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Punctuation marks for introductory and inserted constructions. Introductory constructions Introductory constructions brackets

Introductory structures

1. Introductory constructions are called words, combinations of words, and offers

Introductory structures

For example: Misha Alpatov,Certainly, could hire horses(Priv.); Somebody,it is seen(Sol.); I saw NatashaSeems(Spread); FirstlySecondly(Spread); Somebody,it is seenmay be(Kav.).

2. Introductory structures:

Are not introductory

3. Introductory sentences, usually,

For example: How do sailors express themselves?, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has,as writers say, a sigh of relief escaped(White); he knew it(A.T.); Z now it seemed to him- it was ridiculous(Shol.); can you imagine(Fed.).

nouns

and etc.;

adjectives

pronouns

adverbs

Verbs

infinitive or combination with an infinitive:

combinations with gerunds :

impersonal offers :

5. If the introductory word or combination of words

For example: One nightmust be out of mischief(Fad.). A girl approached the busessentially a child(Chiv.); probably without even reading it.

6. Introductory words And combinations of words

For example: but apparently, both strong and deft(M.G.); But according to rumors(Fad.); but vice versa(Fad.); maybe, and not only from people(Spread).

For example: and therefore(Leon.).

For example: And indeed, he left soon.By the way, the store was already closed.And perhaps, he did the right thing.

7. Many of the introductory words And combinations of words

however, by the way, finally, in the end, thus, really, maybe, at least and etc.

For example: May beMay bein true and living beauty(Hall.).

Let me make sureat leastwhat's good for you now(Leon.). – (L.T.).

Thus, made a mistake(Leon.). – Thus(Leon.).

Must be(Shol.). – Schedulethere must bestable.

By the way(Leon.). – Your arrival wasBy the way.

Ganan,however(Tendr.). – Howeversomething has already changed(Boon.).

Word " however

For example: Howeverit slipped away; It was raining,howeverhoweverdidn't return.

In a sentence:

Introductory combinations " on the one hand on the other hand

For example: . On the other side(Fad.). On the one sidewith another

Compare: On the one side, LYuba with another(M.G.); on the one hand, on the other - members of the proposal.

Word " finally

For example: Firstly,lessons at school;Secondly, amateur activity circle and,finallyfinally(Priv.).

Compare: Finallyfinally(Adv.); Finally

Compare: So(Paust.). – So

Plug-in structures

1. Plug-in structures

For example: then East Siberian(Spread); not for drinking, but for washing- it was not enough(Kav.); (Plat.); Valeria -(Sol.).

Introductory words and combinations

Introductory words and combinations- these are words and combinations of words that express the speaker’s attitude to the content of a sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

Introductory words and combinations:

· are not members of the proposal

· are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, in written speech by punctuation: commas.

Introductory words and remarks are divided into groups according to the meaning they express.

Our examples will help you notice introductory words and sentences:

Emotions, feelings, assessment

Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, to happiness, to joy, to surprise, to happiness, to truth, to conscience, to justice, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, don’t say it as a reproach

Message source

According to the report, according to information, according to rumors, in accordance with, they say, report, convey, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, remember, remember

The measure of what is being said

The most, the least, the most unusual, the most amazing, at least

Introductory sentences

Introductory sentences are similar in their role to introductory words.
Examples:

I think he will arrive tomorrow.

(I think= in my opinion)

(if I'm not mistaken= in my opinion)

Like introductory words, introductory sentences express different meanings.
For example:

I think (I believe, I believe, I am sure, ...) - the degree of reliability, confidence.

As is known (as reported on the radio, as reported in the media, as stated in the report, etc.) - the source of information.

Like introductory words, introductory sentences are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech: with commas, less often - with a dash.

Read more: Punctuation of sentences complicated by introductory sentences

Plug-in structures

Plug-in structures differ from introductory words and sentences in a number of features.

1. They have their own purposes of utterance, which may coincide or differ from the purpose of utterance of the main sentence:

He - no one expected this - called only a year later.

(the purpose of the utterance of the insertion structure and the sentence containing it coincide: these are messages)

Peter - have you already heard about this? - went to China.

(the purpose of uttering a sentence containing a plug-in construction is a message, the purpose of a plug-in construction is a question)

2. Plug-in structures have their own range of meanings: they contain additional remarks, comments, explanations, or serve as a means of activating the attention of the interlocutor:

He – are you listening to me or not? – I called only a year later.

(activating the interlocutor’s attention)

3. Plug-in constructions have the structure of an independent sentence. These can be both simple and complex sentences.

In the village (I mean the village closest to our holiday village) there was a large pond.

(in this example, both the sentence and the plug-in construction have the structure of a simple sentence, but the structure of the plug-in construction is complicated by a separate definition)

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in written speech - by punctuation: using brackets or dashes.

Finally - how I dreamed about it! – I graduated from school and entered the university.

And now the former classmates (can you imagine?) met fifty years later!

Introductory structures

1. Introductory constructions are called words, combinations of words, and offers , expressing the speaker’s attitude to what is being said.

Introductory structures give a general assessment of the message, indicate the source and method of the message, connection with the context, the order of the components of the statement, etc.

The main meaning of introductory structures – the meaning of modal, emotional, expressive evaluation.

Introductory constructions are intonationally highlighted in the sentence. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction - the intonation of turning on or off.

Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas.

For example: Misha Alpatov,Certainly, could hire horses(Priv.); Somebody,it is seen, advised the girl to go with the kitten to the bird market(Sol.); I saw NatashaSeems, on the third day of my hospital life(Spread); The mere presence of the Decembrists here, scattered in exile throughout the entire expanse of Western and Eastern Siberia, had such an influence on the public that,Firstly, being in many places disparate minds, it became public and,Secondly, found goals that eventually led to the opening of Tomsk University(Spread); Somebody,it is seen, was passing along the street at that time (Razp.) It was not the first time I left home, but these were trips that began and ended in Pskov and,may be, therefore leaving a feeling of transience(Kav.).

2. Introductory structures:

2)express emotional assessment: fortunately, surprisingly, unfortunately, unfortunately; for good fortune, for bad luck; by misfortune; a sinful deed, what good;

3)indicate the source of the message: according to legend, in my opinion, according to rumors; they say I remember; by conviction, by words, by sight;

4)characterize the attitude towards the way of expressing thoughts: by expression, in one word, in other words; roughly speaking, so to speak, in a word, literally, in short;

5) emphasize the expressive nature of the statement: in truth, in fairness, to your liking, jokes aside; to be honest, between you and me;

6)indicate the relationship between the parts of the statement: so, by the way, for example; finally; firstly, secondly, etc.; therefore, in general, in this way;

7) serve the purpose of attracting the attention of the interlocutor: you see, you understand, you won’t believe it; have mercy; Imagine; listen;

8) indicate a limitation or clarification of a statement: at least to one degree or another, at least, even more so.

Are not introductory and, therefore, words and combinations of words are not separated by commas: perhaps, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, moreover, approximately, approximately, and, decisively, allegedly, by decree, by decision.

3. Introductory sentences, usually, have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and word combinations V. They are distinguished by commas or as structurally more complex – by dashes. The choice of punctuation marks depends on the degree to which the introductory structure is excluded from the main statement.

