Maxim Gorky Lesson - presentation The life and creative destiny of Maxim Gorky. A.M. Gorky

Early romantic works of A.M. Gorky

Presentation for 11th grade students

“So, to the question: why did I start writing? - I answer: by the force of pressure on me“ painfully poor life ”... A.M. Gorky

• “The first reason made me try to bring into the “poor” life such fictions, “fictions”, as “The Tale of the Falcon and Already”, “The Legend of the Burning Heart”, “Petrel” ...
• Revolutionary forebodings introduced into the writer's work the heroism of the struggle, the pathos of the assertion of a free man. The rebellious pathos of Gorky's early works was clothed in the form of allegorical fairy tales and poems.
• “This inclination towards fantasy ... manifests itself in art as an inclination towards romance ...”
• V. Vorovsky

• a dream that was ahead of reality
• Romantic legacy of Gorky in the 90s:
• 1. "Makar Chudra" - 1892

• 2. "Girl and Death" 1892

• 4. “About the siskin who lied, and about the woodpecker-lover of truth” - 1893.
• 5. "Old Woman Izergil" -1894
• 6. "Song of the Falcon" - 1895
• 7. "Khan and his son" -1986

"Girl and Death"

The girl stands before Death, boldly

Expecting a terrible blow.

Death mutters - the victim regretted:

• Look, you're so young!

What did you rude to the king there?

I'll kill you for this!

• Do not be angry, - the girl answered, -

Why are you angry with me?

Kissed me for the first time dear

Under a bush of green elderberry, -

Was I up to the king at that time?

Well, the king, for sin, is fleeing from the war.

I tell him, the king,

Get out of here, father!

Well, as if I say

And - look, it turned out - how bad!

Well?! From Death there is nowhere to go;

It can be seen that I will die without loving.

Death! I beg you with my heart -

Give me another kiss!

Death is silent thoughtfully and sternly,

He sees, do not interrupt this song for her!

More beautiful than the sun - there is no god in the world,

There is no fire - the fire of love is more wonderful!

There is no more earth or sky.

And the soul is full of unearthly power,

And an unearthly light burns in the soul.

No more fear of Fate.

And neither God nor people are needed!

Like a child, I am happy with myself,

And love admires itself!

For romantic works M. Gorky is characterized by the brightness of colors, juicy metaphor.

• Portrait of Loiko

“The mustache fell on the shoulders and laughed

tossed around with curls, eyes like

clear stars burn, and smile

ka - the whole sun, by golly!

as if it was forged from one

a piece of iron along with a horse."

• “About her, this Rudd, you can’t say in words
• Nothing. Maybe her beauty could be
• to play the violin, and even then to the one who this violin,
• how he sees his soul.

Compositionally, early works are built as a story within a story.

opening story

2nd story

Presentation done Russian teacher and literature Gavrilova Tatiana Vladimirovna MKOU "Sosnovskaya secondary school"

Slides captions:

(1868 – 1936)

"House of Kashirin"
Kazan University



I.E. Repin
L.Andreev
A.I. Kuprin
L.N. Tolstoy
A.P. Chekhov and M. Gorky

1918

Slides captions:

