Popular proverbs. Russian Proverbs and Sayings Dictionary Dal Proverbs and Sayings
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal
Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people
Naputnoye
“Will it be, will it not be when this collection will be printed, with which the collector has cherished his age, but, parting with it, as if with the matter over, I don’t want to leave it without a parting word.”
This introduction was written in 1853, when the dismantling of proverbs was completed; let it remain even now, when the fate of the collection has been decided and it has been published.
According to the established procedure, one should have launched a search: what is a proverb; where did it come from and what is it suitable for; when and what editions of proverbs we published; what are they; What sources did the current collector use? Scholarly references could tint the matter, because it seems that Aristotle had already defined the proverb.
But there is only a very small amount of all this here.
Scientific definitions are now little in use, the age of scholasticism has passed, although we still cannot shake off the rags of its sedate mantle.
The times when the benefits of science or knowledge, to which the book was dedicated, were explained in the introduction, also passed; now they believe that every conscientious work is useful and that this benefit cannot be countered by tales.
Scientific searches, antiquity, comparisons with other Slavic dialects - all this is beyond the power of the collector.
The analysis and evaluation of other publications should have ended with a direct or indirect modest recognition that ours is the best of all.
The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks reported from different sides, and - most importantly - alive Russian language, and more the speech of the people.
I did not go into any antiquity, I did not parse ancient manuscripts, and the antiquity included in this collection got there from the printed collections. I looked through only one old manuscript and took from it what could now go for a proverb or saying; This manuscript was given to me by Mr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I gave M.P. Pogodin, and from there it was printed in its entirety, in the form of an addition, with the collection of proverbs by I.M. Snegirev.
In this case, I must say sincere thanks to all the well-meaning givers, helpers and accomplices; I dare not name anyone, fearing, out of forgetfulness, to miss too many, but I cannot but name with gratitude gr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I.P. Sakharov and I.M. Snegirev.
When the collection of the latter came out, mine was already partly picked up: I compared his edition with the collection of Knyazhevich and used what was not there and was not found with me, and which, moreover, in my extreme understanding, could and should have been accepted.
In the collection of Knyazhevich (1822) there are only 5300 (with dozens) proverbs; I.M. was added to them. Snegirev up to 4000; of all this number, I have eliminated altogether or not accepted in the form in which they are printed, up to 3500; in general, from books or print, I have taken hardly more than 6,000, or about fifth my collection. The rest are taken from private notes and collected by ear, in an oral conversation.
In this comparison and choice, timidity and doubt attacked me more than once. Whatever you say, but in the rejection of this arbitrariness cannot be avoided, and reproach for it even more so. It is impossible to blindly reprint everything that, under the name of proverbs, was printed; distortions, either by cleverness, or from misunderstandings, or simply by typos and misprints, are excessively ugly. In other cases, these errors are obvious, and if such a proverb came to me in its original form, then the correction or choice did not make it difficult; but the trouble is that I could not confine myself to these cases, but had to decide on something and with regard to those thousand proverbs, for the correction of which I did not have the correct data, and throwing them out would not mean to correct.
Not understanding the proverb, as often happens, you consider it nonsense, you believe that it was invented by someone for jokes or irreparably distorted, and you do not dare to accept it; en you're right, just look straight ahead. After several similar cases or discoveries, you will inevitably become shy, you will think: “Who gave you the right to choose and reject? Where is the limit of this intelligibility? After all, you are gaining flower garden, A compilation» and you begin to collect and place everything in a row again; let it be superfluous, let others judge and sort it out; but then suddenly you run into lines like the following:
Everyone knows that the evil ones live flatteringly.
A year has passed in the hustle and bustle, there has always been trouble.
Where love is not hypocritical, there is true hope.
Luxurious and stingy measures of contentment do not know.
The young man walked down the Volga, but came across death not far away.
One must not die before death, etc., etc.
What do you want to do with such sayings of the confectionery wisdom of the twenties? throw out; but they were found under another thousand, and just as many dubious ones, with whom you don’t know what to do, so as not to be accused of arbitrariness. Therefore, due to the difficulty of such a rejection, and partly by viewing, you can’t save yourself from any sin - and this collection includes many empty, distorted and dubious proverbs.
Regarding decency, when rejecting proverbs, I adhered to the rule: everything that can be read aloud in a society that is not perverted by stiffness, or excessive ingenuity, and therefore touchiness, - all this should be taken into my collection. Everything is clean to the pure. Blasphemy itself, if it were to be found anywhere in folk sayings, should not frighten us: we collect and read proverbs not only for fun and not as moral instructions, but for study and search; therefore we want to know everything that is. Let us note, however, that the sharpness or brightness and directness of expressions, in images unusual for us, do not always contain the obscenity that we see in this. If a peasant says: “What is it to pray to that god who does not have mercy”; or “I asked the saint: it came to the word to ask the accursed,” then there is no blasphemy in this, because here gods And saints to strengthen the concept, people are named, appointed for the sake of holy, divine truth, but doing the opposite, forcing the offended and oppressed to seek protection also through untruth and bribery. The proverb itself, striking us with the convergence of such opposites, personifies only the extremeness and intolerability of the perverted state that gave rise to such a saying.
That for proverbs and sayings it is necessary to go to the people, no one will argue about this; in an educated and enlightened society there is no proverb; one comes across weak, crippled echoes of them, transferred to our customs or vulgarized in a non-Russian language, and bad translations from foreign languages. High society does not accept ready-made proverbs, because these are pictures of a way of life alien to it, and not its language; but he does not lay down his own, maybe out of politeness and secular decency: the proverb does not prick in the eyebrow, but right in the eye. And who will remember in good in society, a harrow, a plow, a mortar, bast shoes, and even more so a shirt and background? And if we replace all these expressions with the sayings of our everyday life, then somehow a proverb does not come out, but a vulgarity is composed in which the whole hint comes out.
As a public asset, as a global citizen, enlightenment and education go their own way by eye, with a level in their hands, tearing down bumps and mounds, leveling holes and potholes, and bring everything under one canvas. In our country, more than anywhere else, enlightenment - such as it is - has become a persecutor of everything native and popular. As, in recent times, the first sign of a claim to enlightenment was the shaving of a beard, so direct Russian speech and everything related to it was generally avoided. Since the time of Lomonosov, from the first stretching and stretching of our tongue along the Roman and German block, this work has been continued with violence and more and more removed from the true spirit of the language. Only very recently have they begun to guess that the goblin has bypassed us, that we are circling and wandering, having lost our way, and we will go no one knows where. On the one hand, the zealots of ready-made foreign, not considering it necessary to first study their own, forcibly transferred to us everything in the form in which it came across on foreign soil, where it had been suffered and worked out, whereas here it could only be accepted with patches and gloss; on the other hand, mediocrity vulgarized what, zealously, tried to bring from native life into the glove class. Cheremis on one side, and beware on the other. Be that as it may, but from all this it follows that if you do not collect and save folk proverbs in time, then they, displaced by the level of impersonality and colorlessness, a haircut with a comb, that is, by public education, will fade like springs in a drought.
The common people stubbornly keep and preserve their primordial way of life, and in its inertness there is both a bad and a good side. Fathers and grandfathers are a great thing for him; having burned himself on milk more than once, he blows on the water, incredulously accepts the novelty, saying: “Everything is new and new, but when will it be kinder?” He reluctantly recedes from what he unconsciously sucked with his mother's milk and what sounds in his little strained head in his coherent speech. Neither foreign languages nor grammatical reasoning confuse him, and he speaks correctly, correctly, aptly and eloquently, without knowing it himself. I will express my conviction directly: the verbal speech of a person is a gift of God, a revelation: as long as a person lives in the simplicity of his soul, as long as his mind has not gone beyond reason, it is simple, direct and strong; as the heart and mind strife, when a person becomes wiser, this speech takes on a more artificial construction, in a hostel it is vulgar, and in the scientific circle it receives a special, conventional meaning. Proverbs and sayings are composed only at the time of primitive simplicity of speech and, as branches close to the root, are worth our study and memory.
Proverbs of the Russian people
Original title: Proverbs of the Russian people
Publisher: Type. M.O. wolf
Place of publication: SPb.-M.
Publication year: 1879
In addition to proverbs, this collection includes proverbial sayings, sayings, sayings, tongue twisters, jokes, riddles, beliefs, signs, superstitions and many sayings that have conditionally come into use. “In this collection should come together folk wisdom with folk stupidity, mind with vulgarity, good with evil, truth with lies. A person must appear here as he is in general, on the entire globe, and as he is in particular, in our people. What is bad, then run, what is good, follow it, but do not hide, do not hide either good or bad, but show what is ... The collection of proverbs is a set of folk experienced wisdom. These are groans and sighs, weeping and sobbing, joy and merriment, sorrow and consolation in faces. This is the color of the people's mind, an original article, this is the everyday people's truth, a kind of judicial code, not judged by anyone ... What did not reach the people did not concern their life, it did not stir either their mind or their heart, and that is not in the proverbs; what is entangled with good, or dashing into his life, you will find in the proverb.
GOOD - MERCY - EVIL
God rules in a good way. Good (or: Necessary) way God rules.
God helps the good. God bless you to help.
God is pleased, but the king is pleased.
Good to live well. It is good to live in good.
With kindness to everyone in the hunt.
Hurry to do good (or: hurry).
Hurry up for a good deed, and the bad will come in time.
A good deed does not melt in water (or: it does not sink).
A good deed is strong (or: quickly).
A good deed for a century (or: for two centuries: this and that).
Do not repent of a good deed. Having done good, do not repent (do not reproach).
Do not measle with a good deed.
Good overcomes evil. Do not resist bad against good.
Famously remembered, but the good of the century will not be forgotten.
Good and good in a dream.
There are good people in the world.
Evil does not believe that there are good people.
Not a century to live, but a century to remember.
Good good memory.
An affectionate word is not difficult, but quick.
A good man will do better than an angry one.
A kind word seduces many.
An affectionate word - that spring day.
His caress is not a stroller: you can’t sit down and you won’t go.
Do not rush at a kind word, do not be angry at a rude one.
Do not give in to a kind word, do not be angry at the contrary.
Do not be angry with an angry word, and do not rely on a kind word.
Do not be afraid of anger, do not rush to affection.
Bitter to be - spit out, sweet - swallowed.
The bitter will be cursed, and the sweet will be swallowed.
The angry one was disliked, but the merciful one was knocked out of the circle.
A bad god (i.e., an idol) is licked by calves.
Do not feed with kalach, but do not hit in the back with a brick.
Do not feed the master's servant with bread, but the master's servant run (i.e., work).
Not all of the task, foreign and affection.
Not all on the back of the head, but also on the head.
Not all whip, foreign and whistle.
