Presentation of the earth, its development as a planet. How the Earth appeared (Presentation and research work) Presentation on the topic of how the planets appeared

Slide 1

Slide 2

The formation of planets, long considered a calm and stationary process, turned out to be quite chaotic.

Slide 3

A young giant planet captures gas from the disk around a newborn star. On the scale of space, planets are just grains of sand, playing an insignificant role in the grandiose picture of the development of natural processes. However, these are the most diverse and complex objects in the Universe. None of the other types of celestial bodies exhibit a similar interaction of astronomical, geological, chemical and biological processes. In no other place in space can life as we know it originate. In the last decade alone, astronomers have discovered more than 200 planets.

Slide 4

The amazing diversity of masses, sizes, compositions and orbits has led many to wonder about their origins. In the 1970s The formation of planets was considered an orderly, deterministic process - a conveyor belt on which amorphous disks of gas and dust turn into copies of the Solar System. But we now know that this is a chaotic process, with a different outcome for each system. The born planets survived the chaos of competing mechanisms of formation and destruction. Many objects died, burned in the fire of their star, or were thrown into interstellar space. Our Earth may have long-lost twins now wandering in dark and cold space.

Slide 5

The science of planet formation lies at the intersection of astrophysics, planetary science, statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics. In general, planetary scientists are developing two main directions. According to the theory of sequential accretion, tiny dust particles stick together to form large clumps. If such a block attracts a lot of gas, it turns into a gas giant like Jupiter, and if not, into a rocky planet like Earth. The main disadvantages of this theory are the slowness of the process and the possibility of gas dispersal before planet formation.

Slide 6

Another scenario (gravitational instability theory) states that gas giants form through sudden collapse, leading to the destruction of the primordial gas and dust cloud. This process replicates the formation of stars in miniature. But this hypothesis is very controversial, because suggests the presence of strong instability, which may not occur.

Slide 7

The origin of natural satellites of planets During the formation of planets, in the process of the convergence of particles with large embryos of planets, some of the particles, colliding, lost speed so much that they fell out of the general swarm and began to revolve around the planet. Thus, a condensation is formed near the planetary embryo - a swarm of particles revolving around it in elliptical orbits. These particles also collide and change their orbits. On a reduced scale, the same processes will occur in these swarms as during the formation of planets. Most of the particles will fall on the planet (join it), while some of them will form a circumplanetary swarm and unite into independent embryos - future satellites of the planets... When averaging the orbits of the particles forming the satellite, the latter becomes symmetrical, i.e. close to circular, orbit lying in the plane of the planet’s equator

Slide 8

BASIC POINTS Until about ten years ago, scientists studying planetary formation based their theories on a single example: our solar system. But now dozens of nascent and dozens of already formed planetary systems have been discovered, and among them no two are identical. The basic idea behind leading theories of planet formation is that small dust grains stick together and trap gas. But these processes are complex and confusing. The struggle between competing mechanisms can lead to completely different results.

Slide 9

EXPLAINING THE NON-CIRCULARY MOTION OF THE PLANETS... In the inner region of the Solar System, planetary embryos cannot grow by capturing gas, so they must merge with each other. To do this, their orbits must intersect, which means something must disrupt their initially circular motion.

Slide 10

Purpose of the study:

Assume and describe conditions
emergence of the Earth, planets and
solar system as a whole.

Hypothesis:

If the Earth was formed somehow
another way (after all, scientists still
did not put forward specific
assumptions on this issue), then
I'll try to offer my opinion on
this problem.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the hypotheses of scientists
world about the origin of planets and Earth;
Through experiments, derive a hypothesis
the emergence of the Earth and planets;
Draw a conclusion about the work.

Assumption:

If we assume that in outer space
there were some bodies and substances present, then they are in weightlessness
moved randomly and needed force to accelerate them,
similar to the force of an explosion. Then these substances and bodies began
move with acceleration. In this regard, they began
collide with each other. Liquid and gaseous bodies
absorbed each other, and the larger solid ones broke
smaller ones. (Experiment in a vessel with water).
Colliding, the bodies heated up, but
at the same time they were still moving randomly.

As you may have guessed, there are much fewer bodies and
their speed decreased.
But in order for them to move in the same direction, too
some kind of strength is needed.
This force was a huge comet, which on a huge
speed rushed past them.
She set the speed and direction of the bodies, and the sun, known to everyone, set the force of gravity.

Since the bodies were at different distances from the sun, they each moved in their own orbit, continuing to form. They were very hot

Since the bodies were at different distances from the sun, they
each moved in its own orbit, continuing to form.
They were very hot. Gradually cooling down, they acquired
form.

The bark on the surface hardened and cracked. Faults, cracks and protrusions appeared. She is constantly on the move and still is.

