mysterious Archipelago? Airplanes fly there every hour, ships sail, trains thunder - but not a single inscription on them indicates the destination. Both ticket clerks and agents of Sovtourist and Intourist will be amazed if you ask for a ticket there. Neither the entire archipelago as a whole, nor one of its countless islets, they knew or heard. ... The Universe has as many centers as there are living beings in it. Each of us is the center of the universe, and the universe collapses when they hiss at you: "You are under arrest." If you are already under arrest, is there anything else that has survived this earthquake? What is an arrest? Arrest is an instantaneous, striking transfer, transfer, transfer from one state to another. Along the long crooked street of our life, we happily rushed or wandered unhappily past some kind of fences - rotten, wooden, adobe duvals, brick, concrete, cast-iron fences. We didn't think about what was behind them. We did not try to look beyond them with our eyes or mind - and that is where the Gulag country begins. Very close, two meters from us” (A. Solzhenitsyn, “The Gulag Archipelago”). The experience of Shalamov as a political prisoner is one of the most difficult: the work is inhumanly difficult - in a gold mine, and the term is extremely hard - seventeen years. Even among prisoners, Shalamov's fate is unusual. People who suffered from the Gulag admitted that Shalamov got much more. “Would I have withstood what Shalamov withstood? I'm not sure, I don't know. Because the depth of humiliation, deprivation that he had to endure in Kolyma ... of course, I did not have to. I have never been beaten, but Shalamov's eardrums were broken, ”wrote Oleg Vasilyevich Volkov. This terrible experience did not leave the writer all his life. “Closing his nose with a perfumed handkerchief, investigator Fedorov talked to me: “You see, you are accused of praising Hitler’s weapons. - What does it mean? - Well, the fact that you spoke approvingly of the German offensive. “I know next to nothing about it. I haven't seen newspapers for many years. Six years. - Well, that's not the point. You said that the Stakhanovite movement in the camp is a falsehood, a lie. - I said that this is ugliness, in my opinion, this is a distortion of the concept of "Stakhanovite". - Then you said that Bunin is a great Russian writer. – He is really a great Russian writer. For what I said, can I give time? 1 - It is possible. He is an emigrant, a vicious emigrant... You see how we treat you. Not a single rude word, no one beats you. No pressure ... "(V. T. Shalamov. "My process"). - What were they accused of, what was the hero of the story arrested for? What is an arrest? Here is how A. I. Solzhenitsyn answers this question: “... arrest: this is a blinding flash and blow, from which the present is immediately relegated to the past, and the impossible becomes a full-fledged present. This is a sharp night call, or a rude knock on the door. This is a brave entry into the unwashed boots of operatives... This is breaking open, ripping open, throwing off walls, throwing on the floor from cabinets, tables, shaking out, tearing, scattering - and stuffing mountains on the floor, and crunching under boots! And nothing is sacred during a search! During the arrest of the locomotive driver Inokhin, in his room on the table there was a coffin with a child who had just died. Lawyers threw the child on the floor, they searched in the coffin... And they shake the sick out of bed, and unbandage the bandages... In 1937, the institute of Dr. Kazakov was smashed. Vessels with lysates invented by him were broken by the "commission", although healed and healed cripples jumped around and begged to keep the miraculous medicine. But according to the official version, lysates were considered poisons. So why weren't they kept at least as material evidence?! Arrests come in many different forms... You are arrested in the theatre, on the way to and from the store, at the train station, in a train car, in a taxi. Sometimes arrests even seem like a game - there is so much fiction, full energy in them ”(A.I. Solzhenitsyn.“ The Gulag Archipelago ”). - For what it was possible to get into the Archipelago? Listen to the voices of the terrible past ... (Students read fragments of documents: - Railway rank Gudkov: "I had records with Trotsky's speeches, and my wife reported." - Machinist, representative of the society of jokers: "Friends gathered on Saturdays with families and told jokes. .." Five years. Kolyma. Death ... - Misha Vygon - student of the Institute of Communications: "I wrote to Comrade Stalin about everything that I saw and heard in prison." For three years, Misha survived, insanely denying, renouncing his close comrades, survived executions. He himself became a shift supervisor at the same Partizan section, where all his comrades died and were destroyed. - Kostya and Nika. Fifteen-year-old Moscow schoolchildren who played football in a cell with a homemade rag ball "terrorists" who killed Khadzhyan. Many years later, it turned out that Khadzhyan was shot dead in his office by Beria. And the children who were accused of his murder - Kostya and Nika - died in Kolyma in 1938. They died, although no one really forced them to work ... They died from the cold ... A student reads a poem by V. Shalamov. Where is life? And I'm afraid to step forward, Even though the rustle of a leaf Step into a hole, into a black forest, She would let it slip, Where memory takes by the hand But behind her back is emptiness, And there is no heaven. But behind is silence. What do you feel in this poem? What marks the human and artistic memory of Shalamov? “Despite the terrible years spent in the mines, he retained an excellent memory. Shalamov draws the truth, seeks to restore to the smallest detail all the details of his stay in prison, does not soften the colors. – Shalamov depicts torture as inhuman conditions of existence, slavish overwork, the terror of criminals, hunger, cold, complete insecurity before arbitrariness. The scrupulous memory of the writer captures the evil of the camps. Under the pen of the artist appears the truth about the experience. Students read an excerpt from Shalamov's letter to Pasternak. “The camp, for a long time, since 1929, has been called not a concentration camp, but a correctional labor camp (ITL), which, of course, does not change anything, is an extra link in the chain of lies. The first camp was opened in 1924 in Kholmogory, in the homeland of M.V. Lomonosov. It contained mainly participants in the Kronstadt rebellion (even numbers, because the odd ones were shot immediately after the suppression of the rebellion). In the period from 1924 to 1929 there was one camp - Solovetsky, i.e. SLON, with branches on the islands in Kem, Ukhta-Pechora and the Urals. Then they got a taste, and from 1929 the business began to grow rapidly. The "reforging" of the White Sea Canal began; Potma, then Dmitlag (Moscow - Volga), where in Dmitlag alone there were over 800,000 people. Then there were no more camps: Sevlag, Sevvostlag, Bamlag, Irkutlag. It was densely populated. ... White, slightly bluish haze of a sixty-degree winter night, an orchestra of silver pipes playing carcasses in front of a dead line of prisoners. The yellow light of huge gasoline torches drowning in the white haze; They read the lists of those who were shot for not fulfilling the norm ... ... The fugitive, who was caught in the taiga and shot by operatives ... chopped off his fingers of both hands - after all, they need to be printed, - by morning he recovered and made his way to our hut. Then he was finally shot dead. ... Those who could not go to work were tied to drag sledges and the sleigh dragged him for two-three kilometers ... "The student reads an excerpt from B. Pasternak's poem "Soul": My soul, sadness With a sobbing lyre About everyone in my circle , Mourning them, You became a tomb You are selfish in our time Tortured alive. Embalming their bodies for conscience and fear, You stand as a grave urn, Dedicating a verse to them, Resting their ashes... - “All these are random pictures,” wrote Shalamov. - The main thing is not in them, but in the corruption of the mind and heart, when it becomes clearer day by day to the vast majority that, it turns out, it is possible to live without meat, without sugar, without clothes, without shoes, and most importantly without honor, duty, conscience, love! Everything is exposed, and this last exposure is terrible... After all, there has never been a single major construction site without prisoners - people whose life is an uninterrupted chain of humiliations. Time has successfully made a man forget that he is a man!” - That's about this and much more - "Kolyma stories" by Shalamov, which we'll talk about. 