What to produce for the industry. Industrial production is
Industry is a branch of production covering the processing of raw materials, the development of subsoil, the creation of means of production and consumer goods. This is the main branch of the sphere of material production. Industry produces: means of production, consumer goods, processes agricultural raw materials, ensures the operation of all sectors of the economy, determines the country's defense power, and ensures scientific and technological progress.
An industry is a set of organizations, enterprises, institutions that produce homogeneous goods and services, use the same type of technology, satisfy needs that are similar in nature.
Classification of industries - a duly approved list of industries that provides comparability of indicators for planning, accounting and analysis of industrial development.
There are several classifications:
The division of industry into groups A and B: industry of group A (means of production), industry of group B (consumer goods).
The division of the industry into heavy and light.
By the nature of the impact on the object, the industry is divided into two groups: mining (extraction and preparation of raw materials) and manufacturing (processing of raw materials and production of finished products).
Industry classification: electric power industry, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, timber industry, building materials industry, light industry, food industry.
The sectoral structure of industry characterizes the level of industrial and technical development of the country, the degree of its economic independence and the level of productivity of social labor.
When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is expedient to consider not only its individual branches, but also groups of branches, which are intersectoral complexes.
The industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the release of similar (related) products or the performance of works (services).
Currently, industries are combined into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical, timber, machine-building, agro-industrial, construction complex, military-industrial (sometimes isolated separately).
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the fuel industry (coal, gas, oil, shale industries) and the electric power industry (hydropower, thermal, nuclear, etc.). All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy in fuel, heat, and electricity.
The metallurgical complex (MC) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy industries.
The machine-building complex is a combination of machine-building, metalworking and repair industries. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as the production of computers.
The chemical complex is an integrated system of the chemical and petrochemical industries.
The timber industry complex is an integrated system of the timber, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) can be considered as a set of technologically and economically connected links of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials. Includes agriculture (plant growing, animal husbandry), as well as light and food industries.
The building complex includes a system of construction industries, building materials industry.
The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by industries and activities (primarily R&D) focused on meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.
The following consolidated industries were distinguished in OKONKh:
Power industry
Fuel industry
Ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Chemical and petrochemical industry
Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry
Building materials industry
Glass and porcelain industry
Light industry
food industry
Microbiological industry
Flour-grinding and feed industry
Medical industry
Printing industry.
Industry is the most important branch of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society. The sectoral structure of industry is the composition and proportion of the various sectors and types of production included in it, as well as the dynamics of changes in these shares.
Industry - an objectively isolated part of the industry, uniting enterprises that produce homogeneous, specific products that have the same type of technology and a limited circle of consumers.
The following consolidated industries are distinguished:
Power industry;
Fuel industry;
Ferrous metallurgy;
Non-ferrous metallurgy;
Chemical and petrochemical industry;
Mechanical engineering and metalworking;
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry;
Building materials industry;
Glass and porcelain-faience industry;
Light industry;
food industry;
Microbiological industry;
Flour-grinding and mixed fodder industry;
Medical industry;
Printing industry;
and other industrial productions
Electricity is the most important branch of the energy industry, including the production, transmission and distribution of electricity. The advantages of the electric power industry over other types of energy: the relative ease of transmission over long distances, distribution between consumers, as well as conversion into other types of energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical, light, and others). A distinctive feature of electric energy is the practical simultaneity of its generation and consumption, since electric current propagates through networks at a speed close to the speed of light. the federal law"On the electric power industry" gives the following definition of the electric power industry: "The electric power industry is a branch of the economy Russian Federation, which includes a complex of economic relations arising in the process of production (including production in the mode of combined generation of electric and thermal energy), transmission of electric energy, operational dispatch control in the electric power industry, sale and consumption of electric energy using production and other property objects (including including those included in the Unified Energy System of Russia) owned by the right of ownership or on another basis provided for by federal laws to subjects of the electric power industry or other persons. The electric power industry is the basis for the functioning of the economy and life support” .
