Dialectics of the soul outline of the lesson on the topic. Dialectics of the soul - what is it? The Dialectic of the Soul as Tolstoy's Artistic Method
People are like rivers..
J1. Tolstoy
L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “People are like rivers, the water is the same in all and the same everywhere, but each river is sometimes narrow, sometimes fast, sometimes wide, sometimes quiet, sometimes clean, sometimes cold, sometimes muddy, sometimes warm . So are people. Each person bears in himself the rudiments of human properties and sometimes one, sometimes another, is manifested, and is not at all like himself, remaining all the same one and himself.
“Dialectics of the soul”, “fluidity of a person”, his ability for constant development, for self-improvement have always been for the writer a sign of the spirituality of a person, his moral health. Tolstoy's favorite heroes live in accordance with his philosophy, with his ideas about an honest life: they are looking for their own way in it, trying to understand the deep meaning, getting confused, making mistakes, starting over. And there is no limit on this path.
This is how all the positive characters of the novel "War and Peace" live: Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov, Princess Marya and Natasha Rostova. Not many years have passed from the beginning to the end of the book, but her characters not only got older, they became better, wiser, while remaining themselves. They survived personal dramas, passed the tests of 1812 with all the people. Having overcome the common misfortune and having suffered their mistakes, they discovered a lot for themselves and did everything that they managed and wanted to do for people.
Remember how Prince Andrei dreamed of glory: “I want fame, I want to be known to people, I want to be loved. ..for this alone I live.” But already in this vain aspiration of youth there is something more than a simple desire to be in the spotlight. It has a desire to do something necessary, significant for people, there is love for other people; he is even ready to die in the battle of Austerlitz in the name of his dream and the common good. The struggle with fear, suffering from pain and loss, disappointment revealed to Prince Andrei the simple and eternal values of life. “I love life, I love this grass, earth, air,” the seriously wounded Bolkonsky realized. “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for those who hate us, love for enemies ... this is what was left for me if I were alive” - these are the last words of Prince Andrei.
How does Pierre change? Funny, clumsy, frivolous at the beginning of the novel, he kept waiting for "something especially clever", he would like to do something sensible, but he just did not know where to start. He did a lot of stupid things, hated his life and despised himself, until he realized "how easy, how little effort it takes to do so much good, and how little we care about it." “Now he was completely different, better Pierre than the one who was in St. Petersburg,” Tolstoy notes with pleasure. Now Pierre was convincing Prince Andrei of what he himself understood, what he believed with all his heart: “It is unfair that there is evil for others,” Pierre said and tried to correct this evil, learned to live for other people. Not everything worked out for him, but he convinced his disappointed friend: “I impose, you must love, you must believe ...” Pierre walked for a long time towards his “great feat and great happiness.” But his path was fair.
Tolstoy's best heroes are always dissatisfied with themselves. Apparently, this encourages them to "rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and forever fight and lose." This is movement, development, “dialectics of the soul”, without which there is no life and no real person.
L. N. Tolstoy believed that a wide variety of feelings, aspirations, desires live in a person. Therefore, the writer's heroes can be different, the author sees his hero "either as a villain, or as an angel, or as a sage, or as a strong man, or as a powerless being." The attraction of searching, thinking, doubting heroes lies precisely in the fact that they passionately want to understand what life is, what is its highest justice. Hence there is a continuous movement of thoughts and feelings. Movement as a collision, struggle of various solutions. The discoveries that the heroes make are steps in the process of their spiritual development.
N. G. Chernyshevsky called this feature of the artistic method of L. N. Tolstoy in revealing the inner world of characters "the dialectic of the soul." L. N. Tolstoy himself believed that “for readers to sympathize with the hero, it is necessary that they recognize in him as many of their weaknesses as virtues, virtues are possible, weaknesses are necessary ...”
