Metallurgical plants in Russia: Non-ferrous metallurgy plants. Mining of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metallurgy Russia is characterized by the complexity of the structure of production (produces about 70 different metals), high availability of its own resources. The export orientation of the industry is also characteristic. The share of Russia in the world production and export of aluminium, nickel, copper, titanium, tin, gold and diamonds is especially large. The level of territorial concentration of production is high - most of the industry's output falls on the Ural (copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, etc.), East Siberian (aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.), Far Eastern (gold, tin, diamonds, etc. .) and Northern (copper, nickel, etc.) regions.

In the placement of non-ferrous metallurgy, a special role belongs to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. The influence of these factors affects the location of different branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in different ways.

copper industry mainly developed in areas with large reserves of copper ores - the Urals, East Siberian and Northern. An exception is copper refining, which has little to do with the sources of raw materials.

The copper industry of the Urals is represented by the extraction of ores at the Gaisky and Blyavinsky (Orenburg region), Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky (Sverdlovsk region), Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileyny (Republic of Bashkortostan) deposits; smelting of blister copper at Krasnouralsky, Kirovogradsky, Revdinsky (all in the Sverdlovsk region), Mednogorsky (Orenburg region) and Karabashsky ( Chelyabinsk region) factories; copper refining at the Verkhnepyshminsky (Sverdlovsk region) and Kyshtymsky (Chelyabinsk region) plants. The metallurgical redistribution in the Urals significantly exceeds the extraction and enrichment of copper ores - geoglobus.ru. Therefore, not only local, but also imported concentrates are used (from the Kola Peninsula, from Kazakhstan). Local copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry.

In Eastern Siberia in the north of the Chita region near the station. Chara, unique in terms of reserves (more than 1.2 billion tons of ore) and quality (up to 17% of copper in ore) Udokan copper ore deposit is being developed. The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, uses copper-nickel ores from local deposits (Norilsk, Talnakh and Oktyabrsky) and, along with copper smelting, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum and other metals.

In the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula, copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Their metallurgical redistribution is completed by plants in Monchegorsk and Nikel (Murmansk region).

Outside the areas of obtaining blister copper, focusing on the consumer, there are enterprises for refining copper in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino (Vladimir region) and other cities.

In addition to Russia, in the CIS, Kazakhstan (Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan and Irtysh copper smelters), Uzbekistan (Almalyk combine), Armenia (Alaverdi combine) stand out for the production of copper.

Due to the low content of metal in the ore (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt), it is also closely associated with raw material mining areas. In addition to the above mining sites and centers for processing copper-nickel raw materials in the Northern region and in Eastern Siberia, nickel ores are mined and processed in the Urals (Upper Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh).

It is also developed mainly near the places of occurrence and extraction of raw materials (polymetallic ores) - in Vladikavkaz (the Sadonskaya group of deposits of polymetallic ores in North Ossetia in the North Caucasus), in Belovo (Salairskoye deposit in the Kemerovo region in Western Siberia), Nerchinsk (Nerchinsk deposits in the Chita region in Eastern Siberia), Dalnegorsk (Dalnegorsk field in the Primorsky Territory in the Far East). In the Urals - in Chelyabinsk, zinc smelting is based on the use of not only local zinc concentrates (produced in Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk region as a result of complex processing of local copper ores), but also imported.

aluminum industry It is represented in Russia by all stages of production: the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, the production of alumina, and the smelting (from alumina) of metallic aluminum. The raw material base of the industry is formed by bauxites and nephelines - geoglobus.ru. Bauxites are mined in the North-Western (Boksitogorsk), Northern (North-Onega deposit in the Arkhangelsk region, Timanskoye in the Komi Republic) and Ural (North-Uralskoye deposit) regions; nephelines - in the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny deposit), in Western Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoe deposit) and Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk).

Alumina production is located in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky), the North-West (Boksitogorsk, Volkhov and Pikalevo), in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk), in the Northern Region (Plesetsk). Domestic production provides only about half of the existing needs for alumina, the rest of the alumina is exported from the countries of the near (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) and far abroad (Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela, etc.). The production of metallic aluminum is located near hydroelectric power plants (Volkhov, Volgograd, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk), large thermal power plants (Novokuznetsk in Western Siberia), in places of extraction and processing of raw materials (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy).

Of the total aluminum production in Russia, almost 80% falls on the East Siberian region alone. In the CIS countries, the production of metallic aluminum is in Azerbaijan (Sumgayit), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar), Ukraine (Zaporozhye).

Titanium and magnesium production carried out at sources of raw materials in the Urals (Bereznikovsky and Solikamsk titanium-magnesium plants in the Perm region).

Tin industry. Tin is mined and enriched in Eastern Siberia (Sherlovaya Gora in the Chita region) and in the Far East (Deputatskoye, Odinokoye, and others in Yakutia; Pravourminskoye, Sobolinoye, and others in the Khabarovsk Territory, and other deposits). Due to the high transportability of enriched ore (the concentrate contains up to 70% tin), the metallurgical processing is not associated with ore deposits, but is focused on consumption areas (Podolsk, St. Petersburg) or is located along the route of concentrates (Novosibirsk).

gold mining industry provides more than 100 tons of gold per year, which is 7-8% of world production. Only South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia have a larger production volume. The vast majority (more than 85%) of Russian gold production is in the Far East (Republic of Sakha and Magadan Region) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Chita Regions). A small amount of gold is given by the Ural, West Siberian and Northern regions.

Diamond mining industry. The share of Russia in the world production of gem-quality diamonds is approximately 25%. Their production is almost entirely concentrated in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where in the basin of the river. Vilyuy operates several large mines (Yubileiny, Udachny, etc.). Very promising are the Northern region (the largest diamond deposit in Europe named after Lomonosov in the Arkhangelsk region is being developed) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region).

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Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex, basic branch of heavy industry. The significance of the industry is explained by the geography of consumption of finished products produced by metallurgy. It produces high-quality structural materials such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc and others. During the production process, the resulting waste is used as a raw material in the future. chemical industry.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the widespread use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, the industry is characterized by a complex structure. All non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups:

- heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel

- light - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.

- small - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, etc.

- alloying - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium

- noble - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids

- rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, selenium, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia produces about 70 different types of metals. The dynamics of production is shown in the table.