For example: How do sailors express themselves?, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has,as writers say, a sigh of relief escaped(White); On the other side, about a hundred paces from here,he knew it, Austrian trenches approached the river itself(A.T.); Z to suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage -now it seemed to him- it was ridiculous(Shol.); The prosecutor flies headlong into the library -can you imagine? – does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

4. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions:

without a doubt, to joy, fortunately and etc.;

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree:

right, guilty, most important, in general, the most important, the least;

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:

in addition, besides, meanwhile;

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree:

undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately;

Verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood:

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;

infinitive or combination with an infinitive:

apparently, know, admit, funny to say;

combinations with gerunds :

to tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly;

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.:

For as long as I can remember, I often think;

impersonal offers :

It seemed to her that we all remember it well;

vaguely personal proposals .

that’s how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

5. If the introductory word or combination of words stands at the beginning of a separate phrase or at the end of it, then it is not separated from it by a punctuation mark, i.e. commas highlight the turn as a whole.

For example: One nightmust be out of mischief, the list was papered over the façade of the City Council(Fad.). A girl approached the busessentially a child. A fairly clear description is given,in particular the Decembrist Mikhail Spiridonov(Chiv.); The student returned the book to the library,probably without even reading it.

6. Introductory words And combinations of words, being next to coordinating conjunctions, are separated or not separated from them by commas, depending on the context. If a conjunction is included in an introductory construction, then a comma is not placed after it; if a conjunction connects the members of a sentence, and the introductory word is easily omitted (without violating the structure of the sentence), then a comma is placed after the conjunction.

For example: His grandfather is a lean and straight man, he was made hastily,but apparently, both strong and deft(M.G.); But according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk(Fad.); And the fact that all these people were thereby opposed to him, the fact that he was alone among these people and seemed to stand above them, not only did not frighten or upset Semka,but vice versa- this was precisely the main interest of his life(Fad.); In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people,maybe, and not only from people(Spread).

As a rule, combinations of words are used in the form of integral introductory constructions and (and) means, and (and) therefore, and (and) vice versa. However, if these constructions do not include a conjunction, they are separated from the conjunction by a comma.

For example: It was then that society would send an army of artists to decorate everyday life - homes, clothes, utensils, the most ordinary things, everyday and no less than books, cultivating tasteand thereforethe aesthetic exactingness of workers in their own work and behavior(Leon.).

Introductory words after conjunctions used in the connecting meaning are not separated by a comma.

For example: And indeed, he left soon.By the way, the store was already closed.And perhaps, he did the right thing.

7. Many of the introductory words And combinations of words may be homonymous to sentence members or conjunctions. Such functional differences (they are reflected in punctuation) appear in context.

Words and combinations of words can perform different functions and etc.

For example: May be, and Polina also looked at the same column from the cabin (Hall.). “She walked very quietly, there was as much calm in her as hisMay bein true and living beauty(Hall.).

Let me make sureat leastwhat's good for you now(Leon.). – Occasionally, pale zigzags of lightning cut through to the ground. It was clear that by this day there would be at least a separation between us(L.T.).

Ivan Matveevich was not in too much of a hurry andThus, made a mistake(Leon.). – Thusthe image of the forest as a living being is formed(Leon.).

Must be, went to visit my mother(Shol.). – Schedulethere must bestable.

By the way, Vikhrov rather absent-mindedly accepted the good news(Leon.). – Your arrival wasBy the way.

Ganan,however, was never too generous with praise(Tendr.). – Just as easily, carefree, he returned to the hotel.Howeversomething has already changed(Boon.).

Word " however» as a conjunction stands at the beginning of a sentence, between parts of a complex sentence, or between homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example: There was something else that I wanted to understand.Howeverit slipped away; It was raining,howeverit was necessary to go; He promised to returnhoweverdidn't return.

In a sentence: However, opening the cool door that smelled of official paint, he was convinced that everything was as before(Fad.) – after the conjunction there is an adverbial phrase.

Introductory combinations " on the one hand on the other hand" are highlighted (or separated) by commas.

For example: . ..The general did not want to allow his division to cease to exist.On the other side, he knew that he would fulfill his duty to the end(Fad.). If a side word is omitted, a dash is added:On the one side, the students' knowledge was deep,with another– they turned out to be very one-sided.

Compare: We were sledding down the mountain built in Khryapov’s yard, but a strong wind blew, the children were called into the old man’s room, and they sat with him on a warm bed - VanyaOn the one side, LYuba with another(M.G.); on the one hand, on the other - members of the proposal.

Word " finally“is introductory if it summarizes any enumeration - explicit (first, second and finally) or hidden (as a result of some events).

For example: The child was completely tired in the evening:Firstly,lessons at school;Secondly, amateur activity circle and,finally, evening reading; Now the fingers have already identified the object, and only the fear of a new deception prevents jubilant joy from escaping from the chest. Here in your handfinally, the golden leaf sparkles, and I want to quickly run to people as quickly as possible, as quickly as possible to announce to them the existence of miracles on earth(Priv.).

Compare: Finallyas an adverbial member of a sentence: Appearedfinallyand the leader, together with Lisa(Adv.); FinallyThe long-awaited holiday has arrived.

The word “ So": it is used both as a circumstance of the manner of action and as an introductory one in the meaning of "for example."

Compare: Sohe worked - he came up with phrases on the fly, then wrote them down, then came up with them again(Paust.). – The members of a sentence are different.So, these can be circumstances, additions, definitions.

Plug-in structures

1. Plug-in structures(words, combinations of words, sentences) contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to the main statement.

Plug-in constructions are less closely related to the sentence than introductory ones, and therefore fall out sharply from its structure. Expressing additional messages, they require more significant emphasis in the sentence than introductory constructions, which, as a rule, contain an attitude towards what was said and its assessment. It is this semantic independence of inserted structures that explains the need to use brackets and dashes to highlight them.

For example: Since 1851, the Sibirsky (then East Siberian) department of the Geographical Society(Spread); We were well fed, but the water wasnot for drinking, but for washing- it was not enough(Kav.); Sometimes the days sparkled better than summer -the whiteness of the frozen snow resisted the sun's fire point-blank– and the clean air shimmered sharply with biting cold and viscous warmth(Plat.); Valeria -that was the name of the girl, out of longing for whom I ran away from the village to Moscow, - listened to me, looking dreamily ahead(Sol.).

Punctuation marks for inserted structures

The following are highlighted in brackets:

1) plug-in constructions that complement or explain the content of the main sentence.

For example: Finally he ordered the racing droshky to be harnessed and he dressed warmly (it was already at the end of September) and, driving himself, left the yard(P.); On a hot summer morning (it was late July) woke us up earlier than usual(Ax.); A young sparrow fell out of the nest (the wind shook the birch trees of the alley) and sat motionless(T.); I didn't have time to get a good look at his face (the stroller rushed past too quickly); but it seemed to me that he was deeply touched t (T.); Returning to my room (it was located in an outbuilding and was almost completely cluttered with forged chests), Gavrila first sent his wife out...(T.); Petya was not at home (he went to see a friend with whom he intended to transfer from the militia to the active army) (L.T.); Having passed some Austrian troops, Rostov noticed that the next part of the line (it was the guard) had already entered into action(L.T.); Trebles and violas (sometimes basses and tenors) these choirs were recruited from students(Room.).

