History and types of musical instruments. What are musical instruments? (photo, names) Musical objects and their names
Music is an amazing thing. Its sounds can touch the deepest nooks and crannies of human nature. A cheerful melody makes people dance, meekly obeying the irresistible influence of its intricate patterns. Some music, on the contrary, makes you feel sadness and sadness, carefully invested by the author in every note of the work. Good song is a journey into the musician, where he, like a guide, will lead the listener through the beautiful or terrifying depths of his soul. The sounds of music pour out that which cannot be expressed in words.
Music in antiquity
Mankind has been familiar with the art of music for a long time. Archaeologists are constantly finding different kinds musical instruments where our ancestors lived. It is assumed that the first instruments were percussion instruments. They allowed you to set the rhythm necessary for the same type of work or achievement. Some finds suggest that wind instruments also have their roots in antiquity.
With the development of civilization, people's preferences also changed. Musical instruments have constantly progressed, they have become more complex and sophisticated, bringing variety and novelty to cultural life person. Great musicians were revered and bestowed with generous gifts, which indicates their high status in society.
The place of music in the modern world
Over time, music became an integral part of the life of not only idle nobles, but also ordinary people who composed songs about their difficult fate. It can be assumed that the art of music has accompanied mankind since time immemorial and will accompany it until the last representative of our species leaves this mortal world.
Today, hundreds of different musical instruments are available to musicians. Anyone who decides to take up music will be able to choose an instrument to their liking. However, no matter how bizarre the forms modern devices to create music, most of them can be classified as percussion, strings or brass. Let's take a closer look at the main types of musical instruments.
Wind musical instruments
Wind instruments have firmly taken their place in the hearts of music lovers. How in classical works, as well as in modern musical compositions, their mesmerizing sound continues to delight listeners. Exist different types wind musical instruments. Basically they are divided into wooden and copper.
Wooden instruments produce different sounds by shortening the airflow through the instrument. A great example of such an instrument is the flute. In it, by opening or closing the holes on the body, you can make the sound higher or lower. Such instruments appeared quite a long time ago and were originally made of wood, which was the reason for their name. These include oboe, clarinet and saxophone.
The sound of brass instruments is affected by the strength of the airflow and the position of the musician's lips. The main material from which these tools are made is metal. Most brass instruments are made from brass or copper, but there are exotic options in silver. Initially, such instruments could only produce sounds, but over time they acquired mechanisms that allow them to extract chromatic tones. Most well-known representatives brass instruments can be called a tuba, trombone, horn, and various types of this type can diversify any composition with its bright and rich sound.
Huge popularity in modern society use stringed musical instruments. In them, the sound is extracted due to the vibration of the string and amplified by the body. There are various types of musical instruments that use strings to create sound, but all of them can be classified as plucked, bowed or percussion.
In order to create music, a string pluck is used. Outstanding representatives plucked are such popular instruments like guitar, double bass, banjo, harp. Bowed instruments differ from their plucked counterparts in that they use a bow to strike notes. It slides over the strings, making them vibrate. Violin, viola, cello - the most famous bowed instruments. The most popular percussion string instrument is the piano. In it, notes are extracted by hitting a stretched string with a small wooden mallet. For the convenience of playing, musicians are provided with a keyboard interface, where each key corresponds to its own note.
musical instruments
It's hard to imagine modern musical ensemble without percussion. They set the rhythm of the entire composition, create the pulse of the song. The rest of the musicians in the band follow the rhythm set by the drummer. Therefore, one of the oldest and most important means of creating music is rightfully considered percussion types musical instruments.
Percussion instruments are divided into membranophones and idiophones. In membranophones, sound is extracted from a membrane stretched over the body of the instrument. These include such popular representatives music world like a tambourine, drums, timpani, bongos, djembe and countless other instruments. In idiophones, the sound is produced by the entire instrument or the instrument consists of many sounding elements. different heights. For example, xylophone, vibraphone, bells, gong, triangle are just a few examples of idiophones.