The spirit of meekness, and not a stick to the bone.
Not all molt, foreign and whistle (sailor.).
Do not beat the peasant with a club (or: with a club), beat him with a ruble (half).
A merciful person and God gives.
To the sick (or: To the unfortunate, that is, to the punished criminal) to do mercy - to speak with the Lord God.
Mercy also boasts in judgment. Red mercy and in truth.
Mercy is the backbone of justice.
He won't kill a fly. He will not kill a mosquito even in a dream.
Our Avdey is no villain to anyone.
The wisdom of the serpent, the gentleness (or: meekness) of the dove.
And the chicken has a heart.
Such and such unsmeared (weasel).
Whom grandfather loves, that and the bones in his hands. Every giving is good.
Thankfully there is no pattern. It's not bad that prosvira is half a pood.
Don't blow cold winds on us.
Sorry, sorry, but there is nothing to help.
The veins are torn from gravity, tears flow from pity.
The heart bleeds. The heart is bleeding.
It's a pity for the girls - she lost (or: ruined) the guy.
Do not pity the one who jumps; pity the one who cries (and vice versa).
Feel sorry for the horse - exhaust yourself.
To pity guests is not to cry yourself.
From pity (or: pity) do not cry.
You can't pity him by crying.
You will not be kind to the merciless.
From dashing you will not hear a kind word.
Hardship would not take, and tightness would not take.
Not crampedness destroys, hardship.
At the stone priest, and iron prosvirs.
His penny will burn a beggar's hand.
Why be angry with someone who is not afraid of us?
It is good to beat the one who cries, and teach the one who obeys.
Be angry, do not sin.
To be angry is a human thing, but to remember is a devilish thing.
Anger is human, and rancor is diabolical.
Do not return evil for evil.
Crooked crooked (thin thin) can not be corrected.
Do not remember the back (or: do not remember). Don't remember the old.
The old sexton should not be reprimanded.
Don't remember badly.
Do not give free rein to the tongue in a feast, in conversation, but to the heart in anger.
Hold your tongue, and squeeze your heart into a fist.
He who overcomes his anger is strong.
Master of your anger is master of everything.
Not every villain, who is dashing for an hour.
The cloud is not without thunder, the owner (or: master) is not without anger.
Where there is anger, there is mercy.
An hour has wrath, an hour has mercy.
Although he will be angry, but then he will reconcile (i.e., reconcile).
He got warm - he got angry, he caught a cold - he got cold.
God will forgive, just don't be tricky ahead.
God will forgive the guilty, the king will grant the right.
God is his (or: you) judge. The Lord is with you.
God judge the offender (sinner), but the person forgives.
It is hard for him who remembers evil. Msta (revenge) is not vengeance.
Where harm, there and dislike.
Every crack squeaks (that is, where there is grief, there is a complaint).
You have fun, but I have bad laughs.
We will stand for good, but we will insist on evil.
Don't tease the dog, it won't bite.
Angry dog wolf self-interest.
They beat the wolf in someone else's peg.
Spread and carry manure (i.e., on you).
They carry water on the angry.
An evil person will not live in a good age.
The angry lip is thicker, and the belly is thinner (or: thinner).
Not at your mother: you can’t pout your lips (i.e., you’re used to pouting at your mother).
Good and cracker for health, but evil and meat is not for the future.
Do not hit someone else's gate with a whip; they would not hit yours with a club (or: with a butt).
Do not rid yourself of the hateful: God saves the dear.
Kuti and muddy, but strive, as if to leave yourself.
If only the pig's horns would have killed everyone from the world.
God does not give a horn to a vigorous cow.
The boisterous cow of the polenta lives.
Angry, but powerless - a pig brother.
To go under someone else's head - to carry one's own in advance (or: to carry one's towards).
Beating someone else's head - putting your own on the line.
You cuckoo well - yes, on your own head.
My villain, perish, do not get rid of me, but if you get rid of me, live at least three centuries. Lose my dashing one, do not let me out, but let me out, etc.
Eat a dog a dog, and the devil will eat the last one (or: and the last one, strangle yourself).
If it were not for the frost on the nettle, then there would be no frets with it.
If there were no frost on the hops, it would have outgrown through the tyn.
Thin grass out of the field.
Cheerful cow out of the field (or: out of the herd).
To live in evil - to walk around the world.
Famously to the bottom, and there is only one road.
The desire of sinners perishes.
You won’t take anything with your heart (or: you won’t do it).
The heart does not help the cause (or: will not help).
Do not be angry, you will spoil the liver (or: the liver will burst).
There were no (or: Not enough) lungs, so he spoke like a liver.
Angrily - stupidly, and troublesome - unstoppable.
Angry with pots does not go (because he will kill).
The heart of a parable (or: tributaries) cannot be broken.
You can't break straws with your heart.
Do not be angry, but rather submit.
Than to be angry (or: to scold), it is better to make peace.
You can't break an enemy's spear with your heart.
The heart does not crush - the head does not hurt.
The old woman was angry at the world for three years, but the world did not know it.
The woman was angry at bargaining, but bargaining does not know about it.
The mare is angry at the cart, but rushes it downhill and uphill.
The woman jumps back and forth, but things go on as usual.
To appease an angry one is to raise it more.
Bow to the angry, and he swaggers more.
An angry person will die - no one will take him away.
Angry - no one asked.
The soul will not endure, so the heart will take. He will take the heart, as the soul cannot endure.
The evil Natalya has all the people of the canal.
Whoever has bile in his mouth, everything is bitter.
Whatever it is: do not regenerate it to become.
This is his weakness. This is his weak string (or: side).
He limps a little on this leg (or: limps).
It has a lot of fleas. Oh-oh, a lot of fleas in you.
A man is exhausted - he is good for nothing.
Took with a heart, and eat with pepper.
To stick a penny to someone (Kazan, a poor man, in spite of a rich man, sticks a penny into his hut, and he must go broke).
Climb the wall. He does not remember himself, he climbs the wall.
A hot fellow was born.
The heart is fierce, the place is small, there is nowhere to disperse.
The stick will not disappear after the dog (i.e., it will remember).
An angry stick will be found. The angry one will find the stick.
You can't get rid of him with a cross or a pestle.
From him neither pray, nor fight back.
Not to pray, not to spit, not to bark, not to turn away.
From the devil with a cross, from a pig with a pestle, and from a dashing person - nothing.
The devil is planted, the demon is pubescent.
He's got the devil in the lining, Satan in the patch.
You don't even need a demon if you're here.
In spite of doing it. Points a finger, sticks a word.
To spite and in defiance, but to people in reproach.
Not out of self-interest, the dog bites, out of dashing.
The snake bites not for satiety, but for the sake of dashing.
He's been baring his teeth at him for a long time.
He's been sharpening a knife on me for a long time.
The trouble is how it diverged. So we walk and walk.
Cat in the eyes darting.
Disperses, and the devil is not his brother.
Our Kozma strikes everything from evil (or: strikes from a goat).
They said: they hanged all the madmen; they told a lie: one was not tied up.
Fools are mad, you know, not everyone is hanged.
A well-fed wolf is more meek than an envious person.
Like a raven waiting for blood (or: gazing).
Don't fall for his hungry tooth.
He looks like a wolf at a body.
Looks like he swallowed exactly seven, choked on the eighth.
Do not look at me lumpy, look loosely.
Biryuk (or: wolf, bear) looks.
Looks like a snake from behind the bosom. He looks like a hawk.
It squints like Wednesday to Friday.
In a crooked eye and straight crooked. In a crooked mirror and mouth on the side.
Puffed up like a turkey (like an Indian rooster)
Puffed up like a mouse on rump.
Cow's manner - to look frowningly.
What sharpened, exactly the devil on the priest?
From the skinned man pulls. From one ox he pulls two skins.
Skinned from a living. Deret from the living and from the dead.
You - to fix your stomach, and he pulls the guts out at all (a pot thrown over his belly).
The wolf took pity on the lamb, left the bones and skin.
The mare competed with the wolf: one tail and mane remained.
The wolf took pity on the mare: he left the tail and mane.
Hanging with you is like sitting in nettles.
To know you - to lag behind people.
About your health and talk quickly.
As he looks at the forest, so the forest withers.
Whatever you look at, everything fades.
Where you step foot - the grass does not grow.
Where I pass like a fox, there are no chickens for three years.
At least put him in the garden, and the garden will tame.
Like an ax: it won’t cut, it will hurt.
Pivitsa (leech) cries out - the year will not break.
As the soul is black, you cannot wash it off with soap.
Even though I’ll go naked myself, I’ll let the enemy go without a shirt.
I'll go naked myself, and I'll let you go like a tambourine.
Though the snout is in the blood, but ours took it.
Father did not give a hat, so let your ears freeze.
Run a hussar to someone (i.e., annoy. Literally: tickle a sleepy one in the nose).
Let someone in the bush (annoy).
I'll show you Kuz'kin's mother. You recognize Kuz'kin's mother.
Trick someone (i.e., hook).
Attach a mustard plaster to someone (i.e., annoy).
Sprinkle some pepper. Run someone a hairpin.
Bring someone under surkup (from card games).
Bring affairs under the monastery (kill the king with an ace).
Give someone a bristle. Pour some cabbage soup on a spoon.
Give someone a snack. Come on, take a bite.
This is the daughter-in-law's revenge.
To laugh at ridicule (i.e., to take revenge).
I brewed an ear (or: gruel) for them, they clear the way.
Bend someone into an arc (or: into three arcs; into three deaths).
Kill someone from the world. Get out of the world.
Give someone a rooster. Plant a red rooster on the roof (i.e., set it on fire).
I would drown it in a spoon. He will drown you in a spoon.
I'll cut it into a tag for you. I have you cut on the tag.
Without rolling a piece, the dog will not eat.
A dog won't even eat bread without growling.
Without grumbling, the cat will not eat a piece.
If he had a dog tail, he would have whipped his own sides.
Heart with pepper, soul with garlic.
Hisses like red-hot iron when you spit.
Whoever needs to hit the dog will find the stick.
A polled cow - even a bump, but butt.
Unable to cope with the cow, but the pail to the ground.
I couldn’t with a mare, but on the shafts.
Angry that the cow scratched on the wrong side.
It can be seen that he crossed the threshold with the wrong foot (or: inappropriately).
He stepped out of bed with his left foot.
Such a heart took that he would bite his own tongue.
Sharpen teeth on someone. Sharpen your claws on someone.
It rushes about like a mad (or: mad) cat.
He did not hold it for long, but to know the fingers.
Wherever it grabs, it leaves a trace of claws.
It is not with good intention that evil roots are dug.
He purges him like wild grass from a field.
The enemy is strong, and shakes mountains (increase: not only by man).
He suits Satan like an uncle.
Satan himself nurtured him.