The introductory words in a sentence are usually not grammatically consistent with the rest of the sentence and are not actually members of the sentence as such. They simply express the attitude of the speaker (or author) to the main idea of the sentence.

Introductory words are always separated by commas in the sentence. For example: Fortunately, she didn’t forget anything.

The only exceptions are those cases when words that we are accustomed to consider introductory, but in this case are used as members of a sentence. (The car rushed him towards happiness)

Plug-in constructions are separated by commas, but more often by dashes or parentheses when they carry additional information about the subject of speech. For example: She walked down the steps (the room was located in the basement). The whole family - there were five of them - went to the station.

The most commonly used introductory words are: without a doubt, it happened, probably, apparently, you see, you see, perhaps, firstly, secondly etc., however, they are doing, must be, let's say, it is thought, know, mean, otherwise (speaking), shpak, it seems, unfortunately, of course, in short (speaking), unfortunately, by the way (to say), fortunately, by the way, maybe , probably, on the contrary, for example, on the contrary, (in one) word, obviously, in all likelihood, perhaps, please, put it, I remember, in my opinion, in my opinion, in the opinion..., it’s clear, you understand, read , really, really, I admit, I admit, (it goes without saying) of course, let’s say, therefore, in a word, hear, actually (speaking), therefore, strictly speaking, thus, so to speak, tea, what good, or something.

Note 1. It is necessary to distinguish adverbial words from introductory words that answer the questions how? how? When? etc., for example: These words were said by the way.

But: By the way, take our books with you. This phrase was said incidentally.

But: This phrase, by the way, reminded me of an old joke.

Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of the same words and phrases either as introductory words (and, therefore, separated by commas), or as intensifying ones (and not separated by commas), for example: You understand all this, of course? ( Certainly– introductory word). Of course you will arrive before me ( Certainly, pronounced in a tone of confidence, is an intensifying word). What else are you thinking, really? ( Indeed– introductory expression). But he really has nothing to do with it ( Indeed, pronounced in a tone of conviction, is an intensifying turn).

Note 3. If for example, let's say, let's say, let's say etc. stand before a word or group of words that clarify the preceding words, then no punctuation mark is placed after them.

Note 4. Unions A and, less often, But , if they form one whole with the subsequent introductory word, they are not separated from the last by a comma, for example: and therefore, and however, and therefore, but therefore, but of course and so on.

24. Punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence.

1. Separate definitions

Separate themselves	Not isolated
A common definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent words, standing after the noun being defined: Poplars, covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma.	Participle or adjective with dependent words, coming after an indefinite pronoun: Her big eyes... searched mine something resembling the truth.
A single definition, standing after the defined noun, if it has an additional adverbial meaning: To the young person, to a lover, it’s impossible not to spill the beans.	A common definition that comes after the noun being defined, if it itself in a given sentence does not express the desired concept and requires a definition: I've been in a mood all week depressed and depressed.(Combination dominated the mood does not have a complete meaning).
	A common definition, if it is connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate (included in its composition): The moon has risen very purple and gloomy.
Two or more single adjectives after the noun being defined: Has arrived night,moonlit, clear. However, isolation is required only when the defined noun is preceded by another definition: I’m offended to hear these tales, dirty and deceitful.	In the absence of a previous definition, it is not isolated: Under this thick gray overcoat beat heartpassionate and noble.
A common or single definition, standing immediately before the defined noun, if it has an additional adverbial meaning (temporary, causal, conditional, concessive): Stunned by a punch, Bulanin I was staggering at first. high, Lelya and in quilted clothes she was too thin.	A common definition that comes before the noun being defined and has no additional adverbial meaning: At the table I was rummaging through books recently arrived from the village accountant.
A common or single definition is always isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence: Arrows, launched at him, fell, pathetic, back to earth. Sunlit, buckwheat and wheat lay across the river fields.
The definition relating to the personal pronoun is almost always isolated: Struck by fear, I I follow my mother into the bedroom. Me,wet to the last thread, taken off the horse almost without memory.	However, the definition for a personal pronoun is not isolated if: 1 definition is closely related in meaning not only to the subject, but also to the predicate: Before the hut We got there soaking wet. 2. the definition is in the accusative case, but can be used in the instrumental case: And then he saw hislying on a hard bed in the house of a poor neighbor (saw him lying) 3. the definition is used in an exclamatory sentence: O Istupid!
The turnover is always isolated taken together: She was extremely far from the type of classical beauty, she had an uneven eye shape, a slightly slanted mouth, a small depression in the middle of her forehead, but all this, taken together, gave the impression of attractiveness, completely undeniable to everyone who knew her.	A defining, demonstrative or possessive pronoun is not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows it: Everyone coming to the doctor patients assistance was provided. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowedheads.
An inconsistent definition, expressed in the oblique case form of a noun (usually with a preposition), is isolated if: 1. you need to emphasize the meaning it expresses: Serf, in shiny clothing, with folded back sleeves, immediately served various drinks and food. 2.refers to a proper name: Didn’t leave my memory Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes. 3.refers to the personal pronoun: I'm surprised that You, with your kindness, don't feel it. 4. expressed by the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (especially if the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): Short beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin. 5. expressed by an infinitive, which can be preceded without prejudice to the meaning namely; in these cases a dash is placed: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire – do good.
Often an inconsistent definition is isolated in order to “tear it off” from the nearest member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically: Painter, drunk, drank Instead of beer, a tea glass of lacquer.

§91

Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted or separated commas : Misha Alpatov,Certainly , could hire horses(Priv.); Somebody,it is seen , advised the girl to go with the kitten to the bird market(Sol.); I saw NatashaSeems , on the third day of my hospital life(Spread); They saidFor example how is he[to Neuhaus] I had a chance to listen to some very beautiful student play the piano at the Conservatory(journal); To my wife's surprise , Sergei suddenly became quiet and even(Bit.); ...The presence here of the Decembrists, scattered in exile throughout all the expanses of Western and Eastern Siberia, had such an influence on the public that,Firstly , being in many places disparate minds, it became public, and,Secondly , found goals that eventually led to the opening of Tomsk University(Spread); This was not the first time I left home, but these were trips that began and ended in Pskov and,may be , therefore leaving a feeling of transience(Kav.); He stood in line at passport control.So , first of all(White).

