The change of millennia is a rare event in the life of mankind, all the more rare, given that there were changes in the reckoning, which, as it were, threw history back, starting the countdown from scratch. According to the ancient Russian chronology, which existed before the Petrine reforms, it is now the year 75081 from the creation of the world, although it is not entirely clear who the summers were considered to be, since the history of the Russian state has about a thousand years, and Russian civilization - several centuries. From this correlation of dates, we can conclude that Russia, in any case, its certain cultural layer, has very ancient roots, on the other hand, Russia is a young civilization, especially in comparison with ancient.

The country enters the change of millenniums from the Nativity of Christ renewed, public moods are dominated by the desire to continue the initiated economic and social reforms, despite the fact that each social stratum understands their goals and sees their methods in their own way. The failures of the reforms are connected precisely with these disagreements, with the lack of coordination of social programs and reforms with the interests of various strata and regions of society.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that a serious study of the whole complex of reasons for the failures that befell the reformers of Russian society in the 90s has not yet been launched. the outgoing century. One of the reasons is the lack of clear ideas about the specifics of the regions that make up Russian society.

1 Compare: Soloviev S.M. Works. In 18 books. Book. VII. T. 13-14. History of Russia since ancient times - M.: Thought, 1991; pp. 252, 320,582.

In the views of the reformers of the early 90s. there was no understanding of the socio-cultural identity of Russia in general and the regions in particular. They proclaimed their goal to return the country to world civilization, meaning the creation of an economic and political system on the Western model. The transformation of social relations in this direction ran into the deaf and silent resistance of Russian society, huge in its spatial dimensions and diverse in its ethnic composition.

Today, Russian society needs an objective, as far as possible, and non-ideological socio-philosophical analysis. Only after carrying out such work is it possible to further intensify such a reform process that can bring positive results. Otherwise, the new wave of reforms will once again be painful and, to a certain extent, meaningless.

The degree of theoretical development of the problem. The problem of the influence of natural conditions on the course of Russian history was given much attention in the works of pre-revolutionary historians of the 19th - early 20th centuries S.M. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.I. Kostomarov. In their works, the history of the people of Russia was considered mainly as a derivative of the warehouse of its character, special, according to the apt expression of V.G. Belinsky, "the manner of understanding things"1, and this manner was an imprint of the surrounding landscape.2

1 Belinsky V.G. Cit. according to ed. : Reflections on Russia and Russians. Strokes to the portrait of the Russian national character. - M.: Pravda International, 1996, p.Z.

2 Klyuchevsky V.O. Works. In 9 volumes - M .: Thought, 1987-1988; Kostomarov N.I. Home life and customs of the Great Russian people. - M.: Economics, 1993; Soloviev S.M. Works. In 18 books. History of Russia since ancient times. - M.: Thought, 1989-1992.

The founder of the cultural-historical approach was N.Ya. Danilevsky, however, this approach has already received a thorough development directly as a civilizational one in Western social thought, primarily in the works of O. Spengler, P. Sorokin, A. Toynbee.1

The civilizational approach to the analysis of the historical path of Russia began to be vigorously developed in Russian thought only in the second half of the 1980s. twentieth century. As the reforms slowed down, the problem of the civilizational specifics of Russian society came to the center of attention of domestic social science. The discussion of the issues of the conditionality of the content of the reforms of society by its civilizational characteristics, the system of values ​​inherent in it as the core of culture, and the determination by them of the processes of social life was devoted in the 90s. a significant amount of literature2 Large

1 Danilevsky N.Ya. Russia and Europe - M.: Book, 1991; Spengler O. Decline of Europe: Essays on the morphology of world history - M .: Thought, 1993; Sorokin P. A. About the Russian nation. Russia and America. -M. 1992; Sorokin P. A. Public textbook of sociology. Articles of different years. - M.: Nauka, 1994; Sorokin P.A. Human. Civilization. Society. -M.: Politizdat, 1992; Toynbee A. J. Comprehension of history: - M .: Progress, 1991.