This is what the earth looked like many billions of years ago. I will continue to study material about the development of the Earth. Because this question is of great interest to me

This is how the earth looked for many billions of years
back.
I will continue to study material about the development of the Earth. Since this
The question interested me very much.

Earth is one of
planets
solar
systems.
We have to
be proud that
we live on it
that she us
endures.
Let's
let's save it
such as
she gives us
got it!

Characteristics of the planet:

• Distance from the Sun: 149.6 million km
• Planet diameter: 12,765 km
• Day on the planet: 23h 56min 4s*
• Year on the planet: 365 days 6h 9min 10s*
• t° on the surface: global average +12°C (In Antarctica up to -85°C; in the Sahara Desert up to +70°C)
• Atmosphere: 77% Nitrogen; 21% oxygen; 1% water vapor and other gases
• Satellites: Moon

* period of rotation around its own axis (in Earth days)
**period of orbit around the Sun (in Earth days)

From the very beginning of the development of civilization, people were interested in the origin of the Sun, planets and stars. But the planet that is our common home, the Earth, is of most interest. Ideas about it have changed along with the development of science; the very concept of stars and planets, as we understand it now, was formed only a few centuries ago, which is negligible compared to the very age of the Earth.

Presentation: Planet Earth

The third planet from the Sun, which has become our home, has a satellite - the Moon, and is part of the group of terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus and Mars. The giant planets differ significantly from them in physical properties and structure. But even such a tiny planet in comparison with them, like the Earth, has an incredible mass in terms of comprehension - 5.97x1024 kilograms. It revolves around the star in an orbit at an average distance from the Sun of 149.0 million kilometers, rotating around its axis, which causes the change of days and nights. And the ecliptic of the orbit itself characterizes the seasons.

Our planet plays a unique role in the solar system, because Earth is the only planet that has life! The Earth was positioned in an extremely fortunate manner. It travels in orbit at a distance of almost 150,000,000 kilometers from the Sun, which means only one thing - It’s warm enough on Earth for water to remain in liquid form. Given hot temperatures, the water would simply evaporate, and in the cold it would turn into ice. Only on Earth is there an atmosphere in which humans and all living organisms can breathe.

The history of the origin of planet Earth

Starting from the Big Bang Theory and based on the study of radioactive elements and their isotopes, scientists have found out the approximate age of the earth's crust - it is about four and a half billion years, and the age of the Sun is about five billion years. Just like the entire galaxy, the Sun was formed as a result of the gravitational compression of a cloud of interstellar dust, and after the star, the planets included in the Solar System were formed.

As for the formation of the Earth itself as a planet, its very birth and formation lasted hundreds of millions of years and took place in several phases. During the birth phase, obeying the laws of gravity, a large number of planetesimals and large cosmic bodies fell onto its ever-growing surface, which later made up almost the entire modern mass of the earth. Under the influence of such bombardment, the planet's substance warmed up and then melted. Under the influence of gravity, heavy elements such as ferrum and nickel created the core, and lighter compounds formed the earth's mantle, crust with continents and oceans lying on its surface, and an atmosphere that was initially very different from the present one.

Internal structure of the Earth

Of the planets of its group, the Earth has the greatest mass and therefore has the greatest internal energy - gravitational and radiogenic, under the influence of which processes in the earth's crust still continue, as can be seen from volcanic and tectonic activity. Although igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks have already formed, forming the outlines of landscapes that are gradually changing under the influence of erosion.

Beneath the atmosphere of our planet is a solid surface called the earth's crust. It is divided into huge pieces (slabs) of solid rock, which can move and, when moving, touch and push each other. As a result of such movement, mountains and other features of the earth's surface appear.

The earth's crust has a thickness of 10 to 50 kilometers. The crust “floats” on the liquid earth’s mantle, the mass of which is 67% of the mass of the entire Earth and extends to a depth of 2890 kilometers!

The mantle is followed by an outer liquid core, which extends into the depths for another 2260 kilometers. This layer is also mobile and capable of emitting electric currents, which create the planet’s magnetic field!

At the very center of the Earth is the inner core. It is very hard and contains a lot of iron.

Atmosphere and surface of the Earth

The Earth is the only one of all the planets in the solar system that has oceans - they cover more than seventy percent of its surface. Initially, water in the atmosphere in the form of steam played a big role in the formation of the planet - the greenhouse effect raised the temperature on the surface by those tens of degrees necessary for the existence of water in the liquid phase, and in combination with solar radiation gave rise to the photosynthesis of living matter - organic matter.

From space, the atmosphere appears as a blue border around the planet. This thinnest dome consists of 77% nitrogen, 20% oxygen. The rest is a mixture of various gases. Earth's atmosphere contains much more oxygen than any other planet. Oxygen is vital for animals and plants.

