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Signs of a complex sentence. Comparative characteristics of simple and complex sentences

Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.

The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).

Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.

Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning

SSP type	Unions	Examples
1. connecting unions(connective relations).	AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but.	They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). Her face is pale, her slightly parted lips have also turned pale.(Turgenev). Not only was there no fish, but the rod didn’t even have a fishing line(Sadovsky). He didn’t like jokes, and even her in front of him left alone(Turgenev).
2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationships).	A; But; Yes(in meaning But); however(in meaning But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But).	Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). Beliefs are instilled by theory, behavior is shaped by example.(Herzen). I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). It rained in the morning, but now the clear sky was shining above us(Paustovsky). You today gotta talk with his father, otherwise he will worry about your departure(Pisemsky). The boats immediately disappear into the darkness, only splashes of oars and the voices of fishermen can be heard for a long time(Dubov).
3. Compound sentences with dividing unions(separation relations).	Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or...	Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he regretted her(Turgenev). Either the silence and loneliness had an effect on him, or he just suddenly looked with different eyes at the environment that had become familiar(Simonov).

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).

Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).

In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).

The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).

Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.

Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.

4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.

Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.

However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).

Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Subordinate clause type		Question	Means of communication	Example
Definitive			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom* I'm already pretty thin.*
Explanatory		Cases	What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc.	Mikhail didn't understand How* solve the problem of.*
Circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until Bye* the sun hasn't set at all.*
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	Izmestiev put the papers there, Where* no one could find them.*
		Why? From what?	Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	The driver stopped for* the horses suddenly began to snort.*
	Consequences	What follows from this?		By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on.
		Under what conditions?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		For what? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only,	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? In spite of what?	Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc.	Overall the evening was a success Although* and there were minor shortcomings in its organization.*
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if* someone poured them out of a bag.*
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence What* I felt somehow uneasy.*
	Connection		what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this	There was still no car, from what* The anxiety only grew.*

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
The parts are unequal, the second:

reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connections. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

All our communication occurs through words. You can talk with your interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, providing the basis for written and spoken language. And often when composing a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.

Definition of a complex sentence

A complex sentence can be represented as a unity of several simple sentences. Connected by semantic and grammatical unity, formed intonationally, a complex sentence contains at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).

For example: It rained in the morning and the roads were covered with shiny puddles . There are two grammatical bases in this sentence – it was raining and the roads were covered.

Types of complex sentences

All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented in the form of a diagram:

The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each type.

Complex sentence

In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other; questions are not asked from one to the other.

Depending on the conjunctions present in the sentence, complex sentences are divided into three groups:

Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include conjunctions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already completely dark, and we had to leave).
Nasty. Actions are opposed to each other, conjunctions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, THEN, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came).
Separating. Events alternate or are mutually exclusive. Inherent conjunctions are EITHER, OR, THAT...THAT, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, EITHER...OR ( Either the sun is shining or it's raining).

Complex sentence

The main difference between such sentences is the presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part. Simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words WHAT, THAT, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHICH, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate clause. It, in turn, can be located either in front of the main part, or in its middle or at the end ( We'll go sunbathing if the weather is good).

Non-union proposal

The connection of simple sentences occurs without the help of conjunctions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Non-union complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds began to sing songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, and the others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms up, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).

Punctuation in complex sentences

When deciding which punctuation to use in complex sentences, you should adhere to the rule that simple sentences are always separated. In most cases this is a comma. But there are exceptions.

In a compound sentence, a comma is not placed if its parts are separated by the conjunctions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common minor member ( The earth was shrouded in a white blanket of snow and dried up by frost.). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it now and when will father come?).

A complex sentence does not have a comma when several similar subordinate clauses are connected by the conjunctions AND, OR (I think today is a beautiful day and I can go for a walk). Expressions such as AT ALL THINGS, WHO IS GOING TO WHAT, AS WELL AS NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.

In a non-union sentence there is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one it is. A colon is used when the subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation, or addition to the main clause. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by conjunctions THAT, BECAUSE, NAMELY ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. When events change quickly, a dash is also placed ( The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.

Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little scary. But there's nothing really complicated about it. Having remembered the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and literate text.

Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main clause (with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:

Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
Nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:

Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.

The concept of a complex sentence.

Complex sentence - a sentence containing 2 or several predicative units that form a single whole in semantic, constructive (structural-grammatical) and intonation terms

Complex sentences are divided into conjunctions (compounds, complex sentences) and non-conjunctions.

The grammatical nature of a complex sentence is determined by two main features:

a complex sentence consists of parts that are built according to the patterns of simple sentences;

a complex sentence, being composed of simple ones, at the same time is a unit that is not reducible to simple sentences, since the parts of a complex sentence in combination with each other form a certain structural and semantic unity, different in its characteristics from a simple sentence.

The main features of a complex sentence.

1) contains 2 or more predicative units.

2) Consists of simple sentences.

3) is a polypropositive unit.

4) Intonation of completeness - only in the last part.

5) Represents a single communicative whole.

Transitional proposals.

These are sentences with

Subordinating constructions in which the organizing word form is connected to the main part of the sentence by conjunctions: as, as if, as if, than, as if, rather than as..., expressing:

1) comparison; (Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of streams turn blue...);

2) the purpose of the action. (I suffered for dear, kind Ivan Andreich, as for a son)

Offers with comparative turnover; (And people rode sledges, walked on foot to work in construction)

Sentence with the target infinitive in subordinate position. (These people came here to fight the enemy)

Sentences with several homogeneous predicates related to the subject. Predicates can be considered as a complex sentence (when combining several simple sentences with the same subject into one, the subjects are not repeated).

A sentence where the subject and predicate are expressed by an infinitive can also be considered both simple and complex. (Talking about what has been decided will only confuse)

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