2 See: Vasilenko I.A. Dialogue of Civilizations: Sociocultural Problems of Political Partnership. -M.: Editorial URSS, 1999; Gachev G.D. National images of the world. America in comparison with Russia and the Slavs. - M.: Raritet, 1997; Glushenkova E. Global crisis of civilization, sustainable development and political future of Russia http://www.ccsis.msk.ru/Russia/4/Glob33.htm; Golts G.A. Culture and Economics: Search for Relationships // Social Sciences and Modernity, 2000. No. 1; Spiritual arrangement of Russia. Collection. - Kursk: GUIPP "Kursk", 1996; Erasov B. S. Spiritual foundations and dynamics of Russian civilization, http://scd.plus.centro.ni/7.htm; Erasov B.S. On the geopolitical and civilizational structure of Eurasia // Civilizations and Cultures. Scientific almanac. Issue. 3. Russia and the East: geopolitics and civilizational relations. M.: Publishing House of the Institute of Oriental Studies, 1996; Erasov B.S. Civilization theory and Eurasian studies // Civilizations and cultures. Scientific almanac. Issue. 3. Russia and the East: geopolitics and civilizational relations. - M.: Publishing House of the Institute of Oriental Studies, 1996; Ilyin V.V., Akhiezer A.S. Russian statehood: origins, traditions, prospects. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1997; Lurie C.B. Perception by the people of the developed territory // Social sciences and modernity, 1998. No. 5; Ionov I.N. Paradoxes of Russian civilization (in the wake of one scientific discussion) / / Social sciences and modernity 1999 No. 5; Lurie C.B. Nationalism, ethnicity, culture. Categories of Science and Historical Practice // Social Sciences and Modernity 1999 No. 4; Mamut L.S. The Image of the State as an Algorithm of Political Behavior // Social Sciences and Modernity, 1998. No. 6; Martynov A.S., Vinogradov V.G. Dominant types of nature management cultures and relationships with nature. http://www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra22a.htm; Makhnach V. Other. Anthology of the new Russian self-consciousness. Russia in the XX century (Diagnosis of a cultural historian). http://vvww.russ.ru/ antolog/inoe/mahnach.htm/mahnach.htm; Mezhuev V.M. Russian path of civilizational development "Power" 1996 No. 11; Mitrokhin S.S. State policy and society's values ​​// Political studies 1997. No. 1; Nazaretyan A.P. “Aggression, morality and crises contributed to the development of the problems of Russia as a state and Russian civilization by the works of A.S. Akhiezer, B.S. Erasova, V.M. Mezhueva.1 The huge heritage of the outstanding philosophers of the Russian diaspora H.A. was returned from oblivion. Berdyaeva, G.P. Fedotova, P.A. Sorokin, ideologists of Eurasianism. 2

current state spiritual processes in Russia and the causes of their crisis situation was devoted to a number of independent theoretical seminars on the socio-cultural methodology of the analysis of Russian society. The materials of these seminars were published on the Internet. Among them are the works of A.C. Akhiezer, I.Gr. development of world culture. (Synergetics of the social process). - M .: Association "Knizhnik", 1995; Naishul V.A. On the norms of modern Russian statehood. http://www.inme.ru./norms.htm; Nalimov V.V. In search of other meanings. - M.: Progress Publishing Group, 1993; Panarin A.S. Global political forecasting in conditions of political instability. - M.: Editorial URSS, 1999; Polyakov L.V. Methodology for the study of Russian modernization / / Political studies 1997 No. 3; Shapovalov V.F. Perception of Russia in the West: Myths and Reality // Social Sciences and Modernity, 2000. No. 1; Yakovenko I. Gr. Power in Russian traditional culture: the experience of cultural analysis http://scd.plus.centro.ni/3.htm; Yakovenko I.G. Confrontation as a Form of Dialogue (A Dynamic Aspect of Western Perception). // Frontiers 1995 No. 6; pp. 106-123; Yakovenko I.G. Russia's Past and Present: Imperial Ideal and National Interest// Political Studies 1997, No. 4, P. 88-96; Yanov A.L. Methodology for the study of political tradition in Russia, http://scd.plus.centro.ru/22.htm

1 See: Akhiezer A.C. Russia: criticism of historical experience. - M.: Publishing House of the Philosophical Society of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1991; Akhiezer A.S. The specifics of the historical path of Russia. http://www.libertarium.ru/libertarium/llibahies3; Erasov B.S. Spiritual Foundations and Dynamics of Russian Civilization, http://scd.plus.centro.ni/7.htm; Erasov B.S., Avanesova G.A. Problems of analysis of the dyad center - periphery of civilizations // Comparative study of civilizations. - M.: Aspect Press, 1999; Mezhuev V.M. Russian path of civilizational development // "Power" 1996. No. 11.

