Organ (musical instrument). What types of musical instruments are there? Why are some musical instruments called wind instruments, while others are called percussion? Types of musical instruments
Musical instruments
instruments that have the ability to reproduce, with the assistance of a person, rhythmically organized and fixed in pitch sounds or a clearly regulated rhythm. Each M. and. has a special timbre (color) of sound, as well as its own musical and expressive dynamic capabilities, a certain range of sounds. Sound quality M. and. depends on the relationship of the materials used for the manufacture of the instrument and the shape given to them and can be changed with the help of additional devices (for example, mute (See Mute)), various sound extraction techniques (for example, Pizzicato, Flagiolet). M. i. It is customary to divide into folk and professional. Folk M. and. can be original, belong to only one people, and "interethnic", which are widespread among different peoples, interconnected by an ethnic community or long-term historical and cultural contacts. So, for example, the bandura exists only in Ukraine, panduri and chonguri only in Georgia, and the psaltery, snot, pity, bagpipes are simultaneously among Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians; saz, tar, kemancha, duduk, zurna in Azerbaijan and Armenia; almost all instruments are the same in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Ensembles of folk music and music have long existed in Russia. (gusliars, gudoshnikovs, domrists); in the 2nd half of the 18th century. on the basis of the hunting horn, horn orchestras were created; in the 70s. the horn-shepherd choirs gained great fame; the choir organized by N. V. Kondratiev was especially famous. At the end of the 19th century thanks to the activities of V. V. Andreev and his closest assistants S. I. Nalimov, F. S. Passerbsky, N. P. Fomin, some Russian M. and. (balalaika, harp, etc.) were improved or reconstructed (domra) and on their basis orchestras of folk instruments were created. The republics of the USSR have a centuries-old and diverse folk instrumental culture in their national forms. Orchestras and ensembles of folk instruments were created here in Soviet times, and a lot of work is being done to improve folk instruments. Professional M. and. the instruments that make up the symphony (opera), brass and pop orchestras are considered. Almost all professional M. and. its origins go to folk prototypes. Narodny M. and. in the distant past there was a violin, from the simplest folk flute a modern one was created, from a primitive shawl - an oboe, etc. M.'s development and. directly related to the development human society, its culture, music, performing arts and production techniques. At the same time, some musical instruments, due to the peculiarities of their design, have been preserved for centuries and have come down to our time in their original form (for example, the Uzbek stone castanets - kayrak), many others have been improved, and still others, which turned out to be unable to meet the growing musical and performing requirements, died off and were replaced by new ones. Most distinctly M.'s connection and. with creativity and performance, their selection and improvement can be traced in the field of professional music, rather than in folk music (where these processes proceed much more slowly and where musical instruments have been preserved for centuries in an unchanged or little changed form). So, in the 15-16 centuries. coarse and inactive fidels (viels) were replaced by gentle, matte timbre "aristocratic" viols. In the 17-18 centuries. In connection with the coming to replace the polyphonic style of the homophonic-harmonic and the emergence of music requiring dynamic performance, the viols with their quiet sound and chord playing technique gradually replaced the violin and its family, which have a bright, expressive sound, rich stroke technique and opportunities for virtuoso playing. Simultaneously with the viols, the same gentle-sounding, but "lifeless" longitudinal flute went out of use, giving way to a more sonorous and technically mobile transverse flute. At the same time, in ensemble and orchestral practice, the European lute and its varieties, the theorbo and kitarron (arch-lute), were no longer used; in home household music-making, the lute was replaced by the vihuela, and then by the guitar. By the end of the 18th century the harpsichord and chamber clavichord were replaced by a new keyboard instrument - the pianoforte. In view of the complexity of their design, professional M. and., more than folk ones, depend in their development also on the state of the exact sciences and production technology - the presence music factories and factories with their experimental laboratories, design bureaus and qualified toolmakers. The exception is the instruments of the violin family, which require purely individual production. Improved on the basis of folk samples by the famous Breschan and Cremonese masters of the 16-18 centuries. Gasparo da Salo, J. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, J. Guarneri del Gesu and others - they remain unsurpassed in their merits. The most intensive development of professional M. and. took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The creation of a rational valve system by T. Böhm (the first model appeared in 1832), its use first on the flute, and then, in different options, on the clarinet, oboe and bassoon, significantly expanded the performing possibilities and increased the intonational purity and stability of the structure of woodwind instruments, allowed composers to use them more widely and in a more diverse way in their work, and contributed to the development of solo concert performing art. A real revolution was made by the appearance at the beginning of the 19th century. valve mechanics (see Valve) for brass wind instruments, which turned them from the so-called. natural musical instruments, with a limited number of sounds and hence limited performance capabilities, into chromatic, capable, like woodwind instruments, of reproducing any music. A radical stylistic change in the music of all genres for stringed keyboard instruments occurred with the advent of the hammer-action piano. With the invention of radio, it became possible to design electrophonic M. and. For definition of types M. and. There are various classification