Good: he gave a hell of a penny for him, but went crazy.
There is nothing to look at, it is hard to keep.
Sewn with a bast, girded with a frill.
You'd be a good guy, but you're not good for hell.
You give him a word, and he gives you ten.
How much mercy, but twice the dashing. Much mercy, but more dashing.
The heart is a falcon, and the courage is a crow.
He is not old in years, but with dashing he disappeared.
The stepmother was fertilized to her stepson: she ordered cabbage soup to be sipped in a conspiracy.
eat, Dear guests: everything will be (i.e., necessary) thrown out to the dogs.
Sulfur is like a pig, and evil is like a snake.
You are a dear father - but not to your children.
Dying, and shaking his leg.
Dies, but the potion is missing. The snake dies, but the potion is missing.
Kalach in the hands, and a stone in the teeth.
Deeds, deeds, are like soot white (i.e., so white).
The street is straight, but the hut is crooked.
Genre: Encyclopedia
Selected proverbs and sayings from the collection of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (1801-1872), writer and ethnographer, creator of the world-famous Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.
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Stress notation: \"a, \"yu, etc.
GOOD
"Will it be, will it not be when this collection is printed, with which
the collector cherished his age, but, parting with him, as if with business
finished, I don’t want to leave it without a parting word.
This introduction was written in 1853, when the dismantling was completed
proverbs; let it remain now, when the fate of the collection has been decided and
it's printed.
According to routine, one should have launched a search: what is
proverb; where did it come from and what is it suitable for; when and what publications
proverbs we came out; what are they; what sources did you use
current collector. Scholars of reference might have tinted the case because,
Aristotle seems to have already defined the proverb.
But there is only a very small amount of all this here.
Scientific definitions are now few in use, the age of scholasticism has passed, although we
still we cannot shake off the rags of his sedate mantle.
The times when the benefits of science or knowledge were explained in the introduction, to which
the book was dedicated, also passed; now they believe that everyone
conscientious work is useful, and that tales cannot help this benefit.
Scientific searches, antiquity, comparisons with other Slavic dialects -
all this is beyond the power of the collector.
The analysis and evaluation of other publications should have ended directly or
an indirect modest recognition that ours is the best of all.
The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed
collections of the last century, collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets
and notebooks reported from different sides, and - most importantly - a living Russian
language, but rather the speech of the people.
I did not go into any antiquity, I did not parse ancient manuscripts, but
the antiquities included in this collection got there from the printed collections.
I looked through only one old manuscript and took from it what I could
would now go for a proverb or saying; this manuscript was donated
me gr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I gave it to M.P. Pogodin, and from there she
entirely printed, in the form of an addition, with a collection of proverbs by I. M.
Snegirev.
In this case, I must say sincere thanks to all well-meaning
givers, helpers and accomplices; I dare not name anyone, for fear
forgetfulness, too many to miss, but I can not name with
gratitude to Mrs. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I.P. Sakharov and I.M.
Snegirev.
When the collection of the latter came out, mine was already partly picked up: I
compared his edition with the collection of Knyazhevich and used what was not
was there and was not found with me, and that, moreover, in my extreme understanding,
could and should have been accepted.
In the collection of Knyazhevich (1822) there are only 5300 (with dozens) proverbs; To
he was added by I. M. Snegirev to 4000; from all this number I
eliminated altogether or not accepted in the form in which they are printed, up to 3500;
in general, from books or print, I have taken hardly more than 6,000, or about
fifth of my collection. The rest are taken from private notes and collected
by ear, orally.
In this comparison and choice, timidity and doubt attacked me more than once.
Whatever you say, but this arbitrariness cannot be avoided in the rejection, but reproach in it
and even more so. It is impossible to blindly reprint everything that is called
proverbs, was printed; distortion, now cleverness, now from
misunderstandings, then just typos and typos, excessively ugly. IN
in other cases, these errors are obvious, and if such a proverb came to me in
in its original form, then the amendment or choice did not make it difficult; but the trouble is
that I could not confine myself to these cases, but had to decide on
something about those thousands of proverbs, for the correction of which
I did not have the correct data, and throwing them out would not mean correcting.
Not understanding the proverb, as often happens, you consider it
nonsense, you think that it was invented by someone for jokes or
irreparably distorted, and you do not dare to accept it; but it's right, only
look straight. After several similar cases or discoveries involuntarily
you will be shy, you will think: "Who gave you the right to choose and reject? Where
the limit of this intelligibility? After all, you are not collecting a flower garden, but a collection "and
you begin to collect and place everything in a row again; let it be redundant
let others judge and judge; but then suddenly you stumble upon the lines
like the following:
Let's take two or three examples: "God didn't save far and wide"; three
short between two long ones, and the size is good. "I got up early, but not enough
strained "; for a long one with a short one at the ends, and two middle feet - a long
with two short ones. "At least twice, at least three times, not too thin"; one by one
a long one between two short ones. "Any fable will come in handy in three years"; "On
- every layman according to seven Jews "; in these two proverbs, in essence
tonic, metric, however, shows the following features:
the first begins with a long, the second with a short syllable; both have four
feet: one long with one short, long with two, with three and with
four short ones. In the next - a wonderful, very collaborative mixture
anapaest and dactyl; only one short syllable, in the second verse, as if
extra; but it is in place, and omitted in the first verse is very convenient; here,
as if involuntarily amazed, you will make an arrangement:
Shot down, knocked together - that's the wheel;
Sat down and went - oh, good!
I looked back - some knitting needles are lying!
It is put together surprisingly well: a sudden transition, on the third verse,
to two short ones, when you are preparing for a long syllable, as well as possible
expresses the amazement of the one who looked back. One cannot but agree that
in all these dimensions, there is not an example of more freedom and expanse than in
heavy, monotonous fetters of a meaningless iambic or chorea.
Rhyme or simple consonance does not always occur at the end of a verse or each
from two parts of a proverb, as, for example: "A lot of dashing, little mercy";
"Do not ask the rich, ask the puffy"; "Neither this nor that boiled, and even then
burnt"; "She howled and went out of her pocket" and so on, and sometimes on
in other words, in the midst of verse, but always on those that require distinction,
accents, attention
"And it was rolled up and smoothed, but everything spread apart."
"No one renounces the bag and the prison."
"I saw how a man ate honey - he didn't give it to me."
There are several rhymes in a row:
"He is as thin as a horsetail, and lives thinly, but little by little";
"I'm for a head of cabbage - I'm on my shoulders. I'm for a fork - I'm on my temple";
"There was fat, it became soap";
"Ruin boiled, listen to what is said"; in the last two, not a word, then
rhyme.
"Let's leave with the whole yard, in chorus, and support the house with a stake" - six
the same rhymes. There are consonances of the whole word and complete rhymes in two and three
syllable: "To him - about Taras, and he: one and a half hundred"; "Not in the rain, wait."
But most of the proverbs without a red warehouse and without a correct one,
uniform size; there is a harmony or measure in them, however, as in any
collapsible, short speech, and this mode gives it melodiousness and strength.
The play on words, by the mutuality of their meanings, is not quite in our taste, but
in some places comes across: "For the initiative, drink according to the order"; "Sleep long - live with
duty "; "Here is a rod, and there they burn"; rod - they push and the rod; burn - they burn
fire and viten, whip. "What will be, will be; and it will also be that we
"I would dine, but I would not overeat." "A bow is suitable for both combat and
scham" and so on.
Personal names should also be included in the outer clothing of proverbs. They are more
some are taken at random, or for rhyme, consonance, measure: such, for example,
proverbs in which are mentioned: Martyn and Altyn, Ivan and blockhead, Grigory and
grief, Petrak and the laborer, Mokey and footman, etc. Perhaps some names and
initially taken from people known in the closest circle, and proverbs
become common; often also these names came from fairy tales, stories,
where people of known properties usually bear the same name, followed by
the same meaning remained in proverbs: Ivanushka and Emelya are fools;
Fomka and Sergey are thieves, rogues; Kuzka unfortunate; Marco is rich. From these
concepts, special expressions have also developed: to embrace someone, to deceive,
fool the simpleton; to seduce, deftly, cunningly; crowbar, on the tongue
scammers, called a large chisel or one-handed crowbar for breaking locks;
to trick someone, to hook, to deceive, to offend, etc.
In our inner clothing in our proverbs you can find samples of all
embellishment of rhetoric, all kinds of roundabout expression; I don't know if it's worth it
stop here, but I will give examples that came to hand. Metaphor:
He poured lard over his skin. You can't take it with your bare hands. It needs
hedgehog gloves. Allegory: A lady has lost her temper in an unheated chamber. Fine
plow on the stove, but wrap it cool. Hyperbole: At the stone butt
iron pier. He has every penny nailed with an altyn nail.
Metonymy: A full belly to learning is stupid. Green gray is not a decree. Synecdoche:
Seven axes lie together, and two spinning wheels apart. What would salu growl, en
the cart hides. Irony: Winter blew a matchmaker in a summer dress. It's a pity
girls - lost (and ruined) a guy. Opposite: In \ "outside table -
skinny pocket. You put further, you take closer. Perversion: Not n\"o
good darling, but n \ "oh darling good. There is no headman over the sin, but sin lives and
over the elder. Ambiguity: Other water is worth blood (tears). death people
live (undertakers). Personification: Avoska winds a rope. sky noose
throws. Spring says: I'll take it away, autumn says: but I'll take a look.
Convention: Either hold a good horse, or a whip. Either bow
(to ask) or to boast. Omission, innuendo: Mother rye feeds
all fools completely, and wheat (feeds fools) by choice. From old
fools young (fools) no life.
There are German and French collections, where publishers, feeling all
the absurdity of the usual alphabetical selection according to the initial the letter of the proverb,
resorted to an average measure, adopting the same alphabetical order, but according to that word
in the proverb, which seemed to them the main one, on which the proverb, nevertheless
according to her outer garment, she is folded. And this, however, is an insignificant sign,
serving only to see what subjects the people have chosen
to frame your paintings. And this order carries far apart not
only friends in proverbs, but even equals: "A goat in the mountains, and a ram in
mountains"; "Where a horse with a hoof, there is a crayfish with a claw"; "Ducks in pipes -
cockroaches in drums", etc. These proverbs should be there under different
letters, according to the words: goat, ram, horse, cancer, duck, etc. Whereas here and
pipes, and rams, and cockroaches are completely outsiders, but the meaning is the same and
very close to one: permissiveness, example, imitation; and that's it
place, that category, where all such proverbs follow; and they will be collected
a hundred, maybe more.
