Machine-building complex in Russia. Machine-building complex of Russia

Mechanical engineering - a manufacturer of machines and mechanisms - is the main branch of industry, an indicator of its technical development and, in general, the level of development of the country's economy. In developed countries, mechanical engineering provides 35-40% of the cost of industrial products. Russia, where the first factories appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century, by 1990 produced all the main types of machines and took 2nd place in the world after the USA in terms of their production. In terms of growth rates, mechanical engineering overtook all other industries (and came out on top by 1990 in terms of its share in the total industrial output).

During the years of reforms, mechanical engineering experienced a stronger decline than industry as a whole - up to 1/3 of output compared to the level of 1990, and in some industries the decline reached 80-90%. This reduced the share of industry in GDP from 30% to 20%, which threatens Russia with the loss of the status of an industrialized country.

Mechanical engineering is the most complex complex in terms of the organization of production, the composition of industries, the features of their development and location. Main feature In this industry, specialization of enterprises in the production of individual components, parts and assemblies with their subsequent assembly at the "head" plants. In the USSR, there were more than 10 thousand "head" and assembly plants, their branches and subcontractors. They are located in all regions of the country, its large and medium-sized cities. Thus, mechanical engineering contributed to the development of regions and ties between them, which strengthened the unity of the country. The same specialization and cooperation of factories contributed to a sharp decline in the industry, because. many allied plants ended up outside of Russia after the collapse of the USSR.

An important feature of mechanical engineering was the concentration of the final output of equipment at a small number of factories, which made it possible to reduce unit costs. So, in the 80s, about a third of finished cars were produced by 10 giant factories. Now they are hardly amenable to reconstruction and transfer to the production of serial modifications of machines, which is becoming the main way for the development of world engineering.

A feature of the composition of Russia is the predominance of the branches of "heavy" and "medium" engineering, producing equipment for mining, metallurgy, energy, construction, heavy transport, and also, which accounted for more than 50% of its volume. The high development of the military-industrial complex is shown in Fig. which shows the presence of its productions in all major cities Russia, as well as in the past "closed" cities that specialized in the production of the most modern military equipment and weapons. The production of equipment for personal consumption and industries of social importance - medical, printing, clothing, food, and household equipment accounted for only a small share of mechanical engineering. Lagging behind the needs of the country and fine and precision engineering - electronics, the production of automation, telemechanics, modern communications. Almost all branches of scientific and technological progress were focused on the needs of the military-industrial complex, which explains successful development in the country of aviation and rocket and space technology.

Different branches of engineering reacted differently to economic reforms. Thus, the production of tractors and combines decreased 15 times, aircraft and heavy vehicles - 10 times, machine tools and military equipment - 8-10 times, power equipment - 4 times. Since 1999, the restoration of the machine-building complex began. The best performance is characterized by the production of cars and trucks of low power, buses and wagons, energy and agricultural machinery.

Features of the placement of mechanical engineering

With the development of mechanical engineering "shifted" from the centers metallurgical industry, where "heavy" equipment was produced, to areas where skilled labor resources are concentrated. This was especially characteristic of the "medium" mechanical engineering, which produces all types of moving transport equipment. Modern types of precision science-intensive engineering - aerospace, instrument-making, electrical engineering and electronics - are located near the largest scientific and technical centers and in metropolitan areas. At present, the following areas for the location of mechanical engineering have developed in Russia:

Center and Northwest how the first regions of Russian mechanical engineering preserved and developed the production of almost all types
machines - power and electrical equipment of cars, buses, diesel locomotives, wagons, tractors. But they are especially distinguished by complex and precise production - machine tools, devices, tools, electronics, optics, television and radio engineering. More than half of the country's aerospace complex is concentrated here.

Volga-Vyatka and Volga regions are the largest vehicle manufacturers. It produces 80% of the country's cars and trucks, trolleybuses and buses. In many cities of the region, planes, helicopters, rockets are made, and Astrakhan is centers, tractors are produced in, etc. The second specialization is the production of equipment for oil production, petrochemistry, and energy. In this region, mechanical engineering provides 35-40% of the volume industrial production more than in other parts of the country.