Finally
Whatever type of musical instrument you choose, the main thing to remember is that the music is created not by the instrument, but by the musician. good musician will extract a beautiful melody from empty cans, but even the most expensive instrument will not help someone who does not like music sound good.
What types of musical instruments are there? Why are some musical instruments called wind instruments, while others are called percussion?Musical sounds can be extracted from a wide variety of objects. However, the best musical instruments are made from carefully selected materials that are most suitable for producing a clear sound of the desired range.
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The modern classification of musical instruments belongs to Hornbostel and Sachs, where they are divided according to the material and method of sound production. Full classification contains over 300 categories.
The oldest musical instruments appeared in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Their initial functions- magic, signal and others. Modern musical instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the method of manufacture, sound extraction, material of manufacture and other features. There are wind, keyboard, string, percussion, electric musical instruments. Also, instruments are divided into self-sounding, membrane strings and wind instruments, as well as plucked, friction, percussion, etc.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones) are a group of musical instruments whose sound source is air vibrations in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria, according to the material, according to the design, according to the methods of extracting sound. In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into oboe, clarinet according to the material of manufacture into wood: flute, bassoon, and copper: trumpet, clarinet, tuba.
Reed wind instruments include harmonica, accordion, accordion, accordion
Flute (from the German Flote) is a woodwind musical instrument. Numerous varieties of the flute, starting with the simplest whistles, have been known since antiquity. Spread across Europe in the 17th century, longitudinal flute(block flute, then flejolet) was supplanted by the transverse, which since the 18th century has become a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument. modern type transverse flute(with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute. Unlike other wind instruments, the flute sounds are formed as a result of cutting the air flow against the edge, instead of using the reed. A musician who plays the flute is commonly referred to as a flutist.
Large flute (Flauto - Italian, Flote - German, Flute - French) - wind instrument, wooden or metal, less often bone; consists of a cylindrical tube, open at the bottom and having a side small hole in the upper end part. Air is blown into this side hole. The player holds the flute horizontally, which is why it is called transverse or flute traverse (Flute traversiere), in contrast to the flute a bec, which is held during the game like a clarinet; this latter has fallen into disuse. In addition to the above two holes, the flute has 11 holes, of which 6 are closed with fingers, and 5 with valves. Putting fingers on the holes and valves is called fingering. With all the holes closed, the flute gives the lowest sound. More high notes are obtained with the help of sounds of a natural scale, extracted from notes in the first octave due to clenching of the lips (letting air through). The low register of the flute is weak, but has a soft, velvety sound; the middle and especially the upper registers are stronger. The sound character of the flute is melodic, poetic, but it lacks warmth. flute is one of ancient instruments, constantly improved. The flute reached a special development in the 19th century, thanks to the works of Boehm. Among the group of woodwind instruments, the flute is the most mobile virtuoso instrument. The orchestra writes mainly two parts of the flute. The flute should not be used constantly in the orchestra, in order to avoid monotony. In addition to the great flute, there are other flutes, for example, the tertz flute, which sounds a minor third higher than usual. Quart flute - a quart higher, an octave flute, or a small flute (piccolo) - an octave higher, Es-flute - a small decima higher, flute d "amour - sounding a small third lower than a large one. Of all these types of flutes, except large, in practice a small octave flute is used.
Bassoon (Fagotto or Bassone - Italian, Basson - French, Fagott - German) is a woodwind instrument. The bass oboe has a long tube, which is bent in half and tied, which gave this instrument the name bassoon (fagot in French - bunch, bundle). From the upper part of the instrument there is a thin metal tube in the form of the letter S, to the end of which is attached a double mouthpiece of two closely folded plates, like an oboe. The bassoon was invented in 1539 by Canon Afranio in Ferrara. Significantly improved in the middle of the 16th century by the instrumental master Sigmund Scheitzer in Nuremberg, the bassoon became widespread in Germany, France, and Italy. Later, Almenreder improved the system of valves and holes and regulated the sonority of each note of the chromatic scale published by this instrument. He has great importance bass voice among woodwind instruments. This is one of the most useful instruments of the symphony orchestra. The best registers are low and medium; the high register in the first octave has a compressed sound. It is easier to play in formations with a small number of sharps or flats. The bassoon technique is similar to that of the oboe. Trills consisting of two notes with sharps or flats are difficult. Bassoon is very useful for reinforcements string instruments low order. It is extremely rare to use it for a small solo. The fourth bassoon - enlarged - has the same volume in writing, but each note sounds a perfect fourth below the written note. With the introduction of the contrabassoon, in which each note sounds an octave lower than written, the fourth bassoon fell into disuse.