2. Analysis of stories. I recommended in advance to read for the lesson and summarize the content of Shalamov's stories “At Night”, “On the Show”, “The Snake Charmer”, “Major Pugachev's Last Fight”, “Best Praise”, “Shock Therapy”, “Paul the Apostle”. - Is it easy to save, not to lose yourself in the conditions described in the story "Night"? - Many of Shalamov's stories show how hunger, cold, constant beatings turn a person into a miserable creature. The desires of such people are dulled, limited to food, sympathy for someone else's grief is also dulled. Friendship is not formed in hunger and cold. - What feelings, for example, can the hero of the story "Single metering" have? A single measurement is a measurement of personal output. Former student Dugaev is given an impossible norm. He worked in such a way that "arms, shoulders, head hurt unbearably." But he still did not fulfill the norm (only 25%) and was shot. He is so exhausted and depressed that he has no feelings. He only “regretted that this last day of today had been tormented in vain.” – There were moments when the inflamed human brain continued to desperately resist gradual dying, dullness. Shalamov speaks about this in the story "Sentence". Shalamov's morality is the same for everyone, universal. It is for all time, and morality is only that which is for the benefit of man. There is no need to talk about any moral norms in the Gulag. What morality, if every minute you can be beaten for nothing, killed even without any reason. "NIGHT" 1954 - Briefly retell the plot of the story. (Two prisoners take off clothes from the dead to survive). - By what artistic means does the author draw his characters? (portrait - p. 11; there is a manner in the camp - p. 11). - How can you characterize the act of Bagretsov and Glebov in terms of morality? (as immoral) - What is the reason for the act? (a constant state of hunger, fear of not surviving, hence the act) - How can one morally evaluate this act? (disgrace, blasphemy) - Why did they choose this particular dead man? (p.12) (it was a newcomer) - Is it easy for the heroes to decide on such a thing? What was simple and clear for them? (p.11 - 12) (dig up clothes, sell, survive). The author shows that these people are still alive. - What unites Bagretsov and Glebov? (hope, desire to survive at any cost) - But these are no longer people, but mechanisms. (p. 12 √√) - Why is the story called "Night"? (p.13) (the ghostly world of the night gives hope to survive, it is opposed to the real world of the day, which takes away this hope) Conclusion: a small hope to live one more day warmed and united people even in an immoral act. The moral principle (Glebov was a doctor) is completely suppressed before the cold, hunger, death. "AT THE PRESENTATION" (debt game) 1956 - Retell the plot of the story. (Sevochka and Naumov play cards. Naumov lost everything and began to play for a long time, but he has nothing of his own, and the debt must be submitted within an hour. The sweater of a person who does not give it voluntarily is given on credit, and he is killed). - Through what artistic means does the author introduce us to the life and life of prisoners? List. (description of the barracks, portrait characteristics, behavior of the heroes, their speech) - From the point of view. composition, what element is the barrack description? (p.5) (exposition) - What are the cards made of? What does it say? (p.5) (from the volume of V. Hugo, about lack of spirituality) - Read the portrait characteristics of the characters. Find key words in character descriptions. Sevochka (p. 6), Naumov (p. 7) - The game has begun. Through whose eyes are we watching it? (narrator) - What does Naumov lose to Sevochka? (costume, p.7) - By what moment, from the point of view. compositions, are we coming? (starting) 4 - What does the loser Naumov decide on? (for a presentation, p. 9.) - Where will he take a thing on credit? (p.9) - Who do we see now: a saint or a murderer looking for a victim? - Is the tension increasing? (yes) - What is the name of this compositional technique? (culmination) - Where is the highest point of tension: when Naumov is looking for a victim or Garkunov's words: "I won't take it off, only with skin"? Why didn't Garkunov take off his sweater? (p.10) (besides what the narrator says, this is also a fortress that connects Garkunov with another life, if he loses his sweater, he will die) - Which episode of the story serves as a denouement? (Murder of Garkunov, p. 10√√) This is the denouement, both physical and psychological. - Do you think the murderers will be punished? Why? Who is Garkunov? (No, Garkunov is an engineer, an enemy of the people, convicted under Art. 58, and the murderers are criminals who were encouraged by the heads of the camps, i.e. there is mutual responsibility) “SNAKE CHARMER” 1954 Purpose: through artistic means to see forms of mockery of people. - Name the forms of bullying that occur in the story. (pushed in the back, pushed out into the light, raised at night, sent to sleep in a latrine (latrine), deprived of a name). Who is the clash between in the story? (This is a typical clash between criminals and political ones, according to Article 58) - Who is Fedechka? What is his status in the barracks? (p. 81√) (a fingernail, doing nothing - a form of life for criminals) - What was Fedechka daydreaming about? (p. 81 √√) - How does the speech characterize the hero? (he feels like a master, free in the life and death of these people) - Why does Platonov lose morality? (p.82√√) Having said: “... I can squeeze,” Platonov did not rise above the thieves, but descended to their level, thereby dooming himself to death, because. during the day he will work, and at night he will tell novels. - Has Platonov's position changed? Conclusion: in the camps there was an established system of bullying of those who were convicted under Article 58. Some of the scum crushed the best people, "helping" the state machine to grind the best that was. The student reads Shalamov's poem. If you manage, you will comfort That the ice of forest swamps And calm your sobs. Will never melt. Alas! Stronger hopes Under the black glass My memories. Swamps of ice Their raven protects Hidden warmth And he himself, I suppose, does not know The unspoken word. “Alas! Stronger than hopes / My memories ... ”How do you understand these lines? How do you understand this poem? “The hopes of the prisoners may not be fulfilled. Most likely they won't come true. But the imprinted memory will remain. “Memories are powerful. They have experience... - Here is what Shalamov said in the story "The Train": "I was frightened by the terrible power of man - the desire and ability to forget. I saw that I was ready to forget, cross out, 20 years from my 5th life. And what years! And when I realized this, I defeated myself! I knew I wouldn't let my memory forget everything I saw!" Conclusion. V. Shalamov himself said that he conveyed in his work “... the truth about the struggle of man against the state machine. The truth of this struggle, the struggle for oneself, within oneself, outside oneself. Today we have touched this truth. And I hope we will keep it in our hearts... At home: pp. 313 - 315, a report on the life and work of V.M. Shukshin. Stories "Crank", "Cut", "Wolves", etc. 6