Production of main types of non-ferrous metals

(as a percentage of the previous year)

A feature of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy is:

1. extremely low content of useful components (metal content can be several percent, and sometimes fractions of a percent. Because of this, production is material-intensive),

2. non-ferrous metal ores are multicomponent (in the production of metal, it is necessary to use a technology that allows you to extract all useful components),

3. high fuel and electrical intensity of raw materials in the process of its preparation for metallurgical processing and processing,

4. a wide scope of use of raw materials due to the wide variety of their physical and chemical properties.

The placement of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many conditions and factors.

Raw materials. Due to the low content of useful components in the ore, non-ferrous metallurgy usually gravitates towards the areas of extraction of raw materials, while the initial stage (enrichment) is directly carried out at the sources of raw materials.

According to the degree of availability and diversity of the raw material base, the following areas can be distinguished:

Ural - there is almost the entire set of non-ferrous metal ores,

2. Western Siberia-polymetals, aluminum ores,

3. Eastern Siberia - polymetals, copper-nickel, aluminum

4. Far East - polymetals, tin, gold, diamonds,

5. North Caucasus- copper-nickel, polymetals,

6. European North - copper-nickel, aluminum.

Fuel and energy. From the point of view of the requirements for fuel and energy, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into fuel-intensive and electrically intensive industries.

Also, a distinctive feature of the industry is a large consumption of water, especially at the stage of extraction and enrichment.

copper industry. The raw material base of the industry is represented by copper pyrites, cuprous sandstones, copper-nickel ores and, to a certain extent, polymetallic ores. Due to the low content of copper in ores and concentrate, this production is confined to the raw material base, excluding the refining of crude metal (areas of cheap electricity). The main region for the extraction of raw materials and the production of copper is the Urals. Deposits are being developed here - Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye and others. However, own volumes of ore mining do not satisfy consumption, therefore raw materials are additionally imported from Kazakhstan. A promising region for obtaining raw materials is Eastern Siberia (the Udokan deposit).

Among the large enterprises should be mentioned - Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk copper smelters, as well as Kyshtym and Verkhnepyshminsky copper electrolyte plants.

The copper industry is characterized by a combination of production, which arises on the basis of the use of sulfur dioxide in the chemical industry - the production of sulfuric acid

aluminum industry. The main sources of raw materials for the production of metallic aluminum are bauxites and nephilins.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy

Large bauxite deposits are located in the North-West (Tikhvinskoye deposit), the Northern economic region (Severoonezhskoye deposit), the Urals (North-Uralskoye and South-Uralskoye deposits). The extraction of nephilins is carried out in the Murmansk region, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Aluminum production is characterized by the following technical and economic indicators: from 4 to 8 tons of ore, 17 thousand kW / h is spent on the production of one ton of metal. electricity. Given the above, production tends to gravitate towards areas where raw materials are extracted (alumina production) and towards areas where cheap electricity is produced (hydroelectric power stations).

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7.

Geography of the ferrous metallurgy of Russia

Non-ferrous metallurgy.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex branch of the economy, which includes the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, their processing, metal production and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous metal ores

All non-ferrous metals are divided into basic, which, in turn, are divided into heavy, light and small; alloying; noble, rare and scattered. Non-ferrous metals Major Noble Alloys Rare Heavy: lead, zinc, nickel, tin, copper Light: aluminum, magnesium, titanium Minor: bismuth, mercury, arsenic, cobalt Gold, silver, platinum Tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium Selenium, germanium, indium Since non-ferrous there are many metals, the sectoral composition of the industry is diverse. Non-ferrous metallurgy includes: Copper industry; Lead-zinc industry; nickel-cobalt industry; Tungsten - molybdenum industry; aluminum industry; Titanium-magnesium industry; Precious metal industry; Other

The main placement factor for the non-ferrous metallurgy industries is the material consumption of the industry, i.e. for the location of the industry great importance render the characteristics of the raw materials used (i.e. non-ferrous metal ores). The features of non-ferrous metal ores include: 1. Very low content of a useful component in raw materials (from hundredths of a percent to 7-12% but no more). For example, to obtain 1 ton of copper, it is necessary to process 100 tons of ore, 1 ton of tin - 300 tons of ore. Therefore, the main condition for placement for non-ferrous metallurgy industries is the availability of raw materials

2. Multicomponent raw materials. This means that in any ore, in addition to the main component, many others are contained. For example, copper ores contain lead, zinc, silver, and nickel. Polymetallic ores, the main components of which are lead and zinc, contain tungsten, silver, and nickel. Therefore, the most effective form of organizing the production of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is a combination

A number of non-ferrous metallurgy industries, especially the upper floors of light metal metallurgy, are water and energy intensive, so the availability of raw materials, water and energy is necessary to accommodate these industries.

Copper industry The raw materials for the copper industry are copper and copper-nickel ores. This industry is material-intensive and therefore the main principle of locating this industry will be approaching the sources of raw materials. Districts Raw material centers Centers of the industry Urals Sverdlovsk region (deposits Revdinskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Kirovogradskoye) Chelyabinsk region (Kyshtym, Karabash) Orenburg region (Gai) The Urals is the first Russian copper production center. The largest enterprises are located in the Sverdlovsk (Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnoturinsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma) and Chelyabinsk regions (Kyshtym, Karabash), as well as in the Orenburg region (Mednogorsk). The copper industry of the Urals is distinguished by a high proportion of the upper floors of the industry. The local raw material base is practically depleted, therefore copper concentrate is imported from Kazakhstan Eastern Siberia Norilsk deposit Norilsk Northern region Monchegorsk deposit of nickel ores Monchegorsk (copper smelting from nickel ores based on combined production) Kazakhstan deposits Dzhezkazganskoe, Kounradskoe Dzhezkazgan Balkhash Industry is represented mainly by ore mining , production of concentrate and its export outside the region, i.e. lower floors Armenia Alaverdi Uzbekistan Almalyk deposit Almalyk The final stage of the copper industry is the metallurgical processing, or refining of copper (ie its purification). The metallurgical redistribution can be located both in the areas of raw materials and in the centers of a large consumer. Centers: Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kyshtym, Moscow

Lead-zinc industry The raw materials for production are polymetallic ores. The industry is material-intensive and energy-intensive, main principle placement - in areas of raw materials