Trumpet (tromba, clarino, plural clarini - Italian, Trompete - German, trompette - French.) - a brass instrument, the tube of which is eight feet long, with a bell at the end. A hemisphere-shaped mouthpiece is placed in the upper part of the pipe, through which the player blows air into the instrument. The shape of such a mouthpiece is used in all brass instruments, with the exception of the horn, which has a mouthpiece in the form of a funnel. The device of the mouthpiece in wooden instruments is perfect. The pipe tube is bent into an oval, in the middle of which crowns are placed. The present type of pipe is quite similar to that which was established under Louis XI. The pipe is a military instrument. In opera, the trumpet was first used in early XVII century, in Monteverdi's Orpheus. Pipes are natural, emitting only the sounds of the natural scale, and chromatic, with valves. Natural pipes come in different sizes, and therefore different systems. On some pipes, the tunings are changed with the help of machines or crowns. The trumpet is a predominantly transposing instrument. The general character of the pipe is energetic, warlike, light. From inserting a damper (a type of cork) into the bell, the sound is significantly weakened. The lower sounds of the trumpet are deaf, the middle ones lend themselves to all nuances, from piano to fortissimo, the upper sounds are predominantly inclined to forte. Sustained but not too long notes, melodies and passages. Predominantly harmonic (broken chord - fanfare), playing unrelated notes - in the nature of the pipe. The rapid repetition of the same note with the help of a double or triple blow of the tongue (Schmetterton) is quite accessible to the trumpet. The orchestra uses mainly two pipes. For the trumpet, the tuning is chosen that can give the natural sounds of this tuning required by the piece. For 30 years now, the natural trumpet has been supplanted by the trumpet with valves or the chromatic Trompette a piston, Ventiltrompete. From the valves, the pipe acquired a chromatic scale, but lost its silvery sonority and partly martial
pulling the wings out gives three more chromatic pedal sounds below. Oboe (from the French hautboy, high tree) woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amore, cor anglais, heckelphone.
A characteristic feature of the oboe is the double reed (reed), which distinguishes it from the clarinet, which has a single reed. Of the instruments of the modern orchestra, the oboe, oboe d "amour, English horn, bassoon and contrabassoon are equipped with double reeds. The English horn is an enlarged alto oboe in the fa order.
Clarinet (French clarinette, from Latin clarus - clear (sound)) woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning. 18th century. IN contemporary practice common soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), bass. It has the shape of a cylindrical tube, the lower opening of which ends in a small bell. The top hole is blown through the mouthpiece, 102" height="39" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white">
Modern appearance the horn acquired in 1815, when a long pipe was twisted into several turns; at the same time, the instrument had three valves. With these valves, the horn player can play any note in the range from contra H to F in the second octave.
