Bulgaria: state structure and political system, science and culture. History of Bulgaria
Republic of Bulgaria
Bulgaria is located in the southeast of Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. In the north it borders with Romania, in the west - with Serbia and Macedonia, in the south - with Greece and Turkey. In the east it is washed by the Black Sea.
The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - the Bulgarians.
Capital
Square
Population
8210 thousand people
Administrative division
Consists of 8 areas which include communities. The city of Sofia also has the status of a region.
Form of government
Parliamentary republic.
head of state
President elected for a term of 5 years.
supreme legislative body
Unicameral People's Assembly.
Plovdiv, Varna, Rousse, Burgas.
Official language
Bulgarian.
Religion
85% are Orthodox, 13% are Muslims.
Ethnic composition
87% - Bulgarians, 9% - Turks, 2.5% - Gypsies, 2.5% - Macedonians.
Currency
Lev = 100 stotinka.
Climate
Continental, transitional to the Mediterranean. The average annual temperature is + 13°С. The air temperature in January reaches zero. average temperature the warmest month - July - in flat areas from + 23 °С to + 25 °С. Precipitation in the lowlands falls in the amount of 500-600 mm per year, in the mountains - 1000-1200 mm per year. The entire country from west to east is crossed by the Balkan Mountains, where vertical climatic zonality is clearly visible. The highest point is Mount Musala (2925 m).
Flora
Forests occupy up to 30% of the territory of Bulgaria. Here there are oak, hornbeam, beech, elm, ash, pine, spruce, fir.
Fauna
Deer, fallow deer, roe deer, chamois, wild boar live in the forests, wolf, fox, hare, ferret, badger, ground squirrel live in the mountains. A large number of birds. Reptiles are common in the south of the country. In the Black Sea they catch mackerel, flounder, in the Danube - stellate sturgeon, pike perch, carp.
Rivers and lakes. Rivers Danube, Iskar, Maritsa.
Attractions
Monument of the Russian-Bulgarian Brotherhood in Arms on the Shipka Pass, a basilica in Nessebar, a round church in Preslav, a large basilica in Pliska, churches of Peter and Paul in Veliko Tarnovo - a reserve town, a monastery of the 10th century. in Rila, a monastery, a mosque and a minaret in Plovdiv, the Cathedral of St. George, the Cathedral of St. Sophia, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral of the 19th century, erected in honor of Russian soldiers who gave their lives for liberation from the Turkish yoke, the Jamia Mosque, the Boyana Church, the Archaeological Museum .
Useful information for tourists
In the warm season, in addition to windsurfing, water skiing and sailing, scuba diving and catamarans, rowing and all kinds of regattas are at guests' disposal. During spring and autumn, some luxury hotels offer heated pools. sea water. Long boat trips along the coast of Golden Sands have a magical attraction, especially for children.
Speed limits: 50 km/h in settlements, 90 km/h outside and 120 km/h on highways.
Viktor Pashinsky
One of the important factors in choosing a country for recreation for many tourists is the language barrier.
Well, who among us, going to new countries for himself, did not experience:
- Will they understand me there if I speak Russian?
- Do they speak Russian in Bulgaria? Older or younger generation?
- And what is the language in this Bulgaria?
- Do they speak English there?
Let's try to answer these and other questions from the point of view of people who personally visited 9 . We managed to communicate quite actively with Bulgarians from different ages and social groups and understand with whom it is better to speak Russian, and with whom in English.
In this article, we share our experience and give.
What is the language in Bulgaria?
The official language of Bulgaria is Bulgarian. This Slavic, and therefore for the inhabitants of Russia and Ukraine it is quite understandable. There are usually no problems.
There are quite a lot of Russians in Bulgaria, even if it is not as conspicuous as in Montenegro. A significant part of advertisements and announcements, especially those for the sale of real estate, are written in Russian.
Is Cyrillic or Latin used?
Bulgaria uses Cyrillic, that is, everything is written in Russian letters familiar to us. Of course, like ours, the names of some shops and supermarkets are written in English letters.
At many intersections you can see signs with street names and arrows. The names are written both in Bulgarian and in English. Although we have the impression that English version done through Google Translate - so many errors come across in it.
The situation is similar with some descriptions - information can be duplicated in Russian and English. But most often it will be written in Bulgarian understandable to a Russian person and in universal English.
In principle, in terms of language, Bulgaria is a very comfortable country, if not for one but ...