Definition of electric power industry in GOST19431-84:
The electric power industry is a section of the energy sector that ensures the electrification of the country on the basis of a rational expansion of the production and use of electrical energy.
The fuel industry is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for pursuing domestic and foreign policy. The fuel industry is connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development, 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost of industrial products in Russia are accounted for.
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex system that includes a set of industries, processes, material devices for the extraction of fuel and energy resources (FER), their transformation, transportation, distribution and consumption of both primary FER and converted types of energy carriers. It includes:
Gas industry;
Coal industry;
Oil industry.
Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one-third of the cast metal from a blast furnace goes into mechanical engineering) and construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). The main raw materials for the production of ferrous metals are iron ore, manganese, coking coal and ores of alloying metals.
Part ferrous metallurgy includes the following main sub-sectors:
Extraction and enrichment of ferrous metal ores (iron, chromium and manganese ore);
Extraction and enrichment of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (flux limestone, refractory clay, etc.);
Production of ferrous metals (cast iron, carbon steel, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders);
Manufacture of steel and cast iron pipes;
Coke chemical industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);
Secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy that includes the extraction, enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores and the smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Non-ferrous metals can be conditionally divided into heavy (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel) and light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium) according to their physical properties and purpose. Based on this division, the metallurgy of light metals and the metallurgy of heavy metals are distinguished.
The chemical industry is an industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through its chemical processing. The world's gross output of the chemical industry is about 2 trillion US dollars.
The concept of petrochemistry combines several interrelated meanings:
Branch of chemistry that studies the chemistry of the transformation of hydrocarbons, oil and natural gas into useful products and raw materials;
A section of chemical technology (the second name is petrochemical synthesis), which describes the technological processes used in industry in the processing of oil and natural gas - rectification, cracking, reforming, alkylation, isomerization, coking, pyrolysis, dehydrogenation (including, in this listing, mention should be made also oxidative), hydrogenation, hydration, ammonolysis, oxidation, nitration, etc.;
Branch of the chemical industry, including production, a common feature of which is the deep chemical processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (fractions of oil, natural and associated gas).
Mechanical engineering is a branch of heavy industry that produces all kinds of machines, tools, instruments, as well as consumer goods and defense products. Mechanical engineering is divided into three groups - labor-intensive, metal-intensive and science-intensive. In turn, these groups are divided into the following industry subgroups: heavy engineering, general engineering, medium engineering, precision engineering, production of metal products and blanks, repair of machinery and equipment.
Metalworking is a technological process, the process of working with metals, during which their shape and dimensions are changed, parts are given the desired shape using one or more metal processing methods to create separate parts, assemblies or large structures (metal structures). The term covers a wide range of different activities from building large ships and bridges to making the smallest pieces of jewelry. Therefore, the term includes a wide range of skills, processes and tools. Reliability, technology of any production, any metal structure depends on the quality of the metalworking performed, therefore, such a task must be entrusted to professionals with sufficient experience and the necessary equipment designed specifically for these types of metalworking. Metalworking began to develop with the discovery of various ores, the processing of malleable and malleable metals for the production of tools and jewelry.
Forest industry - a set of industries that harvest and process wood. Timber harvesting in countries and areas with limited forest reserves is usually carried out by forestry enterprises - forestries, forestries, etc. In countries and areas with large reserves of natural forests, logging, including alloy, has the nature of an extractive industry and is an independent industry - the logging industry. In Russia, the forestry industry is currently handled by the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz). There is no profile ministry in Russia. The main legislative act for the forest industry is the "Forest Code". The timber industry accounts for less than 5% of the country's GDP, despite the fact that 25% of the world's forest reserves are concentrated in Russia.
All wood processing and processing industries, taken together, form the timber processing industry, which includes the following types of industry:
Woodworking industry, which unites groups of enterprises engaged in mechanical and partially chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood;
Pulp and paper production is a technological process aimed at obtaining cellulose, paper, cardboard and other related products of the final or intermediate processing; the hydrolysis industry and the timber chemical industry, the production of which is formed on the basis of the chemical processing of wood and some non-timber forest products.
