Mausoleum to the spouse-benefactor in the Pavlovsky park. Pavlovsk Park: Old Sylvia and New Sylvia Districts Who is buried in Pavlovsk Park

Photo: Mausoleum to the Spouse-benefactor in Pavlovsky Park

Photo and description

the only architectural monument in the New Sylvia area in Pavlovsky Park is the Mausoleum of Paul I. This is not the tomb of the emperor. Paul I, like all members of the imperial family, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. In archival documents, this park building is called "Monument in the city of Pavlovsk." In one of her letters, Empress Maria Feodorovna refers to it as a “Monument”, and in an agreement with the architect Carlo Domenico Visconti she calls it “Temple”. Modern name- "To the Benefactor Spouse" or "Paul I Mausoleum".

Wanting to perpetuate the memory of her late husband, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna ordered several architects to design the monument. In 1805 she approved design work architect Thomas de Thomon, which was based on the master's motive of the facade tombstone Sophia Dorothea, mother of Maria Feodorovna, buried in Charlottenburg.

In 1805, the laying of the Mausoleum was carried out in the summer. Its construction was carried out by the stone master K. Visconti. A memorial structure without burial or, in other words, a false gravestone (cenotaf) was sculpted by the famous Russian sculptor Ivan Petrovich Martos. In 1810, a solemn opening ceremony of the Mausoleum took place.

The mausoleum of the Spouse-benefactor is located in the depths of Pavlovsky Park, in a difficult-to-pass forest, on the bank of a ravine. It is made in the form of a small Greek prostyle temple, with a four-column portico. Doric columns carved from red granite set off gray marble capitals. The walls of the Mausoleum are made of brick, finished with yellowish sandstone. The doorway is located in the center of the main facade. On the pediment of the doorway there is an inscription made of embossed gilded letters - "To the Benefactor Spouse". In addition, on the southern pediment you can read: “To Paul I the Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia. Born September 20th day 1754. Deceased March 11th day 1801.

High openwork doors made of iron, made according to the sketches of Thomas de Thomon, lead to the Mausoleum. Gilded funerary emblems: inverted torches and teardrop vases are on the portcullis. The walls of the Mausoleum are lined with artificial marble white tone. At the bottom, it is shaded by a high panel of dark gray marble. The high relief depicts the figure "Allegory of History", made by the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Nachon.

On the southern wall, or rather on a high relief, in the center, on a low pedestal, there is an image of an urn covered with drapery. The folds of the mournful veil diverge widely and fill the entire central high-relief part. On the sides of the urn there are two figures of sobbing cupids, in their hands are inverted torches. On the right side of them is a globe, on the left side is a palette with brushes. The sculptural ensemble "Grieving Arts and Sciences" belongs to the sculptor Joseph Cumberlain. Sketches for both high reliefs were developed by the architect Tom de Thomon.

The premises of the Mausoleum are made in an emphatically ascetic manner. All attention is attracted by the monument. Here, against the background of a dark red granite pyramid, sculptural composition from white marble. We see a woman on her knees in antique clothes, in sorrow, falling to the funeral urn. The crown on her head is evidence of the dignity of the mourner. The sculpture is located on a high pedestal and decorated with a bas-relief, which allegorically depicts all the children of Paul I at the time of his death, or rather on March 11, 1801. The pedestal and pyramid belong to the work of the stone cutter Samson Sukhanov.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War the park pavilion Mausoleum of the Spouse-benefactor and the cenotaph were destroyed. After the war, a lot of restoration work was organized here.

(function(w, d, n, s, t) ( w[n] = w[n] || ; w[n].push(function() ( Ya.Context.AdvManager.render(( blockId: "R-A -143470-6", renderTo: "yandex_rtb_R-A-143470-6", async: true )); )); t = d.getElementsByTagName("script"); s = d.createElement("script"); s .type = "text/javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); ))(this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");

Today we will visit the forest part and admire two areas - Old And New Sylvia. The name "Sylvia" comes from the Latin Silva which means "forest". Here, everything sets in a philosophical and romantic mood, reflections on the eternity and frailty of being.

Old Sylvia was designed by architect V. Brenna. She is also called "Twelve Tracks", along the platform, from which twelve alleys radiate. Located in the center bronze statue Apollo Belvedere, previously standing in . Around it are statues of ancient goddesses and muses. Each path leads to some monument or sculpture.

Not far from the Twelve Paths is located Monument to parents. It was built according to the project of the architect C. Cameron. The pavilion was originally built in honor of Frederick of Württemberg, dead sister Maria Fedorovna. Then mourning sculptures dedicated to other deceased relatives of the Empress were installed in the pavilion, and it received its current name. In front of it there are cast-iron gates designed by Thomas de Thomon. A path leads to the Monument to Parents, which is called philosophical.