This unique phenomenon can be regarded as a miracle or considered an incredible coincidence of chance. It was the ocean that gave rise to the origin of life on the planet, and, as a consequence, the emergence of homo sapiens. Surprisingly, the oceans still hold many secrets. Developing, humanity continues to explore space. Entering low-Earth orbit has made it possible to gain a new understanding of many of the geoclimatic processes occurring on Earth, the mysteries of which are still to be further studied by more than one generation of people.

Earth's satellite - Moon

Planet Earth has its only satellite - the Moon. The first to describe the properties and characteristics of the Moon was the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, he described the mountains, craters and plains on the surface of the Moon, and in 1651 the astronomer Giovanni Riccioli wrote a map of the visible side of the lunar surface. In the 20th century, on February 3, 1966, the Luna-9 lander landed on the Moon for the first time, and a few years later, on July 21, 1969, a person set foot on the surface of the Moon for the first time.

The Moon always faces planet Earth with only one side. On this visible side of the Moon, flat “seas”, chains of mountains and multiple craters of various sizes are visible. The other side, invisible from Earth, has a large cluster of mountains and even more craters on the surface, and the light reflecting from the Moon, thanks to which at night we can see it in a pale lunar color, is weakly reflected rays from the Sun.

Planet Earth and its satellite the Moon are very different in many properties, while the ratio of stable oxygen isotopes of planet Earth and its satellite the Moon is the same. Radiometric studies have shown that the age of both celestial bodies is the same, approximately 4.5 billion years. These data suggest the origin of the Moon and the Earth from the same substance, which gives rise to several interesting hypotheses about the origin of the Moon: from the origin of the same protoplanetary cloud, the capture of the Moon by the Earth, and the formation of the Moon from a collision of the Earth with a large object.

150,000,000Distance from the Sun to
Earth – 150 million kilometers

6 000

Surface temperature
Sun 6,000 degrees

4,5 - 5

Age of the Solar System
4.5 – 5 billion years

6

In 6 seconds sunlight
reaches the Earth's surface

400 000

Distance from Earth to
Moon 400,000 kilometers

There is no air in outer space.
And there are eight different planets circling there.
And the Sun, a star, is at the very center of the system.
And we are all connected by attraction.

Let's remember!

IN
n
m
O
P
With
Picture 1
!
m
And
Representations of which peoples
about the structure of the world are depicted on
drawings?
Figure 2

Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”

God creating the universe with
using a compass. Miniature
from the French Bible. 12201230 Austrian
National Library,
Vein.

How did the Earth come into being?

Lesson objectives:

origin of the Earth.


systems.

The world system of Nicolaus Copernicus

Observations of stars and planets,
complex mathematical calculations
allowed Copernicus to conclude that
that the earth revolves around
Sun.
The center of the world is the Sun,
around which the planets move,
rotating simultaneously around their
axes.
The stars are stationary and are at
vast distances from the Earth and
Sun. They form a sphere.

Hypotheses - scientific
assumptions about
the origin of the Earth

Group work
Hypotheses about the origin of the Earth
Scientist
Years of life
The essence of the hypothesis
Explain using textbook material pp. 89-92
a brief summary of one scientist’s hypothesis.
Make an entry in the table.

Georges Buffon's hypothesis

A giant comet collided with
The sun and tore it out
the substance from which it was formed
Earth and other planets.
(1707 – 1788).

Immanuel Kant's hypothesis

The sun and all the solar
the system was formed from
cold shrinking
dust cloud.
(1724-1804)

Laplace's hypothesis

Solar
system
formed from
red-hot
rotating
gas cloud.
(1749 -1827)

James Jeans hypothesis

The star has passed
close to the sun
the substance escaped
from the tidal wave.
Having thickened, it
gave rise to
planets.
James Jeans
(1877-1946)

O.Yu.Schmidt's hypothesis

The sun met the gas and dust cloud and captured it.
As a result of particle collisions
planets were formed.
Schmidt Otto
Yulievich
1891 – 1956

Hypotheses about the origin of the Earth

Scientist
Years
life
The essence of the hypothesis
Georges Buffon
(French)
1707 – 1788
The planets were formed from the “splashes” that resulted from
disaster: collision of the Sun and a comet.
Immanuel Kant
(German)
1724-1804
Pierre Laplaas
(French)
1749 -1827
James Jeans
(English)
1877-1946
Otto Yulievich
Schmidt
(Russian)
1891 – 1956
Modern
hypothesis
20th – 21st centuries








planets were formed.