Building materials - materials for the construction of buildings and structures. Along with the "old" traditional materials like wood and brick, with the beginning of the industrial revolution, new building materials appeared, like concrete, steel, glass and plastic. Currently, prestressed reinforced concrete and metal-plastic are widely used. Distinguish:
Natural stone materials;
Wood building materials and products;
Non-firing artificial stone materials and products based on hydration binders;
Artificial firing materials;
Metals and metal products;
Glass and glass products;
Decoration Materials;
polymeric materials;
Heat-insulating materials and products from them;
Waterproofing and roofing materials based on bitumen and polymers;
Portland cement;
Hydration (inorganic) binders;
Coagulation (organic) binders.
Light industry - a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various kinds raw materials. Light industry occupies one of the important places in the production of the gross national product and plays a significant role in the country's economy. The light industry carries out both the primary processing of raw materials and the production of finished products. Light industry enterprises also produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, in agriculture, in law enforcement agencies, transport and health care. One of the features of light industry is a quick return on investment. Technological features of the industry allow for a quick change in the range of products at a minimum cost, which ensures high mobility of production.
Sub-sectors of light industry:
textile;
sewing;
Haberdashery;
Tannery;
Fur;
shoe;
Porcelain and faience industry is a branch of light industry specializing in the production of fine ceramics: household and artistic porcelain, faience, imaiolica semi-porcelain.
Food industry - a set of production of food products in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products, as well as tobacco products, soap and detergents. In the system of the agro-industrial complex, the food industry is closely connected with agriculture as a supplier of raw materials and trade. Part of the branches of the food industry gravitates towards raw material areas, the other part towards consumption areas.
All sectors of the national economy are divided into two large areas: production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without successful development enterprises first.
Manufacturing Industries: Definition
This part of the national economy includes enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth. Also, organizations of this group sort them, move them, etc. Precise definition production sphere is as follows: "The set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services."
General classification
It plays a very significant role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of non-material production. There are the following main industries:
- industry,
- Agriculture,
- construction,
- transport,
- trade and catering,
- logistics.
Industry
This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacture of equipment, the production of energy, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations that are the main part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. The sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:
All industrial enterprises are classified into two large groups:
- Mining - mines, quarries, mines, wells.
- Processing - combines, factories, workshops.
Agriculture
This is also a very important area of the state's economy, falling under the definition of "industrial sector". Branches of the economy of this direction are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: animal husbandry and crop production. The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:
- cattle breeding. Cultivation of large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.
- Pig breeding. The enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.
- fur farming. Wearables are mainly made from the skins of small animals. A very large percentage of this production is exported.
- poultry farming. This group supplies dietary meat, eggs and feathers to the market.
Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:
- Growing cereals. This is the most important sub-sector Agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of the production sector are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree to which the population is provided with such important products as bread, flour, cereals depends on how effectively this industry is developed.
- vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms.
- Fruit growing and viticulture. It is developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. The agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.
Plant growing also includes such sub-sectors as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc.
Transport
Organizations in this area of the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industries:
Analyzing the fuel and energy balance for some historical period, it should be noted that the fuel industry of the world has gone through several stages in its development:
- coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
- oil and gas stage (since the second half of the 20th century).
Oil production in the world in 1950 - 2000 increased almost 7 times (from 0.5 to 3.5 billion tons). The oil industry is one of the most monopolized extractive industries. Apart from the few countries where oil production is under the control of state companies, the industry is fully controlled by the largest TNCs and Western European countries. To counterbalance them, the oil exporters created an organization that fights for the right to dispose of oil on its territory and controls over half of its production.