Tuba (Latin tuba - pipe) is the lowest sounding wind brass musical instrument. The tuba was designed in 1835 in Germany.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image020_30.gif" alt="Signature:" align="left" width="138 height=40" height="40">Саксофон изобретён Адольфом Саксом в Бельгии. Патент на саксофон получен 17 мая 1846 года. Корпус саксофона изготовляется из меди. Подушечки на клапанах делаются из кожи. Представляет собой параболическую трубку с клювообразным мундштуком и одинарной тростью. Духовой музыкальный инструмент. Используется преимущественно как эстрадный инструмент.!}
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image022_4.jpg" alt="b_302i" align="left" width="218" height="162 src=">Идиофоны - инструменты, в которых звучащим телом является весь инструмент (гонг, там-там), либо состоящие из целиком звучащих тел (треугольник, ксилофон, маримба, вибрафон, колокольчики)!}
Idiophones according to the material are further divided into
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126" height="54" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white"> Percussion instruments exist with an indefinite pitch, among them: Instruments with a membrane: drums, tambourines, etc. Instruments with a self-sounding body: triangles, cymbals and gongs, castanets, various bells, shakers and maracas, wooden boxes,
flexatone, etc. With a certain heightsound, that is, tuned to notes. Including bells, timpani, some varieties of cowbells, woodblocks, gongs, etc. Keyboard drums: xylophone, vibraphone, marimba, bells and other similar instruments designed to play individual notes and various melodies
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Timpani (timpani) (from Greek. polytaurea; Italian. pl. timpani, German. Pauken), percussion musical instrument cauldron-shaped with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Widespread since ancient times.
It has been a part of the symphony orchestra since the 17th century, usually 2 or more timpani are used.
Bells, orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image028_26.gif" alt="Signature:" align="left" width="162 height=78" height="78">Ксилофон (от ксило... и греческого phone - звук, голос), ударный самозвучащий музыкальный инструмент. Состоит из ряда деревянных брусочков различной длины. Распространен у многих народов, главным образом в Африке, !} South-East Asia, Latin America. In professional European music since the early 19th century; modern varieties- marimba, tubaphone.
Drum, percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found in many peoples.Tambourine percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants. Common among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shaman tambourines among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.
Castanets (Spanish castanetas), a percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the form of shells, fixed on the fingers. Distributed in Spain, Italy, countries Latin America. There are folk and orchestral castanets.
Musical instruments are divided into percussion and wind instruments according to the way sound is produced. Some use the vibrations that occur when metal or wooden objects hit each other to produce sound, others use the vibrations of air waves from the lungs of a person when it passes inside a musical instrument. Hence their names Percussion came from the word to strike, and wind instruments - from the word to breathe. Percussion instruments are considered more ancient, since their device is much simpler than that of wind instruments.
Which tool should a child choose? At what age can you teach him to play? How to understand the variety of musical instruments for kids? We will try to answer these questions in this material.
It should immediately be noted that it would be good at the first acquaintance with the instrument to explain to children the nature of its sounds. To do this, parents need to know the traditional classification of musical instruments in general. Everything is simple here. The main groups of musical instruments are stringed (bowed and plucked), wind (wooden and brass), various keyboard and percussion instruments, as well as a specific group of children's instruments - noise.
Musical instruments for children: strings
The sound source for these instruments is stretched strings, resonator - hollow wooden case. This group includes plucked and bowed musical instruments.
IN plucked instruments, as you might guess, the sound is produced by plucking the strings with your fingers or a special device (for example, a plectrum). The most famous plucked strings are domras, guitars, balalaikas, zithers, psaltery, etc.
In bowed string sound retrieved with a bow. In this group, the most the right tool the child will have a violin - a cello and, especially, a double bass are still too massive for kids.
Learning to play stringed instruments is a rather difficult and long task. It requires strong and dexterous hands, patience, good hearing. It is advised to teach a child to play plucked stringed musical instruments from the age of six or seven - when the fingers are strong enough. You can start learning to play the violin from the age of three.
Musical instruments for children: wind instruments
Wind musical instruments for children are divided into wooden and copper. Sound extraction in both of them is carried out with the help of air blowing.
Wooden tools include:
- flute
- clarinet;
- bassoon, etc.
The brass group includes:
- pipe;
- trombone;
- tuba, etc.
To master children's wind instruments, a large volume of lungs is required, developed motor skills hands Kids of five years old can try to play a simplified instrument - a pipe. It is recommended to learn to play professional instruments from the age of 10 or even 12.
Musical instruments for children: keyboards
This is probably one of the most diverse groups of instruments. Most often, the following groups and types of keyboards are used to teach children:
- keyboard strings ().