Ural- the main area of ​​heavy and defense engineering, developing on the basis of its own production of metals. It produces metallurgical equipment, lifting and drilling rigs, heavy machine tools, earth-moving equipment and heavy dump trucks, turbines and tractors. All types of military equipment were produced in the Urals: tanks, artillery, missiles different type, air defense weapons, small arms, infantry vehicles, explosives; new types of military and space technology and materials for it were developed. Due to the fact that it was heavy and defense engineering that sharply reduced production volumes, the economic situation in the Urals is especially difficult.

In the Central Black Earth and North Caucasian regions developed engineering, serving local industries. First of all, this is the production of tractors, combines and other equipment for the agro-economic complex, mining equipment for the KMA and Donbass, for local energy and. The only Atommash plant in Russia in Volgodonsk manufactures equipment for nuclear power plants. A significant role is played by the production of household appliances - televisions, refrigerators, calculating machines, etc.

North and Siberia These are areas of military and heavy engineering. Most factories are located in cities along the Trans-Siberian Railway and in port cities. It produces military aircraft, tanks, heavy missiles, submarines, their control systems. Mining, forestry and factory equipment, tractors and combines are produced. instrumentation centers and precision engineering steel Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Omsk. In general, this region provides less than 20% of engineering production, so a lot of civilian vehicles are imported from the European region or imported.

Prospects for mechanical engineering related to three areas:

• Entering the world level through cooperation with branches of scientific and technological progress, whose achievements are already used in the production of aviation, space and military equipment;
• Access to regional markets developing countries with the production of energy, logging, mining, metallurgical equipment - not expensive and reliable in operation;
• Providing the domestic market, individual and business demand with vehicles, all-terrain vehicles, light ships and aircraft, small-sized agricultural machinery, equipment for light and, for auxiliary households, individual construction.

In general, it is necessary to reorient mechanical engineering from industrial products to small-scale and individual demand and social products.

You have to find out: The composition of the machine-building complex. The composition of the machine-building complex. Classification of engineering industries. industries. The composition of the machine-building complex. The composition of the machine-building complex. Classification of engineering industries. industries. Where and why are machine-building enterprises located? Where and why are machine-building enterprises located. enterprises. Where and why are machine-building enterprises located? Where and why are machine-building enterprises located. enterprises. The value of the machine-building complex. The value of the machine-building complex. Problems of the machine-building complex. Problems of the machine-building complex.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of industry both in terms of size (about 40% of all employees and about 20% of gross output) and in terms of value: the technical level of all sectors of the economy, labor productivity in them depend on what devices and equipment their workers use. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of industry both in terms of size (about 40% of all employees and about 20% of gross output) and in terms of value: the technical level of all sectors of the economy, labor productivity in them depend on what devices and equipment their workers use. Therefore, the development of mechanical engineering, the constant renewal of its products is a necessary condition for progress in the entire economy of the country. Therefore, the development of mechanical engineering, the constant renewal of its products is a necessary condition for progress in the entire economy of the country. What is mechanical engineering?

Composition of mechanical engineering Machine building complex- a complex cross-sectoral education covering mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering includes many specialized industries that are similar in technology and the raw materials used. (see diagram) diagram Metalworking includes the industry of metal structures and products, as well as the repair of machinery and equipment. The complex includes "small metallurgy" - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building enterprises.

Machine-tool and tool industry Manufacture of oilfield and drilling geological exploration equipment Power engineering Mining and mining Mining and mining Aircraft industry Instrumentation Food Industry Manufacture of equipment for light and food industry Metallurgical Machine building for livestock and fodder production Electrical Tractor building Shipbuilding Hoisting and transport Agricultural Electronic Chemical Manufacture of oil and gas processing equipment Manufacture of oil and gas processing equipment Mechanical engineering

The main factor in the location of any machine-building plant is its position in relation to other machine-building plants. The main factor in the location of any machine-building plant is its position in relation to other machine-building plants. This is due to the fact that enterprises are characterized by a wide development of specialization. This is due to the fact that enterprises are characterized by a wide development of specialization. Specialization is the concentration of an enterprise on the production of homogeneous products. detailed - production of individual parts and assemblies; subject - the release of certain types of finished products; technological - execution of one or more operations of the technological cycle. technological - execution of one or more operations of the technological cycle.