Arrangement of proverbs according to their meaning, according to their inner meaning,
figuratively, like parables, it seems to be the most correct and sensible. To what extent
this task is generally feasible, is it possible to do it immediately and to what extent
the accused collector managed to do this - another question; We are speaking
only about the rule, about the beginning, on which one can reasonably rely. Not
I doubt that this is the best of all orders in which one could
submit all folk sayings for review, comparison, evaluation and
understanding them and for a general conclusion from them.
Bogdanovich's collection came across to me much later than this venture (as well as
all the collections were obtained by me, when my stocks were already decently
accumulated), and I saw that they had already made a similar attempt; but
there are only one thousand of him, and, moreover, his own, proverbs, in rhymes; behind everything
however, the primacy in this matter, with us, at least, remains with
him. As the second inventor, I can't take the initiative away from him.
So I cut tens of thousands, collected over decades,
proverbs, sayings and similar sayings and, taking them out of the box, as
they came across, denoted on each one word meaning, meaning,
the subject to which each relates. So made up ourselves
himself, without any preliminary reasoning, headings of categories, about
one hundred and eighty, which included everything that was collected bit by bit. Then I
set to work again on each category and tried to pick up proverbs in it in
some sequence and connection, according to their same meaning.
With such an arrangement of a fairly complete collection, I no longer only
amuse myself with the sharpness of this or that proverb, but I see in them one common and
a whole picture in which there are more deep meaning and meaning than in
single notes. This is a drive or brain freeze of entire generations, during
image of their native life, with the seasoning of everything that only concerned this
daily and mental life. I can penetrate carnal and
with his spiritual eye into everything that the people said about any subject of the worldly
and family life; and if the object is close to this life, if it enters into
his daily life, then the people - you can be sure of this - saw and
discussed it around and from all sides, made oral sentences about it
his own, set them in motion and will not change his decision, until
circumstances will change.
And what is not in these verdicts, then in the urgency the people did not reach,
did not care, did not please and did not sadden him.
A strange remark was made against this: one proverb
contradicts another, there is a sentence for a sentence, and you don’t know what
hold on. I don’t know who would be embarrassed: is it possible to hug an object
multilateral at a glance and write him a sentence in one line? IN
that is the merit of the collection of proverbs, that it gives not one-sided, but
a complete and round concept of a thing, having collected everything about it, according to various
cases, it has been said. If one proverb says that the work of the master
afraid, and the other adds that some master of the case is afraid, then, obviously,
both are right, the matter is not equal, and the master is not even.
Another reproach is more thorough: I have a lot of repetitions in my collection,
part of the intentional and, in this order, inevitable, because the same
the proverb fits different meanings and ranks, partly also
oversight: not enough memory; running through these endless rows, you get dumber and
You don't remember what happened and what didn't. But no matter how severely one judges
that's all, it seems that sin is not great and less important than incompleteness and
passes. Without making excuses, however, in unnecessary repetitions, I, however,
I ask you to pay attention to the fact that many proverbs are placed doubly and
tripled, with a slight change that gives the proverb a different
meaning, a different meaning, which required its placement in this form, under another
header.
I will add to this that, however, there is no end to such work: it is possible
clean up, move and subdivide orders according to taste, look and
your understanding, as much as you like; the benefit of the stock is collected and stored. cool
filled with flour; I hope he will no longer stumble upon such connoisseurs,
who would be looked for under the poison.
Be that as it may, but, having analyzed their proverbs in this order and
realizing that I ought to start over from the beginning and go over them again, I
decided, however, to get rid of this work, because I was waiting for
another, more important, and there is not much left to live. In what order or
my stock was not piled up in disorder, - I thought, - if only it was collected and
what was written down in our eyes, like external ice. Print
I didn’t think of my collection at that time - we saw above the then
ideas about these things of our advanced enlighteners - put it in
side and began to put in order his other stocks: songs, of which
I, however, not much, I sent to the late I. V. Kireevsky; fairy tales,
stop to six, including a lot of all sorts of nonsense, to A. N. Afanasiev; A
left one thing for his share: reserves for the Russian dictionary.
But other times came, and it seemed to me that proverbs could be
now printed. I was already preparing, overcoming all the provincial difficulties,
proceed at the bottom to print like good fortune mine wanted to calm down
me in a different way, removing me from official duties and giving me time in my old age
and freedom for others. In Moscow, the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature
immediately offered to take over the publication of the collection; but many years ago
ago (as early as the beginning of 1848) this proposal had already been made to me by O.M.
Bodyansky, on behalf of the Imperial Society of History and Antiquities
Russian at Moscow University, and therefore I am now with
gratefully donated his collection there. I also note that how
was published for the "Readings" in the Society, then I had to submit as in
the appearance of the publication, and in the spelling of the rules adopted there,
why does spelling differ from my dictionary published at the same time and
with this preface.
What if every lover of our language and nationality, running through
my leisure collection, made notes, corrections and additions, as far as
who will get knowledge and memory, and would report his notes, where to whom
more convenient, for printing, or would pass them on to the collector - not true
whether that the next edition, if needed, could leave
far behind the first?
Friendly - not heavy, but one and the porridge will perish.
A year has passed in the hustle and bustle, there has always been trouble.
Where love is not hypocritical, there is true hope.
Luxurious and stingy measures of contentment do not know.
The young man walked down the Volga, but came across death not far away.
One must not die before death, etc., etc.
What do you want to do with similar sayings of confectionery wisdom
twenties? throw out; but they were found under another thousand, yes
as many dubious ones, with whom you don’t know how to be, so as not to
accused of arbitrariness. Therefore, due to the difficulty of such a rejection, and
partly and by viewing - you will not save yourself from any sin - and in this collection
included many empty, distorted and dubious proverbs.
Regarding decency, when rejecting proverbs, I kept to the rule: everything,
what can be read aloud in a society not perverted by stiffness, nor
excessive ingenuity, and therefore touchiness, - all this should be taken into
your collection. Everything is clean to the pure. The most blasphemy, if it were where and
met in folk sayings, should not frighten us: we collect and
we read proverbs not only for fun and not as instructions
moral, but for study and search; so we want to know everything
There is. Note, however, that the sharpness or brightness and directness of expressions, in
images that are unusual for us, do not always contain what we see in
this is indecent. If a peasant says: "What is the use of praying to that god who does not
has mercy"; or "I asked the saint: it came to the word to ask the accursed", - then in
this is not blasphemy, because here the gods and saints, to strengthen
concepts, people are named, appointed for the sake of holy, divine truth, but
doing the opposite, forcing the offended and oppressed to seek protection
also by untruth and bribery. The very proverb, striking us with rapprochement
such opposites, personifies only the extreme and unbearable
perverted state that gave birth to such a saying.
What proverbs and sayings should go to the people, in this no one
will not argue; in an educated and enlightened society there is no proverb;
come across weak, crippled echoes of them, shifted to our mores
or sent in a non-Russian language, but bad translations from foreign languages.
High society does not accept ready-made proverbs, because these are pictures.
life alien to him, and not his language; but does not add up his own, maybe from
politeness and secular decency: the proverb does not prick in the eyebrow, but right in
eye. And who will begin to commemorate in a good society a harrow, a plow, a stupa,
bast shoes, and even more so a shirt and a background? And if we replace all the expressions with these
sayings of our life, then somehow the proverb does not come out, but is composed
vulgarity, in which all the allusion comes out.
As a public asset, as a global citizen, enlightenment and
education go their way by eye, with a level in their hands, tearing
bumps and bumps, leveling the pits and potholes, and bring everything under one
canvas. In our country, more than anywhere else, enlightenment is what
exist, it has become a persecutor of everything native and national. How, in recent
still, the first sign of a claim to enlightenment was shaving
beards, so direct Russian speech and everything related to it were generally avoided
applies. From the time of Lomonosov, from the first stretching and stretching of the tongue
ours on the Roman and German block, continue this work with violence
and more and more removed from the true spirit of the language. Only at the very last
time they began to guess that the goblin had bypassed us, that we were circling and straying,
strayed from the path, and we will go to no one knows where. On the one hand, zealots
someone else's ready, not considering it necessary to study one's own first, forcibly
transferred to us everything in the form in which it came across on someone else's
soil, where it was suffered and worked out, whereas here it could
be accepted only by patches and gloss; on the other hand, mediocrity vulgarized what
that, zealously, she tried to bring from her native life into the glove
estate. Cheremis on one side, and beware on the other. Whatever
was, but from all this it follows that if you do not collect and save
folk proverbs in time, then they, displaced by the level of impersonality and
colorlessness, a comb-cut haircut, that is, public education,
vanish like springs in a drought.
Descending to vernacular, sometimes allowing ourselves to express ourselves with a proverb, we
We say: "Try on ten times, cut once." We didn't invent it
sayings, but, having taken it among the people, they only distorted it a little; people say
more correctly and more beautifully: "Try on with ten and count, cut off one." IN
Peter and the multiplication tablet are taught: two times three, five times six; in schools
they say ours: twice three, and the people say: two three or two by five,
three by six, etc. Instruction: reckless, reckless work often
sometimes it is useless - it will never speak out under our pen with a proverb:
"Kroy, and sing songs; if you start sewing, you will cry"; or: "Shey, yes, don't
there will be a deaf pore. "Is it possible to express the deep
thought than in the proverb: "To death, that in the sun, in all eyes do not
take a look"; this proverb of ours got, I don’t know how, to the Frenchman
Larochefoucauld; in a deft translation, she went with him for hers and is given
as an example of his mind and eloquence: "Le soleil ni la mort ne peuvent se
regarder fixation" (Maximes).
We, in our everyday life, come up with only proverbs like these: "Visor
does not spoil; nothing to go, so with a tambourine; there is nothing to beat, so with a fist "; yes
sometimes we translate: "Sing a swan song; between them is a black cat
ran; and there are spots in the sun; fifth wheel; there is a stick in the corner,
that's why it's raining outside," etc. Do you like these sayings and translations?
But not only will we ourselves not compose a single wonderful proverb, but we
even, as it turns out, we don’t understand ready-made ones quite well. This has repeatedly set
me into a dead end. To what extent is it necessary and should explain and interpret proverbs?
An incomprehensible, inaccessible proverb to the listener - this salt, which seized and
does not salt; where to put her? But to interpret a witticism or a hint that
the reader himself understands that it is vulgar and cloying; these interpretations and places are many
will take, and the book comes out voluminous, cramped and without them. Many explanations
would also require scientific references, and this requires both knowledge, and sources, and
time, in a word, is a separate and important work. The most readers
no matter how few they are found, they are also not the same, everyone can have their own
requirements - not the sun, you won’t blacken at all.
I set, and then already during the right print, the most short interpretation,
indication, where could believe that it is necessary for many. Recently, we
saw examples of how strangely and wrongly sometimes understood and
interpreted, even condemned, our proverbs: "People get rich from bulk"
it was interpreted "from the forcible imposition of goods on someone"; a "Don't take
copy from the hut" - declared nonsense, because it is impossible, at least
occasionally, do not sweep out a copy, and it will be a good hut, if you never get out of it
copy do not take out. But bulk is understood here in the meaning of bulk
customers, not goods; if the crowd, the people bring down the shaft - get rid of
brisk sales, which is why a brisk, thorny place is dear to a merchant, but
at the battle, where the pickers bring down out of habit, twice as expensive. Don't take out copy,
like any other undistorted proverb that contains a parable,
direct and right, literally and figuratively: the case is right, just look
directly. In a figurative way: do not carry household accounts to people, do not gossip, do not
mess; family squabbles will be sorted out at home, if not under one sheepskin coat,
so under one roof. In direct terms: among the peasants, dirty linen is never taken out and never
swept out into the street: this, through half-yard rapids, is troublesome, and besides
rubbish would be carried by the wind and an unkind person could copy, as in
on the trail, or on the trail, send damage. Rubbish is swept into a pile, under the bench, in
oven or cooking corner; and when they fire up the stove, they burn it.
When the wedding guests, testing the patience of the bride, force her revenge
hut and litter after her, and she sweeps everything again, then they
they say: “Sweep, sweep, but don’t take it out of the hut, but rake it under the bench and
put it in the oven, so that it will carry out the smoke."
"Necess will teach kalachi to eat," like a parable, was interpreted correctly: need
will make you work, trade. "Need is tricky, the need for inventions is torovat"
- she will give mind and, if there was no rye bread, she will bring to what will be
and wheat. But there is also a direct meaning here: domestic need will force you to go to
earnings. "You will not bury yourself between the plow and the harrow; look for bread at home, and taxes
on the side "; where? The first thing is to the Volga, to barge haulers; this is still
article, and before the shipping company it was a radical, and, moreover, rampant, fishing
ten provinces; on the Volga, having passed Samara, you come to kalach (bun,
pie, kalach, wheat bread). This is a curiosity for riding barge haulers, and
it was they, the fathers and grandfathers of the present, who composed this proverb.
"Bondage goes down, bondage goes up"; here we are talking about the same mother Volga
and about burlachistvo, with which bondage is connected, because the makings are taken
forward, sent home in dues, and the rest drunk. Bondage, that is, need,
goes down the water to look for work; up, against the water, goes, or pulls
webbing, bondage. In the literal sense: a serf or a slave (bondage) is waiting for the best,
because there is no worse for him, he is waiting for mercy and trust for faithful service
his: it is ahead of him; bonded is more and more confused, must,
eats up and gains new bondage for himself, term after term; bondage
rises, everything intensifies, and in the old days it often also ended
servility.
But from these few examples it is clear that such explanations, if
collector and got on them, would require several years of time and
another hundred sheets of printing.
We note, however, in this case, what to interpret and explain proverbs
You must be extremely careful not to turn this case into your toy.
It is especially dangerous to look with a scientist's eye for what you would like to find.
The application of proverbs to events, even to individuals, by namesake, to
to ancient customs, to the dubious fable of idolatry, etc.
turns out, in many cases, a stretch of the imagination. I think, for example,
what to attribute the sayings: "Lisa Patrikeevna", "Patrikey himself the third" - to
to the Lithuanian prince Patricius, and "Ananyin's grandson is coming from Velikiye Luki" - to
to the Novgorod posadnik Ananya - an arbitrariness based on nothing; Think
even that "The enemy is strong, rolls and is in blue" does not apply to blue lightning and
Perun, but simply hints at the blue caftan as a sign of prosperity,
wealth; the evil one spreads his nets on everyone, and blue falls
caftan. "A doomed beast is not a beast" is also hardly said by us
from the time of idols and does not apply to her dooming to sacrifice to the gods, to which
there is no memory left among the people; the doomed beast that
fate doomed to death, not tenacious, not durable; it's normal
consolation and carelessness, and stubbornness, and ruthlessness in trouble; sickened
cattle - leave it to the will of God; if she lives, she will be alive, and if
doomed, then she is not a beast, not a stomach, not good, not your property.
Trying to explain dark proverbs and apply them to the
this time before our eyes, we sometimes fight far and are wise, where
The casket opens simply, without hiding. To this must be added that
Great Russians, contrary to Little Russians, there is no everyday writing memory; they have everything
limited to the essential and spiritual; antiquity remains in memory and is transmitted,
in so far as it concerns everyday life; from this, for Russian, direct
transition to thoughts and conversations about eternity, about God and heaven, everything else, he,
without third-party influence, will not be engaged, except on a special occasion.
So, recognizing the proverb and saying as a walking coin, it is obvious that
you have to follow them where they walk; and this belief I held in
for decades, recording everything that could be intercepted on the fly in
oral conversation. What was collected in advance of me, from the same source, then I
tried to turn it on, but rummaged through the books a little and, probably, a lot
lowered. So, for example, I could not even cope with a small, but very
conscientiously processed by Buslaev's collection (Kalachev's Archive, 1854),
which I first saw in Moscow in April 1860, when already half
my collection was printed.
Many sayings of our writers, due to their brevity and accuracy, are worth
proverbs, and here it is impossible not to recall Krylov and Griboedov; but I
included in his collection those only from these sayings that happened
I hear in the form of proverbs, when they, taken into oral speech, went
walk separately. And therefore in my collection there are book proverbs, but I
did not take them from books, except when they had previously fallen into similar
collections and, for completeness, moved to mine. I also have translations - that
was noticed in the form of a reproach - but I did not translate them, but accepted them, because
they are spoken; there are distorted, altered, but I did not distort them, but
heard or received in this form; There are sayings from St. scriptures, and they even
for the most part altered, but they were not taken by me from there and not altered
me, and so they say; there are vulgar, superstitious, blasphemous, false-wise,
savage, absurd, but I did not compose them; my task was to collect
possible fullness of all that is and what it is, as a reserve, for
further development and for any conclusions and conclusions to anyone.
They will say: there is a lot of superfluous rubbish; true, but what is thrown out, no one
sees, where is the measure for this rejection and how to guarantee that you will not throw out
what could be left? You can reduce from the spacious; dial from
collection flower garden, to your liking, no wonder; and what you miss
turn more difficult. You will shorten - you will not turn back. Moreover, I had in mind
language; one turn of speech, one word, at first glance, not everyone
conspicuous, sometimes forced me to retain the most absurd saying.
Wherever I could correctly get to the radical turnover and point to
distortions, there I did it, although in the most brief notes. Here are some examples:
"Not before mass, if there is a lot of nonsense"; here nonsense got by a misunderstanding,
instead of rituals, the word of the north, which is pronounced there: rob, and
means: women's everyday life in the house, cooking, housekeeping at the stove; it can be seen from
friends of this proverb: "Either go to mass, or lead a ritual."
Another: "It's not good for us, God be with you"; this one seems to be confirmed
another: "What the deacon is not nice, then the ass in the censer"; but the first came from the south,
it is Little Russian, is not understood among us and therefore distorted: “We are not good, from
toby nebozh", here you are neboga, nebozh; this word has many meanings:
poor, wretched, beggar, cripple, holy fool, unfortunate, for whom they condole,
close, relative, nephew; this proverb answers ours: "The stepmother has fertilized
to her stepson: she ordered to sip all the cabbage soup in a conspiracy. " Proverb: "Not for children
or not with children, not on children, and sit in honor "it is said differently and
altered from a misunderstanding: to whom God did not give children, or from whom they are dying
babies (whose children are not standing), he would be glad to sit and the legless,
cripple; to the desert and sit in honor: after all, Ilya Muromets was a seat. Not
understanding this and attributing honor, honor to the word children, than the proverb and deprived
sense, corrected the matter, turning the Sidney into gray hair, into an old man with gray hair, and
making from this: "Not among children and gray in honor", that is, an adult,
man of sense respects the elderly.
Thus, one word often gives a proverb a different meaning, and if
you heard it in one way, and I in another, then it does not follow from this,
that you heard it more to the right, and I even less, so that I myself remade it.
Let's take an example of this kind, where not only you and I, but also two more
interlocutors say the same proverb, each in his own way, and all
four will be right: "Do not call an old dog a wolf" - because she
obsolete, no longer fit, do not consider her a wolf, do not treat as with
enemy; "Don't call the priest's dog a wolf" - no matter how tired the priest is with greed and
with her clutches, but don’t look at his dog like at a wolf, she doesn’t
what is not guilty; "Do not call an old dog dad", not father - the answer to
the requirement to respect the old man beyond his merit; old dog, but not his father
respect for it; "Popov's dog should not be called daddy" - the answer to the demand
respect for random people; whatever you say about respect for the father, for the priest,
yes, his dog is not his father; in this form, the proverb is often applied to pets
lordly, from the servants. Many such examples could be cited: which of
these four contradictions cannot be chosen, everything can be said: no, it is not so
says!
I note here that vintage listings and collections of proverbs are far from
can always serve as models and do not at all prove that
the proverb was in use from word to word, as it was written. Oldies
wise in this matter no worse than ours, wishing to correct the proverb, to give
her written form, and, as a matter of course, fell through this into
vulgarity. There are many examples of this. in Pogodinsk. collection 1714
we read: "Being on the other side, I must bow my head, but my heart
humbly have." Isn't it obvious here cleverness and alteration?
it says: "Keep your head bowed (or bowed), and your heart submissively"; If
apply this to a foreign land, then you can start with the words: in a foreign land, in a foreign
side, without changing a word afterwards; here everything else is added
scribe, especially the words: being, it is necessary, to have.
In the archive collection. XVII century: "The young man was walking down the Volga, but he came across
death is not far away", or, as corrected by Snegirev: "not far away";
Is this a proverb, a saying, or something like that? IN
The archival one: "There is no money, it's on the floor"; this one is still in use today
speaks of a drunkard who sits quietly at home, even hides when he drinks
nothing; but instead of pret it is necessary to read pret. "As there is no money, so
rush, "that is, climbs and lies quietly. There is also a proverb:" At the old
the soul is not taken out, and the young one is not sealed" - it is not changed for the better:
"Until death, among the living, among the old, the soul is not taken out, and among the young
sealed."
In the collection Yankova 1744: "Kumischa, matchmaking - you'll say goodbye, you'll miss";
it doesn't look like anything anymore; let someone understand this nonsense, in which
four words there is not a single correct one, and therefore there is no meaning.
Obviously, this is a distortion of the proverb, which still lives among the people:
you woo - you oversleep, you catch yourself. " Such examples could be typed
so many; I cite them as proof that at all times there have been
stupid scribes and even collectors who were clever, and what,
referring to old manuscripts, it is not always possible to correct new
collectors.