Note 1. Introductory words and combinations of words:

A) indicate the degree of reliability of a message or fact: without a doubt, certainly, indisputably, or rather, truly, probably (very likely), apparently, apparently, beyond any doubt, perhaps, in fact, in essence, really, must be, I think, naturally, known, it seems, it seemed, it would seem, as you see, as you can see, of course, maybe, maybe, probably, I hope, one must think, undoubtedly, it turns out, doesn’t it, it turned out, obviously, apparently, in all likelihood, perhaps, truly, I believe, in fact (in fact), essentially, honor, truth, right, right word, of course, by itself, therefore, by the hour, whatever you say (speak);

b) indicate the degree of normality of what is being said: happens, happened, as usual, as always, as usual, as usual, happens, happened ;

V) express an emotional assessment of what is being reported: a sinful deed, a well-known deed, as if unfortunately, as luck would have it, oddly enough, to chagrin, to amazement, fortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to regret, to joy, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to misfortune, for joy, for happiness, in some way, the sky is the limit, there’s nothing (What) to be honest, unfortunately, fortunately, a strange thing, an amazing thing, what good ;

G) contain an indication of the source of the message: I see, they say, I think, it is known, as they said, as is known, as I believe, as I remember, as I remember, as heard, in your opinion, in your opinion (whom, whose), I remember, I remember, in my opinion, by concept (whose), according to proverb, according to legend, according to reasoning (whose), according to information (whose), according to (whose), according to rumors, for reasons (whose), reportedly (whose), in your opinion, in your opinion (whose), they say, I hear, I hear, from the point of view, apparently ;

d) characterize the way of expressing thoughts: or rather, he is guilty, generally speaking, roughly speaking, in other words, in other words, in other words, as they say, as they say, however you say it, however you like, in short, in short, it’s easy to say, it’s better to say, by the way, you can say, to put it mildly, to put it mildly, on the contrary, in one word, frankly speaking, in expression, simply to say, frankly speaking, in a word, in a word, in fact, in fact, with permission to report, with permission to say, so to speak, what is called ;

e) indicate the expressive nature of the statement: to say without flattery, if to tell the truth, except for jokes, between us, between us, be it said, between us, to speak, the truth must be told, it must be confessed, it must be said, it must not be said at night, there is nothing to say, to one’s heart, truly, according to to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, according to conscience, in fairness, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to admit, I confess, frankly, I’ll tell you, I’ll tell you straight, to tell between us, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, it’s funny to say , I assure you, honestly ;

and) indicate the relationship between the parts of the statement: to top it all off, in the end, at the same time, in general, on the whole, in general, firstly, secondly, thirdly(etc.), in any case, however, in particular, it turns out, the main thing, the main thing, mainly, means, so, as noted, as indicated, for example, in addition, by the way, by the way, for example, to say, by the way, by the way , finally, for example, on the contrary, on the contrary, in one word, I repeat, I emphasize, in addition to this, first of all, approximately to say, moreover, at the same time, in addition, therefore, with all that, on the one hand, on the other hand, on its own sides, therefore, therefore, nevertheless ;

h) call for attention: believe (whether), see (whether), you see (whether), imagine (those), you know, you understand, if you want, if you want, mind you (those) to yourself, you know (whether), You know (whether), you can do as you wish (to myself) imagine, you won't believe it, you won't believe it, believe it (those), please have mercy (those), remember (whether), you understand (whether), listen (those), imagine (those), imagine (those) forgive me (those) me, do (those) please tell me (those) please agree ;

And) express a limitation or clarification of a statement: without exaggeration, to one degree or another, at least, at least .

Note 2. The following words and combinations of words are not introductory and, therefore, are not separated by commas: maybe, literally; in addition, suddenly, after all, ultimately, hardly, it seems, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if (as if), as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by decree (whose), by decision (whose), almost, approximately, approximately, simply, decisively, supposedly .

§92

Introductory sentences have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and word combinations. They stand out commas or, much less frequently, – familiar dash . The ugly, kind person he considered himself to be can behe thought , love like a friend(L. T.); How do sailors express themselves? , the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has,as writers say , a sigh of relief escaped(White); They sit here on pain of death and -what's worse - in the pouring rain(Kaz.).

§93

If an introductory word or an introductory combination of words is at the beginning or end of a separate member of a sentence, then it is not separated from it by a punctuation mark, that is, commas highlight the sentence member together with the introductory word:

1) One nightmust be out of mischief , the list was papered over the façade of the City Council(Fad.), cf.: Tumbleweeds were flying near the blackest cloud, and how,there must be , they were scared(Ch.); A girl approached the busessentially a child , cf.: After that,in fact , and ask about her[Axinyi] there was no need to have a relationship with Gregory(Shol.); The student returned the book to the library,probably without even reading it , cf.: The sky darkened. Soon,probably , it will rain; A fairly clear description is given,in particular the Decembrist Mikhail Spiridov (Chiv.), cf. Question at the meetingin particular , concerned teaching methods; As for Russian serious articles,for example in sociology, art, etc. , then I don’t read them simply out of shyness(Ch.) (about words like in particular, for example at the beginning of a clarifying or connecting member of a sentence (see also § 84).

2) It was a huge oak tree, twice the girth, with broken offseen for a long time , bitches(L.T.).

If an introductory word or combination of words is located inside a separate member of a sentence or inside an inserted construction (see § 97), then it is highlighted according to the general rule: At the porch of the cathedral, gray, shabby people were milling about on the stones,apparently , waiting and buzzing like wasps of a ruined nest(M.G.) – an introductory word within a separate participial phrase, cf.: People were jostlingapparently expecting something ; In other lakes (for example, in Chernenkoe ) water resembles glitter mascara(Paust.), cf.: In other lakesfor example in Chernenkoe , the water resembles glitter mascara .

§94

Introductory words and combinations of words that stand on the border of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence and relate to the word or sentence following them are not separated from it by a comma (the second comma is omitted to indicate that the introductory word is related to the subsequent part of the sentence): The elk galloped towards the lakes,there must be hurried to the watering hole(Paust.); A sharp knock was heardthere must be the shutter came off(Ch.).

§95

Introductory words and combinations of words, being next to coordinating conjunctions, are separated or not separated from them by commas, depending on the context.

Comma after the union is put, if the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction, connecting members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence (the introductory word can be omitted without disturbing the structure of the sentence): I need to convey something important to her at night.and it must be , sad letter(Ch.); But Lena has not yet fed her daughter,and, therefore, It was a long time before dinner(Kav.); The fireballs turned out to be large jellyfish,or, in our opinion , "sea hearts"(Paust.); His grandfather is a lean and straight man, he was made hastily,but apparently , both firmly and deftly(M.G.); Not an hourmaybe , he waited two or three for the train; The head of the section turned out to be not at all gloomy, but, on the contrary, a very active and humorous person(Paust.); It was then that society would send an army of artists to decorate... homes, clothes, utensils, the most ordinary things, everyday and no less than books, cultivating tasteand therefore , the aesthetic demands of workers in their own work and behavior(Leon.).

Comma after the union not placed, if the conjunction is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it (removing the introductory word is impossible): In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people,maybe , and not only from people(Spread); Life was going on, perhaps cheerful and bright,maybe , meager and silent(Paust.); To be yourself is already a trait testifying to integrity,which means , harmony(gas.); He was silent, as it seemed to me, for a very long time,and probably , just a few seconds(Berg.).

Introductory words are not separated by commas from conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence: And indeed , he left soon;By the way , the store was already closed;And indeed , voices were heard below(Ch.); And perhaps , he did the right thing .

§96

Many of the introductory words and combinations of words can be homonymous to sentence members or conjunctions. Such differences (they are reflected in punctuation) appear in context.