Georges Buffon
The star tore out part of the Sun's matter, from which
planets formed
Immanuel Kant
The planets and the Sun arose from a rotating
hot gas cloud.
Pierre Laplace
The planets were formed from a rotating
cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun
Otto Yulievich Schmidt
The Earth was formed as a result of the collision of the Sun
and comets
James Jeans
The solar system arose from a giant
cold dust cloud.

Modern hypothesis of the origin of the Solar system and Earth

Hypotheses about the origin of the Earth

Scientist
Years
life
Georges Buffon.
1707 – 1788
Immanuel Kant.
1724-1804
Pierre Laplaas
1749 -1827
The essence of the hypothesis
The planets were formed from "splashes" that arose in
the result of a catastrophe: the collision of the Sun and a comet.
The Earth and the entire solar system were formed from
giant cold dust cloud.
The solar system was formed from hot
rotating gas cloud.
James Jeans
1877-1946
The star passed close to the Sun, tore out part of it
the substance from which planets were formed.
Otto Yulievich
Schmidt.
1891 – 1956
The sun met a gas-dust cloud and
captured him. As a result of particle collisions
planets were formed.
Modern
hypothesis
20th – 21st centuries
The solar system arose from clots of cold
interstellar matter. From the biggest clot
The Sun was formed, and from the rest - the planets.

Lesson objectives:

1. How did planet Earth come into being?
2. Which scientist put forward hypotheses about
origin of the Earth.
3. Modern ideas about
the emergence of the Earth and the Solar
systems.

Today in class:
Today I found out...
Today in class I learned...
I was interested because...
I felt that...
What I find interesting is that...
But I have a different opinion on this matter...
I would like to hear again...
I was surprised...
I have a desire...
It was a discovery for me that...
I would like to say “thank you”...

In the 16th century, the teachings of N. Copernicus appeared, which placed the Earth in a series of planets revolving around the Sun. This was the first step in a truly scientific solution to the question of the origin of the Earth. Currently, there are several hypotheses, each of which describes in its own way the periods of formation of the Universe and the position of the Earth in the Solar System. Friday, March 6, 2015

Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon (gg.) The earth came into existence as a result of a catastrophe; The essence of the disaster is the collision of the Sun with a comet; The result of the collision was that “sprays” were formed from the substance of the Sun, which gave rise to all the planets. Friday, March 6, 2015

James Jeans (gg.) The earth came into existence as a result of a catastrophe; The essence of the catastrophe is that another star flew near the Sun, which tore part of the matter out of the Sun with its gravity; The result is that this substance gave rise to all the planets. Friday, March 6, 2015

Schmidt Otto Yulievich (1891 - 1956) There was a giant cloud of cold dust and gas particles around the Sun; Particles of this gas were attracted to each other, stuck together and formed clots; Planets were formed from the clumps. Friday, March 6, 2015

Crossword puzzle “How the Earth came into being” Friday, March 6, 2015 1. Interstellar matter. 2. A scientist who put forward a hypothesis in which he assumed that the planets arose from matter that was “ripped out” from the sun by a passing star. 3. A scientist who believed that the solar system arose from a rotating hot gas cloud. 4. A scientist whose hypothesis explains the formation of planets from “splashes” resulting from a comet hitting the Sun. 5. A scientist who put forward a hypothesis about the formation of a planet from a cold gas field cloud orbiting the Sun. 6. The star is the center of our solar system. 7. Scientific assumption about the origin of the Earth. 8. Interstellar matter.

Friday, March 6, 2015 1. Interstellar matter. 2. A scientist who put forward a hypothesis in which he assumed that the planets arose from matter that was “ripped out” from the sun by a passing star. 3. A scientist who believed that the solar system arose from a rotating hot gas cloud. 4. A scientist whose hypothesis explains the formation of planets from “splashes” resulting from a comet hitting the Sun. 5. A scientist who put forward a hypothesis about the formation of a planet from a cold gas field cloud orbiting the Sun. 6. The star is the center of our solar system. 7. Scientific assumption about the origin of the Earth Interstellar matter.

Hypotheses about the origin of the Earth Scientist Years of life The essence of the hypothesis page Using the textbook material, outline the brief essence of each hypothesis. Friday, March 6, 2015

Hypotheses about the origin of the Earth Scientist Years of life The essence of the hypothesis Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon. (1707 – 1788). The planets were formed from the “spray” resulting from the impact of a comet on the Sun. Immanuel Kant The sun and the entire solar system were formed from a cold, collapsing dust cloud. Pierre - Simon Laplace The solar system was formed from a hot rotating gas cloud. James Jeans The star passed close to the Sun, matter escaped from the tidal wave and formed long tails. Otto Yulievich Schmidt - 1956 The Sun met a gas-dust cloud and captured it. Planets were formed as a result of particle collisions. Friday, March 6, 2015

Homework Friday, March 6, 2015 page fill out the table