Specialization is a necessary condition for increasing the efficiency of industry. Specialization is a necessary condition for increasing the efficiency of industry. In the modern economy, there are practically no enterprises that manage only on their own, without receiving anything from outside. In the modern economy, there are practically no enterprises that manage only on their own, without receiving anything from outside. back side this process is cooperation. The reverse side of this process is cooperation. Cooperation is an association of specialized enterprises for the production of finished products. Modern large automobile plants are associated with hundreds of enterprises supplying (“through cooperation”) individual parts, assemblies, materials, and shipbuilding and aircraft plants - with thousands of subcontractors. Modern large automobile plants are associated with hundreds of enterprises supplying (“through cooperation”) individual parts, assemblies, materials, and shipbuilding and aircraft plants - with thousands of subcontractors.

Branch Placement factors Large centers equipment for metallurgy and mining industry. power engineering heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment locomotive building tractor building agricultural machinery automotive industry (passenger cars) automotive industry (trucks) buses and trolleybuses Using the text of the textbook (p), maps of the atlas, fill in the table:

During the nineties, the decline in production in engineering was greater than in other industries. This is most often explained by the fact that machine-building enterprises suffered the most from the rupture of production ties with the former Soviet republics of the USSR. During the nineties, the decline in production in engineering was greater than in other industries. This is most often explained by the fact that machine-building enterprises suffered the most from the rupture of production ties with the former Soviet republics of the USSR. But no less important is another reason - the lower quality of many types of machines compared to imported ones (lagging behind in terms of technical level and reliability). This is especially true for consumer goods. But no less important is another reason - the lower quality of many types of machines compared to imported ones (lagging behind in terms of technical level and reliability). This is especially true for consumer goods. There are two ways out of this situation: There are two ways out of this situation: 1) You can demand that the government impose high duties on imported cars. (This, for example, was achieved by Volzhsky for imported cars. (This, for example, was achieved by the Volzhsky Automobile Plant) Automobile Plant) 2) Create competition, force domestic manufacturers to improve the quality of their products. tel to improve the quality of their products.

Repetition Determine which mechanical engineering centers are listed in each group: 1. Elabuga, Izhevsk, Kaliningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Serpukhov, Taganrog, Togliatti, Ulyanovsk - ... passenger car industry 2. Miass, Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhny Novgorod - ... truck industry 3. Kurgan, Likino-Dulyovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, Ulyanovsk - ... bus industry 4. Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Murom, Novocherkassk - ... locomotive building 5. Abakan, Bryansk, Tver, Kaluga, Nizhny Tagil, Novoaltaysk, Chita - ... car building 6. Vladimir, Volgograd, Lipetsk, Petrozavodsk, Rubtsovsk, Cheboksary, Chelyabinsk - ... tractor building

Practical work. Designation on the contour map of the main centers of the automotive industry, shipbuilding, machine tool building and railway and agricultural engineering. Progress. 1. Using the data in the table, put on the contour map of Russia: - the state border of Russia; - the boundaries of its economic regions; - designate the most important centers of mechanical engineering in Russia with different colors and sign their names. 2. Make a conclusion about the location of Russian engineering.

Car industry: Yelabuga, Izhevsk, Kaliningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Serpukhov, Taganrog, Togliatti, Ulyanovsk. Truck industry: Miass, Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhny Novgorod. Bus industry: Kurgan, Likino-Dulyovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, Ulyanovsk. Trolleybus construction: Ufa and Engels. Locomotive building: Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Murom, Novocherkassk. Car building: Abakan, Bryansk, Tver, Kaluga, Nizhny Tagil, Novoaltaisk, Chita. Production of subway cars: Mytishchi and St. Petersburg. Shipbuilding and ship repair: Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Blagoveshchensk, Veliky Ustyug, Vladivostok, Zelenodolsk, Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novodvinsk, St. Petersburg, Syktyvkar, Tyumen, Ust-Kut, Khabarovsk. Machine tool industry: Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Zlatoust, Kirov, Kolomna, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Ryazan, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk. Tractor building: Vladimir, Volgograd, Lipetsk, Petrozavodsk, Rubtsovsk, Cheboksary, Chelyabinsk. Combine construction: Bezhetsk, Birobidzhan, Krasnoyarsk, Lyubertsy, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ryazan, Taganrog.