A nod in Bulgaria means no!
There is one detail in Bulgaria that confuses Europeans with Americans, and Russians with Ukrainians.
If Bulgarians disagree with something, they nod just like we do when we want to say yes. That is, the usual nod means “no”. The consent of the Bulgarians is denoted by a peculiar shaking of the head from side to side. Not in the way we show “no”, but by tilting it to one shoulder, then to the second.
Will they understand me in Bulgaria?
We in Bulgaria calmly communicated both in Russian and in English. We were understood even by grandmothers knitting such beautiful tablecloths.
In Bulgaria you will definitely be understood. If they want, of course. Despite the fact that the Bulgarians are simply amazingly friendly people, they also do not like swagger and rudeness. You politely ask something in Russian, you will be understood and answered in Bulgarian. And oddly enough, you, too, will understand everything perfectly.
Many words and expressions in Bulgarian are exactly the same as in Russian. But there are also false words. For example:
- Bulka in Bulgarian means bride
- Mountain in Bulgarian means forest
- Ruler This ambulance
- T-shirt This Mother not clothes
- Right Means directly- do not confuse
- Table stands for stst, strange, right?
The main advice for communicating with Bulgarians: be polite and friendly and they will definitely help you! Do not forget to say hello (Russian is enough Good afternoon, it sounds similar to Bulgarian), sorry ( excuse me please), do not forget to thank ( thanks to or many thanks).
For example, in a restaurant or at breakfast in a hotel, you might say many thanks, beshe a lot delicious. And you will see how the attitude of the staff towards you will change.
Do they speak Russian in Bulgaria?
The older generation of Bulgarians taught Russian at school as a second language. Most people still remember it and understand it quite well. During the entire trip, we came across only one person who did not understand us - he was a handyman for about 55 years. We asked how to find
The younger generation did not learn Russian at school, but they speak it very well - after all, Russian-speaking tourists are one of the important sources of income for Bulgarians. And you can’t say that they are profiting from us. very democratic, and the service is decent. In supermarkets, given its quality and the "resort town" factor.
Will knowing English help in Bulgaria?
English should only be spoken to young people. Quite a lot of tourists from the USA and Europe come to Bulgaria, and therefore most of the sellers and waiters English language they are quite good at it.
However, to be completely honest, the situations when we helped the Americans and the Bulgarians to understand each other arose quite often. Nevertheless, with Russian in Bulgaria it is better than with English. Especially among the older generation and bus drivers. Perfect option- know both Russian and English, like we do.
So that you can check whether you understand the Bulgarian language and whether you will feel comfortable in Bulgaria, we have selected several photographs of a variety of signs, documents, menus, price tags.
A typical price tag on the beach is in 4 languages. Everything is simple and clear.
And this is the menu at the local McDonald's in Sunny Beach - there are both Russian and English options
The label on goat cheese is an inscription in Bulgarian. By the way, the cheese was delicious - highly recommended.
Public transport route map - these are available at most stops.
Certificate of the hostess of the hotel where we stayed - all in Bulgarian
Description of the attraction in 2 languages (sometimes in Russian too)
The usual sign in Russian and English. Bulgarians do not seem to buy this.
As we have already said, the Bulgarians are simply amazingly hospitable and hospitable people. Montenegrins were like that 5-10 years ago, while Russian-speaking tourists went there not so massively.
To win the favor of the Bulgarians, it is enough just not to forget to say hello, smile and thank you.
It is so comfortable in this country that even the usual, polite attitude does not become a little unpleasant.
How to set up an offline translator?
When we were preparing a similar one, we added a short phrasebook at the end. On the one hand, this is convenient, but on the other hand, such phrasebooks are laughed at much more often than they are taught.
Bulgaria located in the southeast of Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. In the north it borders with Romania, in the west - with Serbia and Macedonia, in the south - with Greece and Turkey. In the east it is washed by the Black Sea.
The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - the Bulgarians.
Official name: Bulgarian Republic
Capital: Sofia
The area of the land: 110.9 thousand sq. km
Total population: 7.2 million people
Administrative division: Consists of 8 areas which include communities. The city of Sofia also has the status of a region.
Form of government: Parliamentary republic.
Head of State: President elected for a term of 5 years.