Before the 2nd World War, 80% of the oil was produced by Severnaya. and , where the USA stood out (over half of the world's production) and . But after the war, with the discovery of large oil fields in the Near and Middle East, as well as in the USSR, America's share began to decline rapidly (21% in 2000). The main part of the oil now gives (up to 38%). The shares of individual leading countries in production in 2000 (USA or ) do not exceed 12 - 13%. USSR in the late 80s. has reached maximum level oil production among all oil-producing states - 624 million tons (20% of world production), which no country has surpassed.
Oil is one of the most important export commodities of world trade. Half of all oil produced (over 1.5 billion tons) is exported. Its most important suppliers are the countries of the Near and Middle East. The vast majority of exported oil is transported in tankers across sea routes. The largest flow through pipelines goes from Russia to many countries of Western and of Eastern Europe. And although the share of oil has decreased slightly, it remains in first place in terms of global energy consumption.
Natural gas industry
Natural gas production in the second half of the 20th century. increased 11 times (from 0.2 to 2.3 trillion m3). This allowed him to approach in the structure of consumption of primary energy sources to (about 24%). At the same time, in terms of explored resources (almost 150 billion tons or 145 trillion m3), natural gas is comparable to oil. To this should be added the resources of associated petroleum gas associated with oil fields.
By 1990, Vostochnaya became the leader in production, with the leading role of the USSR. There has been significant gas production in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world. The USA lost its monopoly position, and their share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (now it has retained its leadership). Russia and the US concentrate half of the natural gas produced in the world. Russia remains stable, the world's largest gas exporter.
coal industry
Oil industry
Gas industry
Gas is produced by 60 countries, Russia, the USA are in the lead,.
The main problems of the fuel industry are:
- depletion of fuel reserves (according to experts, explored reserves of coal will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
- violation environment in the extraction and transportation of fuel;
- territorial gap between the main areas of production and areas of consumption.
To solve these problems, new resource-saving technologies are being developed, and new deposits are being searched for.
Electric power industry of the world
Share of various types of plants in energy production in different countries is not the same, so TPPs prevail in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, China, Mexico, Italy. A significant proportion of hydroelectric power plants in Norway, Brazil, Canada,. In the late 80s, nuclear power plants were actively built and operated. During this period they were built in 30 countries of the world. A significant share of energy at nuclear power plants is generated in France, the Republic of Korea, Sweden,.
The main problems of the electric power industry are:
- depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
- environmental pollution.
The solution to the problem is in the use of energy, such as:
- geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Japan, USA);
- solar (, Spain, Japan, USA);
- (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
- ( , Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands).
Metallurgical industry of the world: composition, location, problems.
Metallurgy- one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).
For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost in the first place determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they are growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the XX century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in.
Metallurgy includes all processes from ore mining to the production of finished products. Part metallurgical industry includes two branches: black and color.
of the world: meaning, composition, placement features, environmental problems.
Chemical industry is one of the avant-garde industries that ensure the development of the economy in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The development of the entire economy depends on its development, since it provides other industries with new materials - mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, and the population - with a variety of household chemicals.
The chemical industry has a complex sectoral composition. It includes:
- mining (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatite, phosphorites, salts);
- basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
- chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
- other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiological, etc.).
- Accommodation features are determined by a combination of various factors.
For mining and chemical - a natural resource factor determining, for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.
There are 4 major regions:
- Foreign Europe (Germany is in the lead);
- North America (USA);
- Eastern and Southeast Asia(Japan, China, Newly industrialized countries);
- CIS (Russia, Ukraine, ).
In production certain types chemical products are leading the following countries:
- in the production of sulfuric acid - USA, Russia, China;
- in the production of mineral fertilizers - USA, China, Russia;
- in the production of plastics - USA, Japan, Germany;
- in the production of chemical fibers - USA, Japan, ;
- in the production of synthetic rubber - USA, Japan, France.
The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base, which makes it possible to dispose of waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water, air, plant protection, restoration.
On the other hand, it is itself one of the most "dirty" industries, affecting all components natural environment which requires regular environmental protection measures.