(1868 – 1936)
Prose writer, publicist, founder socialist realism
Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) A. M. Peshkov was born on March 16 (28), 1868 Nizhny Novgorod in a petty-bourgeois family. At the age of 3 he lost his father, at the age of 11 - his mother; was brought up in the family of his grandfather Vasily Kashirin.
"House of Kashirin"
Kazan University
In the summer of 1884, Gorky went to Kazan, hoping to enter Kazan University; but there was not enough money. Active participation in student circles, enthusiasm for revolutionary ideas, conflicts with the police. Gorky's working life began at the age of 11, after graduating from a vocational school: a "boy" in a shoe store, an apprentice in a drawing and icon-painting workshop, a crockery on a steamboat, a gardener's assistant; later - fish and salt trades, a railway watchman, work in repair shops ... Early hardships, wanderings around Rus' (Volga, Bessarabia, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus), communication with tramps taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. Gorky started as a provincial newspaperman (published under the pseudonyms Yehudiel Khlamida, A.P., M.G., Taras Oparin, “A-a!”, etc.). In 1892, the story "Makar Chudra" appeared in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" under the pseudonym - M. Gorky.
In 1895, thanks to the help of V. Korolenko, he was published in the popular magazine "Russian Wealth" (the story "Chelkash"). 1895 - "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon".
Start literary activity Early stories Gorky are romantic in nature: The hero is a proud, strong, freedom-loving, lonely person, the destroyer of the sleepy vegetation of the majority. “You yourself become better with such a person” (“Makar Chudra”) The situation is unusual, exotic. romantic landscape. Romantic double world perfect world the hero is opposed to the real, far from the romantic ideal.
In 1896, Gorky married Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina.
“a meaningful picture of modernity”, against the background of which “an energetic healthy man...».
1897 - 1898 - works in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf". 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (the book was published in St. Petersburg and was a huge success) 1899 - the story "Foma Gordeev" - V. Veresaev
I.E. Repin
L.Andreev
In 1899 Gorky moved to Petersburg. Acquaintance with Veresaev, Mikhailovsky, I. Repin. Since 1900 he lives in Moscow; meets L. Andreev, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin.
A.I. Kuprin
L.N. Tolstoy
A.P. Chekhov and M. Gorky
In 1902 he was elected to the honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature (the title was canceled by the government).
Since 1901, M. Gorky has been the head of the Znanie publishing house. Plays: 1901 - "Petty Bourgeois" 1902 - "At the Bottom" 1904 - "Summer Residents" 1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" 1906 - "Enemies" The pinnacle of early creativity is the play "At the Bottom" (staged by Stanislavsky). In 1905, Gorky joined the RSDLP; actively cooperates with the Bolsheviks; participates in the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. (Arrests in 1905, 1907) In 1905 he met Lenin. 1906 - 1913 - emigration to Capri. Creates works: The story "Confession" (1908) The novel "Mother", the story "The Town of Okurov" (1909) The story "Childhood" (1913-1914) (1916- "In people ”, 1923 - “My Universities”) A cycle of stories “Across Russia” (1912-1917) “Tales about Italy” (1913) Reads a course on the history of Russian literature at a party school for workers. First World War heavily affected state of mind Gorky. How will we live then? What will this horror bring us? What will now save my soul from hatred for people? M. Gorky, 1914
In 1913, after the announcement of a political amnesty in connection with the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, Gorky returned to Russia, to St. Petersburg. together with Ladyzhnikov and Tikhonov, he organizes the Parus publishing house, publishes the Letopis magazine, in 1917 - the newspaper New life» February and October revolution Gorky perceives 1917 ambiguously. He accuses Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. Revolution for Gorky is a rebellion, an unprepared experiment of the Bolsheviks, a general catastrophe. “The Russian people will pay for this with lakes of blood ...”
1918
Gorky unfolds energetic activities to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions. “More than a dozen people owe him life and freedom” (E.I. Zamyatin) Publishing house “ world literature»Commission for the Improvement of the Life of ScientistsOpening the House of Scientists and the House of ArtsWrites petitions for those arrested. Sorrento
The second emigration to Italy (1921 - 1928) "Stories of 1922 - 1924" The novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925) "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925 - 1936) "Literary portraits" about Korolenko, Chekhov and others. Gorky leads a wide public literary activity, creates new magazines, heads the Union of Writers of the USSR (1934). Gorky's journalism of the 30s is the "solemn anthem" of the USSR, Stalin and the revolutionary proletariat.
1928, 1933 - return to the USSR. “They have very big goals. And that justifies everything for me.” (M. Gorky) In 1931, Gorky was given a mansion on Nikitskaya Street in Moscow (Ryabushinsky's house)
Last years Gorky's life is tragic. On the one hand, the favor of the authorities, "friendship" with Stalin, high reward(Order of Lenin, 1932); on the other hand, careful control over correspondence, contacts, and trips. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936. The meaning of M. Gorky's work Gorky came to literature at the moment when the crisis of the old critical realism and began to outlive themselves themes and plots great literature 19th century The tragic note, which was always present in the works of the famous Russian classics and gave their work a special - mournful, suffering flavor, no longer aroused the former upsurge in society, but only caused pessimism. There was an urgent need for a new goodie, and Gorky was the first to respond to it - he brought out on the pages of his stories, novels and plays the Man-Wrestler, the Man capable of Overcoming the Evil of the World. His cheerful, hopeful voice sounded loud and confident in the stale atmosphere of Russian timelessness and boredom. No one in Russian literature before him created such a passionate and sublime hymn to the glory of Man. "Man, that's the truth! ...It's huge! In this - all beginnings and ends ... Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! That sounds... proud!” “Gorky remained wholeheartedly connected with the fate of the oppressed and those fighting for liberation. This preserved his creative powers and ensured the immortality of his works. Gorky expanded the area literary creativity, opened new paths and perspectives for world literature. He gave new topics and a new reader. Gorky was the first to introduce into literature, as its heroes, representatives of that class that had not been represented in literature before. G.Mann