Composition of the population: 85% - Bulgarians, 10% - Turks, 4% - Gypsies, 1% Macedonians
Official language: Bulgarian
Religion: 82.6% - Orthodox Christians, 1.7% - Catholics, 1.6% - Protestants. 12.2% of Bulgarians profess Islam, 0.8% - Judaism
Internet domain: .bg
Mains voltage: ~220 V, 50 Hz
Phone country code: +359
Country barcode: 380
Climate
Significant mountain systems, significant elevation changes and other factors determine noticeable regional climatic differences. The northern part of the country is characterized by a temperate continental climate; The Lower Danube Plain is open to northern winds in winter. On the one hand, the Stara Planina Mountains prevent the movement of these winds in a southerly direction, and on the other hand, they serve as a barrier to the Mediterranean air currents that shape the climate in the south of the country. In the Maritsa Valley, winters are quite cold, but the Mediterranean influence is already noticeable. As you approach the Black Sea, the climate becomes milder, essentially Mediterranean.
The average January temperatures in the Maritsa valley and on the Black Sea coast are approx. +4° C, and to the north of the Stara Planina Mountains they drop to -4° C. In the mountains winter temperatures even lower, and snow lies there for several months. Summers are hot (with the exception of the mountains), in most of the low plains the average temperature in July is approx. 21 ° C. The duration of the frost-free period ranges from 180 to 260 days. Droughts often occur on the plains, and a lot of precipitation falls in the mountains (up to 1900 mm per year), mainly in the form of snow. The amount of atmospheric precipitation is closely related to the features of the relief: the plains and intermountain valleys protected by mountains rarely receive more than 600 mm per year.
Geography
Bulgaria is located in the southeast of Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. The area of the country is 111.0 thousand sq. km. Its neighbors are countries: Romania in the north, Serbia and Macedonia in the west, Greece and Turkey in the south. In the east, Bulgaria is washed by the Black Sea.
Almost a third of the territory of Bulgaria is occupied by mountains, but they are low and for the most part accessible to tourists. Across the country for 555 km, the Stara Planina Range or the Balkan Range stretches, which gave the name to the peninsula. The highest point of this ridge - Mount Boteva - rises to a height of 2376 m. Parallel to Staraya Planina is Srednyaya Gora. In the southwest and west of the country are the Rila, Pirin and Rhodope mountain ranges. The most high peak Rila, Mount Musala (2925 m), at the same time is the most high point the entire Balkan Peninsula.
There are many rivers in Bulgaria, but they are shallow. On the territory of the country is the middle course of the Danube - the largest river in central and southeastern Europe. Starting in the Black Forest mountains, it flows through 9 countries. Since the Danube is an international river, navigation has always been developed on it. The average water temperature in July is from +17 to +24. Cruises are organized along the river. The second largest river is the Maritsa. She carries her waters to the Aegean Sea. Struma and Mesta also flow into the Aegean Sea. Kamchia, Veleka and Ropotamo flow into the Black Sea.
Between the Stara Planina Ridge and the Danube lies the Danube Plain, which is the breadbasket of the entire country. southeast plain bounded by Srednaya Gora from the north and the Rhodopes from the southwest. It is often called Upper Thrace.
Bulgaria is famous for its wide beaches that gently slope down to the sea. The Black Sea is favorable for swimming - it is not very salty, and the bottom is sandy.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
The main types of natural vegetation in Bulgaria are forest and steppe temperate zones and Mediterranean forests. Typical steppes are common on the Dobruja plateau in the northeastern part of the country. The same vegetation exists in the Lower Danube Lowland, although the steppes there are interspersed with forests. Deciduous forests grow in the foothills and the lower altitudinal belt of the Stara Planina Mountains, coniferous forests are common higher up, and alpine meadows in the uppermost zone.
In the south-east of the country, in the Maritsa valley, hard-leaved forest formations of the Mediterranean type are found. The climate here is favorable for the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, mulberries, grapes and vegetables. In the border regions with Turkey and Greece, typical Mediterranean fruits are cultivated - citrus fruits and figs.
Forests in 1987 occupied 3.8 million hectares, or approx. 30% of the area of the country. Of these, about 31% are coniferous, and the rest are deciduous with a predominance of beech, oak, ash and hornbeam. Only 15% of forest plantations are of industrial importance, and the rest are predominantly low-productive or perform water protection and soil protection functions.
In Bulgaria, there are needle-leaved forests - pine, spruce, white spruce and others. Broad-leaved forests, primarily oak and beech, and then hornbeam, ash, linden, hazel prevail in Staraya Planina, Sredna Gora and Strandzha. Wild chestnut is found in Staraya Planina (near Berkovitsa) and Belasitsa, where the best varieties of tobacco grow.