systems. The 3-group system is well known, according to which M. and. are divided into wind, string and percussion; in turn, wind instruments are divided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, saryusophone, bassoon and their varieties) and copper (trumpet, cornet, horn, trombone, tuba, instruments brass band), and strings - on plucked (harp, lute, guitar) and bowed (families of violins and viols). To shock M. and. include timpani, drum, xylophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, etc. In the scientific study, especially of various folk musical instruments, more complete and accurate classification systems are used. Among them, the system developed at the beginning of the 20th century enjoys recognition. by the Austrian musicologist E. Hornbostel and the German musicologist K. Sachs (which was founded in the second half of the 19th century by the Belgian musicologists Fr. Gevaart and W. S. Mayyon). The Hornbostel-Sachs system is built on two features: the source of the sound of the instrument and the way it is extracted. On the first sign of M. and. are divided into self-sounding (idiophones or autophones), membrane (membranophones), stringed (chordophones) and wind (aerophones). The sound source of the former is the material itself from which the instrument or its sounding part is made; the second - a stretched elastic membrane; third - a stretched string; fourth - a column of air enclosed in the bore (tube). According to the method of extracting sound, self-sounding ones are divided into plucked (vargan), frictional (kraatspeel, nail and glass harmonicas), percussion (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); membrane - for friction (bulk), percussion (drum, timpani); strings - on plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar), bowed (kemancha, violin), percussion (cymbals); wind - flute (all types of flutes), reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon), mouthpiece (pipes and horns). Further division is made according to the design features of the tool. So, for example, flutes are divided into longitudinal (open and whistling), transverse and multi-barreled; strings to keyboard-plucked (spinet, harpsichord) and keyboard-percussion (piano, clavichord), etc. Among modern M. and. a special group is made up of electric ones, the sound source of which is generators of sound frequency oscillations. These instruments are divided mainly into two subgroups: electronic (actually electric instruments) and adapted, i.e. instruments of the usual type, equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar, electric balalaika, Turkmen electric dutar). Lit.: Zaks K., Modern orchestral musical instruments, trans. from German., M., 1932; Belyaev V. M., Musical instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; his own, Folk musical instruments of Azerbaijan, in the collection: Art of the Azerbaijani people, M. - L., 1938; Agazhanov A., Russian folk musical instruments, M. - L., 1949; Yampolsky I. M., Russian violin art. Essays and materials, [ch. 1], M. - L., 1951; V. S. Vinogradov, Kirghiz folk music, Frunze, 1958; Zhinovich I. I., State Belarusian Folk Orchestra. Minsk, 1958; Struve B. A., The process of formation of viols and violins, M., 1959; Chulaki M., Instruments symphony orchestra, 2nd ed., M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR, L., 1964 (lit.); Berov L. S., Moldavian musical folk instruments, Kish., 1964; Gumenyuk A. I., Ukrainian folk musical instruments, Kiev, 1967 (lit.). K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin.
Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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Music is an amazing thing. Its sounds can touch the deepest nooks and crannies of human nature. A cheerful melody makes people dance, meekly obeying the irresistible influence of its intricate patterns. Some music, on the contrary, makes you feel sadness and sadness, carefully invested by the author in every note of the work. Good song is a journey into the musician, where he, like a guide, will lead the listener through the beautiful or terrifying depths of his soul. The sound of music pours out that which cannot be expressed in words.
Music in antiquity
Mankind has been familiar with the art of music for a long time. Archaeologists are constantly finding different types of musical instruments in the places where our ancestors lived. It is assumed that the first instruments were percussion instruments. They allowed you to set the rhythm necessary for the same type of work or achievement. Some finds suggest that wind instruments also have their roots in antiquity.
With the development of civilization, people's preferences also changed. Musical instruments constantly progressed, they became more complex and sophisticated, bringing diversity and novelty to the cultural life of man. Great musicians were revered and bestowed with generous gifts, which indicates their high status in society.
The place of music in the modern world
Over time, music became an integral part of the life of not only idle nobles, but also ordinary people who composed songs about their difficult fate. It can be assumed that the art of music has accompanied mankind since time immemorial and will accompany it until the last representative of our species leaves this mortal world.
Today, hundreds of different musical instruments are available to musicians. Anyone who decides to take up music will be able to choose an instrument to their liking. However, no matter how bizarre forms modern devices for creating music take, most of them can be attributed to percussion, strings or brass. Let's take a closer look at the main types of musical instruments.
Wind musical instruments
Wind instruments have firmly taken their place in the hearts of music lovers. Both in classical works and in modern musical compositions, their mesmerizing sound continues to delight listeners. Exist different types wind musical instruments. Basically they are divided into wooden and copper.
Wooden instruments produce different sounds by shortening the airflow through the instrument. A great example of such an instrument is the flute. In it, by opening or closing the holes on the body, you can make the sound higher or lower. Such instruments appeared quite a long time ago and were originally made of wood, which was the reason for their name. These include oboe, clarinet and saxophone.