slide 1

Maksim Gorky

The work was completed by: Shestakova Natalya, a student of the 11th grade. The work was checked by: teacher Melnikova S.V.

slide 2

145 years since the birth of Maxim Gorky 100 years of the story "Childhood"

Our work is about the life and work of the great writer. Work with the aim of calling for creative activity, for self-education, for learning. An example of how, despite poverty and lack of rights, childhood misfortunes and humiliation, a person can remain a Human…

The history of human labor and creativity is much more interesting and significant than the history of man - a man dies before he has lived even hundreds of years, but his work lives for centuries. Maksim Gorky

slide 3

"I did not expect help from outside and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance environment» M.Gorky

Biography

slide 4

Real name - Alexey Peshkov. Born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of Maxim Peshkov, a cabinetmaker, and a bourgeois Varvara Kashirina. The father of the future writer died in Astrakhan in 1871. The mother was forced to return to the house of her father, Vasily Kashirin, where Gorky spent his childhood.

Childhood was rather bleak, as the grandfather, Vasily Kashirin, was very religious, brutally despotic and painfully stingy.

slide 5

The mother considered her son the cause of his father's death and gave him to the care of his grandfather, who began the upbringing of the child with a psalter and a book of hours. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, and grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly - she replaced her mother, "saturating", in the words of Gorky himself, "strong strength for a difficult life."

Slide 7

creative way

“I am sure that childhood makes a person a writer, the ability to early age see and feel everything that then gives him the right to take up the pen ... "V. Rasputin

Slide 9

In 1901 - 1902. wrote his first plays "Petty Bourgeois" and "At the Bottom" For active participation in the revolutionary events of 1905, Gorky was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress. 1906 - departure to Italy, to Capri, where he lived until 1913, where the story "Confession" and the cycle "Tales of Italy" were written. 1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he writes "Childhood". 1914 - the story "In People" was written. In 1915 he founded the journal "Chronicle", led the literary department of the journal.

Street them. Maxim Gorky in the city of Capri

Slide 10

1934 - Maxim Gorky acts as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers. June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow.

1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially - to Germany, to be treated, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. 1923 - "My Universities" 1928 - homecoming

slide 11

Rudeness and ignorance provincial life poisoned his soul, but also - paradoxically - gave rise to faith in Man and his potentialities. All his works are filled with this faith.

The story "Childhood"

slide 12

1913 - "Childhood" 1914 - "In People" 1925 - "My Universities" The story "Childhood" is the story of a child's soul, greedily and excitedly comprehending life.

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Slides captions:

Maxim Gorky Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868 - 1936)

Origin Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - son of a soldier, cabinetmaker, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-79), was the daughter Nizhny Novgorod merchant. Died of consumption.

Childhood Alexei Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. The writer's childhood passed in his grandfather's house. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, the grandmother introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced the mother, “saturating”, according to Gorky himself, “strong strength for a difficult life” (“Childhood”).

Education 1877 - 1879 - Alexei Peshkov studies at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go "to the people." 1879 - 1884 - Aleksey changes places of "training" one by one. First, he was an apprentice shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then an apprentice in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting workshop. Finally, he becomes a cook on a steamboat that sailed along the Volga.