My collection was destined to go through many ordeals, long before printing
(in 1853), and, moreover, without the slightest search on my part, but according to
enlightened participation and insistence of a person whom I dare not even hint at,
not knowing if it will please. But people, and moreover, people are scientists by rank,
recognizing the publication of the collection as harmful, even dangerous, they considered it their duty to exhibit and
other shortcomings of it, among other things, in these words: "Noticing and
eavesdropping on the dialects (?) of the people, Mr. Dal, apparently, did not write them down quickly,
and brought in after, as he could remember; that's why he has a rare (?) proverb
so written, as it is said among the people. Most (?) of them are seen
like the following: it says: I will sort out this misfortune with beans, and
the proverb says this: I will scout someone else's misfortune with beans, but not to my own mind
I'll take it."
But I had both proverbs, only each in its place, because
their meaning is not the same; Yes, instead I’ll take it from me, I’ll attach it,
which I still believe to be true. I will breed this trouble with beans or on beans,
the trouble is not great, it will fit into the gate, you can turn away or get off.
“I’ll scout someone else’s misfortune on beans, but I won’t put my mind to it” is quite another;
this means: eat someone else's grief with bread, someone else's sore in the side does not sour, but
own sore is great nodule, etc.
Further: "It is written: God judge your will, and the proverb says: Create
God will his will. "That the latter is said, there is no doubt about it, and if she
I was not there, you could point to the pass; but also the first
says. “God judge your will” means that there is no one else to judge it, no one
we should judge her, but we must submit to her without grumbling; or by accepting
judge by ancient meaning, for awarding, to judge - God judge
your will means: do, judge according to your will.
In total, to prove that I have correctly recorded a rare proverb and
that most of them are seen erroneously, righteous judges my lead three
example, that is, one for every ten thousand, and the third most
wonderful: "The same infidelity in the collection (?) of jokes and idle talk;
I will cite one as an example: it says: Not for anything, for anything other than
other such things, this idle talk is expressed among the people (why not
says?) like this: Not for anything else, but only for other things like that; and if
better than anything, so nothing else; that's just all."
Yes, that seems to be all...
Be that as it may, but regardless of such infidelity in proverbs
mine, proved by the three examples given here, found that the collection
this one is not safe, encroaching on the corruption of morals. For more
intelligibility of this truth and for the protection of morals from menacing them
corruption invented and written was, in the report, a new Russian
proverb, not quite coherent, but clear in purpose: "This is a sack of flour and
a pinch of arsenic "- so it was said in the verdict about this collection, and to this
it is also added: "In an effort to print monuments of folk stupidities, Mr.
Dal tries to give them printed authority "... to the dangerous ones for
morality and piety of the people are assigned to places, among other things,
the following sayings: "Blessing is not a sin; Wednesday and Friday to the owner in
house is not a pointer, "etc.
Is it still necessary to mention after this that hand in hand with the writers
proverbs about myashyak went and the conclusion of the connoisseur of the jury, to whom
my collection also got without my participation, and what was found there
impermissible convergence of proverbs or sayings in a row: "He has hands
debts (a lot of power) "and" His arms are long (he is a thief) "? And here, as there,
demanded amendments and changes in proverbs, and moreover, exceptions,
which "may make up more than a quarter of the manuscript"...
For the sake of truth, I must say that the opinion is the opposite of all this.
was expressed at that time by an enlightened dignitary in charge of
Public library.
I state all this not as a complaint and denunciation, but, firstly, as
an excuse why I did not issue proverbs before this one, secondly, for
explanations of modern life. Without looking in the mirror, myself in
you don't know the face. Moreover, I think where we are talking about data for future
the history of our enlightenment, where everyone is obliged to say what he
have proof in hand.
This collection includes, in addition to proverbs, proverbs,
sayings, proverbs, soon (purely) sayings, jokes, riddles, beliefs,
omens, superstitions and many sayings, to which I will not be able to give a common nickname, even
simple turns of speech, conditionally included in the use.
About this, scholarly connoisseurs of the manuscript, who successfully insisted that it be
remained for another eight years under a bushel, there was such an opinion: "It's a pity,
that all this is combined in one book: through this he (the collector) mixed
edification with corruption, faith with false belief and unbelief, wisdom with
stupidity and thus dropped his collection a lot ... It is obvious that
the honor of the publisher, and the benefit of the readers, and the very prudence would demand
two thick folios are divided into several books and in them separately
print: proverbs, sayings, jokes, riddles, signs, etc."
These arguments did not convince me, but I least understand how
the danger of poison would be lessened by such a fragmentation of the whole into parts;
perhaps by accustoming to poison gradually? In this collection, which is not
the catechism of morality, the lower \ "e mandate to customs and hostel life, namely
the wisdom of the people must converge with the stupidity of the people, the mind with
vulgarity, good with evil, truth with lies; man must come here
such as it is in general, throughout the globe, and what it is, in particular, in
our people; what is bad, run away; what is good, follow it; but don't hide
hide neither good nor bad, but show what is.
But, having named a proverb, saying, proverb, etc., I still came to that
a dead end from which you can’t get out without explaining what it is I am under these
I mean by names, or as the people understand them.
A proverb is a short parable; she herself says that "naked speech
not a proverb." This is a judgment, a sentence, a lesson, expressed in plain language
and put into circulation, under the coinage of the people. Proverb - blunt, with
application to the case, understood and accepted by all. But "one speech is not
proverb": like any parable, a complete proverb consists of two parts:
from a blunt, picture, general judgment and from an application, interpretation,
teachings; often, however, the second part is omitted, provided
sharpness of the listener, and then the proverb is almost indistinguishable from the saying.
Here are examples of complete proverbs: "Wait in time, God has something
file"; "Every fish is good, if it went to the bait"; "The devil climbed for
clouds, but it broke off"; "If it is not in you, then do not look in the village", etc.
With this concept of a proverb, we must agree that it is not
composed, but forced by the force of circumstances, like a cry or an exclamation,
involuntarily torn from the soul; these are whole sayings, shot down in one lump, in
one interjection. The collection of proverbs is a set of folk experimental wisdom
and superstition, these are groans and sighs, weeping and sobs, joy and merriment, grief
and consolation in the faces; it is the color of the people's mind, the original article; This
worldly folk truth, a kind of sudnik, not judged by anyone. "What
if it doesn’t hurt, then it doesn’t cry”; what didn’t reach the people didn’t concern
of his life-being, neither his mind nor his heart moved, and that in
there are no proverbs; what gets entangled, good or bad, in his life, you will find
and in a proverb. And in order to recognize this and reach the faithful, therefore
conclusions about the life of the people, what is needed is not a flower garden of proverbs, not a sample of what
what we like, but a complete collection, at least a whole quarter of it, like
mentioned above, and was not to our liking. "Vkrasne and all of us
fall in love, but love in the black."
"There is no contribution from the proverb", "it cannot be appealed", her sentence
irresistible; all extremes converge, and therefore "On the proverb, what on
fool, and there is no trial"; "You can't get away from the proverb"; "The proverb is
the hut is swept with a broom"; "And there is a proverb for your honor"; "And for our
arrogance is a proverb"; but "Stump is not a suburb, and stupid speech is not a proverb",
and "Not every proverb is said with everyone": "Another proverb is not for
Ivan Petrovich". Who composed it - no one knows; but everyone knows it and
she is subdued. This work and common property, as well as the very joy and
grief, like the experienced wisdom gained by a whole generation, expressed
such a verdict. What is composed then only becomes a proverb,
when it went into motion, it was accepted and assimilated by everyone.
Let's call a proverb one that has entered, into proverb,
into our conversation, although it does not contain any parable, allegory,
blunt; for example, two sayings, about which we had a speech: Do God's will
your own and God judge your will: these are not proverbs and sayings, but
proverbs, sayings. True and sharp borders and stretch here
it is forbidden; in the strict sense, quite a lot of
proverbs.
A saying, by popular definition, is a flower, and a proverb is a berry;
It's right. Proverb - roundabout expression, figurative speech, simple
allegory, bluff, way of expression, but without a parable, without judgment,
conclusions, applications; this is one first half of the proverb. Proverb
replaces only direct speech with roundabout, does not finish, sometimes does not
names things, but conditionally, hints very clearly. She doesn't say he
drunk; but he will say: “He sees double, he is tipsy, the tongue of the bast does not
knits, he does not hang down, he rolled up the collar, he does not
will pass, he writes in his mind, "etc. Instead, he is stupid, she says:" He does not
all at home, one riveting is missing, he is nailed to the flower, he won’t count three; under
it came up with the nose, but it wasn’t sown in the head, "etc. Deputy peers, friends
she says: "One field of berries, one cloth epancha, one hand fingers"
etc. Expressing, for example, general concept loneliness, the saying distinguishes
this state, according to all its relations: "One, like a verst in a field; one,
like a poppy color; one, like a gold ring; one, like a finger; one like
gunpowder in the eye; alone, like booze (like a bittern in a swamp), like a bear in
lair", etc. Therefore, the saying is sometimes very close to the proverb: it is worth
add just one word or make a permutation, and from the saying
proverb came out. "He dumps from a sick head to a healthy one", "He is a stranger
heat rakes in hands "- sayings; both say only that it
a self-starter who takes care of himself without sparing others. But say: "Strangers
it’s easy to rake in the heat with your hands ";" Dumping from a sick head to a healthy one is not
unprofitable"; "Epancha does not differ in one cloth"; "Fingers of one hand, and
one bone ", etc., and all these will be proverbs, containing a complete
parable.
A sentence or empty phrase, which is also sometimes called a saying -
this saying, sometimes one word, often repeated, sentenced,
without great sense and significance, but according to local or personal habit:
he says, he took it, he took it; very well this is the case; it's just like that.
There are many such conditional sentences in fairy tales: "Soon the fairy tale will tell, not
soon the deed is done"; "Is it close, is it far, is it low, is it high"; "For
far away lands, in the farthest state, "etc. Both simple and
fabulous idle talk sometimes turn into a proverb, containing
conventional meaning; for example: "I would do it, yes, you see, the wife is not right; well,
I’m too rich”; about an empty, formidable boss: “I galloped above the forest
standing, below a walking cloud"; about strictness and lack of care to whom: "He is quieter
water, below the grass became "and so on. From the other end, turning into a set of folding
words, sentences merge with jokes.
The proverb is very close to the nickname, but does not refer to the person, but to the whole
a locality whose inhabitants are teased, scolded, or honored by being attached to them
proverb. It sometimes consists in only one word: "Ryazan
blue-bellied"; "Yaroslavl Belotelians"; "Vyatichi blind-bearers"; sometimes in
a whole saying, a joke, a joke: "Penzhan your crow in Moscow
learned"; "Whose are you, young man? - Zubachevsky merchant. - And where was he? - In Moscow,
walked the world." The last proverb is already very close to the proverb, and
others are given a completely proverbial meaning: "Chukhlomsky hand:
mittens behind his belt, but he is looking for others. " Proverb: "Bezhechan and the bell tower
knocked out with a horn, "shaking tobacco in passing about it, sometimes used
in the same sense as "A drop hammers a stone."