Districts Raw material base Location centers Eastern Siberia Sherlovaya Gora Ore mining, processing, obtaining concentrate and export outside the region Western Siberia Salairskoe Zolotushinskoe Belovo (zinc industry) Far East Dalnegorsk deposit Dalnegorsk (lead industry) Ural Chelyabinsk. Metallurgical processing of zinc (electrolytic zinc plant). Local copper-zinc ores are used as raw materials. Kazakhstan Zyryanovskoye, Glubokoye Ust-Kamenogorskoye, Tekeli Achisai Before the collapse of the USSR, it ranked first in the Union for the production of lead and zinc. Centers Ust-Kamenogorsk, Zyryanovsk, Glubokoe Ukraine Konstantinovka Nickel industry Nickel and copper-nickel ores are raw materials for nickel production. It is located in the areas of raw materials: Districts Raw materials base Industry center Eastern Siberia Norilsk deposit Norilsk The largest nickel production center in Russia. In addition to the main production from raw materials on the basis of combining, I get copper, silver, platinum

Ural Rezh (Sverdlovsk region) Upper Ufaley (Chelyabinsk region) Orsk (Orenburg region) Coincide with the centers of raw materials Northern region Monchegorsk deposit Monchegorsk The geography of light metals, primarily the aluminum industry, is characterized by special features

The production of aluminum according to its technology is divided into 2 stages: 1. Enrichment of raw materials and production of alumina. Raw materials for the production of alumina are bauxites, alunites, nephelines, apatites. This stage is material-intensive and therefore is located in the areas of raw materials. 2. Metallurgical aluminum smelting. This stage is water-intensive and energy-intensive, located in areas provided with water and energy.

Centers for the production of aluminum: 1. Eastern Siberia (raw materials - Achinsk nepheline, almost every hydroelectric power station built an aluminum plant: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Shelekhov, Sayansk) 2. North-West: Volkhov (raw materials - bauxite Boksitogorsk and Kirishi, water and energy - Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station) 3. Northern region: Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy (raw materials - apatites of the Khibiny deposit, water and energy - local hydroelectric power stations) 4.

Volga region: Volgograd (Volzhskaya HPP) 5. Ural: Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky (alumina production) 6. Western Siberia: Novokuznetsk (alumina production) 7. Kazakhstan: Pavlodar (imported raw materials) 8. Ukraine: Zaporozhye (imported raw materials) 9. Transcaucasia: Yerevan, Sumgayit (raw materials - Alunitdag alunites)

All existing non-ferrous metals differ in physical characteristics and purpose. They are divided into several groups:

- heavy (copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel);

- light (magnesium, aluminum, lithium, titanium);

- small (cadmium, bismuth, arsenic, mercury);

- alloying (tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, molybdenum);

- noble (gold, silver, platinum);

- rare (zirconium, indium, germanium, selenium).

Non-ferrous metallurgy provides such a service as the sale of non-ferrous metal in Russia, and there are more than 70 types of them. Only three countries have full production of all metals: the USA, Germany and Japan. The raw materials base of metallurgy has a number of features. The content of the necessary components in metals is quite low, therefore, to obtain 1 ton of copper, more than 100 tons of mined ore must be processed.

Also, non-ferrous metals are distinguished by the presence of many components in their composition, for example, some Ural metals immediately contain copper, iron, gold, sulfur, silver, in total their number is more than 30 elements.

Overview of the metallurgical industry in Russia

Non-ferrous metals have a sufficiently high fuel and energy intensity in the process of their processing.

The main feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the increased energy intensity of metals in the process of their preparation and processing. There are fuel-intensive and electric-intensive industries. Thus, the fuel intensity is typical for the production of nickel, blister copper and alumina. Aluminum, magnesium, calcium and titanium have electrical capacitance.

In general, the share of fuel and energy costs is up to 65% of all costs per 1 ton of manufactured products. Thanks to this feature, it is possible to locate non-ferrous metallurgy industries in those regions that are more than others provided with electricity.

1. NON-FERROUS METALLURGY OF RUSSIA.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia produces a variety of physical and chemical properties construction materials. This branch of heavy industry includes the copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low content of metal in the ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their mandatory enrichment. Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially isolated. The enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and turns into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy due to its export orientation for last years experienced less decline in production than the industries working for the domestic market. Here wages are higher than in other branches of heavy industry. But the cost of production is significantly affected by changes in electricity tariffs, since production is characterized by high energy intensity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy has its own specifics.

1. The industry is characterized by a high concentration of production. Enterprises - monopolists account for 12% of total number enterprises.

2. this is an environmentally harmful production. According to the degree of air pollution, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other industries that include the mining industry.

3. non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have the highest costs associated with fuel consumption and transportation. Moreover, in recent years, due to rising prices for resources and transport, a tight monetary policy of the state, and huge taxes, the share of expenses on fuel and energy has increased from 16 to 40%, and the share of transport costs has increased from 6 to 20%.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the widespread use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The originality of the resource base lies in the extremely low content of recoverable metal in the original ore.

Due to the fact that in non-ferrous metallurgy it is necessary to extract much more rocks per unit of finished product than in ferrous metallurgy, and due to the significant capital intensity of the mining and enrichment process carried out in mining areas, significant importance is attached to open method development of non-ferrous metal ore deposits (more than 2/3 of all deposits). Obtaining expensive concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and directly metallurgical processing.

A feature of the technological process for obtaining non-ferrous metals is that the metallurgical process is an energy-intensive process, sometimes requiring up to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products, so it is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel, which also becomes one of the reasons for the territorial gap between stages production.

Non-ferrous metal ores have a multicomponent composition. For example, polymetallic ores, in addition to lead and zinc, contain copper, cadmium, selenium, bismuth, gold, silver, etc. Moreover, many “satellites” significantly exceed the value of the main components and sometimes do not form independent deposits. Consequently, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the importance of the integrated use of raw materials and industrial intra-industry combination is great.

Most deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are characterized by complex mining and geological conditions of development, severe natural and geographical conditions of the areas where they are located. The quality of ores (except for copper and nickel) is characterized by lower rates compared to foreign counterparts.

The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous.

aluminum industry produces light non-ferrous metal. As a raw material, it uses bauxites, the deposits of which are located in the North-West, the North, the Urals, Eastern Siberia, as well as nephelines, the deposits of which are located in the North, in Western Siberia. 3 million tons of alumina and bauxite are imported annually for the aluminum industry, which indicates a shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

At the same time, Russia has huge reserves of nephelines, but the production of alumina from them is associated with high energy costs.