Machine-building complex - it is a collection of industries that produce a variety of machines. This complex is the leading among other complexes, since it is he who creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere in industry, agriculture, everyday life and transport. Consequently, the main task of mechanical engineering is to equip the national economy with more and more perfect machines. Therefore, it is the machine-building complex that is rightfully the basis of scientific and technological progress and the expanded development of the entire Russian economy.

The modern machine-building complex of Russia consists of several dozen industries (more than 70), each of which produces products for a specific purpose. The number of engineering industries is constantly increasing. By role and importance in national economy they can be combined into three interrelated groups (Table 11.1).

Table 11.1 Machine-building complex

Industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in all national economy	Industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering	Industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in certain branches of the national economy
Instrumentation. Chemical engineering. Electrical engineering. Power Engineering	Machine tool and tool industry	Construction and road engineering. Tractor and agricultural engineering. Automotive

To ensure its leadership, mechanical engineering requires certain conditions. First, if the rate of development of the country's economy is taken as a unity, mechanical engineering should develop twice as fast, and its most important branches (electronics, instrument making, etc.) four times as fast. In Russia, this condition is not met (ratio 1:0.98:1). In addition, the normal development of mechanical engineering is impossible without interaction with other intersectoral complexes. High-quality metal, plastic and other synthetic materials, wood, glass, etc. are needed. Therefore, the boundaries of the machine-building complex itself are constantly expanding due to the strengthening of ties with the most progressive industries.

The most important branches of engineering and their location in Russia:

1. Transport engineering includes: a) automotive industry (Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Pavlov, etc.), b) railway engineering (Novocherkassk, Bryansk, St. Petersburg, Tver, etc.), c) urban electric transport (Engels - trolleybuses, Ust-Katava - trams), d) shipbuilding (St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

2. Agricultural engineering: a) production of combines (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk, Tula), b) tractor (Volgograd, Vladimir, Chelyabinsk, St. Petersburg).

3. Power engineering: St. Petersburg, Podolsk, Taganrog, Volgodonsk, Yekaterinburg, Moscow.

4. Heavy engineering: Yekaterinburg, Orsk, Elektrostal, Irkutsk.

The geography of mechanical engineering is determined by whole line factors:

· Science intensity. Modern mechanical engineering is unthinkable without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. Therefore, the production of the most advanced and complex technology is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base;

· military-strategic factor. Enterprises producing products of defense significance are located taking into account the interests of national security. As a rule, they are removed from the borders, concentrated in closed cities, access to which is limited;

· Labor intensity. The production of machines requires a very large expenditure of labor time. Therefore, many branches of engineering gravitate towards areas with a high concentration of population. Highly qualified workers and engineering and technical personnel are needed;

· Metal consumption. The production of certain types of machinery and equipment (metallurgical, energy, mining) requires a lot of metal. Therefore, the approach of metal-intensive industries to metallurgical bases reduces the cost of delivering raw materials;

· Specialization and cooperation. Machines are made up of many parts and assemblies. It is impossible to produce everything at one plant; it is easier to produce them at specialized enterprises that have established cooperation ties. Therefore, in various regions of the country, complexes of interconnected machine-building enterprises are being built, which make it possible to create branch plants in small and medium-sized cities;

· transport factor. Since the transportation of machines or their parts is carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on major transport routes;

· Orientation to the consumer. Mechanical engineering products are consumed everywhere. Many of its enterprises are located in areas of consumption, for example, tractors for hauling timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combines for harvesting grain - in Rostov-on-Don.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking covers several dozens of specialized industries, similar in technology and use of raw materials. In addition, this intersectoral complex includes "small metallurgy" - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building enterprises. Complexes of branches of mechanical engineering are considered within the limits of the state, economic regions, subdistricts and even individual cities. They are complex intersectoral formations, which are distinguished by the wide development of ties on the basis of industrial cooperation. The connections of mechanical engineering with other industries and intersectoral complexes are one of the important conditions for the functioning of economic complexes of economic regions. By producing tools for various industries, mechanical engineering provides comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, implements the achievements of scientific and technological progress. A particularly important role belongs to the manufacturing industry, the production of computer technology and the electrical industry.