The sound of brass instruments is affected by the strength of the airflow and the position of the musician's lips. The main material from which these tools are made is metal. Most brass instruments are made from brass or copper, but there are exotic options in silver. Initially, such instruments could only produce sounds, but over time they acquired mechanisms that allow them to extract chromatic tones. Most well-known representatives brass instruments can be called a tuba, trombone, horn, and various types of this type can diversify any composition with its bright and rich sound.
Stringed musical instruments are very popular in modern society. In them, the sound is extracted due to the vibration of the string and amplified by the body. There are various types of musical instruments that use strings to create sound, but all of them can be classified as plucked, bowed or percussion.
In order to create music, a string pluck is used. Outstanding representatives plucked are such popular instruments like guitar, double bass, banjo, harp. Bowed instruments differ from their plucked counterparts in that they use a bow to strike notes. It slides over the strings, making them vibrate. Violin, viola, cello - the most famous bowed instruments. The most popular percussion string instrument is the piano. In it, notes are extracted by hitting a stretched string with a small wooden mallet. For the convenience of playing, musicians are provided with a keyboard interface, where each key corresponds to its own note.
musical instruments
It's hard to imagine modern musical ensemble without percussion. They set the rhythm of the entire composition, create the pulse of the song. The rest of the musicians in the band follow the rhythm set by the drummer. Therefore, percussion types of musical instruments are considered to be one of the oldest and most important means of creating music.
Percussion instruments are divided into membranophones and idiophones. In membranophones, sound is extracted from a membrane stretched over the body of the instrument. These include such popular representatives of the musical world as the tambourine, drums, timpani, bongos, djembe and countless other instruments. In idiophones, the sound is produced by the entire instrument, or the instrument consists of many sounding elements of different heights. For example, xylophone, vibraphone, bells, gong, triangle are just a few examples of idiophones.
Finally
Whatever type of musical instrument you choose, the main thing to remember is that the music is created not by the instrument, but by the musician. A good musician will extract a beautiful melody from empty cans, but even the most expensive instrument will not help someone who does not like music sound good.
musical instrument . Large concert organs are larger than all other musical instruments.
Terminology
Indeed, even in inanimate objects there is this kind of ability (δύναμις), for example, in [musical] instruments (ἐν τοῖς ὀργάνοις); they say about one lyre that it is capable [of sounding], and about the other - that it is not, if it is dissonant (μὴ εὔφωνος).
That kind of people who deal in instruments spends all their labor on it, like, for example, a kifared, or one who demonstrates his craft on the organ and other musical instruments (organo ceterisque musicae instrumentis).
Fundamentals of Music, I.34
In Russian, the word "organ" by default means wind organ, but is also used in relation to other varieties, including electronic (analogue and digital), imitating the sound of an organ. Organs are:
The word "organ" is also usually qualified by reference to the organ builder (e.g. "Cavayé-Cohl Organ") or trademark ("Hammond Organ"). Some varieties of the organ have independent terms: antique hydraulics, portable, positive, regal, harmonium, hurdy-gurdy, etc.
Story
The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments. Its history goes back several thousand years. Hugo Riemann believed that the ancient Babylonian bagpipe (19th century BC) was the ancestor of the organ: “The fur was inflated through a pipe, and at the opposite end there was a body with pipes, which, no doubt, had tongues and several holes” . The germ of the organ can also be seen in the Pan flute, the Chinese sheng, and other similar instruments. It is believed that the organ (water organ, hydraulics) was invented by the Greek Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria of Egypt in 285-222. BC e. Image similar instrument is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero [ ] . Large organs appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs in the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Vitalian is traditionally credited with introducing the organ into Catholic worship. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs. The Byzantine emperor Constantine V Copronymus donated the organ to the Frankish king Pepin the Short in 757. Later, the Byzantine Empress Irina presented his son, Charlemagne, with an organ that sounded at the coronation of Charles. The organ was considered at that time a ceremonial attribute of the Byzantine, and then the Western European imperial power.
The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. This art later developed in Germany. ubiquitous distribution in Western Europe organ received since the XIV century. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as they do now, but with fists. In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.
The oldest example of a medieval organ with relatively complete mechanics (pipes have not been preserved) is considered to be an organ from Norrlanda (a church parish on the island of Gotland in Sweden). This tool is usually dated to 1370-1400, although some researchers doubt such an early dating. The Norrland organ is currently kept at the National historical museum in Stockholm.
During late Renaissance and in the Baroque era, organ building in Western Europe acquired an unprecedented scope. In Italy of the 16th-17th centuries, the most famous was the dynasty of organ builders Antegnati. In the last quarter of the 17th and early 18th centuries, about 150 organs were built or reconstructed by the legendary organ maker Arp Schnitger (1648-1719), who worked mainly in Northern Germany and the Netherlands. An outstanding contribution to German organ building was made by the Silbermann dynasty, their main workshops were in Saxony and Alsace. The Zilbermans flourished in the 18th century.
Composers of the same period, who successfully wrote for the organ, often acted as consultants on tuning the instrument (A. Banchieri, G. Frescobaldi, J. S. Bach). The same function was performed by music theorists (N. Vicentino, M. Pretorius, I. G. Neidhardt), and some of them (such as A. Werkmeister) even acted as official experts in the “acceptance” of a new or restored instrument.