Help find an analysis of any "Kolyma story" by V. T. Shalamov and got the best answer

Answer from LEGE artis[guru]
Varlam Shalamov is rightly considered the pioneer of the camp theme in Russian literature of the 20th century. But it turned out that his works became known to the reader after the publication of A. compared with her And it immediately catches the eye: Shalamov is tougher, more merciless, more unambiguous in describing the horrors of the Gulag than Solzhenitsyn
In One Day of Ivan Denisovich and in The Gulag Archipelago, there are many examples of human baseness, meanness, hypocrisy. Nevertheless, Solzhenitsyn notes that it was mainly those who had already been prepared for this in the wild who were prepared to learn flattery that succumbed to moral corruption in the camp , lies, "small and large meanness" is possible everywhere, but a person must remain a person even in the most difficult and cruel conditions. Moreover, Solzhenitsyn shows that humiliation and trials awaken inner reserves in a person and spiritually free him
In "Kolyma Tales" (1954-1973) Shalamov, on the contrary, tells how the convicts quickly lost their former "face" and often the beast was more merciful, fairer and kinder than them.
And indeed, the characters in Shalamov, as a rule. lose faith in goodness and justice, present their souls as morally and spiritually devastated, the writer concludes, “turn up to complete corruption” “In the camp, it’s every man for himself,” the prisoners “immediately learned not to stand up for each other.” In the barracks, the author notes, disputes often arose, and they all ended almost always the same way -
fights. “But the participants in these disputes are former professors, party members, collective farmers, military leaders.” According to Shalamov, there is moral and physical pressure in the camp, under the influence of which "everyone can become a thief from hunger."