In the novel "War and Peace" the author goes through the path of spiritual quests along with the characters. Different characters and destinies in his novel represent different types of a person's attitude to life, to people, to God. Not all Tolstoy's heroes strive to know the truth. But the author's favorite characters solve moral and philosophical problems, looking for answers to "eternal" questions. One of these heroes is Prince Andrei Bolkonsky.
One of the main characters of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Prince Andrei appears on the pages of the novel in the living room of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. This is a young man with rather handsome features and a tired, bored look. We see Prince Andrei, tired of a fake, stupid society, irritated. For him, the living room, gossip, balls, vanity, insignificance - this is a vicious circle from which he is trying to break out. That is why Prince Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war. His goal is to achieve glory, glory for which he is ready to sacrifice everything. In the battle of Austerlitz, Andrey, with a banner in his hands, runs towards his dream of Toulon, but, defeated, he falls, and at the same time, the significance of the goal to which he was so striving seems to be falling, Andrey feels its meaninglessness. Prince Andrei sees nothing but an immeasurably high sky, everything seems empty, a deception, everything except the endless sky. In these moments, he sees the "little" Napoleon, sees his pettiness, the insignificance of his greatness, as well as the insignificance of life and death, which no one could understand and explain.
The purpose of his life was destroyed, his life was over. The turning point that changed this view is the accidentally overheard nighttime conversation between Natasha Rostova and Sonya. This thin girl, admiring the beauty of the night, dreaming of flying, was able to revive in Prince Andrei faith in the ability to benefit people, in the possibility of happiness and love. The second meeting with Natasha took place at the ball, the first ball of Natasha Rostova.
Andrei Bolkonsky was attracted to her by what so distinguished her from secular society: her sincerity, naturalness, joy and timidity, even her mistakes in French. He felt that the alien world of this girl beckoned to him. In Andrei, opposites began to coexist: that infinitely great and irresistible that lived in him after Austerlitz, and that which she was - narrow and bodily.
After the engagement, at some point, the hero was frightened by Natasha's devotion and gullibility, that joyful and at the same time heavy sense of duty. Perhaps that is why Prince Andrei yields to his father, agrees to postpone the wedding for a year. During his absence, Natasha's passion for Anatole turns out to be stronger than her love for Andrei. And Prince Andrei, who spoke about the forgiveness of a fallen woman, himself was unable to forgive. He becomes obsessed with revenge.
But the meeting with Anatole did not bring Bolkonsky the expected satisfaction. Both heroes were wounded, and the miserable sight of the groaning Anatole awakened in Prince Andrei a close and heavy feeling that connected him with this man. He remembered his tenderness and love for Natasha and felt it with even greater force. He managed not only to forgive, but also to love Anatole with the love that is loved by brothers, who love, hate, enemies.
Prince Andrei also forgave Natasha and fell in love with her with that new, pure, divine love. Earthly love gave way to Christian love. During an illness, after being wounded, a struggle between life and death takes place in the hero. He comprehended his new feeling - love, which God preached on earth and which Princess Mary taught him. Love is God, there is life. To love everything is to love God in all manifestations. Bolkonsky was able to understand this because he fell in love. The fear of death was gone, as death began to mean for him the return of a particle of love to the eternal source.
Having passed the life path of constant search for answers to eternal questions, constant self-improvement, Andrei Bolkonsky reached the highest point of his development.
Option 2
The novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy introduced us to many heroes, each of which is a bright personality, has individual features. One of the most attractive characters in the novel is Pierre Bezukhov. His image is at the center of "War and Peace", because the figure of Pierre is significant for the author himself and plays a huge role in his work. It is known that the fate of this hero served as the basis for the design of the entire novel.
The image of Pierre Bezukhov was originally conceived as the image of a Decembrist, but then Tolstoy returned to the pre-December period of his hero's life and presented his youth and virility. Tolstoy knew that it was Pierre Bezukhov, this gentle man, who would later appear as the organizer of a secret society of "independent and free people." It is Pierre who will later have to accuse the tsar of inaction, sharply criticize the social system, reaction and Arakcheevism.