In the 19th century, thanks primarily to the work of the French organ master Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, who set out to design organs in such a way that they could compete with the sound of an entire symphony orchestra with their powerful and rich sound, instruments of a previously unprecedented scale and power of sound began to appear. , which are sometimes called symphonic organs.
Many historical organs in continental Europe were destroyed during the Second World War - especially in Germany, as a result of the bombing of temples by the "allies". The oldest surviving German organs are in churches St. James in Lübeck(2nd half of the 15th century), St. Nicholas in Altenbruch, Valentine's Day in Kiedrich(both - the turn of the XV-XVI centuries).
Device
Remote controller
Remote organ ("spiltish" from German Spieltisch or organ department) - a remote control with all the tools necessary for an organist, the set of which is individual in each organ, but most have common ones: gaming - manuals And pedal keyboard(or simply "pedal") and timbre - switches registers. There may also be dynamic channels, various foot levers or buttons to turn on copula and switching combinations from register combination memory bank and a device for turning on the organ. At the console, on a bench, the organist sits during the performance.
- Copula - a mechanism by which the included registers of one manual can sound when played on another manual or pedal. Organs always have copulas of manuals for the pedal and copulas for the main manual, and there are almost always copulas of weaker-sounding manuals for stronger ones. The copula is turned on/off by a special foot switch with a latch or a button.
- Channel - a device with which you can adjust the volume of this manual by opening or closing the blinds in the box in which the pipes of this manual are located.
- The register combination memory bank is a device in the form of buttons, available only in organs with an electric register tracture, which allows you to memorize register combinations, thereby simplifying register switching (changing the overall timbre) during performance.
- Ready-made register combinations - a device in organs with a pneumatic register tracture that allows you to turn on a ready-made set of registers (usually p, mp, mf, f)
- (from Italian Tutti - all) - the button for turning on all the registers and copulas of the organ.
Manuals
Organ manuals - keyboards for playing with hands
The first musical instruments with an organ pedal date back to the middle of the 15th century. :59-61 is the tablature of a German musician Adama of Ileborg(Adam Ileborgh, c. 1448) and the Buxheim Organ Book (c. 1470). Arnolt Schlick, in Spiegel der Orgelmacher (1511), already writes in detail about the pedal and appends his pieces, where it is used with great virtuosity. Among them, the unique treatment of the antiphon stands out. Ascendo ad Patrem meum for 10 voices, of which 4 are entrusted to pedals. The performance of this piece probably required some kind of special shoes, which allowed one foot to simultaneously press two keys at a distance of a third :223. In Italy, notes using the organ pedal appear much later - in the toccatas of Annibale Padovano (1604): 90-91.
Registers
Each row of pipes of a wind organ of the same timbre constitutes, as it were, a separate instrument and is called register. Each of the extendable or retractable drawbar knobs (or electronic switches) located on the organ console above the keyboards or on the sides of the music stand turns the corresponding row of organ pipes on or off. If drawbars are off, the organ will not sound when a key is pressed.
Each knob corresponds to the register and has its own name indicating the pitch of the largest pipe of this register - feet, traditionally denoted in feet in Principal. For example, the pipes of the Gedackt register are closed and sound an octave lower, so such a pipe of tone "to" subcontroctave is designated as 32", with an actual length of 16". Reed registers, whose pitch depends on the mass of the reed itself rather than on the height of the bell, are also indicated in feet, similar in length to the Principal register pipe in pitch.
The registers are grouped into families according to a number of unifying features - principals, flutes, gambas, aliquots, potions, etc. The main registers include all 32-, 16-, 8-, 4-, 2-, 1-foot registers, auxiliary (or overtone ) - aliquots and potions. Each pipe of the main register reproduces only one sound of the same pitch, strength and timbre. Aliquots reproduce an ordinal overtone to the main sound, mixtures give a chord, which consists of several (usually from 2 to a dozen, sometimes up to fifty) overtones to a given sound.
All registers for the device of pipes are divided into two groups:
- Labial- registers with open or closed pipes without reeds. This group includes: flutes (wide-scale registers), principals and narrow-scale ones (German Streicher - “streichers” or strings), as well as overtone registers - aliquots and potions, in which each note has one or more (weaker) overtone overtones.
- Reed- registers, in the pipes of which there is a tongue, when exposed to the supplied air, which produces a characteristic sound similar in timbre, depending on the name and design features of the register, with some wind orchestral musical instruments: oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, etc. Reed registers can be located not only vertically, but also horizontally - such registers make up a group that is from fr. chamade is called "shamad".
Compound various kinds registers:
- ital. Organo pleno - labial and reed registers along with potion;
- fr. Grand jeu - labial and reed without potions;
- fr. Plein jeu - labial with potion.
The composer can indicate the name of the register and the size of the pipes in the notes above the place where this register should be applied. The choice of registers for the performance of a piece of music is called registration, and the included registers - register combination.