The machine-building complex of Ukraine is characterized by a complex sectoral structure. Depending on the purpose of the manufactured products, all branches of engineering are divided into the following main groups: energy, transport, agriculture, road construction, production of technological equipment for various industries, etc. Each group combines several industries similar in terms of the use of raw materials and production technology.

Functionally, any machine-building complex can be divided according to the stages of the technological process into workpiece, machining And compilation. The billet is represented by specialized enterprises and, to a large extent, scattered workshops of small capacity at machine-building plants. Therefore, it is obvious that in the machine-building complexes of individual regions it is necessary to increase the concentration and deepen the specialization of procurement industries. Thanks to this, proportionality is achieved in the development of individual technological stages of a single production process. The insufficient level of concentration of the output of specialized products is the reason that many machine-building enterprises are forced to produce them at home with increased labor and material costs. Given this, it is necessary to observe the effective location of engineering enterprises, the rational combination of assembly enterprises with specialized plants that produce components and parts for use in engineering.

The location of engineering enterprises depends on many factors. Thus, some industries gravitate towards metallurgical bases due to the high metal intensity of their products, while others develop in areas of high technical culture with a sufficient number of qualified personnel. The vast majority of machine-building industries are concentrated in areas where finished products are consumed. The latter have significant advantages over other regions, because in mechanical engineering the cost of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products is on average 1.3-1.5 tons, and the costs of transporting any machine are much higher than the costs of transporting metal used for its production. Therefore, quite often there are cases when even metal-intensive industries are located in areas of consumption.

The optimal conditions for the development of machine-building complexes are in those areas where the sources of raw materials coincide with the places of consumption of finished products. At the same time, transportation costs for the transportation of raw materials (metal), machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, and strong production ties are established between enterprises of mechanical engineering and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building waste is widely used by metallurgical enterprises that specialize in the production of those types of metal and casting required by machine-building plants.

The location of machine building and the formation of machine building complexes depend on the development of specialization and cooperation. Thanks to these two forms of social organization of production, separate branches are isolated, a clear division of labor is achieved between enterprises within a single branch and between different branches. Based various forms specialization of production, the following groups of engineering industries can be distinguished: 1) subject specialization(energy, transport, agricultural engineering, etc.); 2) detailed specialization(production of bearings, spare parts for various parts); 3) technological specialization(production of casting, forging and pressing machines, etc., 4) production of repair work.

The functional purpose of the selected groups of industries is fundamentally different. Industries of subject specialization maintain extensive ties for the sale of products in the form of finished products. Therefore, enterprises in these industries have a clearly defined consumer orientation. The branches of technological and detailed specialization are characterized by production links, on the basis of which it is possible to achieve the needs of one large region or several regions. The deepening of the detail and technological specialization of production leads to changes in the location of machine-building enterprises and the development of industrial cooperation. The number of allied enterprises that provide the work of the main plants - production integrators is increasing. Detailed specialization has been widely developed in the automobile, tractor, combine, instrument making, radio-electronic industry and other industries. As a result of the detailed specialization of allied enterprises, the share of semi-finished products in the cost of finished products of the main plants is growing. At the same time, mechanical engineering is characterized by production ties along the lines of cooperation with many industries, in particular with chemical industries, textile and timber industries.

It should be noted that the detail and technologically specialized allied enterprises are often located in small towns and urban-type settlements in order to use labor resources more rationally. The main enterprises are located, as a rule, in large industrial centers. This type of location, for example, is typical for large industrial agglomerations - Kyiv, Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk-Dneprodzerzhinsk, Donetsk-Makeevsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.

A characteristic feature of the territorial organization of mechanical engineering is the formation of local machine-building complexes based on cooperative production. Local complexes arise where industrial enterprises are united by a common transport and geographical location, industrial infrastructure and mutual production, economic and production and technological ties. Some authors limit the territory of local complexes to the boundaries of a single city (territorial-industrial center), others believe that this formation can be formed within several territorially compatible industrial centers and points. At the same time, in both cases it is emphasized that the main feature of the complexes is the presence of strong ties between engineering enterprises, which contributes to their interaction.