The Russian industry is one of the most competitive in the world, capable of producing almost any type of goods. It occupies a significant part of Russia's GDP - 29%. Also, 19% of the working population is employed in industry.
Russian industry is divided into the following industries: aircraft construction, and, processing and, arms production and military equipment, automotive industry, electrical engineering, space production, light (), food, agro-industrial complex (livestock, crop production,).
A significant part of industrial enterprises are located directly near raw material deposits, bases, which significantly reduces the cost of their transportation and ultimately creates a lower cost of the final product.
The main industry is mechanical engineering, concentrated in major cities— Moscow, St. Petersburg, Western Siberia, in the Urals, the Volga region. The complex produces almost 30% of the total industrial output and provides other sectors of the economy with equipment and machines.
Mechanical engineering includes more than 70 industries, including: electrical engineering, electronics, robotics, car building, shipbuilding, instrument making, agricultural and transport engineering, aircraft building, shipbuilding and the defense industry.
The chemical and petrochemical industry plays an equally important role in Russian economy. The extraction of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites and phosphorites, sodium chloride and potassium salts, sulfur), the chemistry of organic synthesis and basic chemistry stand out. The main chemistry produces mineral fertilizers, chlorine, soda, sulfuric acid. Organic chemistry includes the production of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, chemical fibers. The chemical industry is also concentrated in large cities, boasting the world's largest Solikamsk deposit (in the north of the Perm region).
The fuel and energy complex supplies fuel with electricity to all other industries. Fuel and energy products are the basis of Russia's exports. Extraction and processing of various types of fuel, electric power industry, as well as extraction, processing, transportation of oil, coal, gas. About 85% of gas is produced in Western Siberia and exported to the CIS countries, non-CIS countries and the Baltic countries. Russia occupies a leading position in terms of coal reserves.
The metallurgical complex produces metal ores, their enrichment, metal smelting, and the production of rolled products. It is divided into color and black, which occupies about 90% of total number used metals in national economy- steel. nonferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy includes the following types of enterprises: metallurgical plants full cycle producing pig iron, steel and rolled products; steel-smelting and steel-rolling plants; production of ferroalloys of iron alloys with chromium, manganese, silicon and other elements; small metallurgy - production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants. Color is inferior in terms of production, but has great value. Includes heavy metals (zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, lead), light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium), noble (gold, silver, platinum).
Russia's space industry is one of the most powerful in the world, leading in orbital launches and manned cosmonautics. Russia also has its own GLONASS navigation satellite system.
The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation specializes in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage. Agricultural land in Russia is about 219.6 million hectares. The basics of agricultural crops are: cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, flax. Crops include rye, wheat, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, rice, as well as legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, lentils). In terms of production volumes of grain and leguminous crops, Russia is in fourth place in the world.
The nuclear power industry of the Russian Federation is the strongest in the world, both in individual nuclear technologies and in general. Russia ranks first in terms of the number of simultaneously constructed nuclear power plants on its territory. In general, 10 nuclear power plants are operated in our country.
The automotive industry maintains a steady growth rate in terms of the number of motor vehicles produced. A major manufacturer is AvtoVAZ, GAZ, KAMAZ.
Industrial centers of Russia
- Moscow is the leader in industrial production. Mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industries, oil and gas processing, R&D.
- St. Petersburg - food and chemical industries, mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, building materials production, R&D.
- Surgut - production and processing of oil and gas, the city also has large enterprises working in the power industry, food industry and R&D.
- Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk and Perm, Ufa - oil and gas production and processing. In Omsk, Ufa, Perm, there are also enterprises of mechanical engineering and the food industry.
- Norilsk - non-ferrous metallurgy.
- Chelyabinsk - ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and food industry.
- Novokuznetsk - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry.
- Krasnodar Territory - agricultural production.
Russian Industry Prospects
- Technical re-equipment and application of new technology.
- The rapid development of processing industries in comparison with the speed of development of raw materials production.
- Course on .