2 Berdyaev H.A. The sin of war. - M.: Culture, 1993; Berdyaev H.A. About the appointment of a person. - M.: Respublika, 1993; Berdyaev H.A. The fate of Russia. - M.: Soviet writer, 1990; Berdyaev H.A. Philosophy of freedom. The origins and meaning of Russian communism. - M .: CJSC "Svarog and 1C", - 1997; Vernadsky G.V. Ancient Rus': Per. from English. - Tver: LEAN; M.: AGRAF, 1996; Vernadsky G.V. Russian historiography. - M.: AGRAF, 1998; Gumilyov L.N. From Rus' to Russia: essays on ethnic history. - M.: Ekopros, 1992; Gumilyov L.N. Rhythms of Eurasia: Epochs and Civilizations. - M.: Ecopros, 1993; Fedotov G.P. On Holiness, Intelligentsia and Bolshevism: Selected Articles. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house S.-Petersburg. University, 1994; Fedotov G.P. The fate and sins of Russia / selected articles on the philosophy of Russian history and culture: In 2 volumes - St. Petersburg: Sofia, 1991; Sorokin P.A. About the Russian nation. Russia and America. -M. 1992; Sorokin P. A. Public textbook of sociology. Articles of different years. - M.: Nauka, 1994; Sorokin P.A. Human. Civilization. Society-M.: Politizdat, 1992. Gumilyov L.N. From Rus' to Russia: essays on ethnic history. - M.: Ekopros, 1992; Russia between Europe and Asia: Eurasian temptation: An anthology. - M.: Nauka, 1993; Savitsky P.N. Eurasianism as a historical design // Social theory and modernity. Issue. 18. Eurasian project of modernization of Russia: "for" and "against". - M.: Publishing house of the RAGS, 1995.

Yakovenko, G.A. Goltz, I.N. Ionova, A.L. Troshina, A.L. Yanova, A. Shemyakina.1

An interesting idea was put forward to create a complex scientific discipline - Russian studies.2

At the same time, it should be noted that the theoretical positions of modern authors are very original, which makes it difficult and, moreover, makes it almost impossible to theoretically develop optimal means of leading the country out of the crisis onto the path of dynamic development. As an ideological basis for the unification of Russian society, four main socio-political positions are proposed, with conditional simplification, namely, state-centralization, liberal-democratic, Orthodox-autocratic and socialist.

The existence of an integral position that could unite all the above, taking from them practically useful, is hardly visible today. Undoubtedly, a civilizational approach can provide help here. One can point to a number of works deserving close attention.3

Despite the active discussion of the features of Russian civilization, it is still very little studied from the point of view of the nature of the relationship between the center and the regions. In the 90s, a new science arose and formed - regional studies, which considers the country

1 Sociocultural methodology for the analysis of Russian society. Independent theoretical seminar. http://scd.plus.centro.ru

2 Shapovalov V.F. Russian Studies as a Complex Scientific Discipline // Social Sciences and Modernity, 1994. No. 2.

3 Alekseeva T., Gorodetsky A. et al. A centrist project for Russia // Svobodnaya mysl' 1994. No. 4; Alekseeva T., Kapustin B., Pantin I. Integrative ideology: An invitation to reflection // Power 1996. No. 11; Political Centrism in Russia - M.: Fund for the Development of Political Centrism, 1999. from the point of view of the "population-economy-nature" system,1 however, the regions of Russia are practically not considered in it as sub-civilizations of the Russian civilization, which have their own characteristics, due to the history of their formation and development. The theoretical comprehension of this aspect of regional problems still awaits serious study.