A tongue twister, a tongue twister - is composed for an exercise in the near future and
clear pronunciation, why sounds collide in it, making it difficult
fast talk; but many pure bastards also include the proverb:
"Our sexton can't be remade," you can't change a person;
"I reported, but did not report, but began to report,
reported", all out of place, unsuccessfully; "The priest is standing on a mop, a cap is on
priest, mop under the priest, priest under the cap, "that is, everything is the same.
Jest, empty bike is not entirely clear or not equally defined;
the very name - empty bike - shows that it can sometimes be
just like an empty talk, but they say about a wit of a kind that he knows
a lot of jokes. Others call so a whole series of sayings and sentences,
folded neatly, without much meaning; this includes yam jokes,
also sbitenshchikov, who are now almost gone, piemen, etc. These
jokes also often turn into proverbs: "For all three,
do not touch the root: but apart from the root, there is not a single one ";" Strange horses, whip
not your own - drive, don’t stop "; "Eat pies, but take care of the bread ahead";
"Water, little egg, don't feel sorry for the master's kindness," etc. With a joke
they call fabulous embellishments: "It grows by the day, by the hour, like wheat
the dough on the dough turns sour"; "The horse runs, the earth trembles, the fire from the nostrils,
the tail covers the trail, valleys, lets rivers between the legs, "etc. And this
chatter sometimes takes on a proverbial meaning when applied to
to any famous occasion. Jokes, tales, sayings
they also call sayings and proverbs that are completely incomprehensible if you don’t know
the bait from which they came; and these jokes can not be separated
from proverbs. Others are understandable on their own: "Titus, let's go threshing!" - The belly hurts.
- Tit, go eat jelly! "Where's my big spoon?" "Who stole the pie?
- Not me. - And who else to give? - Me. "" Wife, and wife, do you love me? Al
don't you love? - Yes. - What "yes? “Nothing.” Others demand an explanation:
"It's good honey with kalach"; they add to this: "Have you eaten? - No, not
ate; yes, letos brother was in the city, so he saw how people eat. "" You know
sense, like a blind man in milk": the leader left the blind man for a while. "Where was he? -
Yes, I drank some milk. - What is milk? - White and sweet. - A
what is white? - Like a goose. “And what kind of goose?” The leader bent his elbow and
brush with a stick and gave him a feel: "Here's what. - Ah, I know," - and for this
the blind man understood what milk is. This also includes: "So-and-so, yes
how it is"; "Thank God, the bast shoes have ripened"; "Another Cossack remained";
"Rainbow drank a tub of water"; "I hit like hell in a washstand," etc. K
sayings, sometimes proverbial, with mutual
meaning, a play on words: "I (climbed) into the forest, and he into the forest; I am behind the elm (stuck), and he
for the elm."
Proverbs about signs, beliefs, worldly and master's
rules, dressed, for memory, in the same clothes, which includes the folk
calendars, where every folk day with something remarkable in everyday life
given its name and attached different sayings, rules, sayings, -
all this, as far as I managed to collect, was also included in the collection. god,
curses, wishes, greetings expressed in the form of sayings, partly
are included here, but there are few of them, as well as some categories in general
I have very few and all hope for future collectors. Russians
table, healthy wishes, that now toasts, often old,
partly known to this day in the merchant circle, in backwaters, very
are good, but I also got a few of them, but it would be desirable to collect and
keep more of them.
In the proverb, one can distinguish between inner and outer clothing; first
refers to rhetoric, the second - to grammar and prosody. Grammar is not
only could and should learn a lot from proverbs, but should
to be according to them, in many of its parts, again turned over. Frequent
our misunderstanding of the proverb is based precisely on ignorance of languages, those
simple, strong and short turns of speech that are gradually lost
and are forced out of the written language in order to bring it closer, for greater
handiness of translations, with Western languages. Who would consider
proverbs and sayings in this regard, he would write a thick and
a useful book.
The proverb is mostly measured or folded: rarely
correct metrical verse, that is, with an account of long and short
syllables, because such a size is generally alien to the folk language; even less often and
it seems that only by chance there is a syllabic size, that is, a simple
counting syllables, a matter completely alien to us; but very often in Russian size, in
tonic, like a song, with a certain number of lingering stresses in a verse,
and fabulous, with a rhyme or a red warehouse.
Jackdaws shouted heat.
Wherever you take a grandmother, but feed your grandson!
Where there is trouble, there it cannot be avoided.
Where the crow does not fly, but peck all the manure.
Where there is sin, there is laughter.
Where to live, to those gods and pray.
Where to live, so be known.
Where there is law, there is resentment.
Where there is a zucchini, there is a man.
Where there is an oath, there is a crime.
Where the goat has passed, there the soldier will pass.
Where there is love, there is attack. When you love, you burn.
Where there is measure, there is faith.
Where it hurts, don't touch it!
Where the people see, there God will hear.
Wherever he gets drunk, he will fight here.
Where there are cucumbers, there are drunkards.
Where I fall, there I lie.
Where you want to ride, there they slow down.
Where you were, be there!
Wherever you want, swear there, but make peace in the tavern!
Where I pass like a fox, there are no chickens for three years.
Smooth, soft, and nasty.
Eyes - like bowls, but do not see a crumb.
Eyes with a veil, a mouth with a yawn.
She cries with her eyes and laughs with her heart.
Plow deeper - chew more bread.
The stupid one whistles, but the smart one understands.
He looks at me like hell.
Looks like he swallowed exactly seven, choked on the eighth.
Be angry, do not sin.
Talk less to others and more to yourself!
To tell the truth is to lose friendship.
Speaking of strangers, you will hear about your own.
Goal like a falcon, but sharp like a razor.
Head hurts, butt is better.
A head with a basket, but not a crumb to the brain.
Hunger will pass - you will eat what God gives.
A hungry wolf is stronger than a well-fed dog.
I was born naked, I will die naked.
Golytba, golytba, and the gateway is slatted.
A proud cat will not jump on his chest.
Woe in rags, trouble naked.
Grief will not be silent.
A pot with a cauldron will not argue.
There is a lot of grief, but only one death.
The guest does not stay much, but sees a lot.
It is a sin to steal, but it cannot be avoided.
Sin is not a problem, but glory is not good (Griboedov).
Sin is sweet, man is greedy.
There are many sins, and plenty of money.
Not worth a penny, but looks like a ruble.
Chest of a swan, gait of a peacock, eyes of a falcon, eyebrows of a sable.
Dirt is not fat; rubbed, it lagged behind.
The lip is not a fool, the tongue is not a spatula: it knows what is bitter, what is sweet.
Walk, walk, don't walk!
Let's be friends: then I come to you, then you take me to you.
Let's live together: you buy, and we'll eat.
For a long time I borrowed a penny for transportation, but there is nowhere to go.
Haven't seen you for a long time? - Yes, how they broke up.
Long ago, when King Peas fought with mushrooms.
Give - so does not hear; and on - so heard.
God bless the one who knows how to take it down.
God forbid to die even today, but not to us.
Give a thief at least a mountain of gold - he won’t stop stealing, but even an honest one will fall asleep with gold, he won’t touch.
Let the leech suck - it will fall off by itself.
Give with a fingernail, ask for an elbow.
Give me time: we ourselves will have a mustache.
Just let me put my foot up, and I'll fit in all by myself.
Give me an egg, and even a peeled one.
The hand that gives will not hurt, the one that takes will not wither.
Two brothers from the Arbat, both hunchbacks.
Two fools are fighting, and the third is watching (signature on the picture, where the third means the one who is watching).
Two plow, and seven wave their hands.
Two baldheads are fighting over a comb.
Girlish shame to the threshold: crossed, and forgot.
The girl is red before marriage.
The bride girl is the same age as her grandmother.
The grandfather lived as a pig, and the grandson lived as a pig.
Grandfather is gray, but there is no death on him.
It's not about personality, it's about cash.
Work teaches, and torments, and feeds.
A day is like a day, but the year is not the same.
They feast for a day, and for a week their head hurts from a hangover.
A day to cry, and a century to rejoice (the desire of the bridesmaids).
Money will give birth to money, but trouble will bring trouble.
There is nowhere to put money, there is nothing to buy a wallet for.
Money is not the head: a profitable business.
The village is large: four yards, eight streets.
Keep a penny so that it doesn't roll away.
Hold on to an old friend, and a new one at home!
Hold on to the chance, the generation did not break.
Children, children, where do I need you children?
For a friend, the last piece is eaten.
For a sweet friend and an earring from an ear.
For cabbage soup people get married, but for meat (in cabbage soup) they get married.
Up to two times they forgive and a third time they beat.
Up to thirty years, the wife warms, after thirty - a glass of wine, and after - the stove does not heat up either.
Good glory sleeps behind the stove, and the thin one runs around the world.
Welcome, and the hat itself.
Good is remembered for a long time, and dashing twice.
Good silence - what is not the answer?
Kindness without reason is empty.
A good tailor sews with a margin.
Do not measle with a good deed.
Debts are remembered not by the one who takes, but by the one who gives.
Long fees for a short century.
They sat for a long time, but did not sit through anything.
Long sleep - with a duty to get up.
Long-bellies (Voronezh settlers in Astrakhan, girdling low).
At home, eat what you want, and at a party, what you are told.
Pan at home, but a blockhead in people.
Sitting at home, not looking at anyone.
At home, as I want, but in people, as they say.
Home thought is not good for the road.
They danced that they were left without bread.
Bread is expensive when there is no money.
Hitherto, Makar dug the ridges, and now Makar has ended up in the governors.
Daughter children are cuter than their own.
friend of the heart; What is the name, I don't know.
Thought is behind the mountains, and death is behind.
You think you caught it - you got it yourself.
Think, don't think, but a hundred rubles is money.
Fool fool and sat out.
The fool will throw, but the smart one will get it.
A fool loves red, a soldier loves clear.
They beat the fool, but don't poke your head smart!
Fools argue about prey, but smart people divide it.
Fool and God will forgive.
The fool is waist-deep, but the smart one will go dry.
The soul knows the soul, but the heart delivers the message to the heart.
The soul has sinned, and the body is responsible.
He was allowed to warm himself, and he was already to baptize the children.
You go for a day, but take bread for a week!
They eat and smear, but they don’t tell us.
The devil went to Rostov, but he was frightened of crosses.
Whether he ate, did not eat, but they will honor him for dinner.
There are tears - there is a conscience.
There is something to listen to, but nothing to eat.