The technological process of obtaining aluminum consists of the following main stages: extraction and enrichment of raw materials, production of semi-finished alumina, production of metallic aluminum. Each of the stages of the technological process is influenced by various placement factors. The extraction and enrichment of raw materials, as well as the production of alumina, as material-intensive processes, tend to sources of raw materials. In the manufacture of metallic aluminum, a large amount of mass and cheap energy is consumed, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role.

The production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum can coincide geographically. Most of the alumina is produced in the European part of the country: in Boksitogorsk, on the basis of Tikhvin bauxites, in Volkhva and Pikaleven, on the Khabinsk nephelines, in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, North Ural bauxites are used.

copper industry is one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in our country. Its development began in the 18th century in the Urals. Copper for a long time remained one of the most consumed non-ferrous metals. The modern technology of the copper industry is based on three stages: mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting of blister copper, and smelting of refined copper. Due to the low content of metal in the ore, the copper industry has survived mainly in mining areas, i.e. in the Ural economic region. Ores of the Gaisky and Blyavinsky, Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky, Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileyny deposits are being developed here. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry. In the Urals, metallurgical redistribution far exceeds mining and enrichment. Since their own resources are not enough, imported concentrates are used here (from Kazakhstan, from the Kola Peninsula) with a metal content of 30-40%. There are about 10 copper smelters and refineries here. Blister copper is produced at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk and other enterprises. Copper refining takes place at specialized Verkhnepyshminsky and Kyshtymsky plants.

In other regions of the country there are also enterprises for the production of copper: in the Northern region (Monchegorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk plant). In the north of the Chita region, exploration has been completed and preparations are underway for the start of industrial development of the world's third largest Udokan copper ore deposit in terms of explored reserves. A number of enterprises for refining and rolling of copper appeared outside the areas where blister copper was obtained (Moscow), here the secondary use of copper (copper scrap) became of great importance.

Lead-zinc industry is based on the use of polymetallic ores of different composition. The peculiarity of their processing lies in the extraction, enrichment, isolation of ore minerals, the production of metals by various methods, and refining. Lead and zinc are widely used in various fields human activity. Zinc, having anti-corrosion properties, is used for galvanizing iron sheets, telegraph wires, pipes for various purposes, and is part of some pharmaceutical preparations. Lead is necessary for the manufacture of acid-resistant equipment, various pipes and vessels for the chemical industry, etc., in addition, lead absorbs x-rays and nuclear radiation well.

The territorial organization of the lead-zinc industry differs from that of the copper industry in that pure lead and zinc are not always and everywhere produced simultaneously; the industry is characterized by a territorial gap of individual stages of the technological process. This becomes possible when obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60-70%, which makes it advantageous to transport them over long distances. A relatively small amount of fuel is required to produce lead metal compared to zinc processing. However, in general, the lead-zinc industry tends to deposits of polymetallic ores, which are located in the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. Full metallurgical processing is represented in Vladikavkaz, in Chelyabinsk the production of zinc metal from imported concentrates is carried out, and in Sredneuralsk zinc concentrates are produced; in Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrate is obtained and zinc is smelted, in Nerchinsk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. The shortage of lead consumed in Russia is covered by deliveries from Kazakhstan.

Nickel-cobalt industry is closely connected with sources of raw materials due to the low content of metals in ores (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt in sulfide ores), the complexity of their processing, big expense fuel, multi-stage process and the need for integrated use of raw materials. On the territory of the Russian Federation, two types of ores are being developed: sulfide copper-nickel ores - Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nikel (Kola Peninsula), Talnakh deposit (Norilsk); oxidized nickel ores - Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye (Urals).

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy specializes in the extraction, enrichment, metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals, as well as in the extraction of diamonds. It includes industries: copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum, precious metals, hard alloys, rare metals, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is developing on the basis of the use of its own large and diverse resources, and in terms of output it ranks second in the world after the United States. Over 70 different metals and elements are produced in Russia. Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is 47 mining enterprises, of which 22 belong to the aluminum industry. The Krasnoyarsk Territory, Chelyabinsk and Murmansk Regions are among the regions with the most prosperous situation in non-ferrous metallurgy, where non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for 2/5 of industrial output.

The industry is characterized by a high concentration of production: JSC Norilsk Nickel produces over 40% of platinum group metals, processes over 70% of Russian copper and controls almost 35% of the world's nickel reserves. At the same time, this is an environmentally harmful production - in terms of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other branches of the mining industry. The industry also has the highest costs associated with fuel consumption and transportation.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the wide use of industry products in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The peculiarity of the resource base lies in the extremely low content of recoverable metal in the ore: copper in ores is 1–5%, lead-zinc ores contain 1.6–5.5% lead, 4–6% zinc, up to 1% copper. For this reason, only enriched concentrates containing 35–70% of the metal enter the metallurgical process. Obtaining concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and directly metallurgical processing, which is characterized by increased energy intensity and is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel.

Ores of non-ferrous metals are characterized by a multicomponent composition, and many “satellites” are much more valuable than the main components. For this reason, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the importance of the integrated use of raw materials and industrial intra-industry combination is great. The diverse use of raw materials and the disposal of industrial waste lead to the emergence of entire complexes around non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises: in the production of lead and zinc, sulfur dioxide is released, which is used to produce nitrogen fertilizers (non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry); in the processing of nepheline, soda, potash, and cement are also obtained ( non-ferrous metallurgy, basic chemistry and building materials industry).

The main factors in the location of non-ferrous metallurgy affect the territorial organization of industries in different ways and even within the same technological process. Nevertheless, with an extremely diverse set of factors for the location of the basic sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy, their pronounced raw material orientation is common.

The aluminum industry uses bauxite as a raw material, the deposits of which are located in the North-West (Boksitogorsk), the North (Iksinskoye, Timsherskoye), the Urals (North-Uralskoye, Kamensk-Uralskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Nizhne-Angarskoye), as well as nephelines of the North (Khibiny) and Western Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye). Due to the shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials, up to 3 million tons of alumina from bauxites are annually imported into Russia.

The process of obtaining aluminum includes: the extraction of raw materials, the production of semi-finished alumina, which are associated with sources of raw materials (Boksitogorsk, Volkhov, Pikalevo, Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Achinsk), and the production of metallic aluminum, which tends to sources of mass and cheap energy, mainly powerful hydroelectric power plants - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Shelekhov, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha.