Hidden in the depths of the forest Monument to Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich(1862-1879), grandson of Nicholas I. It was installed in 1881 and is the only monument to the prince, who died at the age of 16 from meningitis.

Going even further, we find ourselves near the majestic ruin cascade, built by V. Brenna in 1794. It is located at the confluence Lower Starosylvia Pond to Slavyanka. During the dry season, the Ruin Cascade dries up, and during the snowmelt or heavy rains, it comes to life. Fragments of ancient statues are scattered around.

After crossing the Ruin Cascade, we will find ourselves in New Sylvia- a huge forest area. Soon we will see the statue Apollo Musagete.

Going even further, in the depths of a long ravine, we will find a sad building built in the forms of an ancient temple. This - Mausoleum of Spouse Benefactor. Empress Maria Feodorovna had tender feelings for her husband Paul I. And although Paul himself, like other members of the imperial family, was buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. as it was originally called. In 1805 the Mausoleum was founded and opened in 1810. It was designed by the architect Tom de Thomon, and stone master C. Visconti took part in its construction. Inside the mausoleum there is a cenotaph (false tombstone), designed by I.P. Martos.

Pavlovsky park. Cenotaph in the Mausoleum of Spouse Benefactor

Going deeper into the park, on a high artificial hill, we will see column end of the world. It was built by C. Cameron. In the 80s of the XVIII century, it was installed at the end of the front Triple Linden Alley(You can read more about it in the article

In the Ukrainian village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa there is an unusual mausoleum: in the family crypt, in the church-tomb of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the embalmed body of the world-famous scientist, the legendary military man is preserved surgeon Nikolai Pirogov- 40 years longer than the mummy of V. Lenin. Scientists still cannot unravel the recipe according to which Pirogov's body was mummified, and people come to church to bow to him like holy relics and ask for help. The Vinnitsa necropolis is unique: in no mausoleum in the world, mummies have been preserved for more than a hundred years in this state.

The locals believe that main secret excellent preservation of the mummy - in their collective prayers and right attitude to the deceased: it is not customary to speak in the tomb, services in the temple are conducted in low tones, people come to the mummy of a doctor to pray, as to holy relics, and ask for health.

People believe that even during his lifetime, Pirogov's hand was controlled by divine providence. Researcher Pirogov's National Museum-Estate M. Yukalchuk says: “When Pirogov performed operations, relatives knelt in front of his office. And once, during the Crimean War, at the front, soldiers dragged a comrade to the hospital, whose head was torn off: “Doctor Pirogov will sew!” they had no doubts.

The outstanding surgeon Nikolai Pirogov performed about 10,000 operations, saved the lives of hundreds of wounded during the Crimean, Franco-Prussian and Russian-Turkish wars, created military field surgery, founded the Red Cross Society, laid the foundation for a new science - surgical anatomy. He was the first to use ether anesthesia during surgery. Last years he spent his life on an estate in the village of Vishnya, where he opened a free clinic and received patients.

The topic of embalming during his lifetime was of great interest to Pirogov. There is a version that the doctor himself bequeathed to mummify his body, but this is not true. Nikolai Pirogov died of cancer of the upper jaw, he knew about his diagnosis and about his imminent death. However, the doctor did not make any wills. His widow, Alexandra Antonovna, decided to embalm the body of the deceased for history. To do this, she sent a petition to the Holy Synod and, having received permission, turned for help to a student of Pirogov, D. Vyvodtsev, the author scientific work about embalming.

Scientists have repeatedly tried to unravel the secret of the mummification of Pirogov's body, but they only managed to get closer to the truth. Professor of the Vinnitsa National Medical University G. Kostyuk says: “The exact recipe of Vyvodtsev, which kept the body of Pirogov in an imperishable state, is still unknown. long years. It is known that he accurately used alcohol, thymol, glycerin and distilled water. His method is interesting in that only a few incisions were made during the procedure, and part internal organs- the brain, the heart - remained under Pirogov. The fact that there was no excess fat left in the surgeon’s body also played a role - he had shrunk badly on the eve of his death.

The mummy might not have survived to this day: in connection with historical events the first half of the twentieth century, it was forgotten for a while. In the 1930s the robbers broke the hermetic lid of the coffin and stole Pirogov's pectoral cross and sword. The microclimate in the crypt was disturbed, and when in 1945 a special commission examined the mummy, it came to the conclusion that it could not be restored. And yet the Moscow Laboratory. Lenina took up the reembalming. For about 5 months, they tried to rehabilitate the mummy in the basement of the museum. Since then, reembalming has been carried out every 5-7 years. As a result, Pirogov's mummy is in better condition than Lenin's mummy.

The secrets of mummification have been known to people since ancient times: