Chernyshevsky N.G. Key dates of life and creativity

Chronicle of life and work
Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky
(1828-1889)

1828 — July 12 (24)- at the Saratov archpriest, dean member of the consistory Gavriil Ivanovich Chernyshevsky son Nicholas is born.

The father of Nikolai Gavrilovich is the son of a deacon from the village of Chernysheva, Chembarsky district, Penza province. He received his surname when he entered the Penza seminary by the name of his native village. After the death of the Saratov Archpriest of the Sergius Church E. I. Golubev, at the insistence of the governor, appoint the deceased " best student"from among those who graduated from the seminary (at that time, Chernyshevsky's father worked as a teacher at the seminary), moves to Saratov and becomes a new archpriest and marries the daughter of the deceased - Evgenia Egorovna Golubeva- mother of Nikolai Gavrilovich.

1835 — summer- Beginning of studies under the guidance of his father.

1836 — December - Chernyshevsky entered the Saratov Theological School.

1842 — September- Chernyshevsky is enrolled in the Saratov Theological Seminary.

1846 — May - Chernyshevsky moved from Saratov to St. Petersburg to enter the university. This summer, Chernyshevsky successfully passes his exams and enters the historical and philological department of the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University. IN august, after the start of classes at the university, Chernyshevsky met the poet M. L. Mikhailov, a future revolutionary and employee of Sovremennik.

1848 - since the spring of this year, Chernyshevsky begins to take an interest in the course of revolutionary events in the countries Western Europe in particular in France. After meeting and communicating with the Petrashevist A. V. Khanykov begins to study the works of the French utopian socialist Fourier. Conversations with Khanykov strengthen Chernyshevsky in his thoughts about the proximity and inevitability of a revolution in Russia.

1850 - after graduating from the university, Chernyshevsky became a teacher of literature in the 2nd St. Petersburg Cadet Corps.

1851-1853 - Having received an appointment at the Saratov gymnasium as a senior teacher of Russian literature, Chernyshevsky moved to Saratov in the spring of 1851. In 1853 he met there with O. S. Vasilyeva whom he will soon marry. IN May goes with her to Petersburg. Begins cooperation with the journal "Domestic Notes". Works on master's thesis "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality". Secondary admission as a teacher of literature in the 2nd Petersburg cadet corps. autumn Chernyshevsky meets N. A. Nekrasov and begins working at Sovremennik.

1854 - Chernyshevsky's articles are published in the Sovremennik magazine: about novels and short stories M. Avdeeva, "On Sincerity in Criticism", on comedy A. N. Ostrovsky"Poverty is not a vice", etc.

1855 — May- defense of Chernyshevsky's master's thesis "Aesthetic relations of art to reality" at the university. Issue 12 of Sovremennik publishes Chernyshevsky's first article from the cycle Essays on the Gogol Period of Russian Literature.

1856 - acquaintance and friendship with N. A. Dobrolyubov. N. A. Nekrasov, going abroad for treatment, transfers his editorial rights to Sovremennik to Chernyshevsky.

1857 — No. 6 of Sovremennik publishes an article on the Provincial Essays M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In second half of the year Chernyshevsky, having transferred the literary-critical department of the journal to Dobrolyubov, begins to develop philosophical, historical, political and economic questions on the pages of Sovremennik, in particular, the question of the forthcoming liberation of the peasants from serfdom.

1858 - Chernyshevsky becomes the editor of the Military Collection. Sovremennik No. 1 published an article entitled Cavaignac, in which he harshly denounces the liberals for betraying the cause of the people. In No. 2 of Sovremennik, an article "On the new conditions of rural life" is published. In the magazine "Atenei" (part III, No. 18) an article "Russian man on rendez-vous" was published. In No. 12 of Sovremennik there is an article "Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices Against Communal Ownership".

1859 - in the journal Sovremennik (from No. 3) Chernyshevsky begins to publish systematic reviews of the European political life under the heading "Politics". IN June Chernyshevsky goes to London to A. I. Herzen for an explanation about the article “Very dangerous!” (“Very dangerous!”), published in The Bell. Upon returning from London, he leaves for Saratov. IN September returns to Petersburg.