In mountainous areas up to a height of 1000 m, broad-leaved forests grow, the most common species in which are oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, linden, and hazel. Above 1000 m there is a zone of coniferous forests.
Animal world
The fauna of the country has suffered greatly due to the reduction of forested areas. Bear, wild boar, deer, and chamois are still found in the forests. The ferret, weasel, wolf, fox, badger, jackal are also common; from rodents - a squirrel, a hare, a dormouse. In the 1970s, packs of wolves became a real disaster, which winter nights attacked the villages in search of sheep or calves, but in last years the number of these predators has been significantly reduced.
Attractions
The country is known throughout Europe for its picturesque landscapes, seaside resorts on the Black Sea coast, an abundance historical monuments and colorful folk rituals.
Banks and currency
Bulgarian lev (BGL), equal to 100 stotinki. In circulation there are coins and banknotes in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 levs, as well as banknotes of 10, 20, 50 levs. Since July 1, 1997, the lev has been rigidly "pegged" to the euro at a ratio of 1.95 levs to one euro.
Open from Monday to Friday from 9.00 to 16.00, break - from 12.00 to 13.00. On weekends and holidays banks are closed.
It is more profitable to exchange currency in exchange offices (Change, Exchange) than in banks or hotels. In resort areas, the exchange rate is also somewhat underestimated. Preference is given to euros or US dollars (you can even pay with them in some small shops, as well as for services on the beach). Some exchange offices (most often near markets) accept Russian rubles, but the exchange rate is very unfavorable.
Be careful - the exchange office may offer good course exchange with a commission of 1% of the amount, which will be stated in the inscription in this "exchanger". However, an adjacent inscription (usually small and illegible) may indicate that at such a rate you can change money, starting only from a certain amount (usually quite large), and smaller amounts change at a different rate with a charge of 15% -20% of the amount exchange.
Credit cards, traveler's checks and eurocheques are not yet widely used and are accepted only in banks and large hotels. Payment is most often made in cash.
Useful information for tourists
In the warm season, in addition to windsurfing, water skiing and sailing, scuba diving and catamarans, rowing and all kinds of regattas are at guests' disposal. In spring and autumn, some luxury hotels offer heated seawater pools. Long boat trips along the coast of Golden Sands have a magical attraction, especially for children.
Speed limits: 50 km/h in urban areas, 90 km/h outside and 120 km/h on highways.
"NRB" redirects here, see also "NRB (disambiguation)" People's Republic Bulgaria The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a sovereign socialist state ... Wikipedia
See Bulgaria… Great Soviet Encyclopedia
IV.7.7. People's Republic of Bulgaria (partocracy) (09/15/1946 - 11/5/1991)- ⇑ … Rulers of the World
IV.7.8. Republic of Bulgaria (from 5.11.1991)- ⇑ … Rulers of the World
Republic of Bulgaria, state in the south of Europe. The name Bulgaria (Bulgaria) is derived from the name of the inhabitants of the Bulgarians. place names World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Republic of Bulgaria, a state in Eastern Europe. Bulgaria is located in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It borders in the north with Romania along the Danube, in the south with Greece and Turkey, in the west with Yugoslavia and Macedonia. In the east it is washed by ... ... Collier Encyclopedia
History of Bulgaria ... Wikipedia
BULGARIA- THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA A country in the southeast of Europe, located on the Balkan Peninsula (from 1946 to 1990 it was called the People's Republic of Bulgaria). In the north it borders with Romania, in the south with Turkey and Greece, in the west with Serbia and the former ... ... Cities and countries
BULGARIA- (Republic of Bulgaria; Bulg. Republic of Bulgaria), state in the Balkan Peninsula. Territory: 110994 sq. km. Capital: Sofia (1310 thousand people in 2002). Largest cities: Varna, Plovdiv, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Shumen, Ruse. State. language: Bulgarian.… … Orthodox Encyclopedia
Books
- The Institutional Context of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: A Comparison of University Students' Perceptions in Nine Countries, R. B. Yonni. In this study, the authors compared and contrasted the perceptions of the institutional environment for entrepreneurship development by university students in nine emerging economies of three… eBook
- Pebble with a hole, Marcel Salimov. It happens like this: known not only in our country, but also far beyond its borders, a master of laughter, a laureate of international literary prizes"Aleko" (Bulgaria), named after Sergei Mikhalkov (Russia) and ...