The image of Pierre Bezukhov, like the images of Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky, is given in dynamics, that is, in constant development. Leo Tolstoy emphasizes the sincerity, childish gullibility, kindness and purity of his hero's thoughts. And the reader cannot but notice these qualities, not appreciate them, despite the fact that at first Pierre is presented as a lost, weak-willed, unremarkable young man.
The first acquaintance with the hero takes place against the backdrop of the high society circle of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, and already here it is noticeable that Pierre does not fit into the false society of flatterers and careerists, the defining feature of which is an all-pervading lie. For this reason, the appearance of Pierre in the majority of those present causes fear, and his sincerity and straightforwardness - outright fear. Let us recall how Pierre moved away from his useless aunt, spoke to the French abbot and was carried away by the conversation so that he began to clearly threaten to violate the system of secular relationships familiar to the Scherer house, which revived the dead, false atmosphere.
With one of his smart and timid glances, Pierre seriously frightened the hostess of the salon and her guests with their false norms of behavior. Pierre has the same kind and sincere smile, his special harmless softness is striking. But Tolstoy himself does not consider his hero weak and weak-willed, as it might seem at first glance: "Pierre was one of those people who, despite their outward, so-called weakness of character, do not look for an attorney for their grief."
Yes, in the image of Pierre Bezukhov we find features of weak-willed and even unconscious submission, which are especially evident in the episodes of marriage to Helen and relations with her. In the same way, superficially, but at the same time enthusiastically, with all his heart, Pierre submits to the spirit of Freemasonry. It is natural for him, in a fit of passion, to succumb to such instant hobbies, taking them for true and correct. And then, when the true essence of things is revealed, when hopes collapse, Pierre also actively falls into despair, disbelief, like a small child who has been offended.
And it is at such critical moments that Pierre's strong will and the best aspects of his character are manifested, which can no longer be ignored. So, Bezukhov abruptly breaks with Helen, having learned how strong her love for his money was. Bezukhov himself is indifferent to money and luxury, therefore he calmly agrees with the demands of his cunning wife to give her most of his fortune. Pierre is disinterested and ready to do anything to get rid of the lies that the insidious beauty surrounded him as soon as possible. Despite his carelessness and youth, Pierre keenly feels the boundary between innocent jokes and dangerous games that can cripple someone's life, so he is openly indignant in a conversation with the scoundrel Anatole after the failed kidnapping of Natasha. And these are far from the only scenes where Pierre is already more like an adult independent person, bold, hot, with independent judgments. How beautiful he is in his lostness during the battle on the field of Borodino, and when rescuing a girl during a fire, and when he enters into a fight with the French in Moscow "in ecstasy of fury"! Here he is no longer the weak-willed and timid Pierre.
I would like to once again note Tolstoy's ability to portray his hero as he is, without embellishment, a natural person who tends to constantly change. The internal changes taking place in the soul of Pierre Bezukhov are deep, and this is reflected in his external appearance. At the first meeting, Pierre is "a massive, fat young man, with a vague observant look." Pierre looks completely different after his marriage, in the company of the Kuragins: "He was silent ... and, with a completely absent-minded look, he picked his nose with his finger. His face was dull and gloomy." And when it seemed to Pierre that he had found the meaning of activity aimed at improving the life of the peasants, he "spoke with animation of joy."
And only after freeing himself from the oppressive lies of the secular farce, finding himself in difficult military conditions and finding himself among ordinary Russian peasants, Pierre feels the taste of life, gains peace of mind, which again changes his appearance. Despite his bare feet, his dirty, tattered clothes, his matted, lice-infested hair, his expression was firm, calm, and animated, and he had never had such a look before.
So, having gone through a difficult path, full of mistakes, delusions in the reality of Russian history, Pierre finds himself, retains his natural essence, and does not succumb to the influence of society. Throughout the novel, Tolstoy's hero is in constant search, emotional experiences and doubts, which ultimately lead him to his true calling.