1860 - in No. 1 of Sovremennik Chernyshevsky's article "Capital and Labor" is published. From the second issue of Sovremennik, his translation of the Foundations of Political Economy begins to appear. J. S. Mill followed by deep critical commentary. Issue 4 of Sovremennik published Chernyshevsky's article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy", which is one of the most famous declarations of materialism in Russian literature.

1861 - a trip to Moscow to attend a meeting of St. Petersburg and Moscow editors on the issue of problems and mitigation of censorship. No. 6 of Sovremennik publishes the article "Polemical Beauties"—Chernyshevsky's original response to the attacks of reactionary and liberal writers on his article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy." IN august well-known provocateur Vsevolod Kostomarov passes through his brother to the Third Department two handwritten proclamations: "To the Barsk Peasants" (author N. G. Chernyshevsky) and "Russian Soldiers" (author N. V. Shelgunov). In autumn, according to an eyewitness A. A. Sleptsova, Chernyshevsky discusses activities to organize secret society"Land and freedom". The police set up systematic surveillance of Chernyshevsky and gave secret instructions to the governors not to issue a passport to Chernyshevsky.

1862 - Chernyshevsky is present at the opening of the Chess Club in St. Petersburg, which had the goal of uniting representatives of the progressive public of the capital. Censorship forbids the publication of Chernyshevsky's "Letters without an Address", since the article contains sharp criticism of the peasant "reform" and the socio-political picture of life in Russia. IN March Chernyshevsky speaking at literary evening in the Ruadze hall with a reading on the topic “Acquaintance with Dobrolyubov”. In June, Sovremennik is closed for eight months. July 7 Chernyshevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

1864 — May 19 a public "civil execution" of Chernyshevsky took place on Mytninskaya Square in St. Petersburg and a subsequent exile to Siberia. IN august Chernyshevsky arrives at the Kadainsky mine (Transbaikalia).

1865-1868 - the period of work on the novel "Prologue of the Prologue", "Levitsky's Diary" and "Prologue".

1866 — in August O. S. Chernyshevskaya with son Michael arrives in Kadai for a meeting with N. G. Chernyshevsky. IN September Chernyshevsky was sent from the Kadainsky mine to the Aleksandrovsky plant.

1871 — in February revolutionary populist arrested in Irkutsk German Lopatin, who came to Russia from London with the aim of releasing Chernyshevsky. IN december Chernyshevsky is transferred from the Aleksandrovsky plant to Vilyuysk.

1875 - attempt I. N. Myshkina release Chernyshevsky.

1883 Chernyshevsky is being sent from Vilyuysk to Astrakhan under police supervision.

1884-1888 - in Astrakhan, Chernyshevsky conducts a great literary activity. He wrote "Memoirs of Turgenev's relationship to Dobrolyubov", articles "Character human knowledge”, “The Origin of the Theory of Beneficence of the Struggle for Life”, prepared “Materials for the biography of Dobrolyubov”, translated from German language eleven volumes of the "General History" G. Weber.

1889 - Chernyshevsky is allowed to move to Saratov, where he goes to end of June.

October 17 (29) Chernyshevsky, after a short illness, dies of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Places of residence in St. Petersburg:

June 19 - August 20, 1846 — tenement house Prilutsky - Embankment of the Ekaterininsky Canal (now - Griboyedov Canal), 44;

August 21-December 7, 1846— profitable house of Vyazemsky — Ekaterininsky Canal Embankment (now — Griboyedov Canal), 38, apt. 47;

1847-1848 - Frideriks' house - Vladimirskaya street, 13;

1848- Solovyov's apartment building - Voznesensky Prospekt, 41;

September 20, 1849 - February 10, 1850- apartment of L. N. Tersinskaya in the apartment building of I. V. Koshansky - Bolshaya Konyushennaya street, 15, apt. 8;

1853-1854 - I. I. Vvedensky's apartment in Borodina's apartment building - Embankment of the Zhdanovka River, 7;

Late June 1860 - June 7, 1861— profitable house of V. F. Gromov — 2nd line of Vasilyevsky Island, 13, apt. 7;

June 8, 1861 - July 7, 1862— profitable house of Esaulova — Bolshaya Moskovskaya street, 6, apt. 4.

Works by N. G. Chernyshevsky

Novels

1862-1863 - What to do? From stories about new people.

1863 - Stories in stories (unfinished).

1867-1870 - Prologue. A novel from the early sixties (unfinished).

Tale

1863 - Alferyev.

1864 - Small stories.

Literary criticism

1850 - About the "Foreman" Fonvizin. PhD work.

1854 - On sincerity in criticism.

1854 - Songs of different nations.

1854 - Poverty is not a vice. Comedy by A. Ostrovsky.

1855 - Pushkin's works.

1855-1856 - Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature.

1856 - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. His life and writings.

1856 - Koltsov's poems.

1856 - Poems by N. Ogarev.

1856 - Collection of poems by V. Benediktov.

1856 - Childhood and adolescence. Military stories of Count L. N. Tolstoy.

1856 - Essays from peasant life A. F. Pisemsky.

1857 - Lessing. His time, his life and work.

1857 - " Provincial essays» Shchedrin.

1857 - Works by V. Zhukovsky.

1857 - Poems by N. Shcherbina.

1857 - "Letters about Spain" by V. P. Botkin.

1858 - Russian man on rendez-vous. Reflections on reading the story of Mr. Turgenev "Asya".

1860 - Collection of miracles, stories borrowed from mythology.

1861 - Is not the beginning of a change? Stories by N. V. Uspensky. Two parts.

Publicism

1856 - Review historical development rural community in Russia Chicherin.

1856 - "Russian conversation" and its direction.

1857 - "Russian conversation" and Slavophilism.

1857 - On land ownership.

1858 - Farming system.

1858 - Cavaignac.

1859 - Materials for solving the peasant question.

1859 - Superstition and the rules of logic.

1859 - Capital and labor.

1859-1862 - Politics. Monthly surveys of foreign political life.

1860 - History of civilization in Europe from the fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution.

1861 - Political and economic letters to the President of the United States of America G. K. Carey.

1861 - On the causes of the fall of Rome.

1861 - Count Cavour.

1861 - To the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.

1862 - In gratitude Letter to Mr. Z<ари>Well.

1862 - Letters without an address.

1861 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Obituary.

1878 - Letter to the sons A. N. and M. N. Chernyshevsky.

Memoirs

1883 - Memories of Nekrasov.

1884-1888 - Materials for the biography of N. A. Dobrolyubov, collected in 1861-1862.

1884-1888 - Memories of Turgenev's relationship to Dobrolyubov and the break in friendship between Turgenev and Nekrasov.

Philosophy and aesthetics

1854 — critical eye to modern aesthetic concepts.

1855 - Aesthetic relationship of art to reality. Master's dissertation.

1855 - Sublime and comic.

1855 - The nature of human knowledge.

1858 - Criticism of philosophical prejudices against common ownership.

1860 - Anthropological principle in philosophy. "Essays on questions of practical philosophy". Composition by P. L. Lavrov.

1888 - The origin of the theory of beneficence of the struggle for life. Preface to some treatises on botany, zoology and the sciences of human life.

Translations

1860 — D. S. Mill's Foundations of Political Economy. With your notes.

1884-1888 - "The General History of G. Weber". With articles and comments.

Writer, philosopher and journalist Nikolai Chernyshevsky was popular during his lifetime in a narrow circle of readers. With the advent of Soviet power, his works (especially the novel What Is to Be Done?) became textbooks. Today his name is one of the symbols of Russian literature XIX century.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, whose biography began in Saratov, was born into the family of a provincial priest. The father himself was engaged in the education of the child. From him, Chernyshevsky was transferred to religiosity, which faded away in his student years, when the young man became interested in revolutionary ideas. From childhood, Kolenka read a lot and swallowed book after book, which surprised everyone around him.

In 1843 he entered the theological seminary of Saratov, but, without graduating from it, he continued his education at the University of St. Petersburg. Chernyshevsky, whose biography was associated with humanities, chose the Faculty of Philosophy.

At the university, the future writer was formed. He became a utopian socialist. His ideology was influenced by members of the circle of Irinarkh Vvedensky, with whom the student talked and argued a lot. At the same time, he began his literary activity. First works of art were only a practice and remained unpublished.

Teacher and journalist

Having received an education, Chernyshevsky, whose biography was now connected with pedagogy, became a teacher. He taught in Saratov, and then returned to the capital. In the same years, he met his wife Olga Vasilyeva. The wedding took place in 1853.

The beginning of Chernyshevsky's journalistic activity was connected with Petersburg. In the same 1853, he began to publish in the newspapers Otechestvennye Zapiski and St. Petersburg Vedomosti. But most of all, Nikolai Gavrilovich was known as a member of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine. There were several circles of writers, each of which defended its position.

Work at Sovremennik

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, whose biography was already known in the literary environment of the capital, became closest to Dobrolyubov and Nekrasov. These authors were passionate about the revolutionary ideas they wanted to express in Sovremennik.

A few years earlier, civil riots had erupted across Europe, echoing through Russia. For example, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by the bourgeoisie in Paris. And in Austria, the nationalist movement of the Hungarians was suppressed only after Nicholas I came to the rescue of the emperor, who sent several regiments to Budapest. The tsar, whose reign began with the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, was afraid of revolutions and increased censorship in Russia.

This caused concern among the liberals in Sovremennik. They Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin and others) did not want the journal to be radicalized.

Chernyshevsky's activities increasingly attracted the attention of the state and officials responsible for censorship. A striking event was the public defense of a dissertation on art, at which the writer delivered a revolutionary speech. In protest, Minister of Education Avraam Norov did not allow Nikolai Gavrilovich to be awarded the prize. Only after he was replaced in this position by the more liberal Yevgraf Kovalevsky, did the writer become a master of Russian literature.

Chernyshevsky's views

It is important to note some features of Chernyshevsky's views. They were influenced by schools such as French materialism and Hegelianism. As a child, the writer was a zealous Christian, but in adulthood he began to actively criticize religion, as well as liberalism and the bourgeoisie.

Especially fiercely he stigmatized serfdom. Even before the Manifesto on the Liberation of the Peasants of Alexander II was published, the writer described the future reform in many articles and essays. He proposed drastic measures, including the transfer of land to peasants free of charge. However, the Manifesto had little to do with these utopian programs. Since they were established that prevented the peasants from becoming completely free, Chernyshevsky regularly scolded this document. He compared the situation of Russian peasants with the life of black slaves in the USA.

Chernyshevsky believed that in 20 or 30 years after the liberation of the peasants, the country would get rid of capitalist agriculture, and socialism would come with a communal form of ownership. Nikolai Gavrilovich advocated the creation of phalanstery - premises in which the inhabitants of future communes would work together for mutual benefit. This project was utopian, which is not surprising, because its author was Phalanster, which was described by Chernyshevsky in one of the chapters of the novel What Is To Be Done?

"Land and Freedom"

Revolutionary propaganda continued. One of her inspirations was Nikolai Chernyshevsky. short biography writer in any textbook necessarily contains at least a paragraph stating that it was he who became the founder of the famous movement "Land and Freedom". It really is. In the second half of the 1950s, Chernyshevsky began to have many contacts with Alexander Herzen. went into exile due to pressure from the authorities. In London, he began publishing the Russian-language newspaper The Bell. She became the mouthpiece of revolutionaries and socialists. It was sent in secret editions to Russia, where the numbers were very popular among radical students.

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky also published in it. The biography of the writer was known to any socialist in Russia. In 1861, with his ardent participation (as well as the influence of Herzen), Land and Freedom appeared. This movement united a dozen circles in the most big cities countries. It included writers, students and other supporters of revolutionary ideas. It is interesting that Chernyshevsky even managed to drag the officers with whom he collaborated by publishing in military magazines there.

Members of the organization were engaged in propaganda and criticism royal authorities. "Going to the People" has become a historical anecdote over the years. Agitators trying to find mutual language with the peasants, they were also issued to the police. For many years, revolutionary views did not find a response in common people, remaining the lot of a narrow stratum of the intelligentsia.

Arrest

Over time, the biography of Chernyshevsky, in short, interested the agents of the secret investigation. On Kolokol's business, he even went to see Herzen in London, which, of course, only drew more attention to him. From September 1861, the writer was under covert surveillance. He was suspected of provocations against the authorities.

In June 1862, Chernyshevsky was arrested. Even before this event, clouds began to gather around him. In May, the Sovremennik magazine was closed. The writer was accused of compiling a proclamation discrediting the authorities, which ended up in the hands of provocateurs. The police also managed to intercept a letter from Herzen, where the emigrant offered to publish the closed Sovremennik again, only in London.

"What to do?"

The accused was placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed during the investigation. It went on for a year and a half. At first, the writer tried to protest against the arrest. He announced hunger strikes, which, however, did not change his position in any way. On days when the prisoner was getting better, he took up the pen and began to work on a sheet of paper. This is how the novel What Is to Be Done? was written, which became the most famous work, which was published by Chernyshevsky Nikolay Gavrilovich. A brief biography of this figure, printed in any encyclopedia, necessarily contains information about this book.

The novel was published in the newly opened Sovremennik in three issues in 1863. Interestingly, there might not have been any publication. The only original was lost on the streets of St. Petersburg during transportation to the editorial office. The papers were found by a passer-by and only out of his spiritual kindness returned them to Sovremennik. Nikolai Nekrasov, who worked there and literally went crazy with the loss, was beside himself with happiness when the novel was returned to him.

Sentence

Finally, in 1864, the verdict was announced to the disgraced writer. He went to hard labor in Nerchinsk. The verdict also contained a clause according to which Nikolai Gavrilovich was to spend the rest of his life in eternal exile. Alexander II changed the term of hard labor to 7 years. What else can Chernyshevsky's biography tell us? Briefly, literally in a nutshell, let's talk about the years spent by the materialist philosopher in captivity. The harsh climate and difficult conditions greatly worsened his health. Despite having survived hard labor. Later he lived in several provincial towns, but never returned to the capital.

Even in hard labor, like-minded people tried to free him, who came up with various escape plans. However, they were never implemented. From 1883 to 1889, Nikolai Chernyshevsky (his biography says that it was at the end of the life of a democratic revolutionary) spent in Astrakhan. Shortly before his death, he returned to Saratov thanks to the patronage of his son.

Death and meaning

October 11, 1889 in hometown died N. G. Chernyshevsky. The biography of the writer has become the subject of imitation of many followers and supporters.

Soviet ideology put him on a par with figures of the XIX century, which were the harbingers of the revolution. The novel "What to do?" became a mandatory school curriculum. On modern lessons literature, this topic is also studied, only less hours are devoted to it.

In Russian journalism and journalism there is a separate list of the founders of these areas. It included Herzen, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky. Biography, summary his books, as well as the impact on social thought - all these issues are being investigated by writers today.

Quotes Chernyshevsky

The writer was known for his sharp language and ability to build sentences. Here are Chernyshevsky's most famous quotes:

• Personal happiness is impossible without the happiness of others.
• Youth is the time of freshness of noble feelings.
• Scholarly literature saves people from ignorance, and elegant literature from rudeness and vulgarity.
• They flatter in order to dominate under the guise of humility.
• Only in truth is the power of talent; wrong direction destroys the strongest talent.