Failures and wanderings December 1887 - a streak of life's failures leads Peshkov to attempt suicide. 1888 - 1891 - Alexei Peshkov wanders around Russia in search of work and impressions. He passes through the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus. He manages to make contacts in creative environment. Wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in early work writer, when the heroes of his works were the people of the “bottom”.

Gorky's early works On September 12, 1892, Peshkov's story "Makar Chudra" was first published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz". The work was signed "Maxim Gorky". 1893 - 1895 - Gorky's stories are often published in the Volga press. During these years, the following were written: "Chelkash", "Revenge", "Old Woman Izergil", "Emelyan Pilyai", "Conclusion", "Song of the Falcon".

Pseudonyms Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, of which there were about 30 in total. The most famous of them are: "A.P.", "M.G.", "Ah!" Chlamys”, “Taras Oparin”, etc.

Family and work 1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily under the heading "By the way", signing himself "Jehudiel Khlamida". At the same time, in Samarskaya Gazeta, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office. 1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married. 1896 - 1897 - Gorky works at home, in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf". 1897 - Gorky's tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to the Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. The same year - the writer's son Maxim is born.

First arrest April 1901 - Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and imprisoned for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer stays under arrest for a month, after which he is released under house arrest, and then exiled to Arzamas. In the same year, the “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities.

Triumph 1902 - the plays "At the Bottom" and "Petty Bourgeois" were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of "At the Bottom" staged by Stanislavsky takes place with an unprecedented triumph.

Gorky and the Revolution 1905 - Gorky actively participates in the revolution, he is closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time, together with a group of intellectuals, on the eve of Bloody Sunday, he visits S.Yu. Witte and tries to prevent the tragedy. After the revolution, he is arrested (participation in the preparation of a coup d'état is incriminated), but both the Russian and European cultural environment speak out in defense of the writer. Gorky is released.

Emigrant Early 1906 - Gorky emigrates from Russia. He travels to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia. 1907 - The novel "Mother" is published in America. In London, at the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov.

Life on Capri End 1906 - 1913 - Maxim Gorky permanently lives on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the novels “Summer”, “The Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.

Return 1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he writes "Childhood". 1915 - the novel "In People" was written. Gorky begins publishing the Chronicle magazine.

Disagreements with new government 1917 - after the Revolution, Gorky finds himself in a dual position: on the one hand, he stands for the incoming power, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to deal not with the class struggle, but with the culture of the masses ... At the same time, the writer begins to work in a publishing house "World Literature", founds the newspaper "New Life".

Challenge to Lenin The end of the 1910s - Gorky's relationship with the new government is gradually aggravated. In 1918, the Novaya Zhizn newspaper published a series of articles Untimely Thoughts”, where he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people cruel, "bestial", and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious attitude of the Bolsheviks towards this people.

Flight from the Bolsheviks 1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially - to Germany, to be treated, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lives in Germany and Czechoslovakia. 1921 - 1922 - Gorky actively publishes his articles in German magazines ("The Vocation of the Writer and Russian Literature of Our Time", "Russian Cruelty", "Intelligentsia and Revolution"). They all say the same thing - Gorky cannot accept what happened in Russia; he still seeks to unite Russian artists abroad.

Moving to Sorrento 1923 - Gorky writes "My Universities". 1925 - work begins on the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed. The novel "The Artamonov Case" was written. Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of that time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal search for Russian prose of the 20s. Mid-1920s - Maxim Gorky moved to Sorrento (Italy).

USSR, Moscow, NKVD 1928 - Gorky travels to the USSR. All summer he travels around the country. The writer's impressions were reflected in the book "On the Union of Soviets" (1929). 1931 - Gorky moves to Moscow. 1934 - Maxim Gorky acts as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. May of the same year - Gorky's son Maxim was killed. According to one version, this was done on the initiative of the NKVD.

Death June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow. The writer fell ill and took to his bed. And soon an expensive candy bonbonniere with a silk ribbon appeared at the bedside of the patient - a sign of attention from the Kremlin. Not only Gorky treated himself to sweets, but two more orderlies were with him. An hour later, all three were dead.