And if at first Bezukhov's feelings constantly fight with each other, he thinks contradictoryly, then he finally frees himself from everything superficial and artificial, finds his true face and vocation, clearly knows what he needs from life. We see how beautiful Pierre's real, genuine love for Natasha is, he becomes a wonderful father of a family, is actively involved in social activities, benefits people and is not afraid of new things.
“In order to live honestly, one must be torn, confused, beat and make mistakes, start and rrrr and fight forever. And calmness is spiritual meanness, ”said Leo Tolstoy, and this statement can be applied to his best heroes, such as Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhoye, Natasha Rostova, Princess Marya. They are depicted as “searching people striving for a high goal, for self-improvement. The author of the epic novel "War and Peace" admits that it is human nature to err, but the main thing is the ability to understand the falsity of one's goals and find the strength to change.
During almost the entire work, the reader observes the life of the protagonist - Andrei Bolkonsky. So how does the philosophy of Prince Andrei change and what events does he go through at the behest of the author?
For the first time, the reader meets Andrei Bolkonsky in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. We see him "bored", "indifferently" listening to the guests of the hostess of the salon. The author describes the hero and notes that he was a "short" young man, very "handsome", with a "tired" look. With people who are unpleasant to him for their unnaturalness, insincerity, he speaks sharply, "with cold courtesy", utters the phrase "dry-unpleasantly." But he appears to us in a completely different way in a conversation with Pierre. With him, he is sincere and expresses his innermost thoughts, as he treats Pierre "affectionately and tenderly." It is from this conversation that we learn that Prince Andrei wants to break out of that “vicious circle” of salons, reception rooms, living rooms, since he needs to realize himself, and in a secular society this is impossible for him. Prince Andrei decides to go to the war of 1805 in order to achieve glory (he wants to "save the army"). He believes that great personalities, such as Napoleon, Alexander I, Kutuzov, can decide the fate of millions, and believes that thanks to him, the Russian troops will win. He puts himself above the soldiers (above the people), because he feels his superiority. His face in the service "expressed more satisfaction with himself," and his eyes became livelier and more cheerful than in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer. Bolkonsky has the opportunity to prove himself in the war, and he is completely devoted to the service. He saw his interest “in the general course of the military. affairs ”and, unlike other military men, did not seek to receive awards, but to take part in the battle and it was there, endangered by bullets, to commit. Most of all, Prince Andrei dreams of accepting his plan of military action, that is, that the Russian army will win, but always thanks to him.
He actually accomplishes a feat, stopping the fleeing army, but he is wounded, and he suddenly sees a “high”, “endless sky” and understands that “everything is empty”. Prince Andrei is disappointed in Napoleon, who turned out to be just a "small", weak man in military service, where Prince Andrei hoped to find himself. After the wound and captivity, Andrei returns to his homeland. He arrives at his father's estate Bald Mountains at the moment when his wife began giving birth. But she dies, and on her face there seems to be a naive question: “What have you done to me?” The little princess was a secular woman and sincerely believed in the uniqueness of such (secular) relations. Therefore, even in the family circle, she addressed Andrei as if they were in the light. Her husband is annoyed by this, he kisses her hand, like a "stranger", he is surprised that she does not see the artificiality of such treatment, but does not tell her about it. The “little princess” is tormented by coldness on the part of Prince Andrei, since she sincerely loves him and cannot understand the reason for such treatment of her. Bolkonsky behaves too cruelly, selfishly. This is what the little princess and the author reproach him for. But such a tragic event in his life greatly affects him and leaves a trace in his soul: Bolkonsky, perhaps for the first time, feels guilty, and this is an important stage in the rebirth of his personality.
Having experienced a heavy loss, Andrey remains in his estate Bogucharovo and plunges into economic affairs: he is one of the first to carry out a reform on free cultivators, writes out a learned grandmother to help with childbirth, and organizes literacy training for peasant children. This is preceded by a conversation with Pierre, in which he talks about his new philosophy: there are only two misfortunes in life - remorse and illness, and happiness is the "absence" of these troubles. Pierre, on the other hand, opposes these ideas to Masonic ideas. This conversation also made a strong impression on Andrey, and he had the idea of being active.
The turning point in the formation of the soul of Andrei Bolkonsky is a trip to Ryazan and a night in Otradnoye, when he first meets the Rostov family and Natasha. He suddenly discovers for himself that life at 31 is not over and that everything is ahead. On the way back, he sees an oak tree, which had previously surprised him with its callousness and disobedience to the power of spring, love. Previously, Bolkonsky agreed with this old oak, but after meeting with Natasha, the night in Otradnoe is transformed, the soul of Prince Andrei is reborn. The oak, which has blossomed and submitted to the natural flow of life, is also changing. The protagonist decides to live not only for himself, but also for others, so that "everyone knows" him.
Thus begins a career, the service of Bolkonsky. He got along with Speransky and worked for a long time on The Rights of Persons. After the second meeting with Natasha, Bolkonsky understands all the unnaturalness, and most importantly, the disinterest of Speransky and his circle in working on laws. He (the main character) revealed their personal, individualistic goals. And this immediately repels Bolkonsky from public service, since the main thing for the hero is the true benefit to the state. The hero also becomes convinced of the impossibility of a superpersonality to control millions of people and decide their fate. Bolkonsky understands that history is created with the help of masses of people, the concept of "equal history" is revealed to him.
If in the battle of Austerlitz he felt “higher, above everyone”, then in the battle of Borodino he becomes “one of many”. Bolkonsky speaks of a single feeling among the soldiers, and Kutuzov, and himself.
The second wound, which turned out to be fatal, finally opens his eyes to life. He realizes in himself "love and compassion" for enemies, that is, he finally comprehends the meaning of Christian love. It was then that he realizes all the cruelty of the break with Natasha, who transferred him to the "alien" world of joys for him and enriched his soul. Bolkonsky forgives and begins to love her with even greater strength, but he is not destined to survive.
At the end of the work, Bolkonsky comprehends the highest happiness of “Christian love”, the individualistic in his character disappears, he realizes the truths that seemed alien to him, he is imbued with love for all of humanity, but the stronger it becomes, the less he is capable of human love for a specific loved one. to a person. Before his death, Bolkonsky felt closer to the higher world, and therefore he wants to part with the earthly: “wake up from life” and join universal love.
N. G. Chernyshevsky called the depiction of the search for heroes “dialectics of the soul”, that is, Tolstoy describes in his novel all the moments of human development, and this is what is important for him. Bolkonsky reached the highest level of personality development. The hero achieves ideal love, which has no place in reality, and therefore dies. Dies in the same way as Bazarov. Pisarev said about the death of the hero of the novel "Fathers and Sons" that "it was difficult to attach the hero further." The same with Bolkonsky. He could not return to earthly life, knowing the great truths. Therefore, the death of the hero is inevitable.
Need to download an essay? Click and save - "" "DIALECTICS OF THE SOUL" HEROES L. N. TOLSTOY (Prince Andrey Bolkonsky) . And the finished essay appeared in the bookmarks.The works of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy are full of interesting, complex and sometimes contradictory characters.
The writer tries not only to show them at a certain moment, he wants to fully reveal their fates and personalities, therefore it is in the context of his famous works that they speak of the “dialectics of the soul” in literature.
After all, the dialectics of the soul is a constant description of the inner world of the characters, their development and movement.
Tolstoy created interesting images of heroes and, showing their inner perception of what was happening, drew the reader's attention to their morality and values.
The heroes are close to him, because he also strove for moral and spiritual quests, he wanted to improve and move forward.
Tolstoy's original psychologism
Critics and writers note the originality of the writer in the choice of means of visual psychologism.
The way he wanted to show the characters in motion was somewhat innovative for Russian literature of the era, but even now his in-depth analysis of personalities and the impact of events on their progress or moral decline is admirable.