Words and combinations of words can play different roles happened, true, mainly, however, by the way, finally, on the contrary, in the end, thus, really, maybe, at least, in essence, at least from a subtle point of view, on the one hand, on the other hand, that means, of course, really etc. Compare: May be , and Polina also looked at the same column from the cabin(Hall.). – She walked very quietly, there was as much calm in her as hisMay be in true and living beauty(Hall.); Will comeit happened , and starts telling . – With antennait happened he has a lot of trouble(Sol.); Let me make sureat least what's good for you now(Leon.); In Moscow, Mitya’s last happy day was March 9th. So,at least , it seemed to him(Boon.). – Occasionally, pale zigzags of lightning cut through to the ground. It was clear that by this day ourat least (L. T.); Ivan Matveevich was not in too much of a hurry andThus , made a mistake(Leon.). – Thus and it was necessary to do so;Must be , we went to visit our mother(Shol.). – Schedulethere must be stable, cf.: introductory combination there must be at the beginning of a separate turnover: Someone knocked hardshould be a fist to the wall (Paust.); Only starsMay be , they know how sacred human grief is!(Boon.). – WhatMay be more important than anti-cancer drugs?(Gran.); By the way , Vikhrov rather absent-mindedly accepted the good news(Leon.). – Your arrival wasBy the way ; Are you going toMeans , leave? – Clouds are gathering in the sky,Means it will be raining (Means– union); Understand a person -Means forgive (Means– copula in the predicate); He,in the end , boss - it’s up to him to decide . – Childhood instability and the pursuit of external brilliancein the end ruined him(Paust.); On a hike,mainly , you need to take only the necessary things . – He readsmainly thick magazines;Certainly , he wanted to reward himself first of all for his years of work(Boon.) – Youof course read this book(“required”, gain value); What you,Indeed , I just made it up! – Do you think heIndeed clever man?

Word however is introductory if it appears inside or at the end of a sentence: Tannin,however , was never too generous with praise(Tendr.). In the meaning of the adversative conjunction however can connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence: Father promised to come from the city early,however delayed; The fog was noticeably thicker,however the roofs of the houses were still visible; Just as easily, carefree, he returned to the hotel.However something has already changed(Boon.).

Introductory combinations on the one hand on the other hand stand out (or separate) commas : ...The general did not want to allow his division to cease to exist.On the other side , he knew that he would fulfill his duty to the end(Fad.); On the one side , you're right, but,on the other side , you should take into account my point of view(gas.). When missing a word sides is put dash : On the one side , the student’s knowledge was deep,with another – they turned out to be very one-sided. Wed. cases when On the one side And on the other side– members of the sentence: A strong wind blew, the children were called into the old man’s room, and they sat with him on a warm bed - VanyaOn the one side , Lyubawith another (M.G.); Now they were looking at him from all sides - and not only looking at him.On the one side the mistress was approaching him with a long stick in her hand,with another - gentleman with sideburns(Pelev.).

Word finally is introductory if it summarizes any enumeration - explicit ( Firstly Secondly And finally) or hidden (as a result of some events): The child was completely tired in the evening:Firstly , lessons at school;Secondly , amateur activity circle and,finally , evening reading; The fingers have already identified the object<…>. Here in your handfinally , the leaf sparkles, and I want to quickly run to people as quickly as possible, as quickly as possible to announce to them the existence of miracles on earth(Priv.).

As an introductory word finally can emphasize a sharp form of expression of will: You will finally leave!

Finally as an adverb in the role of an adverbial member of a sentence it means “at the end”, “finally” (after some time, as a result of the efforts spent): We've been waiting for him for a long time, and hefinally came;Finally she[cat] she drank it all, licked her lips, opened her mouth wide with sharp white teeth and began to wash herself(Sol.); Finally The procurator heard the long-awaited footsteps and splashing along the stairs leading to the top platform of the garden in front of the balcony(Bulg.). This meaning can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from the meaning of the final completion of something ( firstly, secondly, finally). The particle can serve as an indicator of adverbial meaning −that:Finally heard the procurator... Wed. impossibility of substitution −that when transferring.

The word performs a dual function So: it is used both as a circumstance of the manner of action and as an introductory word in the meaning of “for example.” Wed: So he worked - he came up with phrases on the fly, then wrote them down, then came up with them again(Paust.). – The members of a sentence are different.So , these can be circumstances, additions, definitions .

A word can perform different functions at all. Wed: I'm talking about peopleat all (at all– adverb); They were waiting for him, and heat all did not come (at all– particle); He,at all , an eccentric, but it’s interesting to be with him (at all– introductory word). Word actually is introductory: He,actually , is wrong, but speaks confidently .

Punctuation marks for insertions

§97

Inserted structures (words, combinations of words, sentences) are highlighted parentheses or dash. They contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to what has been said; explain, interpret the main part of the statement: Since 1851, the Siberian(then East Siberian) department of the Geographical Society(Spread); On some msharas(on the Red Swamp and on the Pilny Swamp) peat extraction has already begun(Paust.); We were well fed, but the water wasnot for drinking, but for washing - it was not enough(Kav.); Sometimes the days sparkled better than summer -the whiteness of the frozen snow resisted the sun's fire point-blank – and the clean air shimmered sharply with biting cold and viscous warmth(Plat.); Behind the dark channel -that was the buckle – the stocks of shipyards were raised(Paust.).

The text of the inserted construction retains all the characters necessary for it (comma, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon): It turned out that in the villages closest to Gradov -not to mention the distant ones, in the wooded side , - until now in the spring on the new moon and the first thunder they swam in rivers and lakes(Plat.); Valeria -that was the name of the girl, out of longing for whom I ran away from the village to Moscow , - listened to me, dreamily looked ahead(Sol.); Trying not to show it and gathering all the restraint for this(after all, it is unknown what kind of people they are!) , the forester invited us into the house(Sol.); I have long wanted to buy a special vessel with a tapering top -does it have a funny name? - but everything doesn’t come across(Shcherb.).

The most powerful punctuation marks are brackets: they highlight an insertion structure within a sentence or at the end of it (at the beginning of a sentence an insertion, being an additional message, is not used): But he is still a Siberian, and the more he yearns for his lost qualities(for example, you can refer to the heroes of books and films by Vasily Shukshin) , the more they were necessary for him for strength and reliability in life(Spread); It's warmer around these pillars than in the forest(or maybe it just seems so) (Paust.).

Parentheses are definitely necessary for complex insertion structures: A citizen lay in wait for this cat at the moment when the animal with a thieving look(what can you do about cats looking like this? This is not because they are vicious, but because they are afraid that one of the creatures stronger than them - dogs and people - will cause them some harm or offense. Both are very easy, but I assure you there is no honor in it. Yes, there is no honor!), yes, so with a thieving look the cat was about to rush into the burdocks for some reason(Bulg.).

Brackets indicate inserted constructions, which use exclamation or question marks, conveying the author’s attitude to the expressed thought or its assessment - surprise, bewilderment, approval, doubt, irony, etc.: During his life, the father and his children ringed more than fifty thousand(!) different birds(gas.); If adherents of homeopathy believe that the deciliary part of one speck of rhubarb or belladonna can produce a revolution in the human body, why not believe that one crumb of philosophy(?) can spark ideas in your head(??!!) (Belin.).

Mid-sentence marks (comma, semicolon, colon, dash) that appear before the opening parenthesis are moved behind the closing parenthesis (see § 158, paragraph 1); only an ellipsis can appear before the opening parenthesis (see § 158 , item 3). The end marks of the main sentence (period, question mark and exclamation mark) are placed outside the closing parenthesis (see § 158, paragraph 4.)