As for the system of values ​​as the basis for the existence of civilizational formations, so far not enough attention has been paid to the mechanism of changing these systems, to an analysis of the conditions under which the successful formation and emergence of a new system becomes possible. The existence of the state, its well-being are connected with the presence in society of such a system of values, the main, basic values ​​of which are able to give an answer adequate to the challenge of the environment. This, of course, means not only and so much the natural environment, but external world, militarily and economically strong states surrounding Russia, which may pose a threat to the country's national security.2

In the domestic philosophical thought, despite the difficult ideological conditions, in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, a new philosophical direction was actually created - axiology. The concept of value, the systemic nature of society's values, ways of forming values ​​and value attitudes were defined, the principles of the influence of value hierarchies on social processes were discussed,3

1 See: Matrusov N.D. Regional forecasting and regional development Russia. - M: Nauka, 1995; Ignatov V.G., Butov V.I. Regional studies (methodology, politics, economics, law). - Rostov n / a: publishing center "Mart", 1998; Regional studies: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Won, S.S. Shgapov, P.A. Islyaev - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 1999; Titkov A.S. Images of regions in the Russian mass consciousness // Political research 1999. No. 3; Tsyurupa A.I. Alaska, Kamchatka and Siberia in the geopolitical area // Political research 1998. No. 2.

2 See: Crisis society. Our society in three dimensions. - M.: IFRAN, 1994.

3 See: V. P. Tugarinov, Selected Philosophical Works. - L .: Leningrad University Publishing House, 1988; Shishkin A.F., Shvartsman K.A. XX century and the moral values ​​of mankind. - M.: Thought, 1968; Arkhangelsky L.M. Value orientations and moral development of personality. - M.: "Knowledge", 1978; Zdravomyslov A.G. Needs. Interests. Values. - M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1986; Rich E.M. Feelings and things. - M.: Politizdat, 1975; Anisimov S.F. however, the results obtained have been little used in practice. The dominant ideology tried to absorb all the spiritual and value issues, especially the problem of the practical formation of values ​​and value attitudes among various social groups. Hence, apparently, that touch of abstractness and abstract reasoning, which are often found in the literature on the value problems of those years.

In the 1990s, the theoretical development of the problems of values ​​did not attract much attention from researchers (with the exception of the fundamental work of M.S. Kagan “The Philosophical Theory of Value”)1, it was mainly addressed by religious thinkers.2

The goals and objectives of the research are determined by the chosen subject of research, which can be defined as the value system of Russian society. The most important goal of the study is to find ways to overcome the crisis state of Russian society and integrate it into a single whole, through the analysis of the system of values ​​that unites all layers of society. The work involves a socio-philosophical analysis of Russian society from the point of view of the civilizational approach, the features of the formation and historical development the value systems of the Russian civilization as a whole and its regional sub-civilization - the Russian North.

The logic of the goal set predetermined the following specific research objectives:

Spiritual values: production and consumption. - M.: Thought, 1988; Kortava V.V. To the question of the value determination of consciousness. - Tbilisi: "Metsniereba" - 1987; Kagan M.S. Human activity. (Experience in system analysis). - M.: Politizdat, 1974.

1 Kagan M.S. Philosophical theory of value. - St. Petersburg: LLP TK "Petropolis", 1997.

2 See: (Krestyankin), Archimandrite John. Sermons. - M.: A new book, 1993; Men A.B. Be a Christian. - M: Anno Domini, 1994; Men A.B. Culture and spiritual ascent. - M.: Art, 1992.