The theme of the tragic fate of a person in a totalitarian state in the "Kolyma stories" by V. Shalamov

I've been living in a cave for twenty years

Burning with a single dream

breaking free and moving

shoulders like Samson, I'll bring down

stone vaults

this dream.

V. Shalamov

The Stalin years are one of the tragic periods in the history of Russia. Numerous repressions, denunciations, executions, a heavy, oppressive atmosphere of non-freedom - these are just some of the signs of the life of a totalitarian state. The terrible, cruel machine of authoritarianism broke the fate of millions of people, their relatives and friends.

V. Shalamov is a witness and participant in those terrible events that a totalitarian country was going through. He went through both exile and Stalin's camps. Other thinking was severely persecuted by the authorities, and the writer had to pay too high a price for the desire to tell the truth. Varlam Tikhonovich summarized the experience taken from the camps in the collection "Kolymsky stories". "Kolyma Tales" is a monument to those whose lives were ruined for the sake of the cult of personality.

Showing in the stories the images of those convicted under the fifty-eighth, “political” article and the images of criminals who are also serving sentences in camps, Shalamov reveals many moral problems. Finding themselves in a critical life situation, people showed their true "I". Among the prisoners there were traitors, and cowards, and scoundrels, and those who were "broken" by the new circumstances of life, and those who managed to preserve the human in themselves in inhuman conditions. The last one was the least.