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky - Russian revolutionary, democrat, writer, philosopher, economist, publicist, literary critic, scientist - was born in Saratov on July 24 (July 12, O.S.), 1828. His father was a priest, a versatile educated person. Even in childhood, Nikolai was addicted to reading and amazed those around him with his erudition.

In 1842 he became a student at the Saratov Theological Seminary. The years of study in it (he completed his studies in 1845) were filled with intensive self-education. In 1846, Chernyshevsky - a student of the Faculty of Philosophy (historical and philological department) of St. Petersburg University. After his graduation in 1951-1853. taught Russian at the local gymnasium. In his student years, Chernyshevsky took shape as a person and was ready to devote his life to revolutionary activity. The first attempts at writing belong to the same period of the biography.

In 1853, Nikolai Gavrilovich, having married, moved to St. Petersburg and in 1854 was assigned to the Second Cadet Corps as a teacher. Despite his pedagogical talent, he was forced to resign after a conflict with a colleague. The beginning of it also belongs to 1853 literary activity in the form of small articles that are published by "Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti" and " Domestic Notes". In 1854, Chernyshevsky became an employee of the Sovremennik magazine. The defense of the master's thesis "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality" turned into a significant social event and launched the development of national materialistic aesthetics.

During the years 1855-1857. from the pen of Chernyshevsky comes whole line articles, mainly of a literary-critical and historical-literary nature. At the end of 1857, having entrusted the critical department to N. Dobrolyubov, he began to compose articles covering economic and political issues, primarily related to the planned agrarian reforms. He reacted negatively to this step of the government and at the end of 1858 began to call for the reform to be thwarted in a revolutionary way, warning that the peasantry was in for a large-scale ruin.

Late 50s - early 60s noted in his creative biography writing political and economic works, in which the writer expresses his conviction in the inevitability of the coming of socialism to replace capitalism, in particular, “The Experience of Land Ownership”, “Superstitions and Rules of Logic”, “Capital and Labor”, etc.

From the beginning of the autumn of 1861, N.G. Chernyshevsky becomes the object of secret police surveillance. During the summer of 1861-1862. he was the ideological inspirer of the Land and Freedom, a revolutionary populist organization. Chernyshevsky was listed in the official documentation of the secret police as enemy number one. Russian Empire. When Herzen's letter was intercepted, mentioning Chernyshevsky and suggesting that Sovremennik, which had been banned by that time, be published abroad, Nikolai Gavrilovich was arrested on June 12, 1862. While the investigation was going on, he sat in Peter and Paul Fortress, in solitary confinement, while continuing to write. So, in 1862-1863. was written in the dungeons famous novel"What to do?".

In February 1864, a verdict was passed, according to which the revolutionary was to spend 14 years in hard labor, followed by lifelong residence in Siberia, but Alexander II reduced the period to 7 years. N. Chernyshevsky in total had to spend more than two decades in prison and hard labor. In 1874, he refused to write a petition for pardon, although he was given such a chance. In 1889, his family obtained permission to live in Saratov, but, having moved, he died on October 29 (October 17, O.S.), 1889, and was buried at the Resurrection Cemetery. For several more years, until 1905, all his works were banned in Russia.

.
1851-1853 - teaching at the Saratov gymnasium.
1853 - the beginning of work in the journal Sovremennik.
1855, May 10 - defense of the dissertation "Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality".
1862, July 7 - arrest and imprisonment in the Alekseevsky pavelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
1862-1863 - creation of the novel "What is to be done?".
1864, May 19 - civil execution on Mytninskaya Square in St. Petersburg.
May 20, 1864 - sent to Katorgy in Eastern Siberia.
1889, October 17 (29) - died in Saratov.

Essay on life and work

The rise of a critic.

In his writings, he clearly formulated the positions of the revolutionary-democratic movement, which attracted close attention III divisions. As N. G. Chernyshevsky foresaw, he was not only arrested, but also long years excluded from active political struggle. Imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress, civil execution, long years in prison broke his health. In 1883, a man arrived in Astrakhan from Yakutia, who no longer had
strength not only for this struggle, but also for creativity.