The copper industry is one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia, the development of which began as early as the 16th century. in the Urals. Copper production includes three stages: mining and enrichment of ores, smelting of blister copper and smelting of refined copper. Due to the low content of metal in the ore, the copper industry survived mainly in mining areas. Numerous deposits are being developed in the Urals (Gaiskoye, Blyavinskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Revda, Sibay, Yubileynoye), but the metallurgical processing far exceeds production and enrichment, and due to the lack of own raw materials, imported concentrates from Kazakhstan and the Kola Peninsula are used. There are 10 copper smelters (Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk, etc.) and refining plants (Upper Pyshma, Kyshtym) operating here.

The main factors for the location of non-ferrous metallurgy production*

The North (Monchegorsk) and Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) stand out from other regions. In the Trans-Baikal Territory, preparations are underway for the start of the industrial development of the Udokan deposit (the third largest in the world in terms of explored reserves). Refining and rolling of copper in Moscow arose on the basis of the use of copper scrap.

The lead-zinc industry is based on the use of polymetallic ores, and its location is characterized by a territorial gap between individual stages of the technological process. Obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60–70% makes it profitable to transport them over long distances. A relatively small amount of fuel is required to produce lead metal compared to zinc processing. In general, the lead-zinc industry gravitates towards polymetallic ore deposits located in the North Caucasus (Sadon), Western (Salair) and Eastern Siberia (Nerchinsk plant, Khapcheranga), in the Far East (Dalnegorsk). In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. Zinc concentrates are produced in Sredneuralsk, and metallic zinc is produced in Chelyabinsk from imported concentrates. Full metallurgical processing is represented in Vladikavkaz (Northern Caucasus). In Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrates are obtained and zinc is smelted, in Nerchensk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. Part of the lead comes from Kazakhstan.

The nickel-cobalt industry is closely connected with sources of raw materials due to the low content of metals in ores (0.2–0.3%), the complexity of their processing, high fuel consumption, multi-stage process, and the extreme importance of the integrated use of raw materials. On the territory of Russia, the deposits of the Kola Peninsula (Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nikel), Norilsk (Talnakhskoye) and the Urals (Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye) are being developed.

The largest enterprises in the industry are the Norilsk plant of a full cycle, which produces nickel, cobalt, copper, and rare metals; plants in Nikel and Zapolyarny; extracting and enriching ore; Combine "Severonickel" (Monchegorsk), producing nickel, cobalt, platinum, copper.

The tin industry is distinguished by the territorial disunity of the stages of the technological process. Mining and production of concentrates is carried out in the Far East (Ese-Khaya, Pevek, Kavalerovo, Solnechnoye, Deputatskoye, Yagodnoye, especially large ones - Pravourminskoye, Sobolinoye, Lonely) and in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Sherlovaya Gora). The metallurgical processing is oriented towards consumption areas or is located along the route of concentrates (Novosibirsk, Ural).

Further development of the metallurgical complex of Russia should go in the direction of improving the quality of the final types of metal products, reducing production costs and pursuing a resource-saving policy that increases its competitiveness.

Placement of industry enterprises [edit]

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many economic and natural conditions, especially on the raw material factor. A significant role, in addition to raw materials, is played by the fuel and energy factor.

Several basic bases of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed on the territory of Russia. Their differences in specialization are explained by the dissimilarity in the geography of light metals (aluminum, titanium-magnesium industry) and heavy metals (copper, lead-zinc, tin, nickel-cobalt industries).

Heavy metals[edit]

The production of heavy non-ferrous metals, due to the small need for energy, is confined to the areas of extraction of raw materials.

· In terms of reserves, extraction and enrichment of copper ores, as well as copper smelting, the Ural economic region occupies a leading place in Russia, on the territory of which Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk combines stand out.

· The lead-zinc industry as a whole gravitates towards areas where polymetallic ores are distributed. Such deposits include Sadonskoye (Northern Caucasus), Salairskoye (Western Siberia), Nerchenskoye (Eastern Siberia) and Dalnegorskoye (Far East).

· The centers of the nickel-cobalt industry are the cities of Norilsk (Eastern Siberia) and Monchegorsk (Northern Economic Region), as well as the urban-type settlement of Nikel (Murmansk Region).

Light metals[edit]

To obtain light metals, a large amount of energy is required. For this reason, the concentration of enterprises that smelt light metals near cheap energy sources is the most important principle of their location.

The raw materials for aluminum production are bauxites of the North-Western region (Boksitogorsk), the Urals (the city of Severouralsk

), nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (Kirovsk) and southern Siberia (Goryachegorsk). Aluminum oxide - alumina - is isolated from this aluminum raw material in mining areas. Obtaining metallic aluminum from it requires large amounts of electricity. For this reason, aluminum smelters are built close to large power plants, mainly HPPs (Bratskaya, Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

· The titanium-magnesium industry is located mainly in the Urals, both in the regions where raw materials are extracted (the Berezniki titanium-magnesium plant) and in the regions of cheap energy (the Ust-Kamenogorsk titanium-magnesium plant). The final stage of titanium-magnesium metallurgy - the processing of metals and their alloys - is most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.

1. Chemical industry

Chemical complex is one of the basic branches of heavy industry in Russia and includes chemical and petrochemical industry, subdivided into many industries and industries, as well as the microbiological industry. It ensures the production of acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, various polymer materials, dyes, household chemicals, varnishes and paints, rubber-asbestos, photochemical and chemical-pharmaceutical products.

The current location of the chemical complex has a number of features:

§ high concentration of enterprises in the European part of Russia;

§ the concentration of chemical industry centers in areas that are scarce in terms of water and energy resources, but which concentrate the bulk of the population and production potential;

§ territorial discrepancy between areas of production and consumption of chemical industry products;

§ the raw material base of the industry, which is differentiated based on the natural and economic specifics of individual regions of the country.

The chemical industry plays the most important role in the economy of the Volga region, the Volga-Vyatka region, the Central Chernozem region, the Urals and the Center. The industry is even more important in the economy of individual regions, where it acts as the basis for the formation of the economy of these territories - in the Novgorod, Tula, Perm regions and Tatarstan.