- reed keyboards (bayan, melody, accordion).
- electronic keyboards (, children's electric organ).
The last group is perhaps the most common. The industry is now producing synthesizers that are oriented even for babies of one and a half to two years. Such instruments extract the simplest sounds (most often it is a diatonic scale, in one or two octaves) and are focused more on the development of babies than on learning to play. It is recommended to professionally teach children to play the keyboard from the age of five to seven years.
Musical Instruments for Kids: Drums
Percussion musical instruments for children can be divided into those that have a scale and do not have it. The first group includes a variety of xylophones and metallophones. Their sound range can be diatonic and chromatic. They can be played with sticks with rubber or wooden tips.
It is recommended to buy toy xylophones for children from the age of nine months - for the development of hearing and causal phenomena (hit - sound turned out). Older kids will be able to repeat the simplest melody after their parents. It is recommended to learn the game professionally from about 11 years old.
The group of percussion instruments that do not have a scale includes bells, castanets, tambourines, triangles, bells and drums. The first acquaintance with such instruments in children begins at about one year of age. It is better to start professional development from the age of 13.
Musical instruments for children: noise
In fact, this is a certain group percussion instruments(It is also called manual percussion). This includes maracas, noise boxes, shakers, rattles, etc.
With them, the acquaintance of kids with music usually begins. After all, in fact, the same rattle is noise instrument. They allow, lay the foundations for the future musical development.
By the way, if you doubt that a child will be able to master this or that instrument, or if you think that he will not be interested in it, be sure to watch these two videos: they will disperse all your fears, charge you with positive and fill you with love of life:
Music comes into our life early age. Almost everyone had musical toys, a metallophone or a wooden pipe. After all, it is possible to play elementary compositions on them.
And it is from childhood that we take the first steps towards truly real music. Currently, there are many special places for kids, where they are provided with such "children's" tools and give free rein to their imagination. Such music classes children can even create their own Symphony Orchestra, no matter how strange it may sound. This is what is initial stage opening the whole fantastic world of music.
It is possible to pick up and purchase instruments in the MusicMarket.by online store on its official website https://musicmarket.by/. Various types of instruments are on sale: percussion, wind, folk, studio and sound equipment, bowed, keyboard instruments and others.
wind instruments
The principle of their work is that the air oscillates inside the tube, after which a sound is emitted.
There are also two subgroups of wind: wooden tools and copper. The first can be attributed. such as oboe, flute and clarinet. They are a tube, on one side of which there are holes. With the help of holes, the musician regulates the volume of air inside, due to which the sound changes.
TO copper tools include trumpet, trombone, saxophone. These wind instruments are used when playing in orchestras. The sound they make primarily depends on the strength of the blown air and the lips of the musician. In order to get more tones, special valve valves are provided, the principle of operation of which is similar to woodwind instruments.
Stringed instruments
The sound of stringed instruments depends on the vibration of the strings, the prototype of which was the stretched bowstring. Depending on the way of playing, the group of instruments is divided into bowed (violin, cello, viola) and plucked (guitar, lute, balalaika).
Keyboard instruments
One of the first keyboard instruments clavichords and harpsichords are considered. But the piano was created only in the XVIII century. Its name literally stands for "loud-quiet".
This group includes an organ, which is singled out as a separate subgroup of keyboard and wind instruments. The air flow in it is created by a blower, and the control is carried out using a special control panel.
Percussion instruments
The sound of this group is created by striking the stretched membrane of the instrument or the body of the instrument itself. There is also a special subgroup of percussion instruments that produce a sound with a certain pitch, such as timpani, bells and xylophones.
reed instruments
Tools of this group are made in such a way that one side is made of solid material, and the other is in free vibration. These instruments include jew's harps and accordions.
Many musical instruments can belong to several groups, such as button accordion, clarinet.
Electronic instruments
Music on such instruments is created using electronic systems, for which specialized programs are created.
The division of musical instruments into these groups is rather conditional. It is more important to distinguish them in appearance.