Thus, Tolstoy did not just show the characters to the readers, he also expressed his opinion and expressed his assessment of the depicted. And this assessment was moral, because it was preferable for Tolstoy to look at things from this position.
Using the hero's internal monologue, Tolstoy created the illusion of "overheard thoughts", for example, the thoughts of Prince Andrei under the sky of Austerlitz. He analyzed in detail the behavior and thinking of the characters, thereby providing a ready-made psychological assessment from the author.
By depicting various and sometimes unexpected events in the lives of the characters, he repeatedly revealed the depths of their souls and created the impression that the readers, together with the characters, are going through this path of development and rethinking of reality.
Tolstoy used dreams to present Pierre's subconscious mental plan, a detailed impression of the characters from the world, to show what exactly their psyche focuses on, and thereby determine their internal psychological thought process - Natasha Rostova at the ball.
Stories of souls in Tolstoy's novels, spiritual quests of heroes
It is often noted that on the numerous pages of Tolstoy's books, the souls of the main characters go through complex and multifaceted processes of reincarnation. This refers to the concept of "dialectics of the soul", because watching the spiritual growth or fall of the hero, we realize what served or hindered this.
The characters' personalities change and grow - through struggle and suffering, through hardships and joys, through life's ups and downs. Tolstoy saw the ideal of a person in the authenticity of his personality, he tried to reveal the spiritual essence and depth of the hero through moments when a person controls himself and his behavior least of all.
Tolstoy created turning points in the seemingly calm life of the heroes (Natasha, Anna Karenina, Andrei Balkonsky, Pierre) in order to rid them of the artificial, alien.
Showing the true face of the characters, their sincere motives and experiences, the writer showed his personal attitude towards people and how a real person should be.
His heroes were in a constant, complicated search for themselves and sincere life, they had to fight for this right not only with others, but also with their own contradictory psyche. Through destruction, struggle and loss, Tolstoy rid them of the superficial and empty, thus showing how the history of the formation of their souls proceeded.
The dialectic of the soul is a means in literature that allows one to see the development of a character in an expanded form. The author, who knows how to describe the outside world through the experiences and reflections of the characters, has achieved real professionalism.
The dialectic of the soul is all about the character
Dialectic is a philosophical concept that means change through the interaction of 2 principles that are opposite to each other. If we talk about literary heroes, then their development as individuals is a key moment in any work. Whether in a story, or in a poem. Since it is the inner world of the hero that touches the reader, makes the latter sympathize with the fictional character or blame him.
As we remember from the course of literature, the work has a hero and a narrator. And the latter is an individual with his own personal views.
The protagonist of the work and the plot are closely interconnected. To push the events in the fictional world in the right direction, you need to change the structure of thoughts and the state of mind of the character. Then the development of external events will be natural. Therefore, a novice writer is obliged to study the methods by which he goes through the stages of development, or, conversely, the stages of degradation of the personality.
The meaning of dialectics in the novel
The concept of the dialectic of the soul was introduced by the literary theorist Nikolai Chernyshevsky. This is how he described Leo Tolstoy's inherent ability to explain character through the dynamics of the plot. Through the internal state of your character, which changes from one scene to another, you can see how multifaceted the personality of the person being described is. Both positive and negative characters in various genres of literature must be developed. The reader is not interested in static characters who are not able to change.
A negative hero can evoke sympathy with a sudden change of mind, realizing his actions in the past, or a strong hero breaks down internally. All these dynamics of contradictions the writer must reveal as much as possible.
Dialectics in the epic "War and Peace"
Tolstoy brilliantly conveyed the war of 1812 through the thoughts and experiences of his heroes. It is through the experiences of Andrei, Natasha Rostova, Nikolai and Pierre that the deep contradiction between the joys of life and the losses of war is revealed.