The products of the Russian chemical complex are in great demand abroad. In 2007 ᴦ. the volume of exports of chemical and petrochemical products amounted to 20.8 billion dollars or 5.9% of the total export of the Russian Federation.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 2017, 2018.

The metallurgical industry is represented by the ferrous and non-ferrous industries. These two parts make up a single functioning organism and together are the basic sector of the country's economy, which are distinguished by high rates of capital and material intensity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the branches of the country's industrial economy, engaged in the extraction of mineral resources, their enrichment and further processing of metal ores (non-ferrous, rare or noble).

Characteristic features of the industry

The functional characteristics of non-ferrous metallurgy are due to the following distinctive features:

• Non-ferrous metallurgy has the largest consumption of raw materials among others industrial productions. To ensure its operation, significant amounts of raw materials are required. Basically, ore with a low content of valuable components (from 0.3–0.5 to 2.1%) is used for processing. The exception is the processing of bauxite to create aluminium.
• This industry has the most significant indicators of electricity and fuel consumption. The most energy-consuming industries are the lead, nickel and cobalt industries.
• To ensure the smooth operation of a non-ferrous metallurgy enterprise, a large number of labor resources are required, i.e. this industry, including labor-intensive.

The extraction of non-ferrous metallurgy is a difficult labor-intensive process

• The enterprises of this industrial sphere are mainly engaged in the processing of polymetallic ores.
• This branch of industry consists of several mandatory stages. These include the stages of extraction of ore raw materials, its enrichment, metallurgical processing, further processing of the resulting metal. Only the passage of all these stages is a complete production process (cycle).
• Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located geographically depending on the location of minerals. In this case, the natural resource factor is decisive.
• Non-ferrous metallurgy is considered one of the most dangerous industries for the environment. Its activities are associated with constant emissions of large volumes of poisonous substances.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Branches of the color industry

The composition of non-ferrous metallurgy, as a complex production organism, includes 14 sub-sectors.

Let's take a closer look at its structure:

• Aluminum. Needs high quality raw materials compared to other branches of industry. Bauxites serve as the basis for its activity. These raw materials are commercially distributed in the Urals and the North-West of the country. In these territories, the main production facilities for their extraction and further processing are located.
• Copper. Factories of copper, as well as aluminum industry, are located in close proximity to mineral deposits. In our country, for the production of copper, a raw material called copper pyrite is mined and used. Its main deposits are located in the Urals. The second largest deposit is considered to be Eastern Siberia with its copper sandstones.
• Lead-zinc. The enterprises of this industry are located in close proximity to deposits of polymetallic ores. Such territories include Kuzbass, the North Caucasus, Far Eastern Primorye and Transbaikalia.
• Nickel-cobalt. This sub-sector of the non-ferrous industry is engaged in the extraction and enrichment of ores for the further production of cobalt and precious metals, copper, building materials and related chemical products. Geographically, nickel-cobalt enterprises are located in the Norilsk region, in the Urals and the lower reaches of the Yenisei.
• Gold mining. This branch of mining and production is based on gold ores and sands. Its main purpose is the creation of precious alloys and metals. And also the processing of precious metals is under the jurisdiction of the gold mining industry.
• Titanium-magnesium. The main purpose of this sub-sector is the extraction of minerals, their processing and enrichment to create titanium, magnesium and other derivatives.
• Tin. Engaged in mining, further enrichment of ores in order to produce tin.
• Tungsten-molybdenum. This industry is based on the extraction and further enrichment of tungsten-molybdenum ores, their concentrates and derivative products.
• Industry for the extraction and production of rare metals, materials with semiconductor properties.
• Antimony-mercury. The main purpose of this industry is the extraction of ores (mercury and antimony) and their further enrichment in order to create mercury, antimony and derivative products.
• Non-ferrous metal processing industry. The main purpose of this component is the creation of rolled products of all types, pipes from non-ferrous metal and alloy.
• Industry for the processing of secondary non-ferrous metals. The main activity of this industry is the collection, processing and production of non-ferrous metal from scrap and various wastes.
• Electrode. The main occupation of the electrode industry is the production of electrode products from coal or graphite.
• Industry of heat-resistant, as well as hard and refractory metals.

Technological stages of non-ferrous metallurgy production

Non-ferrous metallurgy in the production process goes through several stages included in a single cycle.

Technology includes:

• Extraction of industrial raw materials.
• Preparation of raw materials for their further industrial processing, including enrichment. Ore beneficiation is a necessary process for the production of concentrate. Enrichment involves crushing the rock and its further separation into waste rock and valuable elements. The resulting concentrated product is needed for further metal production.
• Metallurgical processing. Processing is such a processing of raw materials, in which the output is a semi-finished product used for further use. In the process of metallurgical processing, it is possible to change the chemical composition of the raw material, its physical and chemical properties, and also to allow the transition from one state of aggregation to the required another. In the non-ferrous industry, the metallurgical redistribution is mainly associated with. This is melting, casting, further compression in order to create rolled products.
• Treatment of associated waste received. It implies disposal or further processing. From the resulting slag, in the future, you can get products or raw materials for other types of industry.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is in its development stage. The main areas in which work is carried out:

• improving the quality of manufactured products and related products;
• reduction of costs associated with the production of metal products;
• compliance with the principles of environmental safety of production, improvement of environmental protection systems;
• improvement of resource-saving policy;
• increasing the competitiveness of manufactured metal products.

Plan

Introduction page 2

1. The structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry 3-5 pages.

2. Placement of non-ferrous metallurgy 5-8 pages.

3.Economic and geographical features of production location 8-13 pp.

Conclusion page 13

References 14 pages.

Introduction

The location of production is influenced by a combination of many factors. Their number and ratio, in relation to the conditions of a particular time and place, may be different. The location factors of production are among the dynamic ones. A change in their composition and nature occurs due to a change in factors. Their number and ratio depend on the characteristics of the economic system of society and the nature of the social system as a whole, the progressive development of scientific and technological progress, the economic and geographical conditions of a particular territory, and many others.

In the course of locating production across the territory of Russia, it is also important to take into account the evolution of ideas about social production, characteristic of the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It can no longer be identified exclusively with the sphere of material or material production. An increasing share in the economy of most countries is beginning to acquire the sphere of non-material production, or, as it is sometimes called, the service sector. It has every right to enter into social production, since it is important for society to produce not only the means of life, but also to carry out the production of life itself in all its forms. That is why, in the composition of social production, such areas as health care, education, information services, and others are becoming more and more significant. Objects representing the named and other spheres of social production are also subject to placement in the geographical space with all the laws inherent in this process.

1. Structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, that is, a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex industry. It carries out mining operations for the extraction of minerals; their enrichment, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates; production of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing products, soda-containing products, mineral fertilizers, cement, etc.; processing of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals and their alloys into products and semi-finished products (pipes, rolled products, hard alloys); processing of scrap and waste of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals; production of carbon products (carbon and graphite electrodes, etc.); repair production for industry-specific equipment; ensuring the development of the social sphere in remote and uninhabited areas.

It is possible to distinguish the mining industry, including the enrichment of mined ores, the metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary industries - repair and engineering. Further, 14 industrial sub-sectors are distinguished, which include enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership:

aluminum. Extraction of bauxites and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminium, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and building materials;

Copper. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of blister and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials;

Lead-zinc. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials;

Nickel-cobalt. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral wool and other building materials;

Titanium-magnesium. Extraction and enrichment of titanium raw materials, production of titanium, magnesium and their derivatives;

Tungsten-molybdenum. Extraction and enrichment of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and intermediate products;

Tin. Extraction and enrichment of ore and production of tin;

Antimony-mercury. Extraction and enrichment of antimony and mercury ores, production of antimony, mercury and their compounds;

Rare metals and semiconductor materials. Extraction and enrichment of ores of rare metals and semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds and products from them;

precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold-bearing ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, secondary processing of precious metals;

Processing of non-ferrous metals. Production of all types of rolled products and pipes from non-ferrous metals and alloys;

Secondary non-ferrous metals. Collection and primary processing of scrap and waste and smelting of secondary non-ferrous metals;

Electrode. Production of carbon and graphite electrode products;

Hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals. Production of hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals, non-regrind plates and rolled products from heat-resistant and hard alloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy as a branch of industry has a number of features that, of course, affect the efficiency of its functioning:

Non-ferrous metallurgy is the most material-intensive industry. It processes polymetallic raw materials, poor in the content of useful components and having a complex material composition. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises often process ores with a valuable component content of 0.3-2.1% (ores of the main heavy non-ferrous metals) and from hundredths to 0.5% (ores of rare and alloying metals). Only aluminum production is based on richer raw materials: the richest bauxites contain 40-45% alumina. However, the share of such raw materials is constantly decreasing. More than 300 tons of ore are spent on the production of 1 ton of tin; 1 ton of nickel - 200 tons of ore; 1 ton of copper - 100 tons of ore.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a fuel and electricity-intensive industry. The most fuel-intensive are the production of copper, nickel, cobalt, lead. When producing aluminum, 18,000-20,000 kWh of electricity is required, and when electric nickel is smelted, more than 30,000 kWh of electricity is required. (For comparison, the consumption of electricity for the smelting of 1 ton of steel is 500 kWh).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by high labor costs.

Ores processed at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as a rule, are polymetallic. Therefore, one of the main features of non-ferrous metallurgy is the complexity of processing raw materials.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by multi-stage technological processes. The full cycle involves the extraction of ore, its enrichment, metallurgical processing, metal processing.

The efficiency of production activities in non-ferrous metallurgy depends on the natural raw material factor.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a high environmental hazard of production.

The features of non-ferrous metallurgy also include high capital intensity, capital intensity, long duration of the construction and installation cycle.

2.Accommodation of non-ferrous metallurgy

This branch of industry includes the extraction and enrichment of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals, the smelting of metals, their refining, the production of alloys and rolled products.

Russia is a country with powerful non-ferrous metallurgy. The main distinguishing feature of the industry in our country is its development based on the use of its own large and diverse resources. Russia occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of reserves of the most important types of non-ferrous metals. All branches of non-ferrous metallurgy have been created. About a million tons of non-ferrous metals are exported annually.

Unlike ferrous metallurgy, the cost of products produced in non-ferrous metallurgy is very high, which affects the location of the industry. The high cost of non-ferrous metals and products from them makes it possible to obtain them far beyond the main consumer areas with a developed engineering industry. Transportation costs increase the cost of non-ferrous metallurgy products for consumers to a much lesser extent than when transporting ferrous metals.

The location of the production of non-ferrous metals is greatly influenced by technical progress in the industry. As a result of using the latest enrichment methods, it is possible to obtain concentrates with a metal content of 40-60% and higher. So, copper ores have a copper content of not more than 5%; its content in the concentrate rises to 35%. In lead-zinc ores there is no more than 6% lead, in concentrate - up to 78%, etc. Therefore, the extraction and enrichment of ores, which accounts for at least 3/4 of all costs for the production of non-ferrous metals, is increasingly turn into an independent production process. Its significance increases with the involvement in the production of poorer ores. A large amount of work associated with the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores and their enrichment, the capital intensity of these processes, as a result of which an expensive concentrate is obtained, allows its further metallurgical processing outside the areas of semi-product production.

The possibility of a territorial gap between the processes of producing concentrates and smelting non-ferrous metals themselves is also due to the high energy intensity of producing many of them. The production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, blister copper, zinc by the distillation method requires a large consumption of process fuel (sometimes up to 50 tons of standard fuel per 1 ton of finished products). The refining of these metals and the smelting of most of the remaining non-ferrous metals are associated with the cost of electrical energy (from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products). Therefore, it is not always profitable to create energy-intensive production facilities for the smelting of non-ferrous metals in the regions and centers of ore mining and concentrate production. Relatively non-energy-intensive production of zinc can also be created in places where the concentrate is produced, while its refining and smelting of most other non-ferrous metals can be created in areas of cheap energy and fuel.

A feature of non-ferrous metal ores is their complex composition, which can be different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit at different ore mining sites. Polymetallic ores, in addition to the main components - lead and zinc, also contain other non-ferrous metals (copper), noble (gold, silver), rare and scattered (selenium, cadmium, bismuth, etc.). The same takes place in copper, nickel and other ores. The content of a number of components is small, which makes it advantageous to further process locally only one of the main components, and others - at specialized enterprises in other regions. The extraction of noble, rare and scattered metals is carried out, as a rule, in the process of refining non-ferrous metals at specialized plants, which are often located outside the areas not only of ore mining, but also of metal smelting.