Honorary funeral Professor Pletnev, who treated Alexei Maksimovich, was first sentenced to death for the murder of the famous writer, then the death penalty was commuted to twenty-five years in the camps. It was humane for a man who had no idea about the fatal candy box. P.P. Kryuchkov, an NKVD officer, pleaded guilty. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.

Alexei Maksimovich Gorky (1868 -1936)

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Writer's childhood

• Father - Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, a cabinetmaker, worked in the workshop of the Volga Shipping Company, died of cholera.
• Mother - Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-1879) - from the middle class; widowed, she soon remarried. Died of a fast-moving consumption.
• Childhood passed in the grandfather's family, after the ruin of a teenager, he began hard life"in people", served as a "boy" at the store, a crockery on a steamer, a student in an icon-painting workshop.

… Kazan is my favorite “university”

• Kazan "universities": random day labor, a janitor, a gardener, a laborer, a loader on the quay, life in bunkhouses, among " former people”, exhausting work in a bakery, work in a bakery, communication with progressive, revolutionary-minded youth, visiting student circles, illegal meetings, studying populist theories, the first acquaintance with Marxism, the first spiritual dramas ...
• “Physically, I was born in Nizhny Novgorod. But spiritually, in Kazan.”

"Walking in Rus'" - 1888

• From Samara he "hare" reached the shores of the Caspian Sea, wandered around the Mozdok steppe, came to Tsaritsyn, then went to Yasnaya Polyana to Tolstoy, returned to Nizhny Novgorod.
• “My walk in Rus' was not caused by the desire for vagrancy, but by the desire to see where I live, what kind of people are around me”

Life lessons

• At the age of twenty I began to understand that I saw, experienced, heard a lot of things that should and even need to be told to people. It seemed to me that I felt something differently than others; this embarrassed me and set me up uneasily, talkatively... During these years I was already considered a good storyteller, loaders, bakers, "tramps", carpenters, railway workers listened attentively to me.

Personal life

• In his youth, he decided to commit suicide, leaving a sadly ironic note:
• “I ask you to blame me for my death German poet Heine, who invented a toothache in the heart ... "
• Fate did not endow Gorky with a phenomenon happy love. IN different years and with different duration he was in a family union with O.Yu.Kamenskaya, E.P. Volzhina, (mother of his two children: Maxim and Ekaterina), M.F.Andreeva.

... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance to the environment

• The first published story was Makar Chudra in 1892.
• It is published in Samarskaya Gazeta under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida. In 1895, the stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “Conclusion”, “On the Rafts”, “Two Tramps”, “My Companion”, “Once in the Autumn” and others were published.

Aesthetic declaration of the writer

• Oh, if a stern and loving person with a fiery heart and a mighty all-encompassing mind! In the stuffiness of shameful silence, prophetic words would be heard, like bells, and, perhaps, the contemptible souls of the living dead would tremble.
• “Well, falcon, do you want to tell me one story? And you remember her and - as you remember, - you will be a free bird forever.

Flame of the heart

• I watched for a long time how the embers of the fire smoldered: at first, the bright and large coal gradually became smaller, covered with ashes and disappeared under it. And soon there was nothing left of the fire but a warm smell. I looked and thought: “So are we all ... If only it would flare up brighter!”

Man... That's the truth!

• The play "At the bottom" - 1902
• Gorky summed up his long-term observations of the life of "former people", "Golden-Morners", tramps.

Now a perfect man is not needed, a fighter, a worker, an avenger is needed. We will improve later, when we settle scores.

• The novel "Mother" - 1906.
• Gorky, after his arrest, goes abroad: Lives in America, Italy.
• The thought of "fighter and avenger" ends with a yearning for "respect and trust"

The novel "Mother" "The world process, as the procession of children to the truth"

• Children go to the new sun ... Our children, doomed themselves to suffering for all people

"Untimely Thoughts"

• In 1918, Gorky took part in the publication of the newspaper Novaya Zhizn. The newspaper enters into a debate with the Bolsheviks, who put the issue of an armed uprising on the agenda. The writer is convinced that Russia is not yet ready for decisive social transformations. The newspaper is closed. In 1921, the writer was forced to go abroad for treatment. Returns to Russia in 1931.