Considering the machine-building complex as a complex intersectoral formation, it is necessary to adhere to the classification of all industries according to the peculiarities of their location and the degree of division of the technological process. The following groups of combined industries are distinguished: heavy engineering, general engineering, medium engineering, production precision machines, mechanisms, devices and tools; production of metal products and blanks, repair of machinery and equipment.

Heavy Engineering Group covers the production of metallurgical, mining and handling equipment, power units (steam boilers, nuclear reactors, turbines and generators), as well as other metal-intensive and large-sized products. Heavy engineering enterprises have a full production cycle, including procurement, machining and assembly of finished products. The overwhelming majority of them are located in metallurgical bases or near them, and in some cases they also focus on consumption areas.

The largest enterprise of heavy engineering in Ukraine Novokramatorsk plant (Kramatorsk, Donetsk region). It produces equipment for metallurgical plants and for the mining industry, rotors for turbines, walking excavators, rolling mills, heavy metal-cutting machines. The second major enterprise in the Donbass is the Gorlovsky machine-building plant, which manufactures equipment for coal mines and other complex machines for various mining industries. The centers of heavy engineering are Donetsk, Lugansk, Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Krivoy Rog, Mariupol, and others. Most heavy engineering plants gravitate towards centers of metal production and consumers of finished products.

Among the largest enterprises of power engineering, the Kharkov Turbine Plant stands out, which is the main manufacturer of turbines with a capacity of up to 1 million kW. A powerful enterprise of heavy engineering is located in metallurgical center Sea of ​​Azov - Mariupol. It produces equipment for the metallurgical and coal industries, the construction industry, the automotive and road industries. The production of metallurgical equipment, heavy presses, metal structures is concentrated in the cities of the Dnieper region - Dnepropetrovsk, Krivoy Rog and Marganets. Many centers produce equipment for the chemical and petrochemical industries. In particular, Sumy Machine Building Production Association produces technological lines for the nitrogen fertilizer industry, equipment for compressor stations; production association "Bolshevik" in Kyiv specializes in the production of equipment for the processing of polymeric materials; Drogobych Drilling Plant manufactures tools for drilling oil and gas wells.

It should be noted that 85% of all heavy engineering products are produced in the Donetsk, Pridneprovsk and North-Eastern (Kharkov) industrial regions. Moreover, more than 60% of its production falls on the Donbass.

General Engineering Group represented by enterprises engaged in the assembly of metal structures and the manufacture of large-sized blanks. It includes such important industries as transport engineering (excluding the automotive industry), production of technological equipment for industry (except light and food) and construction, and agricultural engineering (excluding tractor construction).

One of the leading industries is locomotive building. The main enterprise is the Lugansk Diesel Locomotive Plant, which produces mainline diesel locomotives. The Kharkov plant of transport engineering cooperates with him. Other plants repair diesel locomotives and are located, as a rule, in large railway junctions.

Car building is developing in close connection with locomotive building. It is represented by factories: in Mariupol (metal tank cars), Kremenchug (Kryukov plant of heavy gondola cars), Dneprodzerzhinsk (cars for transporting ore and coal), Stakhanov (industrial cars).

Shipbuilding specializes in the construction of ships for various purposes - sea, ocean, river and combined types: tankers, dry cargo, diesel-electric ships, fishing trawlers. The largest centers marine shipbuilding in Ukraine Nikolaev, Kherson, Kerch are important ports of the Black Sea region. Kyiv is the center of river shipbuilding. The ship repair industry is developed in Odessa, Ilyichevsk, Sevastopol, Mariupol, as well as in Izmail, Kiliya, Vilkovo (on the Danube).

Medium Machine Building Group covers industries with a high level of development of specialization and cooperative production. The availability of qualified labor resources has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises in this group. The most important branches of medium engineering include: automotive, tractor, machine tool.

After the Great Patriotic War, the automotive industry was created in Ukraine. Specialized automobile plants are distinguished in the cities of Kremenchug (production of heavy vehicles), Zaporozhye (plant of small cars), Lviv (bus plant and "Forklift"), Lutsk (cars with increased cross-country ability), Lugansk, Odessa, Simferopol (auto-folding), Chernihiv, Kherson, Krasnodon (auto parts). In Kyiv, the production of motorcycles is concentrated, in Lvov - mopeds, Kharkov - bicycles.