Since the registers in different organs of different countries and eras are not the same, they are usually not indicated in detail in the organ part: only the manual, the designation of pipes with or without reeds and the size of the pipes are written over one or another place in the organ part, and the rest is left to the discretion performer. Most of the musical organ repertoire does not have any author's designations regarding the registration of the work, so the composers and organists of previous eras had their own traditions and the art of combining different organ timbres was passed on orally from generation to generation.
Pipes
The register pipes sound different:
- 8-foot pipes sound in accordance with musical notation;
- 4- and 2-foot sounds one and two octaves higher, respectively;
- 16- and 32-footers sound one and two octaves lower, respectively;
- The 64-foot labial pipes found in the largest organs in the world sound three octaves below the record, therefore, those actuated by the keys of the pedal and manual below the counter-octave already emit infrasound;
- the labial tubes closed at the top sound an octave lower than the open ones.
A stimhorn is used to tune the organ's small open labial metal pipes. With this hammer-shaped tool, the open end of the pipe is rolled or flared. Larger open pipes are tuned by cutting a vertical piece of metal near or directly from the open end of the pipe, which is bent at one angle or another. Open wood pipes usually have a wood or metal adjuster that can be adjusted to allow the pipe to be tuned. Closed wood or metal pipes are adjusted by adjusting the plug or cap at the top end of the pipe.
Facade pipes of the organ can also play a decorative role. If the pipes do not sound, then they are called "decorative" or "blind" (eng. dummy pipes).
Traktura
An organ tractura is a system of transmission devices that functionally connects the controls on the organ's console with the organ's air-locking devices. The game tractor transmits the movement of the manual keys and the pedal to the valves of a particular pipe or group of pipes in a potion. The register tracture provides switching on or off of the whole register or a group of registers in response to pressing the toggle switch or moving the register handle.
Through the register tracture, the memory of the organ also acts - combinations of registers, pre-configured and embedded in the device of the organ - ready-made, fixed combinations. They can be named both by the combination of registers - Pleno, Plein Jeu, Gran Jeu, Tutti, and by the strength of sound - Piano, Mezzopiano, Mezzoforte, Forte. In addition to ready-made combinations, there are free combinations that allow the organist to select, memorize and change a set of registers in the organ's memory at his discretion. The function of memory is not available in all organs. It is absent in organs with a mechanical register tracture.
Mechanical
The mechanical tractura is a reference, authentic and the most common at the moment, allowing you to perform the widest range of works of all eras; mechanical tracture does not give the phenomenon of “delay” of sound and allows you to thoroughly feel the position and behavior of the air valve, which makes it possible for the organist to best control the instrument and achieve high technology performance. The key of the manual or pedal, when using a mechanical traction, is connected to the air valve by a system of light wooden or polymer rods (abstracts), rollers and levers; occasionally, in large old organs, a cable-block transmission was used. Since the movement of all these elements is carried out only by the effort of the organist, there are restrictions in the size and nature of the arrangement of the sounding elements of the organ. In giant organs (more than 100 registers), mechanical traction is either not used or supplemented by a Barker machine (pneumatic amplifier that helps to press the keys; such are the French organs of the early 20th century, for example, the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory and the Church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris). The mechanical gaming is usually combined with the mechanical register tracture and windlad of the shleyflade system.
Pneumatic
Pneumatic tracture - the most common in romantic organs - with late XIX century to the 20s of the XX century; pressing the key opens a valve in the control air duct, the air supply to which opens the pneumatic valve of a particular pipe (when using windblade shleyflade, it is extremely rare) or a whole series of pipes of the same tone (windblade kegellade, characteristic of pneumatic traction). It allows building huge instruments in terms of the set of registers, as it has no power limitations of the mechanical tracture, however, it has the phenomenon of sound “delay”. This makes it often impossible to perform technically complex works, especially in “wet” church acoustics, given that the delay time of the sound of the register depends not only on the distance from the organ console, but also on its pipe size, the presence of relays in the tract, which accelerate the operation of the mechanics for due to the refreshment of the impulse, the design features of the pipe and the type of windlad used (almost always it is a kegellad, sometimes it is a membranenlad: it works to exhaust air, extremely fast response). In addition, the pneumatic tracture disconnects the keyboard from the air valves, depriving the organist of the feeling of " feedback” and impairing control over the tool. Pneumatic tracture of the organ is good for performing solo works of the Romantic period, difficult to play in an ensemble, and not always suitable for baroque and contemporary music. The most famous example of a historical instrument with a pneumatic traction is the Domskoy organ cathedral in Riga.