For Lev Nikolaevich, it was extremely important to reveal the depth of a person in a work. He discerned in a person his true moral essence, all that superficiality that secular society introduces into the character of the individual. The dialectics of the soul in the novel "War and Peace" occupies almost a central place. Description of nature, the sky over Austerlitz and military negotiations - everything is revealed to the reader through the prism of the states of mind of the characters.
Examples of development through contradictions
What is the dialectic of the soul? Examples can be found on the pages of volumes Andrei Bolkonsky underwent the most profound development. Tolstoy led his hero through losses and disappointments, so that the reader could see how gradually the proud young man became a mature man wise in military and worldly experience.
The writer wanted the reader to see how contradictory thoughts and feelings can be in one person, and how he deals with it. The spiritual throwing of the characters, the dialectic of the soul in the novel "War and Peace" leads to significant transformations of the inner psychology of the characters.
At first, Bolkonsky is shown to us as a vain person. But after going through the wound, having experienced a spiritual crisis, the hero becomes more human, soft and peaceful inside.
Both Countess Marya and Nikolai Rostov pass through internal fractures. Each of the heroes finds his new destiny. But Prince Andrei is looking for happiness in inner peace, his last test was fatal. After another wound, he accepts God, confesses and dies.
Tolstoy deliberately puts his heroes in difficult situations that radically change their thoughts and spiritual aspirations. For example, Pierre Bezukhov. When he is captured, his personality changes beyond recognition. In conditions of captivity, he communicates with the common people, reconsiders his personal views, and ends up home as a spiritually stronger, morally purer person.
Tolstoy trilogy
In the trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", the writer tries to show the difficult path that needs to be taken to become a real person. The hero Irteniev slowly, step by step, goes through all the stages of growing up and socialization. Analysis of his personality, comparisons and spiritual searches - all this is spinning in a chaotic stream in the soul of the hero, forcing him to suffer and learn about life.
In the story "Youth" Tolstoy described his experiences in many ways. Dialectics as a method here is as accurate as possible. And the writer emphasizes that without a constant internal struggle, a person will not become either moral or great.
The novel "Anna Karenina"
In the most dramatic novel, Tolstoy also uses the method of the dialectic of the soul. This is also a very powerful work, revealing the human moral world. In "Anna Karenina" the personality of the heroine is shown very deeply. The whole tense situation that puts her before a choice - husband, position or love - responds to her as a gigantic moral crisis. The aristocratic environment expels her, her conscience and desire for happiness outside of marriage split her. This internal crisis breaks the heroine. What is happening here is not a dialectical development, but a dialectical fall, breakdown and despair in life.
Vronsky is also undergoing a kind of moral restructuring. Tolstoy paid less attention to the disclosure of the character of Count Vronsky. Before meeting Anna, this hero is completely satisfied with his high position and success in society. But love changes his still youthful outlook on life. It is destroyed from the inside because of love, it becomes devastated, although true love should inspire, and not lower the soul to the bottom.
Methods of dialectics in Tolstoy
Thanks to several well-thought-out methods, Tolstoy manages to make the inner world of his characters so colorful, deep, multifaceted that they seem to be real people. The writer reveals these worlds through internal monologues, dreams, reflections.
Pages from the diaries in "War and Peace" turn out to be very important for the plot here. For example, the diary of Countess Marya tells us a lot. Pierre also keeps a diary when he is fond of Masonic ideas. Moreover, all reflections are not divorced from the reality surrounding the character. Tolstoy creates harmony between the inner and outer worlds of the hero.
Conclusion
The dialectic of the soul is the main method of revealing the inner world of the characters in all the works of Leo Tolstoy. It is in such fatal internal crises that the true essence of the character is revealed, and the writer hints that it is in the disclosure of this essence that he sees the meaning of existence.
Both in his huge novels and in the story "Youth", Tolstoy flawlessly depicts the images of his heroes for us through descriptions of their own experiences, through the inner and innermost. Leo Tolstoy was a good psychologist, able to show in dynamics all the "layers" of the soul through his heroes.