Tractor building includes enterprises producing various types of tractors and engines for them, self-propelled chassis, spare parts, units, assemblies and parts for tractors. The development of this industry began in 1923, when wheeled tractors were first produced at the Tokmak Krasny Progress plant and caterpillar tractors at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant. After the commissioning of the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1931, mass production of tractors began. In Kharkov, there are other large factories associated with tractor production - "Hammer and Sickle", "Piston", a plant for tractor starting engines. They produce components and parts for tractors and cooperate with the tractor factory. Except Kharkov, large enterprises for the production of parts and spare parts for tractors located in Chuguev, Kremenchug, Kyiv, Bila Tserkva, Lugansk, Vinnitsa, Odessa.

The machine-tool industry is located mainly in the centers of advanced mechanical engineering with research and development institutions. In Ukraine, the machine tool industry is best developed in the Donetsk, Pridneprovsky and North-Eastern regions. The largest machine tool factories: Kramatorsk heavy machine building, Kharkov modular machine tools, Kiev automatic machine tools, Lvov milling machines, Odessa machine tool, Zhytomyr automatic machine tools, etc.

Production of precision machines and mechanisms, devices and tools concentrated in areas of high technical culture, qualified work force and sufficient labor resources. In this group of mechanical engineering, assembly production is developed on the basis of cooperation between various enterprises. The most important industries include: the production of televisions (Lvov, Kiev, Kharkov, Simferopol), instruments and instruments (Kyiv, Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Odessa, Lvov). Of particular importance is the electrical industry, whose enterprises produce a variety of machines and devices designed for the production, transmission, conversion and consumption of electricity. The most powerful enterprises are concentrated in Kharkov (plants "Elektrotyazhmash", electrotechnical, "Elektromashina"), Zaporozhye (transformer plant), as well as plants in Kyiv, Poltava, Lvov.

When placing machine-building enterprises in Ukraine, they are guided by: 1) large economic centers, which are characterized by the most favorable economic and natural conditions; 2) specialized economic regions and zones; 3) certain cells in a limited area, where the processes of complex formation are intensive; 4) small and medium-sized cities of all economic regions of the country. As a result of the placement of objects, the territorial structure of the machine-building complex is formed (Fig. 2.6).

The territorial structure is changing under the influence of technical, economic, socio-political and natural factors. Integration and complex formation in mechanical engineering is the reason for the complication of the territorial structure of production, in particular, the formation of complex functional machine-building complexes of inter-district significance in economic regions.

The concentration of machine-building enterprises may take the form of machine-building centers, centers, hubs, agglomerations and districts. All of them act as elements of the territorial structure of the machine-building complex. The simplest in composition is the machine-building center, which houses one or more enterprises. The share of points in the total production of products of the machine-building complex is insignificant.

As a result of the concentration of machine-building enterprises in medium and large cities, machine-building centers and nodes are being formed.

If the machine-building center unites several medium or large machine-building facilities, they act as parts of the industrial complex of the city, then the machine-building center is a system of interconnected enterprises in one or several nearby cities with a common industrial "service" (single infrastructure sectors). Most often, machine-building units are formed on the basis of the development of those centers in which ma-

Rice. 2.6. V

tire manufacturing is a specialized industry. If the concentration of engineering enterprises in nodes reaches the highest level on the basis of a single infrastructure, a powerful industrial and scientific base, then a continuous industrial landscape arises - a machine-building agglomeration.

Mechanical engineering becomes dominant, it determines the economic and social structure of the agglomeration industrial formation. More than two thirds of mechanical engineering is concentrated in machine-building units and agglomerations of Ukraine. They are an objective basis for the separation of machine-building regions and regional machine-building systems. District systems are continuous, that is, they include all machine-building enterprises in a certain area. By forming such systems in modern conditions, it is possible to streamline the production-territorial relations of machine-building enterprises.