Electrical
Electric tractor is a tractor widely used in the 20th century, with direct signal transmission from a key to an electromechanical valve opening-closing relay by means of a direct current pulse in an electrical circuit. Currently, more and more often replaced by mechanical. This is the only traktura that does not impose any restrictions on the number and location of the registers, as well as the placement of the organ console on the stage in the hall. Allows you to place groups of registers at different ends of the hall (for example, a huge organ of the Rufatti brothers company in the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, USA), control the organ from an unlimited number of additional consoles (the world's largest organ of the Broadwalk Concert Hall in Atlantic City has a record-breaking stationary pintish with seven manuals and a mobile one with five), play music for two and three organs on one organ, and also put the console in a convenient place in the orchestra, from which the conductor will be clearly visible (such as, for example, the Rieger-Kloss organ in the P. I. Tchaikovsky Concert Hall in Moscow). It allows you to connect several organs into a common system, and also provides a unique opportunity to record a performance with subsequent playback without the participation of an organist (one of the first to receive such an opportunity was the organ of the Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris during the reconstruction of 1959). The disadvantage of the electric tracture, as well as the pneumatic one, is the break in the "feedback" of the organist's fingers and air valves. In addition, an electric tractor can delay the sound due to the response time of the electric valve relays, as well as the distribution switch (in modern organs, this device is electronic and, in combination with reliable fiber optic cables, does not delay; in instruments of the first half and middle of the 20th century it was often electromechanical). The electric tractor of the 20th century is not reliable [ ], and in terms of the complexity of the device and repair, weight and cost, it often surpasses mechanical and even pneumatic ones. When actuated, electromechanical relays often give additional "metallic" sounds - clicks and knocks, which, unlike similar "wooden" overtones of mechanical tracture, do not decorate the sound of the work at all. In some cases, the largest pipes in the rest of the completely mechanical organ (for example, in the new instrument of the Hermann Eule company in Belgorod) receive the electric valve, which is due to the need for big expense air pipe to keep the area of the mechanical valve, and as a result, the playing effort in the bass within an acceptable range. Noise can also be emitted by a register electric tractor when changing register combinations. An example of an acoustically excellent organ with a mechanical playing tracture and at the same time a rather noisy register tracture is the Swiss Kuhn organ in the Catholic Cathedral in Moscow.
Other
The largest organs in the world
Organ in the Church of Our Lady in Munich
The largest organ in Europe is the Great Organ of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Passau, built by the German company Stenmayer & Co (1993). It has 5 manuals, 229 registers, 17,774 pipes. It is considered the fourth largest operating body in the world.
Until recently, the largest organ in the world with a completely mechanical playing tracture (without the use of electronic and pneumatic control) was the organ of the Cathedral of St. Trinity in Liepaja (4 manuals, 131 registers, more than 7 thousand pipes), however, in 1979, an organ with 5 manuals, 125 registers and about 10 thousand pipes was installed in the large concert hall of the Sydney Opera House performing arts center. Now it is considered the largest (with a mechanical traction).
In the 20th century, the Dutch physicist A. Fokker developed an instrument with several keyboards and an unusual setting, which was called
Music comes into our life early age. Almost everyone had musical toys, metallophone or wooden pipe. After all, it is possible to play elementary compositions on them.
And it is from childhood that we take the first steps towards truly real music. Currently, there are many special places for kids, where they are provided with such "children's" tools and give free rein to their imagination. Such music classes children can even create their own symphony orchestra, no matter how strange it may sound. This is the initial stage, opening the whole fantastic world of music.
It is possible to pick up and purchase instruments in the MusicMarket.by online store on its official website https://musicmarket.by/. Various types of instruments are on sale: percussion, wind, folk, studio and sound equipment, bowed, keyboard instruments and others.
wind instruments
The principle of their work is that the air oscillates inside the tube, after which a sound is emitted.
There are also two subgroups of wind instruments: wood instruments and brass. The first can be attributed. such as oboe, flute and clarinet. They are a tube, on one side of which there are holes. With the help of holes, the musician regulates the volume of air inside, due to which the sound changes.
The brass instruments include the trumpet, trombone, and saxophone. These wind instruments are used when playing in orchestras. The sound they make primarily depends on the strength of the blown air and the lips of the musician. In order to get more tones, special valve valves are provided, the principle of operation of which is similar to woodwind instruments.
Stringed instruments
The sound of stringed instruments depends on the vibration of the strings, the prototype of which was the stretched bowstring. Depending on the way of playing, the group of instruments is divided into bowed (violin, cello, viola) and plucked (guitar, lute, balalaika).
Keyboard instruments
Clavichords and harpsichords are among the first keyboard instruments. But the piano was created only in the XVIII century. Its name literally stands for "loud-quiet".
This group includes an organ, which is singled out as a separate subgroup of keyboard and wind instruments. The air flow in it is created by a blower, and the control is carried out using a special control panel.
Percussion instruments
The sound of this group is created by striking the stretched membrane of the instrument or the body of the instrument itself. There is also a special subgroup of percussion instruments that produce a sound with a certain pitch, such as timpani, bells and xylophones.
reed instruments
Tools of this group are made in such a way that one side is made of solid material, and the other is in free vibration. These instruments include jew's harps and accordions.
Many musical instruments can belong to several groups, such as button accordion, clarinet.
Electronic instruments
Music on such instruments is created using electronic systems, for which specialized programs are created.
The division of musical instruments into these groups is rather conditional. It is more important to distinguish them in appearance.