There is a fur coat on the wolf, but sewn on.
I would go to visit, but people do not call.
I went to Thomas, but stopped by my godfather.
I was driving, but I didn’t get there: we’ll go again - maybe we’ll get there.
Eat porridge, but say ours.
Eat mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut!
Eat pies, and take care of the bread ahead!
Eat cabbage soup with meat, but no, so bread with kvass.
The king favors, but the kennel does not favor.
Sorry, sorry, but there is nothing to help.
Sorry, sorry, and God be with you!
They were expecting a calf, but God gave a child.
Wait for the sense, put your teeth on the shelf!
Wish according to your strength, stretch according to prosperity.
The wife was furious and did not ask her husband.
The wife loved her husband: she bought a place in prison.
The wife of her husband does not beat, but leads according to her liking.
The wife is not a bast shoe: you can’t throw it off your feet.
The wife pleases - dashing plots.
Married people do not go to gatherings.
Wife to lower - no good to be seen.
A rich man married a drowsy one: both are happy.
Married in a hurry and for a long torment.
To marry is not to sneeze: you can say in advance.
The groom is cheerful, the whole marriage is joy.
You marry once, but you cry forever.
Choose your wife not with your eyes, but with your ears (according to good fame).
I will live - I will not forget.
We live - we cough, we go - we limp.
We live in bliss, but we ride in a cart.
We do not live for joy, and there is no one to kill.
We live in jest, but we die for real.
Lives - does not grieve, does not serve anyone.
Lives across the river, but not a foot to us.
Live the old way and talk the new way!
Live, don't live!
Live if you can; die if you want.
live dog better than dead lion.
I live the way I live, not the way people want.
Parents are alive - read, died - remember!
Alive as long as the Lord God suffers sins.
Life hangs by a thread, and thinks about profit.
Only God gives life, and every reptile takes it away.
He lived in bliss, but rode in a cart.
He lived a little, and died suddenly.
Living is sad, dying is painful.
You can't barter one rich man for a gang of beggars.
For the collar, and in the cold.
Everything is taken, but everything fails.
They will beat you for the cause - confess and bow lower.
For my penny, but I'm not good.
Life is fun for the young, but good for the old.
Overseas fun, but someone else's, and we have grief, but our own.
For lack of time, someday you will die without repentance.
For his work he got into a collar.
They don’t keep words for themselves, they don’t keep people.
For the demand, for the show, they don’t take money.
After that, the matter became that there was not enough money.
I don’t want to marry a bad one, but there is nowhere to get a good one.
For someone else's soul do not god!
If your nose hurts - put it out in the cold, it will fall off on its own and be healthy.
The mouth is full of worries, but there is nothing to eat.
Care did not eat, so boredom overcame.
I took it into my head, so at least crack!
Backward, somersault, and downhill.
The law is like a web: a bumblebee will slip through, and a fly will get stuck.
Close your eyes and lie down on the sled.
A crow flew into the royal mansions: there is a lot of honor, but no flight.
Swing, don't hit.
She gets married - she sings songs, and she left - sheds tears,
The stock does not spoil the bag.
The thrifty is better than the rich.
Signed up as a henchman, so don't get ahead of yourself!
Constipation and lock - a holy cause.
Earned hunk is better than a stolen loaf.
I wanted yeast from the kalachnik!
If a goat wants hay, it will be at the cart.
Caught on a stump, and it's worth the day.
It's easy to conceive, but difficult to give birth.
Why far? And it's good here.
Why go home, how is everything with you?
Kill a thrush.
The wolf called the goat to the feast, but the goat did not come.
They called guests, but they put them to gnaw bones.
Hello, matchmaker! - Farewell, brother!
Hello you, hello me, hello my dear!
Hello glass, goodbye wine!
Fear the wolf in winter, and flies in summer.
Evil is death, but good is resurrection.
The power knows the truth, but does not like to tell.
The magpie knows where to spend the winter.
Knows a lot like a pig in oranges.
Know honor, die - remember.
Know, cat, your basket!
Know, soldier, honor: warmed up, and out!
I don’t know, I don’t know (answer of the accused).
You know, we will also serve as a bar in the next world: they will boil in a cauldron, and we will lay firewood.
Invite guests to devour the bones!
It is Vladimir Dahl who has the honor of being the most attentive and faithful researcher of oral folk art. The proverbs and sayings he collected never cease to reveal new facets to us in the deep wisdom of our ancestors and amaze us with subtle observation and wit.
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal
1000 Russian proverbs and sayings
Proverb is not judged
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is famous a wide range readers primarily as the creator of the famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" - the richest treasury of the Russian word.
Dahl's no less remarkable work is his collection Proverbs of the Russian People, which includes more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings and well-aimed words.
The origin of the great scientist is amazing, although in those distant times many Europeans - Germans, French, Scandinavians - considered it good to go to the service of the Russian Tsar and the new fatherland.
Writer, ethnographer, linguist, doctor, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 22 (November 10 according to the old style), 1801 in Lugansk, Yekaterinoslav province. Father - Johann Christian Dahl - a Dane who took Russian citizenship, was a doctor, linguist and theologian, mother - Maria Khristoforovna Dahl (née Freytag) - half German, half French. Dahl's father became a patriot of all Russian. Having fallen in love with Russia, he also sought to develop in his children a love for the Russian language, culture, and art.
In 1814, Vladimir Dal entered the St. Petersburg Marine cadet corps. He graduated from the course, served in the Navy in Nikolaev, then in Kronstadt. After retiring, he entered the medical faculty of Dorpat University, graduated from it in 1829 and became an oculist surgeon.
And again - military service. In 1828 a two-year Russian-Turkish war, and Dahl was drafted into the army. He participated in the transition of the Russian army through the Balkans, continuously operating on the wounded in tent hospitals and directly on the battlefields. Dahl's talent as a surgeon was highly appreciated by the outstanding Russian surgeon Pirogov. In 1831, during a campaign against the Poles, Vladimir Ivanovich distinguished himself while crossing the Vistula. He was the first to use electric current in the explosive business, having mined the crossing and blown it up after the retreat of the Russian troops across the river. For this, Emperor Nicholas I awarded V. I. Dahl with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole.
Collect Russian words and expressions vernacular Dahl began in 1819. Even in the Naval Corps, he was engaged in literature, wrote poetry. Driving once through the Novgorod province, he wrote down the word “rejuvenate” that interested him (“otherwise, become cloudy, tend to bad weather”). And since then, wandering through the vast expanses of Russia, Vladimir Ivanovich did not part with his notes, replenishing them with new words, well-aimed sayings, proverbs and sayings, having accumulated and processed two hundred thousand words by the end of his life!
It is necessary to especially note his acquaintance and friendship with Pushkin. Dahl's work on the dictionary and his collection of proverbs played a significant role in this. Dahl later recalled the enthusiasm with which Pushkin spoke of the richness of Russian proverbs. According to contemporaries, great poet, in fact, strengthened Dahl in his intention to collect a dictionary of the living folk language.
Alexander Sergeevich and Vladimir Ivanovich more than once shared the hardships of difficult travels along the roads of Russia, traveled to the places of Pugachev's campaigns.
In the tragic days of January 1837, Dahl, as a close friend and as a doctor, took an active part in the care of the mortally wounded Pushkin. It was to Dahl that the words of the dying man were addressed: "Life is over ..." The grateful poet gave him a talisman ring. Dahl left notes about the last hours of Alexander Sergeevich's life.
In 1832, "Russian Fairy Tales. First Five" edited by Dahl were published. However, the book was soon banned, and the author was arrested. Only at the request of V. A. Zhukovsky, at that time the educator of the heir to the throne, Dal was released. But he could no longer publish under his own name and signed with the pseudonym Cossack Lugansky. It was under this pseudonym that one of the favorite fairy tales of our childhood, "Ryaba the Hen", was published.
Dahl's works are full of proverbs and sayings. Sometimes, instead of a detailed description of the hero, his assessment is given only in the proverb: "He ... would not have to live like this - from morning to evening, but there is nothing to remember; a week has passed, it has not reached us." Or: “They didn’t teach while lying across the bench, but stretched out to the fullest - you won’t teach”; "Whoever can, that one gnaws at."
Published almost at the same time "Proverbs of the Russian people" (1862) and " Dictionary"(1864) enriched Russian culture and literature.
In the preface to the book of proverbs, Dahl wrote: “The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks reported from different sides, and - most importantly - the living Russian language, and more is the speech of the people.
It should be noted that even before Dahl, back in the 18th century, proverbs and sayings of the Russian people were collected and published. Examples include N. Kurganov's "Letterbook" (1769), "Collection of 4291 ancient Russian proverbs" attributed to the professor of Moscow University Barsov (1770), the collection "Russian proverbs" by I. Bogdanovich (1785). The first significant study of Russian proverbs is the work of I. M. Snegirev "Russians in their proverbs" (1831–1834). IN mid-nineteenth For centuries, the collections of I. M. Snegirev (1848, 1857) and the collection of proverbs extracted from books and manuscripts and published in 1854 by F. I. Buslaev were considered the main collections of proverbs and sayings.
However, it is Dahl who has the honor of becoming the most accurate, deep and faithful researcher of oral folk art.
The extensive material collected by Dalem forced him to group the proverbs in the collection into headings, sections. These headings often combine opposite phenomena of life, concepts, etc., for example, "good - evil", "joy - sorrow", "guilt - merit"; and everything is given an assessment in proverbs, because they express the innermost judgments of the people.
Deep wisdom, subtle observation, clear mind of the people determined the most expressive proverbs and sayings about literacy, learning, intelligence, about the abilities and intelligence of people. Proverbs condemn talkers, grumpy and stupid, lovers of scandal, swaggering, overly proud people.
Many proverbs speak of peasant world, about joint work, the strength of the rural community. "You can overcome the devil with a cathedral," the proverb claimed. "What the world has ordered, then God has judged", "The world will roar, so the forests are moaning", "Together - not heavy, but apart - at least drop it", "You can solve every matter with the world" ...
The book offered to the reader includes only a small part of Dahl's vast collection of proverbs and sayings. They are about love, friendship, happiness, wealth, work and idleness, life and death, loneliness, luck. Pay attention to how fresh, modern they sound!
And how many stable phrases are in today's Russian language, the origin of which we no longer think about, but which have a very definite source. Who has not heard a completely modern expression: "It's in the bag." It is from Dahl's collection, and came from a lot, which was put into a hat, and then pulled from it.
In almost every section of Dahl's "Proverbs of the Russian People" one can encounter contradictory materials. And this is natural, because real life full of contradictions. Here it is very important to distinguish shades, as well as a measure of the depth of proverbs and sayings. After all, they were sometimes born under the influence of emotions, and not just years of observation and experience.