Literature. 10 cells : textbook for general education. institutions / T. F. Kurdyumova, S. A. Leonov, O. E. Maryina and others; ed. T. F. Kurdyumova. M. : Bustard, 2007.

Literature for grade 10, textbooks and books on literature download, online library

Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for a year guidelines discussion programs Integrated Lessons
2. Journalistic activity
3. Political ideology
4. Socio-economic views
5. Addresses in St. Petersburg
6. Reviews of descendants
7. Works
8. Quotes

Novels

• 1862−1863 - What to do? From stories about new people.
• 1863 - Tales in a story
• 1867−1870 - Prologue. A novel from the early sixties.

Tale

• 1863 - Alferiev.
• 1864 - Small stories.

Literary criticism

• 1850 - About the "Foreman" Fonvizin. PhD work.
• 1854 - On sincerity in criticism.
• 1854 - Songs of different nations.
• 1854 - Poverty is not a vice. Comedy by A. Ostrovsky.
• 1855 - Pushkin's works.
• 1855−1856 - Essays on the Gogol period of Russian literature.
• 1856 - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. His life and writings.
• 1856 - Koltsov's poems.
• 1856 - Poems by N. Ogarev.
• 1856 - Collection of poems by V. Benediktov.
• 1856 - Childhood and adolescence. Military stories of Count L. N. Tolstoy.
• 1856 - Essays from the peasant life of A. F. Pisemsky.
• 1857 - Lessing. His time, his life and work.
• 1857 - "Provincial essays" by Shchedrin.
• 1857 - Works by V. Zhukovsky.
• 1857 - Poems by N. Shcherbina.
• 1857 - "Letters about Spain" by V.P. Botkin.
• 1858 - Russian man on rendez-vous. Reflections on reading the story of Mr. Turgenev "Asya".
• 1860 - Collection of miracles, stories borrowed from mythology.
• 1861 - Is not the beginning of a change? Stories by N. V. Uspensky. Two parts.

Publicism

• 1856 - Review of the historical development of a rural community in Russia by Chicherin.
• 1856 - "Russian conversation" and its direction.
• 1857 - "Russian conversation" and Slavophilism.
• 1857 - On land ownership.
• 1858 - Farming system.
• 1858 - Cavaignac.
• 1858 - July Monarchy.
• 1859 - Materials for solving the peasant question.
• 1859 - Superstition and the rules of logic.
• 1859 - Capital and labor.
• 1859−1862 - Politics. Monthly surveys of foreign political life.
• 1860 - History of civilization in Europe from the fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution.
• 1861 - Political and economic letters to the President of the United States G. K. Carey.
• 1861 - On the causes of the fall of Rome.
• 1861 - Count Cavour.
• 1861 - Disrespectful to authorities. Concerning "Democracy in America" ​​by Tocqueville.
• 1861 - To the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.
• 1862 - In gratitude Letter to Mr. Z<ари>Well.
• 1862 - Letters without an address.
• 1878 - Letter to sons A. N. and M. N. Chernyshevsky.

Memoirs

• 1861 - N. A. Dobrolyubov. Obituary.
• 1883 - Memories of Nekrasov.
• 1884−1888 - Materials for the biography of N. A. Dobrolyubov, collected in 1861-1862.
• 1884−1888 - Memories of Turgenev's relationship to Dobrolyubov and the break in friendship between Turgenev and Nekrasov.

Philosophy and aesthetics

• 1854 - A critical look at modern aesthetic concepts.
• 1855 - Aesthetic relationship of art to reality. Master's dissertation.
• 1855 - Sublime and comic.
• 1855 - The nature of human knowledge.
• 1858 - Criticism of philosophical prejudice against common ownership.
• 1860 - Anthropological principle in philosophy. "Essays on questions of practical philosophy". Composition by P. L. Lavrov.
• 1888 - The origin of the theory of beneficence of the struggle for life. Preface to some treatises on botany, zoology and the sciences of human life.