What types of musical instruments are there? Why are some musical instruments called wind instruments, while others are called percussion?Musical sounds can be extracted from a wide variety of objects. However, the best musical instruments are made from carefully selected materials that are most suitable for producing a clear sound of the desired range.
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The modern classification of musical instruments belongs to Hornbostel and Sachs, where they are divided according to the material and method of sound production. Full classification contains over 300 categories.
The oldest musical instruments appeared in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Their initial functions are magic, signal and others. Modern musical instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the method of manufacture, sound extraction, material of manufacture and other features. There are wind, keyboard, string, percussion, electric musical instruments. Also, instruments are divided into self-sounding, membrane strings and wind instruments, as well as plucked, friction, percussion, etc.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones) are a group of musical instruments whose sound source is air vibrations in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria, according to the material, according to the design, according to the methods of extracting sound. In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into oboe, clarinet according to the material of manufacture into wood: flute, bassoon, and copper: trumpet, clarinet, tuba.
Reed wind instruments include harmonica, accordion, accordion, accordion
Flute (from the German Flote) is a woodwind musical instrument. Numerous varieties of the flute, starting with the simplest whistles, have been known since antiquity. Spread in Europe in the 17th century, the longitudinal flute (block flute, then phlejolette) was supplanted by the transverse flute, which from the 18th century became a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument. modern type transverse flute(with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute. Unlike other wind instruments, the flute sounds are formed as a result of cutting the air flow against the edge, instead of using the reed. A musician who plays the flute is commonly referred to as a flutist.
Large flute (Flauto - Italian, Flote - German, Flute - French) - wind instrument, wooden or metal, less often bone; consists of a cylindrical tube, open at the bottom and having a side small hole in the upper end part. Air is blown into this side hole. The player holds the flute horizontally, which is why it is called transverse or flute traverse (Flute traversiere), in contrast to the flute a bec, which is held during the game like a clarinet; this latter has fallen into disuse. In addition to the above two holes, the flute has 11 holes, of which 6 are closed with fingers, and 5 with valves. Putting fingers on the holes and valves is called fingering. With all the holes closed, the flute gives the lowest sound. Higher notes are obtained with the help of natural scale sounds, extracted from notes in the first octave due to clenching of the lips (letting air through). The low register of the flute is weak, but has a soft, velvety sound; the middle and especially the upper registers are stronger. The sound character of the flute is melodic, poetic, but it lacks warmth. flute is one of ancient instruments, constantly improved. The flute reached a special development in the 19th century, thanks to the works of Boehm. Among the group of woodwind instruments, the flute is the most mobile virtuoso instrument. The orchestra writes mainly two parts of the flute. The flute should not be used constantly in the orchestra, in order to avoid monotony. In addition to the great flute, there are other flutes, for example, the tertz flute, which sounds a minor third higher than usual. Quart flute - a quart higher, an octave flute, or a small flute (piccolo) - an octave higher, Es-flute - a small decima higher, flute d "amour - sounding a small third lower than a large one. Of all these types of flutes, except large, in practice a small octave flute is used.
Bassoon (Fagotto or Bassone - Italian, Basson - French, Fagott - German) is a woodwind instrument. The bass oboe has a long tube, which is bent in half and tied, which gave this instrument the name bassoon (fagot in French - bunch, bundle). From the upper part of the instrument there is a thin metal tube in the form of the letter S, to the end of which is attached a double mouthpiece of two closely folded plates, like an oboe. The bassoon was invented in 1539 by Canon Afranio in Ferrara. Significantly improved in the middle of the 16th century by the instrumental master Sigmund Scheitzer in Nuremberg, the bassoon became widespread in Germany, France, and Italy. Later, Almenreder improved the system of valves and holes and regulated the sonority of each note of the chromatic scale published by this instrument. He has great importance bass voice among woodwind instruments. This is one of the most useful instruments of the symphony orchestra. The best registers are low and medium; the high register in the first octave has a compressed sound. It is easier to play in formations with a small number of sharps or flats. The bassoon technique is similar to that of the oboe. Trills consisting of two notes with sharps or flats are difficult. The bassoon is quite useful for underpinning low tuning stringed instruments. It is extremely rare to use it for a small solo. The fourth bassoon - enlarged - has the same volume in writing, but each note sounds a perfect fourth below the written note. With the introduction of the contrabassoon, in which each note sounds an octave lower than written, the fourth bassoon fell into disuse.