Note 1. Isolation using a paired dash is possible only in the middle of a sentence, since at the end of the sentence an insertion construction separated by a dash sign, with the appropriate structure, will be perceived as the second part of a complex sentence. In order for the insertion to retain its "insert" character, parentheses are required; compare: Katya never knew the power of her beauty, she innocently considered herself pretty, sometimes very pretty, she loved to be liked, like a bird, shaking her feathers(when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew, rising between the trunks) (A.T.) (cf.: ...I loved to be liked, like a bird, shaking its feathers, when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew); She took off her headscarf, her curly ash-colored hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon.(issued at the artillery department warehouse) (A.T.) (Cf.: ...Her hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon - given out at the artillery department warehouse).

Note 2. When designing plug-in constructions in the middle of a sentence, the use of comma and dash as a single punctuation mark: You sit in the stroller, -it's so nice after the car , – and roll along the steppe road(Ch.). Such selection is not typical for modern texts.

The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark should be distinguished from the combination of a comma and a dash required by the context: Life material –everything that Dostoevsky called “the details of current life” , – are not studied. Writers just live<… >inside this material(Paust.); They called the names of husbands and brothers, -Are they alive and well? - as if this military man could know by name all the thousands of workers who fought on all fronts(A.T.).

§98

If there is already a dash inside the insert structure, then the general emphasizing mark can be only parentheses : Meanwhile, the forest that I recently passed(what a forest there is - aspen bushes!) , which had until now merged with the blackness of the night, so that it could not even be suspected, began to appear dimly(Sol.).

§99

An insertion construction, being an independent sentence or part of a text (a series of sentences) related to a paragraph (the insertion text after the opening bracket begins with a capital letter), is highlighted parentheses. Before the parenthesis that opens the insertion, the end-of-sentence mark required by the context is placed. Before the closing bracket there is a sign marking the end of the inserted sentence: ...It will be more far-sighted this way...(Maslov’s throat was bubbling, although he speaks quietly and even sluggishly.) Nothing has changed, Ekaterina Dmitrievna!.. Second: your night guest will leave now... You want to ask - why do I insist on this? Here's my answer...(He put his hand into the side pocket of his greasy jacket with torn buttons, pulled out a flat parabellum and, holding it in his palm, showed it to Katya.)Then we will continue our previous relationship...(A.T.); I have never eaten tastier eggs than these.(Of course, it was Vitka who came up with the idea of baking eggs. He always comes up with something, even though his ears stick out in different directions.) (Sol.); From the day of his birth, the Kursk Nightingale celebrated a quarter of a century in the oak grove.(It’s a long time in a person’s life, and even more so for a nightingale, it’s an anniversary!) (Mich.).

Brackets can set off entire inset paragraphs, but all characters within the inset structure are preserved, including the end point. It comes before the closing parenthesis: Behind the birch forest there is one place that cannot be remembered without making your heart ache.

(I think about all this, lying in the back of a truck. Late at night.<…>How far is it from here to the familiar birch copse, to the solemn forests, to that place where the heart always clenches! There is now night there too, but soundless, blazing with the lights of the constellations, smelling not of gasoline smoke and powder gases - perhaps we should say “explosive” gases - but of deep water and juniper needles settled in forest lakes.)

Behind the birch forest the road rises steeply to a sandy cliff (Paust.).

§100

Plug-in structures can perform a purely auxiliary function, for example, when creating links to a citation source. After a quotation followed in parentheses by a reference to the source of the citation, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the parentheses: In the relationship between man and animal, the fault, in our opinion, is always on the person (T. Deri. Niki // New World. 1987. No. 5. P. 169) .

Remarks enclosed in brackets are formatted as independent insertions, that is, after them there is a dot inside the brackets: ( Applause. )

Note. Brackets vary graphically: round (), curly (), square, corner<>. The most common are parentheses; Curly braces are used only in special texts (for example, mathematics). Square brackets are used for the author's explanation of individual words in the quoted text: He[Block] was the first to discover Yesenin’s talent, the first to hear the “songs of the soul” of the Ryazan poet(Yu. Prokushev).

Square brackets can be combined with round brackets in double selection conditions (square brackets for outer selection, round brackets for inner selection): Virgin Islands , a group of small islands in the West Indies. Possession of Great Britain and the USA (BES. M., 1991) .

Angle brackets are used to restore abbreviated words in quoted text. For example, an author quoting or publishing a text by A. Akhmatova restores parts of words abbreviated by her: Copy of "Harvest", cat<орый>You gave me, I gave, as you asked, to Shcheglov, sweat<ому >that I received mine on the same day(A. Akhmatova. Letter to G.I. Chulkov).

1. Introductory constructions are called words, combinations of words, and offers , expressing the speaker’s attitude to what is being said.

Introductory structures give a general assessment of the message, indicate the source and method of the message, connection with the context, the order of the components of the statement, etc.

The main meaning of introductory structures – the meaning of modal, emotional, expressive evaluation.

Introductory constructions are intonationally highlighted in the sentence. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction - the intonation of turning on or off.

Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas.

For example: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses(Priv.); Someone, apparently, advised the girl to go with the kitten to the bird market(Sol.); I saw Natasha, it seems, on the third day of my hospital life(Spread); The mere presence here of the Decembrists, scattered in exile throughout the entire expanse of Western and Eastern Siberia, had such an influence on the public that, firstly, being in many places scattered minds, it became a public and, secondly, gained goals that in the end ultimately led to the opening of Tomsk University(Spread); Someone, apparently, was passing along the street at that time (Rasp.) It was not the first time I left home, but these were trips that began and ended in Pskov and, perhaps, therefore left a feeling of transience(Kav.).

2. Introductory structures:

2)express emotional assessment: fortunately, surprisingly, unfortunately, unfortunately; for good fortune, for bad luck; by misfortune; a sinful deed, what good;

3)indicate the source of the message: according to legend, in my opinion, according to rumors; they say I remember; by conviction, by words, by sight;

4)characterize the attitude towards the way of expressing thoughts: by expression, in one word, in other words; roughly speaking, so to speak, in a word, literally, in short;

5) emphasize the expressive nature of the statement: in truth, in fairness, to your liking, jokes aside; to be honest, between you and me;

6)indicate the relationship between the parts of the statement: so, by the way, for example; finally; firstly, secondly, etc.; therefore, in general, in this way;

7) serve the purpose of attracting the attention of the interlocutor: you see, you understand, you won’t believe it; have mercy; Imagine; listen;

8) indicate a limitation or clarification of a statement: at least to one degree or another, at least, even more so.

3. Introductory sentences, usually, have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and word combinations V. They are distinguished by commas or as structurally more complex – by dashes. The choice of punctuation marks depends on the degree to which the introductory structure is excluded from the main statement.

For example: How do sailors express themselves?, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has, as writers say, a sigh of relief escaped(White); On the other side, about a hundred paces from here, he knew, Austrian trenches were approaching the river itself.(A.T.); Z to suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was ridiculous(Shol.); The prosecutor flies headlong into the library - can you imagine? – does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

4. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions:

without a doubt, to joy, fortunately and etc.;

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree:

right, guilty, most important, in general, the most important, the least;

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:

in addition, besides, meanwhile;

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree:

undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately;

Verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood:

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;

infinitive or combination with an infinitive:

apparently, know, admit, funny to say;

combinations with gerunds :

to tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly;

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.:

For as long as I can remember, I often think;

impersonal offers :

It seemed to her that we all remember it well;

vaguely personal proposals .

that’s how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

For example: One night must be out of mischief, the list was papered over the façade of the City Council(Fad.). A girl, essentially a child, approached the bus. A fairly clear description is given, in particular the Decembrist Mikhail Spiridonov (Chiv.); The student returned the book to the library, probably without even reading it.