Among the largest machine-building units, there are: Kharkov, Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Odessa, Lvov, Lugansk, Kramatorsk and others. Machine-building regions cover large territories. they are distinguished within several administrative regions that have a territorial community and are characterized by the complexity of the development of mechanical engineering. These are, in particular, such machine-building regions of Ukraine: Northeastern(Kharkiv), which includes Kharkov, Poltava, Sumy regions; Pridneprovsky(Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Kirovohrad regions); Central(Kyiv, Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy regions); West(Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Volyn, Rivne, Transcarpathian regions), Podolsky(Vinnitsa, Khmelnytsky, Ternopil, Chernivtsi regions); Southern(Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea).

In the machine-building complex, which determines the development and technical progress of other sectors of the Ukrainian economy, structural restructuring should be carried out, primarily through the priority areas of industrial and scientific and technical policy in industries characterized by high export potential. However, for last years the rate of production of machine-building products decreased. Most of the products turned out to be uncompetitive in the domestic and foreign markets due to their high cost.

The difficult state of mechanical engineering and metalworking is expressed by the dynamics of their production volumes, which in 2010 amounted to 34% of the annual pre-crisis level. In 2010, all branches of the machine-building complex, except for mining and ore mining, chemical and petrochemical engineering, produced more products than in the previous year (Table 2.7).

The existing structure of mechanical engineering in Ukraine is characterized by the predominance of metal-intensive industries with insufficient development of science-intensive ones. This has a negative impact on the development of the machine-building complex, primarily on economic indicators. A gradual increase in the efficiency and quality of the work of enterprises of the machine-building complex will occur through structural restructuring and improvement of the territorial organization, the formation of closed technological chains on the territory of the state and economic regions.

In order to improve the territorial organization of the machine-building complex, it is necessary to pay special attention to the formation of regional territorial systems of machine-building enterprises that are associated with intersectoral complexes that are a priority during the period of structural transformations in the Ukrainian economy. In this regard, it is of decisive importance to expand the production of machinery and equipment for the gas producing and oil refining industries of Ukraine and equipment for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex. The second priority area is the development of specialized complexes that can produce products for the foreign market and strengthen the role of Ukrainian industry in foreign economic relations. Such complexes include science-intensive high-tech industries of aircraft, ship and instrument making.

Table 2.7. V

The concept of the machine-building complex and forms of organization of production

Definition 1

Machine building complex - a set of industries and industries that are engaged in the production of machines and mechanisms.

The complex includes about $19$ of large industries and sub-sectors that produce both the means of production and consumer goods, household appliances. Mechanical engineering belongs to the top three industries that determine the nature and pace of scientific and technological revolution. The more perfect the means of production (machines and mechanisms), the more efficient production.

Mechanical engineering is characterized by such forms of organization of production as specialization, cooperation, concentration.

Definition 2

Specialization is the production of homogeneous products by the enterprise or the performance of similar operations.

Specialization can be subject and stage-by-stage (stage-by-stage, operational). Thanks to specialization, there is an increase in the production of the quantity of products, an improvement in its quality and a reduction in cost.

Definition 3

cooperation - this is a form of organization of production in which several enterprises are combined on the basis of specialization to produce finished products.

It is widely used in the automotive and aircraft industries.

Definition 4

Concentration - this is a form of organization of production in which many types of production are concentrated in one enterprise, enterprises are enlarged.

The structure of the machine-building complex of Russia

The machine-building complex of Russia has a complex and branched branch structure. The geography of engineering enterprises depends on many factors and is determined by the characteristics of the finished product.

The raw material for the machine-building complex is metallurgy products. The complex itself is divided into mechanical engineering and metalworking.

Mechanical engineering products are divided into two groups - group "A" - means of production and group "B" - consumer goods.

The most famous and main components of the machine-building complex are:

• heavy, power and transport engineering;
• electrical industry;
• chemical and oil engineering;
• machine tool and tool industry;
• instrumentation;
• tractor and agricultural engineering;
• mechanical engineering for light and food industries.

The sectoral structure is undergoing changes under the influence of scientific and technological revolution and social and political processes.

Features and significance of the machine-building complex of Russia

A large share of Russian engineering products is intended for the military-industrial complex and the agro-industrial complex. An important role is played by the branches of the electric power and electrical industries, the production of computer technology, instrument making and machine tool building.