Bulgaria
Republic of Bulgaria
Square: 111 thousand sq. km
Administrative-territorial division: 28 regions (Sofia also has the status of a region)
Capital: Sofia
Official language: Bulgarian
Currency unit: a lion
Population: 7.5 million (2005)
Population density per sq. km: 67.5 people
Share of urban population: 70 %
Ethnic composition population: Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Russians, etc.
Religion: dominated by Orthodox Christianity
The basis of the economy: agriculture and food industry
Employment: in the service sector - approx. 57%; in industry - approx. 32%; V agriculture- OK. eleven %
GDP:$61.6 billion (2004)
GDP per capita: 8.2 thousand USD
Form of government: unitarianism
Form of government: mixed republic (according to the Constitution - parliamentary)
Legislature: unicameral parliament
Head of State: the president Head of the government: Prime Minister
Party structures: multi-party system
Fundamentals of government
The history of Bulgaria spans several millennia, but the format of this book covers the present, therefore, as starting point 1991 is named new Bulgaria - the year of the adoption of the first constitution is no longer People's Republic of Bulgaria, existing since 1946, and democratic Republic of Bulgaria.
The Constitution, adopted by the Great People's Assembly, entered into force on July 13, 1991. It consists of a preamble, ten chapters, one hundred and sixty-nine articles, transitional and final provisions. Amendments to the Constitution are adopted by MPs in three readings, which cannot be held on the same day. Changing some of the provisions requires the convening of the Great People's Assembly.
The head of state is the president, who is assisted in his activities by the vice president. The president and vice president are elected on the same list directly by the people for a term of five years. One re-election is allowed. A citizen of Bulgaria by birth who has reached the age of forty and has lived in the country for the past five years can run for the presidency. A candidate who receives more than half of the valid votes is considered elected, provided that more than 50% of the voters took part in the elections. The President and his assistant cannot participate in the leadership of political parties. Impeachment of the president and vice president may be declared by deputies of parliament at the proposal of at least one-fourth of the list and provided that more than two-thirds of the people's representatives vote for this proposal. The final verdict is made by the Constitutional Court.
Legislative power is exercised by a unicameral parliament People's Assembly, consisting of two hundred and forty people. Elections are based on party lists based on a proportional system. The term of office of deputies (in the Constitution they are called "people's representatives") is four years. There is an age limit for candidates for deputies - in order to be elected, one must reach twenty-one years. The duration of parliamentary sessions is not determined by the Constitution: it is indicated that the People's Assembly is a permanent body that itself sets the time of its work. To carry out legislative activity and parliamentary control, deputies elect permanent and temporary commissions from among their members. The People's Assembly and the Council of Ministers have the right to initiate legislation. Laws come into force after being signed and promulgated by the President.
The special body responsible for legislature, is great assembly of the people, which is convened on the most important issues for the life of the state. Half of the deputies of the Great People's Assembly (400 people in total) are elected from single-member constituencies, the other half - from party lists based on a single-member system. The decision to hold elections for the Great People's Assembly is made by Parliament. The Constitution specifies that with the holding of the elections of the Great People's Assembly, the powers of the People's Assembly are terminated. Upon completion of the work of the SNC, the president announces new parliamentary elections.
The highest executive body is the government Council of Ministers. The government is headed by the Prime Minister, who is nominated by the largest parliamentary group. The government cabinet is formed by the Prime Minister. Only Bulgarian citizens can be members of the Council of Ministers. If a people's representative is elected minister, he terminates his parliamentary powers. Ministries, on the proposal of the Minister-Chairman, creates, reforms and abolishes the Parliament.
The regions are administered by governors appointed by the government.
In communities, the main administrative-territorial units of Bulgaria, the authorities are community councils, which are elected by the population for a term of four years. Executive power in the communities is exercised by administrative committees - kmets.
Judicial system
The judicial system in Bulgaria includes the Supreme Court of Cassation, the Supreme Administrative Court, appeal, district, military and district courts. Extraordinary courts are not permitted by the Constitution, but specialized courts may also be created by law.
Supreme Court of Cassation supervises all courts. It is within its competence to verify the legality of court decisions before they enter into force.
Supreme Administrative Court oversees the uniform and precise application of laws in administrative proceedings. He partially performs the duties of the Constitutional Court, resolving disputes about the legality of acts of the Council of Ministers and Ministers.