For example: His grandfather is a lean and straight man, he was made hastily, but, apparently, both firmly and deftly(M.G.); But, according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk(Fad.); And the fact that all these people were thus opposed to him, the fact that he was alone among these people and seemed to stand above them, not only did not frighten or upset Semka, but on the contrary - this was precisely the main interest of his life(Fad.); In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people, and maybe not only from people(Spread).

For example: It was then that society would send an army of artists to decorate everyday life - homes, clothes, utensils, the most ordinary things, everyday and no less than books, cultivating taste and therefore the aesthetic exactingness of workers in their own work and behavior(Leon.).

Introductory words after conjunctions used in the connecting meaning are not separated by a comma.

For example: And indeed, he soon left. By the way, the store was already closed. And perhaps he did the right thing.

Words and combinations of words can perform different functions however, by the way, finally, in the end, thus, indeed, maybe, at least on the one hand, on the other hand and etc.

For example: Maybe Polina also looked at this same column from the cabin (Hall.). - She walked very quietly, there was as much calm in her as there can be in true and living beauty(Hall.).

Let me at least make sure you feel good now(Leon.). – Occasionally, pale zigzags of lightning cut through to the ground. It was clear that by this day there would be at least a separation between us(L.T.).

Ivan Matveevich was not in too much of a hurry and thus made a mistake(Leon.). – Thus, the image of the forest as a living being is formed(Leon.).

She must have gone to visit her mother(Shol.). – The schedule must be stable.

By the way, Vikhrov rather absent-mindedly accepted the good news(Leon.). – Your arrival was welcome.

Ganan, however, was never too generous with his praise(Tendr.). – Just as easily, carefree, he returned to the hotel. However, something has already changed(Boon.).

Word " however» as a conjunction stands at the beginning of a sentence, between parts of a complex sentence, or between homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example: There was something else that I wanted to understand. However, it slipped away; It was raining, but it was necessary to go; He promised to return, but did not return.

In a sentence: However, opening the cool door that smelled of official paint, he was convinced that everything was as before(Fad.) – after the conjunction there is an adverbial phrase.

Introductory combinations " on the one hand on the other hand" are highlighted (or separated) by commas.

For example: . ..The general did not want to allow his division to cease to exist. On the other side, he knew that he would fulfill his duty to the end(Fad.). When a side word is omitted, a dash is placed: On the one hand, the students’ knowledge was deep, on the other, it turned out to be very one-sided.

Compare: We were sledding down the mountain built in Khryapov’s yard, but a strong wind blew, the children were called into the old man’s room, and they sat with him on a warm bed - Vanya on one side, Lyuba on the other(M.G.); on the one hand, on the other - members of the proposal.

Word " finally“is introductory if it summarizes any enumeration - explicit (first, second and finally) or hidden (as a result of some events).

For example: The child was completely tired in the evening: firstly, lessons at school; secondly, an amateur activity group and, finally, evening reading; Now the fingers have already identified the object, and only the fear of a new deception prevents jubilant joy from escaping from the chest. Finally, a golden leaf sparkles in your hand, and you want to quickly run to people as quickly as possible, to announce to them the existence of miracles on earth.(Priv.).

Compare: Finally, as an adverbial member of the sentence: The leader finally appeared, along with Lisa(Adv.); The long-awaited holiday has finally arrived.

The word “ So": it is used both as a circumstance of the manner of action and as an introductory one in the meaning of "for example."

Compare: This is how he worked - he came up with phrases on the fly, then wrote them down, then came up with them again(Paust.). – The members of a sentence are different. So, these can be circumstances, additions, definitions.

Lesson objectives. find out what introductory words are and what their role is in a sentence; introduce groups of introductory words by meaning; learn the placement of punctuation marks in sentences with introductory words; find out the commonality and difference between introductory words and sentences; determine the role of introductory words and sentences in the text; master the richness of meanings of introductory constructions, develop punctuation skills; develop critical thinking through reading informational text; develop logical thinking; develop a sense of language, feel the beauty of language.

Take introductory words. I listen with my mouth open. They make my head spin, And I enjoy everything. They prevent the essence from saving Me, like everyone else, more than once, not twice And they slow down our speech, They saved introductory words, And yet they are convenient because, And more often than others among them That they give out easily to others, The words “firstly” How do we relate to to that, “secondly”, which we talk about with embarrassment. They, starting from afar, will tell me: “Fortunately...” They gave me a reason to take my time and then collect my thoughts, while Let them say anything, I don’t know where the soul was. A. Kushner. Read the poem. We will now talk about introductory words.

Read it! Introductory words are those words and combinations of words that do not introduce anything new into the communicated thought, but express the speaker’s attitude towards it, its assessment, comments about what was said. Depending on what semantic load the introductory words carry, they are divided into several groups. Let's consider each of them separately.

Practice. Exercise. Find introductory words and determine their meaning. (Note: The task is completed orally.) 1. According to weather forecasters, there will be a cold snap next week. 2. As scientists say, global warming awaits us. 3. The train leaves in an hour, so we need to leave the house. 4. Fortunately, Pechorin was deep in thought. 5. We have gathered here, firstly, in order to resolve the issue of the timing of the work.

Exercise. Write sentences in your notebook, find introductory words, define and write their meaning. Fortunately, mom and dad are not at home. This means you don’t have to ask anyone for time off. I go to Lyubochka, a neighbor living next door. To be honest, I find it interesting to visit her. Firstly, she has a lot of books that are very interesting. Secondly, Lyuba loves to talk about her travels. She, surprisingly, has already visited Italy and Africa. In general, Lyubochka’s work is very interesting.

The difference between introductory words and homonymous verbs - predicates and adverbs. 1. The student has probably already answered. 2. The student answered correctly. In which of the two sentences is the word “true” an adverb, and in which is it an introductory word? Why did you decide so? 1. In the first sentence, “true” is an introductory word. Firstly, it is pronounced with an introductory intonation, expressing the extent to which the expressed thought is reliable. Secondly, we highlight it in the text with commas. 2. In the second sentence, “true” is an adverb: it depends on the verb, we can ask a question to it, and it is a member of the sentence (adverbial circumstance). There are many cases when introductory words become similar to other parts of speech.

Exercise. Determine where the introductory word is and where the “disguised” part of speech is. Write the sentences in your notebook. Underline the “disguised” part of speech as a part of the sentence. 1.Your proposal seems (un)acceptable to me. 2. We seem to have (not) foreseen a lot. 3. They must have forgotten to close the window at night. 4.The window should be open all night. 5. Maybe you want to go to St. Petersburg? 6.Your offer may be accepted subject to certain conditions. 7. Frankly speaking, I see him (for) the first time. 8. I ask you to tell me your opinion frankly.