In some cases, it is cost-effective to combine the processes of mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting a number of associated metals and refining them in one point. This leads to intra-industry combination in non-ferrous metallurgy. A number of enterprises (mining and metallurgical plants) are organized according to this principle.

In non-ferrous metallurgy, its interbranch combination with the chemical industry has also acquired great importance. The basis for it is most often the use of sulfur compounds of non-ferrous metals, during the firing process of which a significant amount of sulfur compounds is released. This determines the profile of enterprises (Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant), which, in addition to metal, produce sulfuric acid and sulfur. Excesses of cheap sulfuric acid at non-ferrous metallurgy plants make it profitable to create there on the basis of imported raw materials (apatite concentrate or phosphorites) the production of phosphate fertilizers (Krasnouralsk and Sredneuralsk copper smelters, Volkhov aluminum, etc.). 1

A number of non-ferrous metallurgy plants using ores containing potassium (carnallite, etc.) to obtain metallic magnesium (Berezniki titanium-magnesium plants, Kalush and Solikamsk magnesium plants) give potassium chloride, a highly concentrated fertilizer, in the waste. Increasingly, during the processing of such ores, chlorine, one of the most important types of raw materials for various branches of the chemical industry, is also utilized along the way. In the process of processing nephelines, soda products are obtained in the waste - soda ash and potash, alunites - sulfuric acid, potash fertilizers, etc. 2

The possibility and necessity of complex processing of non-ferrous metal ores, the organization of intra-industry and inter-industry combination lead to a large increase in the size of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The very processes of mining and enrichment of ore, as well as the smelting of some metals, are water-intensive. Even more water-intensive chemical production, organized at such plants. Meanwhile, the majority of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in water-deficient areas (the North Caucasus, the Urals). This greatly affects the size and composition of enterprises in the industry.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is not only a complex of measures for the production of non-ferrous metals (mining, enrichment, metallurgical processing, obtaining castings of pure metals and alloys based on them), but also the processing of non-ferrous metal scrap.

Scientific and technological progress does not stand still, and today non-ferrous metals are widely used to develop innovative structural materials. Only the domestic metallurgical industry produces about 70 types of alloys using a variety of raw materials.

Due to the low content of the necessary component in the ore and impurities of other elements, non-ferrous metallurgy is an energy-intensive production and has a complex structure. So, copper in the ore contains no more than 5%, and zinc and lead no more than 5.5%. Pyrite mined in the Urals is multicomponent and contains about 30 chemical elements.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into six categories, according to their physical properties and purpose:

1. Heavy. They have a high density, respectively, and weight. These include Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sn.
2. Lungs. They are light in weight due to their low specific gravity. These include: Al, Mg, Ti, Na, Ka, Li.
3. Small: Hg, Co, Bi, Cd, As, Sb.
4. Alloying. Mainly used to produce steels and alloys with necessary qualities. These are W, Mo, Ta, Nb, V.
5. Noble. Widely known and used for making jewelry. Among them are Au, Ag, Pt.
6. Rare earth, scattered: Se, Zr, Ga, In, Tl, Ge.

Industry Specifics

Non-ferrous metal ores, as mentioned above, contain a small amount of the mined element. Therefore, up to 100 tons of ore is needed per ton of the same copper. Due to the high demand for raw materials, non-ferrous metallurgy is mostly located close to its raw material base.

Non-ferrous ores for their processing require a large amount of fuel or electricity. Energy costs reach half of the total costs associated with the smelting of 1 ton of metal. In this regard, metallurgical enterprises are located in close proximity to electricity producers.

The production of rare metals is mainly based on recovery from compounds. Raw materials come from intermediate stages of ore dressing. Due to the small volumes and the difficulty of production, laboratories are engaged in obtaining rare metals.

Industry Composition

Types of non-ferrous metallurgy include industries associated with the production of certain types of metals. Thus, the following industries can be summarized:

• copper production;
• aluminum production;
• production of nickel and cobalt;
• tin production;
• production of lead and zinc;
• gold mining.

Obtaining nickel is closely related to the place of extraction of nickel ores, which are located on the Kola Peninsula and in the Norilsk region of Siberia. Many branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are characterized by a multi-stage metallurgical processing of intermediate products.

On this basis, an integrated approach is effective. This is a raw material for obtaining other related metals. Waste recycling is accompanied by the production of materials used not only in other branches of heavy engineering, but also in the chemical and construction industries.

Metallurgy of heavy metals

Obtaining copper

The main stages in obtaining pure copper are the smelting of blister copper and its further refining. Blister copper is mined from ores, and the low concentration of copper in the Ural copper pyrites and its large volumes do not allow the transfer of production facilities from the Urals. The reserves are: cuprous sandstones, copper-molybdenum, copper-nickel ores.

Refining of copper and remelting of secondary raw materials is carried out at enterprises that are remote from the sources of mining and primary smelting. They are favored by the low cost of electricity, since it takes up to 5 kW of energy per hour to produce a ton of copper.

Utilization of sulfur dioxide with subsequent processing served as a start for the production of sulfuric acid in the chemical industry. From the remains of apatite, it produces phosphate mineral fertilizers.

Production of lead and zinc

The metallurgy of non-ferrous metals, such as lead and zinc, has a complex territorial disunity. Ore is mined in the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Kuzbass and the Far East. And enrichment and metallurgical redistribution is carried out not only near the places of ore extraction, but also in other territories with developed metallurgy.

Lead and zinc concentrates are rich in chemical element base. However, raw materials have different percentages of elements, which is why not always zinc and lead can be obtained in pure form. Therefore, technological processes in the regions are different:

1. In Transbaikalia, only concentrates are obtained.
2. Lead and zinc concentrate are obtained in the Far East.
3. Kuzbass produces zinc and lead concentrate.
4. In the North Caucasus they are redistributing.
5. Zinc is produced in the Urals.

Metallurgy of light metals

The most common light metal is aluminum. Alloys based on it have properties inherent in structural and special steels.

Bauxites, alunites, nephelines are raw materials for aluminum production. Production is divided into two stages:

1. At the first stage, alumina is obtained and a large amount of raw material is needed.
2. In the second stage, aluminum is produced by the electrolytic method, which requires inexpensive energy. Therefore, the stages of production are located in different territories.

The production of aluminum and alloys is concentrated in industrial centers. Scrap is also supplied here for recycling, which ultimately reduces the cost of finished products.