The most terrible enemies, "enemies of the people", were political prisoners for the authorities. It was they who were in the camp in the most severe conditions. Criminals - thieves, murderers, robbers, whom the narrator ironically calls "friends of the people", paradoxically, aroused much more sympathy from the camp authorities. They had various indulgences, they could not go to work. They got away with a lot.

In the story “At the Show”, Shalamov shows a game of cards in which the personal belongings of the prisoners become the prize. The author draws images of Naumov's and Sevochka's criminals, for whom human life is worth nothing and who kill engineer Garkunov for a woolen sweater. The author's calm intonation, with which he ends his story, says that such camp scenes are a common, everyday occurrence.

The story “Night” shows how people blur the lines between good and bad, how the main goal became to survive on their own, no matter what the cost. Glebov and Bagretsov take off clothes from a dead man at night with the intention of obtaining bread and tobacco instead. In another story, the condemned Denisov with pleasure pulls footcloths from a dying, but still living comrade.

The life of the prisoners was unbearable, it was especially hard for them in severe frosts. The heroes of the story "Carpenters" Grigoriev and Potashnikov, intelligent people, in order to save their own lives, in order to spend at least one day in the warmth, go to deceit. They go to carpentry, not knowing how to do it, than they are saved from the bitter frost, they get a piece of bread and the right to warm themselves by the stove.

The hero of the story "Single measurement", a recent university student, exhausted by hunger, receives a single measurement. He is unable to complete this task completely, and his punishment for that is execution. The heroes of the story "Tombstone Word" were also severely punished. Weakened from hunger, they were forced to do overwork. For the request of foreman Dyukov to improve nutrition, the entire brigade was shot along with him.

The destructive influence of the totalitarian system on the human personality is very clearly demonstrated in the story "The Parcel". It is very rare for political prisoners to receive parcels. This is a great joy for each of them. But hunger and cold kill the human in man. The prisoners are robbing each other! “From hunger, our envy was dull and powerless,” says the story “Condensed Milk”.

The author also shows the brutality of the guards, who, having no sympathy for their neighbors, destroy the miserable pieces of prisoners, break their bowlers, beat the condemned Efremov to death for stealing firewood.

The story "Rain" shows that the work of the "enemies of the people" takes place in unbearable conditions: waist-deep in the ground and under the incessant rain. For the slightest mistake, each of them is waiting for death. Great joy if someone cripple himself, and then, perhaps, he will be able to avoid hellish work.

Prisoners live in inhuman conditions: “In the barracks, packed with people, it was so crowded that you could sleep standing up ... The space under the bunks was packed with people to capacity, you had to wait to sit down, squat down, then lie down somewhere on a bunks, on a pole, on someone else's body - and fall asleep ... ".

Crippled souls, crippled destinies... "Inside, everything was burned out, devastated, we didn't care," sounds in the story "Condensed Milk". In this story, the image of the “snitch” Shestakov arises, who, hoping to attract the narrator with a can of condensed milk, hopes to persuade him to escape, and then report it and receive a “reward”. Despite the extreme physical and moral exhaustion, the narrator finds the strength to figure out Shestakov's plan and deceive him. Not everyone, unfortunately, turned out to be so quick-witted. “They fled in a week, two were killed near the Black Keys, three were tried in a month.”

In the story "Major Pugachev's Last Fight", the author shows people whose spirit was not broken by either fascist concentration camps or Stalinist ones. “These were people with different skills, habits acquired during the war, with courage, the ability to take risks, who believed only in weapons. Commanders and soldiers, pilots and scouts,” the writer says about them. They make a daring and daring attempt to escape from the camp. The heroes realize that their salvation is impossible. But for a sip of freedom, they agree to give their lives.

“The Last Fight of Major Pugachev” clearly shows how the Motherland treated the people who fought for it and were guilty only of being captured by the Germans by the will of fate.

Varlam Shalamov - chronicler of the Kolyma camps. In 1962, he wrote to A. I. Solzhenitsyn: “Remember the most important thing: the camp is a negative school from the first to the last day for anyone. A man - neither the chief nor the prisoner, do not need to see him. But if you saw him, you must tell the truth, no matter how terrible it may be. For my part, I decided a long time ago that I would devote the rest of my life to this very truth.

Shalamov was true to his words. "Kolyma stories" became the pinnacle of his work.