Remember! How to distinguish the introductory word “however” from the homonymous coordinating conjunction “however” (before which, by the way, we always put a comma) 1. One-part and incomplete sentences have common features, but their differences are very significant. 2. She managed, however, quite quickly to take on a completely indifferent and even stern appearance. In which of the two sentences is “however” a conjunction, an introductory word? In the first sentence, “however” is a conjunction because it connects the parts of the BSC. In the second sentence, “however” is an introductory word that is pronounced (did you notice?) with introductory intonation and is highlighted in writing with commas.

The speaker’s attitude towards the thoughts expressed, their assessment, along with introductory words, can express entire sentences; they are called introductory sentences. Introductory sentences are similar in content to introductory words - they convey the same types of author's comments, assessments, and emotional reactions mentioned above. 1. Effort must be made, says some lady in one of Dickens’s novels, so I have been making this effort for the sixth year. 2. An ugly, kind person, as he considered himself, could, he believed, be loved as a friend. 3. Everything in this letter irritated Lydia Ivanovna: both the content, and especially the cheeky tone, as it seemed to her.

Find introductory words and sentences in the text, determine their meaning. (orally) According to his younger brother, Pushkin, as a boy, sometimes spent sleepless nights in his father’s office, “devouring” all the books that came to his hand. Possessing an extraordinary memory, Pushkin, to the surprise of many, at the age of eleven had an excellent knowledge of French literature: Moliere, Beaumarchais and others. As many lyceum students recall, he amazed everyone with his erudition. Even when he went on trips, he always took books with him and treated them with care.

Exercise. Replace introductory words with introductory sentences. Write these and the resulting sentences in your notebook. 1. A fire in the forest, according to eyewitnesses, is a terrible sight. 2. The rain seemed to never subside. 3. The competition will certainly take place. 4. In my opinion, this conversation cannot be delayed.

Exercise. Write down in one column the sentences in which the highlighted words are members of the sentence, and in the other - the sentences in which they are introductory words. Place punctuation marks. Your proposal seems (un)acceptable to me. We seem to have (not) foreseen a lot. The window should be open all night. They must have forgotten to close the window at night. Perhaps you would like to go on an excursion? Your offer may be accepted subject to certain conditions. Frankly, I see this person for the first time. I ask you to speak your mind frankly.

Complete the task. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence? Choose an answer and write it down in your notebook. 1. The listeners were amazed (1) by the truth (2) about their past, heard so unexpectedly. However (3) the narrator noticed that some people were (4) of course (5) very confused. 1) 1, 2 2) 4, 5 3) 3 4) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2. In such silence, when without a grasshopper in the grass in their own ears (1) it seemed (2) grasshoppers were singing (3 ) probably (4) a yellow leaf slowly flew down from a birch tree covered with tall spruce trees. 1) 1, 2 2) 2, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

3. Behind the wide field (1) there is probably (2) a large lake. It (3) is visible (4) from afar and (5) appears (6) as a narrow blue stripe. 1) 1,2 2) 1,2,5,6 3) 1,2,3,4 4) 1,5 4. When (1) finally (2) the sun appeared and warmed up the earth, the trees and grass became so hot with heavy dew, the branches of fir trees looked out from the dark forest with such luminous patterns that (3) it seemed (4) the diamonds of our entire land would not be enough for this decoration. 1) 1, 2 2) 3, 4 3) 1, 2, 3, 4 4) 2, 3, 4

5. The teacher (1) obviously (2) was well educated and well read. According to many (3) his influence on the students was (4) obvious. 1) 3, 4 2) 1, 2, 3 3) 1, 2, 3, 4 4) 1, 3, 4 6. In the 8th century AD. The Roman Empire (1) as is known (2) ceased to exist. However (3) this was only a stage in the history of Rome. No wonder (4) Rome was called not only Great, but also Eternal. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 2, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2

Exercise. Read the text. Identify the problem raised by the author. (orally) 1) Envy is a disease. (2) By comparing ourselves with another person, we admit our defeat in advance, because a strong person would never think of comparing himself with a weak one. (3) In my opinion, in order to be perfect, it is enough for a person to be himself. (4) Walking his own path, without looking at the successes of others, without trying on clothes from someone else’s shoulder, comparing his successes today with those of yesterday, the person turns out to be beyond the control of this bitter feeling. (5) But, on the other hand, you can make a feeling of envy a source for your personal growth. (6) Seeing how others successfully use their abilities and existing opportunities, straining all your strength, measuring your strength with fate and jumping over your head is a reasonable activity for a worthy person. (D.S. Likhachev)
34 Assignment. Read the text, copy it, add the missing punctuation marks and explain them. (1) In the time of Edison, there was only one requirement for a light bulb: it must convert electrical energy into light. (2) Modern developers of lighting devices are forced to think about other factors: firstly, about environmental safety, harmlessness to human health, and secondly, about reliability and aesthetics. (3) Of course, combining all this in one product is extremely difficult. (4) For example, in search of an environmentally friendly substance that could be used in fluorescent lamps, engineers settled on xenon gas. (5) However, in practice it turned out that this gas is ineffective. (6) If in a mercury lamp it is possible to obtain 60 lumens (lumen is a unit of measurement of luminous flux) per watt of electricity consumed, then in a xenon lamp - only 35 lumens. (7) The conclusion is clear: when using xenon, more electricity is consumed, and therefore more fossil fuel is burned.

Exercise. (all assignments are in writing) 1. Write the text in your notebook. 2. Determine the type of speech of the text. Justify your answer. 2. Determine the style of this text. 3. Identify means of communication 2 and 5, 4 and 5 sentences, 4. Indicate the number(s) of the sentence(s) with introductory words. Answer verbally. What are the meanings of introductory words? Draw a conclusion about the role of introductory words in this text.

Let's get acquainted with the friends of introductory words and introductory sentences - plug-in constructions. Why are they included in a separate group of “words that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence”? Let's try to figure it out. Typically, plug-in constructions contain certain information, the need for which is noticed by the speaker when he has already begun to express a thought, as a result of which the begun sentence is interrupted and the necessary message is introduced into it. Plug-in designs are more self-contained and can even become independent offerings. Plug-in constructions help understand the sentence in which they are included. Thus, the main difference between inserted constructions and water words and sentences is that the former carry additional information that complements and clarifies the statement; the latter, on the contrary, do not carry any additional information important for understanding the entire sentence as a whole.

Exercise. Rewrite using punctuation marks. 1. There was always a lot of duckweed floating on the lake, it was called Larin’s Pond. (Paust.) 2. First it was in April, he went to his ancestral Kovrinka and lived here in solitude for two weeks. (Ch.) 3. Alexey the reader already recognized him and looked intently at the young peasant woman. (P.) 4. Mother and daughter Pavlovsky, that was their last name, sat in their outbuilding all the time and did not appear in the garden. 5. I remembered the old caretaker’s daughter and rejoiced at the thought that I would see her again. But I thought the old caretaker might have already been replaced, perhaps Dunya is already married. (P.) 6. The prudent commander, even before the arrival of the reconnaissance, arrived at night and set up reinforced security. 7. You know, he respects me very much. (T.) 8. You see, I’m a keen listener to songs. (Kr.) 9. Already, I think, around midnight, an old man and Vasily drove up to us, catching up with the detached horses. (L. T. 10. Here I think better eyes. (G.) 39