The President of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the President of the Supreme Administrative Court, as well as the Chief Prosecutor, are appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic on the proposal Supreme Judicial Council, a special disciplinary and personnel body consisting of twenty-five people.
Constitutional supervision is exercised Constitutional Court, which acts on the initiative of the President, the Parliament (at the request of at least forty-eight deputies), the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court of Cassation, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Chief Prosecutor.
Leading political parties
In socialist Bulgaria, the political life of society was determined by Bulgarian Communist Party(BKP), which grew out of Bulgarian Social Democratic Party(BSDP), founded in 1891, Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union(BZNS), established in 1899, and Fatherland Front, uniting organizations close to the BKP (exists since 1942). In 1990, an article that guaranteed the BKP a leading position in the state and society was excluded from the 1971 Constitution.
Under the new constitution, political life in Bulgaria is defined by pluralism. No political party can now be established as a state party. All created parties must contribute to the expression of the political will of citizens. Formation of political parties based on ethnic, racial or religious basis, as well as parties that pursue the goal of forcibly seizing state power, are not allowed.
In 1990, on the basis of the BKP, a Bulgarian Socialist Party(BSP), which has great support in society. It is currently the party of the parliamentary majority.
In opposition to the BSP is Union of Democratic Forces(SDP), which received the status of an independent party in 1997 (before that, since 1989, it acted as a bloc of democratic parties).
Among other pariahs and movements created in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it should be noted Movement for rights and freedoms(defends the interests of ethnic Turks), Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, National Movement in Support of Simeon II(Simeon II, the only son of the Bulgarian Tsar Boris III, was formally on the throne from 1943 to 1946, however, due to the minority of the monarch - in 1943 he was seven years old - the Regency Council performed the functions of head of state; in 2001-2005 he was prime minister).
The BZNS still exists, which has been transformed into two organizations: Unified BZNS And BZNS - N. Petkov. Nikola Petkov was one of the leaders of the Agricultural Union in the early years of its existence. Consistently advocating democracy, he found himself in a confrontation with the communist authorities. In June 1947 Petkov was stripped of status parliamentary immunity, arrested, tried and sentenced to death by hanging. On September 23, 1947, the sentence would have been carried out. Rehabilitated in 1990
The president
Since January 2001 - Georgy Parvanov
Prime Minister
Since August 2005 - Sergey Stanishev (BSP)
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(BO) author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VO) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (NA) of the author TSB From the book Aphorisms author Ermishin Oleg From the book of the Secret Service of the Third Reich: Book 1 author Chuev Sergey GennadievichBulgaria Hristo Botev (1848-1876), educator, publicist and poet I believe in the single common power of the human race on the globe to do good and in a single communist social order - the savior of all peoples from centuries of suffering and torment through fraternal labor, freedom
From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova Svetlana From the book Pistols and revolvers [Selection, design, operation author Pilyugin Vladimir Ilyich From the book All Countries of the World author Varlamova Tatyana KonstantinovnaArcus (Bulgaria, 1994) Fig. 12. Pistol Arcus 94Main performance characteristics: Pistol Arcus 94 was developed by the Bulgarian company "Arcus" and put into production in 1994. The pistol is an almost complete copy of the Browning High Power pistol, differing
From the book of the Special Service Russian Empire[Unique Encyclopedia] author Kolpakidi Alexander IvanovichBulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Date of creation of an independent state: July 12, 1991 Area: 111 thousand square meters. km Administrative-territorial division: 28 regions (the city of Sofia also has the status of a region) Capital: Sofia Official language: Bulgarian Currency: lev Population:
From the book Memo to citizens of the USSR traveling abroad author author unknown From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey IvanovichPeople's Republic of Bulgaria Consular section of the embassy: 28 Bulgaro-Soviet Friendship blvd., Sofia, tel. 66-88-19, 66-88-36, 66-57-31 (round the clock). Consulate General: Rusa, st. Nis, 1, tel. 50-23-81. Consulate General: Varna, st. Macedonia, 53 tel. 22-35-46
From the book Encyclopedia of Special Services the author Degtyarev KlimBULGARIA Bulgaria has a stable reputation as a country closest to Russia and historical roots, and in faith, and in language, and in culture. Nevertheless, there has never been any significant Russian diaspora here. And, with the rarest exceptions, Russian writers in