Determine the nature of values;

Show the role of values ​​as the core, the basis for the existence of civilization;

To reveal the originality of Russian civilization, the features of the evolution of the system of values ​​in it;

Consider the problem of regional sub-civilizations within the framework of a single Russian civilization and show that each of them has its own historical path of formation and change of value orientations and preferences;

To give an analysis of the features of the formation of a new system of values ​​in Russian society.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it: a) shows the course of formation of the system of values ​​of the Russian society, due to the nature of the interaction of society with the environment, the level of its economic, political and cultural development; b) the historical process of the formation of the Russian civilization is considered from the point of view of the value-semantic norms inherent in it, in the presence of the main system-forming value - the value of a strong state; c) the specificity of the Russian North in the general paradigm of the Russian civilization from the point of view of the adaptation of its population to the environment is revealed; c!) as a result, it was proved that the northern society consists of three social strata of the population, different in types of economy, which share the living space among themselves northern territories and in various ways fit into the all-Russian civilizational context; f) the conclusion is substantiated that the northern society forms a kind of sub-civilization, which is a peripheral part of the Russian one;

1) the concept of multi-level social integration of Russian society is proposed, consisting, on the one hand, of the vertical integration of regions-subcivilizations around the center, and on the other hand, of the horizontal integration of regions among themselves, moreover, vertical integration acts as a determining factor in relation to horizontal integration; g) formulated a new approach to solving the problem of formation modern system values ​​of Russian society, based on the need for an organic combination of all-Russian basic values ​​and the values ​​of the northern society, which has retained many features of traditional society.

Methodological and theoretical foundations research, in addition to the civilizational approach to the analysis of history indicated above, there are also systemic, comparative historical and sociocultural approaches. The use of these approaches in their totality makes it possible to identify the most significant trends in the general course of development of Russian society in the past and present, to outline ways for its consolidation based on the creation of an integral system of values.

The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its main provisions and conclusions can be used in determining ways to reform the socio-economic, political and spiritual spheres of life in Russian society, as well as in the development of regional programs for economic and cultural development.

The results obtained in the work can be used in methods for studying social processes at the regional level. A New Look on the relationship between the center and the regions makes it possible to outline specific ways to harmonize the existing tension between them, to promote the consolidation of the country.

Approbation of work. The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the problem group of the Department of the History of Russian Statehood and Social Philosophical Thought and was recommended for defense. The main provisions and theoretical conclusions of the work are presented in publications.

The structure and scope of work correspond to the goals and objectives of the study. The thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography. The first chapter is devoted to the problems of defining the concept of value, the main features of the formation and change of value systems in society, the increasing complexity of the place and functions of value systems as society develops. The second chapter of the dissertation examines the process of formation of the value system of Russian society in the course of its centuries-old historical development. The third chapter examines the historical path of development of the value system of the northern regions, as a well-established sub-civilization.

Conclusion

This analysis of Russian society has revealed its main parameters, principles of functioning and the causes of internal contradictions that can be eliminated. Their elimination will entail the consolidation of his forces and potentialities.

The main source of contradictions is the relationship between the state and the people, which politically resulted in relations between the center and the regions, due to the fact that the center historically assumed all state-forming functions, and provided the regions with the functions of resource support for state building. This situation has developed historically on the basis of the extensive development of the country, which was determined by the initial poverty of the main source of resources, which until recently was agricultural production. The state kept the people and regions in this position with the help of a powerful state machine, which gives rise to a special Russian etatism. Its consequence was a split as a reaction of the people to such a technology of state administration.

The idea that unites the parties was and remains the idea of ​​a powerful state, hence the leading unifying value of the Russian system has become the value of a strong state, which includes the values ​​of security, stability of the international situation and internal affairs of the country. The success of the center in achieving the set goals made it possible to form within the borders of Russia, on the basis of the formed system of values, a special, very peculiar civilization.

Recently, there has been a turn in the general course of the country's development, due to Russia's entry into the stage of reform, as a result of which the main source of resources has changed and a general democratization of life has taken place. The inability of the state machine to adapt flexibly and quickly led to open tension between the center and the regions and split off a number of its peripheries from the core of civilization. The state, historically occupied with the process of reproduction of itself, did not agree to reduce its functions, did not give part of the power to the democratically prepared people and regions directly in time.

However, in the conditions of the development of a democratic society, there is no need to maintain the most powerful state machine, and the state-forming functions, the functions of civilizational bonds can move from a bureaucratic machine to an ideological one, working through high culture and the media. With a developed high culture and network higher education, a single information space, with the development of different sectors of the economy, the integration of the economic economy, the role of the state as the only guarantor of the integrity of the country can be reduced and brought into line with the real need for it.