Trumpet (tromba, clarino, plural clarini - Italian, Trompete - German, trompette - French.) - a brass instrument, the tube of which is eight feet long, with a bell at the end. A hemisphere-shaped mouthpiece is placed in the upper part of the pipe, through which the player blows air into the instrument. The shape of such a mouthpiece is used in all brass instruments, with the exception of the horn, which has a mouthpiece in the form of a funnel. Mouthpiece device in wooden tools absolutely. The pipe tube is bent into an oval, in the middle of which crowns are placed. The present type of pipe is quite similar to that which was established under Louis XI. The pipe is a military instrument. In opera, the trumpet was first used at the beginning of the 17th century, in Monteverdi's Orfeo. Pipes are natural, emitting only the sounds of the natural scale, and chromatic, with valves. Natural pipes come in different sizes, and therefore different systems. On some pipes, the tunings are changed with the help of machines or crowns. The trumpet is a predominantly transposing instrument. The general character of the pipe is energetic, warlike, light. From inserting a damper (a type of cork) into the bell, the sound is significantly weakened. The lower sounds of the trumpet are deaf, the middle ones lend themselves to all nuances, from piano to fortissimo, the upper sounds are predominantly inclined to forte. Sustained but not too long notes, melodies and passages. Predominantly harmonic (broken chord - fanfare), playing unrelated notes - in the nature of the pipe. The rapid repetition of the same note with the help of a double or triple blow of the tongue (Schmetterton) is quite accessible to the trumpet. The orchestra uses mainly two pipes. For the trumpet, the tuning is chosen that can give the natural sounds of this tuning required by the piece. For 30 years now, the natural trumpet has been supplanted by the trumpet with valves or the chromatic Trompette a piston, Ventiltrompete. From the valves, the pipe acquired a chromatic scale, but lost its silvery sonority and partly martial
pulling the wings out gives three more chromatic pedal sounds below. Oboe (from the French hautboy, high tree) woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amore, cor anglais, heckelphone.
A characteristic feature of the oboe is the double reed (reed), which distinguishes it from the clarinet, which has a single reed. Of the instruments of the modern orchestra, the oboe, oboe d "amour, English horn, bassoon and contrabassoon are equipped with double reeds. The English horn is an enlarged alto oboe in the fa order.
Clarinet (French clarinette, from Latin clarus - clear (sound)) woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning. 18th century. In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), bass clarinet are commonly used. It has the shape of a cylindrical tube, the lower opening of which ends in a small bell. The top hole is blown through the mouthpiece, 102" height="39" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white">
Modern appearance the horn acquired in 1815, when a long pipe was twisted into several turns; at the same time, the instrument had three valves. With these valves, the horn player can play any note in the range from contra H to F in the second octave.
Tuba (Latin tuba - pipe) is the lowest sounding wind brass musical instrument. The tuba was designed in 1835 in Germany.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image020_30.gif" alt="Signature:" align="left" width="138 height=40" height="40">Саксофон изобретён Адольфом Саксом в Бельгии. Патент на саксофон получен 17 мая 1846 года. Корпус саксофона изготовляется из меди. Подушечки на клапанах делаются из кожи. Представляет собой параболическую трубку с клювообразным мундштуком и одинарной тростью. Духовой музыкальный инструмент. Используется преимущественно как эстрадный инструмент.!}
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image022_4.jpg" alt="b_302i" align="left" width="218" height="162 src=">Идиофоны - инструменты, в которых звучащим телом является весь инструмент (гонг, там-там), либо состоящие из целиком звучащих тел (треугольник, ксилофон, маримба, вибрафон, колокольчики)!}
Idiophones according to the material are further divided into
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image024_3.jpg" alt="k_281i" align="left" width="217" height="162 src=">Деревянные идиофоны, звучащие элементы которых сделаны из дерева - деревянная коробочка, темпле-блоки, ксилофон.!}
126" height="54" bgcolor="white" style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:white"> Percussion instruments exist with an indefinite pitch, among them: Instruments with a membrane: drums, tambourines, etc. Instruments with a self-sounding body: triangles, cymbals and gongs, castanets, various bells, shakers and maracas, wooden boxes,
flexatone, etc. With a certain heightsound, that is, tuned to notes. Including bells, timpani, some varieties of cowbells, woodblocks, gongs, etc. Keyboard drums: xylophone, vibraphone, marimba, bells and other similar instruments designed to play individual notes and various melodies
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Timpani (timpani) (from Greek. polytaurea; Italian. pl. timpani, German. Pauken), percussion musical instrument cauldron-shaped with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Widespread since ancient times.
It has been a part of the symphony orchestra since the 17th century, usually 2 or more timpani are used.
Bells, orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image028_26.gif" alt="Signature:" align="left" width="162 height=78" height="78">Ксилофон (от ксило... и греческого phone - звук, голос), ударный самозвучащий музыкальный инструмент. Состоит из ряда деревянных брусочков различной длины. Распространен у многих народов, главным образом в Африке, !} South-East Asia, Latin America. In professional European music since the early 19th century; modern varieties - marimba, tubaphone.
Drum, percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found in many peoples.Tambourine percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants. Common among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shaman tambourines among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.
Castanets (Spanish castanetas), a percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the form of shells, fixed on the fingers. Distributed in Spain, Italy, countries Latin America. There are folk and orchestral castanets.
Musical instruments are divided into percussion and wind instruments according to the way sound is produced. Some use the vibrations that occur when metal or wooden objects hit each other to produce sound, others use the vibrations of air waves from the lungs of a person when it passes inside a musical instrument. Hence their names Percussion came from the word to strike, and wind instruments - from the word to breathe. Percussion instruments are considered more ancient, since their device is much simpler than that of wind instruments.