Under these conditions, the national idea that binds the country becomes extremely important, but attempts to create it ran into opposition at the regional level. This could be expected, since in principle there was no idea of ​​a regional idea as an integral part of a national idea.

Now the ideological and philosophical life of the regions proceeds at the level of regional myths, more or less corresponding to the real socio-economic processes taking place in them. Until relatively recently, these processes took place within individual regions, but now they have gone beyond the framework of not only the regions, but also the country, which corresponds to the general logic of the development of world economic processes at the beginning of the 21st century, despite the fact that the role of the region as the subject of this process has increased, and the role of the center has a downward trend. The process of globalization and the process of individualization are dialectically related processes.

The question arises of what can serve as the basis for an ideological connection in a country that is breaking up into regions, subcultures, subcivilizations, social groups and personality, in a situation where pluralism is becoming an urgent requirement of the times. The analysis carried out showed that the basis of such a connection can be the initial Russian value a strong state, associated with a high economic potential and a level of well-being, a strong international position and, most importantly, a high ability to find consensus in a situation where the specific interests of various subjects do not coincide. With all the strength of the tendencies towards isolation, the regions, more than ever before, need a coordinating center that ensures the unity of space - economic, political, cultural, etc. New role the center will strengthen its position from the point of view of the core of civilization, which are more significant in the modern world than the positions of the bureaucratic machine.

The political expression of these principles of relations between the center and the regions are the principles of federalism, which implies a single form of government in all its subjects, economic responsibility and independence of the subject within its borders, and the regulatory role of the center. Within the framework of the federal economic model, it is possible to build a post-industrial society in which the post-material values ​​of the population dominate. It is within the framework of this society that it will be possible to overcome the ecological crisis, fundamentally different models of doing business will be found, and the former resource-intensive production will be gradually rebuilt. Accordingly, those Natural resources that are needed for the economy now will no longer be needed. This scenario makes Russia's transition to sustainable development possible.

It is worth noting that the principles of democratic communication, the economic independence of the regions, the increasing role of culture and education in the life of the population have led to the establishment of horizontal ties between the subjects of government, and this situation is true not only for Russia. In addition, the depletion of resource sources, environmental crises have led to the emergence of another challenge of nature to man, which he is able to solve only by combining efforts on the territorial principle. All this leads to the creation of sub-civilizations, which, being within the boundaries of the global civilization, create their own local value priorities that regulate their life. The pioneers of such a movement are the countries of the Arctic region, which, being one of the last raw materials and ecological reserves, poses its own challenge to the planet, the answer to which is a circumpolar civilization.

This picture corresponds to the motley picture of the post-industrial world, which is characterized by pluralism and multipolarity, dialectically interconnected with the growing degree of unification of mankind. The growing diversity of cultures and civilizations does not eliminate, but outlines more clearly the integrity of mankind, the laws of world history, the commonality of historical destinies in every small corner of the universe.

The national idea of ​​Russia, as a country-civilization, which includes several sub-civilizations, should have the attraction of a great civilizational idea, capable of combining sub-civilizational ideas. Its citizenship should be based on the principles of coordination of rights and obligations, responsibility and legal capacity of the regions among themselves and in relation to the center. The multipolarity of the world leads to the existence of attraction of its various centers, and regions, due to their geographical and industrial position, which are in a position equidistant™ from different poles of attraction, will tend to gravitate towards that pole, to that association, membership in which will promise greater stability and prosperity. This is as true for foreign as for domestic policy.

Despite such big problems for the center at this political moment, the missing link in the chain of stabilization is now at the regional level. The problem of the formation of a new system of regional values, understanding of regional subcultures and economic processes is far from its theoretical and practical solution, since it has not even been perceived as such in recent times.

The all-Russian value system should reflect the growing role of regional value systems and, above all, the northern society, which is the historical reserve of Russian statehood.

Modern high technologies open up entirely new possibilities for effective use this experience in solving acute modern economic, political and social problems of the Russian North. But this task is not only technological, it is, first of all, a philosophical task associated with understanding real ways and means of giving the disparate value orientations of the northern society a systemic character.

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