When the future perfect is used. Future Perfect - future perfect tense: rules of formation, forms, applications

Having studied the basics of English grammar and backing them up with a decent vocabulary, you can safely begin to delve into topics that linguists refer to the Intermediate (intermediate) and Advanced (advanced) levels. So, for example, the times of the group Perfect can be attributed to such topics. Due to the fact that they have no analogues in Russian and are actively replaced by the tenses of the Simple group in English, the tenses of the perfect are often avoided without even trying to understand their meaning. However, this group is not at all complex and interesting. As proof, let's take a closer look at one of them, namely the time Future Perfect.

Future Perfect Tense or future perfect tense in English language- a tense used to express an action that will happen before a certain point in the future. Perhaps it can be safely called one of the most rarely used tenses.

• I will have completed my final exams by June. (By June, I will have completed all my final exams.)
• John will have started his project by Monday. (John will start his project by Monday.)
• We will have finished our dinner by 9 pm. (By 9 p.m. we will have finished our lunch.)

Unlike, without knowing Future Perfect, you can easily communicate with native speakers, watch movies, read books, and even work. Now the time of Future Perfect is rather used by true aesthetes of the English language, but this does not mean at all that it is not necessary to study it. If you use this time for its intended purpose, believe me, they will pay attention to it, which means they will understand that your knowledge of English deserves praise and respect.

In addition, there are certain situations in which this time will help you express yourself correctly and focus on certain moments of the future. Another no less pleasant reason is that, like any other difficult time, there are very, very few cases of using the Future Perfect. Based on the above advantages of studying the future perfect tense, we will consider the rules for the formation, forms and methods of using the Future Perfect.

Education Future Perfect should not cause you any difficulties if you are already familiar with other representatives of the Perfect group and the times of Future. Time is formed with the help of two verbs: auxiliary and semantic. The semantic role is played by the verb to have in the form of a simple future tense. In other words, before the verb have put auxiliary will. Auxiliary verb of time Future Simple does not change in numbers and times, always remaining unchanged:

It is worth noting that earlier for the pronouns of the 1st person in the future tense, the verb shall was used. Now it is very rare to meet him in the future, and even more so in the perfect future, which is practically not used anyway. However, this form must be kept in mind to avoid misunderstandings.

To form a semantic verb, past participles (Participle II) are used, which have two forms applicable to different types verbs. Forming the past participle with regular verbs occurs by adding the ending -ed.

If you have difficulty adding an ending, study the appropriate topic.

With irregular verbs, participles are formed without following any rules. They are usually listed in the third column of the table. irregular verbs and they just need to try to remember.

Future Perfect: sentence forms

Now let's move on to sentence forms to understand how to use formed verbs.

Affirmative sentences in Future Perfect

The affirmative form of sentences in Future Perfect Tense is built according to the standard formula: the auxiliary and semantic verbs follow the subject.

Do not forget that English verbs can be expressed in active voice (the Active Voice) and passive voice (the Passive Voice). In the examples above, the verbs are used in the active voice. In such sentences, the subject performs an action. However, in order to show that the subject is affected by someone else, the Passive Voice must be used.

Future Perfect Passive is formed by adding the verb to be in the third form (been) before the semantic verb:

Negative sentences in Future Perfect

In the negative future form, the negative particle not is used between will and have:

The rule is preserved for sentences with Passive Voice:

In both affirmative and negative forms, the following abbreviations are often used in speech:

Interrogative sentences in Future Perfect

The interrogative form is formed based on the type of questions:

• For a general question, the word order is reversed: the auxiliary verb will comes before the subject:

Such questions need a short answer:

• Alternative questions practically do not differ from the general ones. They only have a second subject, a semantic verb, or another member of the sentence to provide a choice, which is connected to the first word with the union or. Formula for clarity:

This question requires a complete answer:

• In special questions, the form of the general question is retained, but interrogative words are added before the auxiliary verb will:

Special questions also need a detailed answer:

In such a question, the answer will contain only the auxiliary verb will have:

Future Perfect: Usage

Having analyzed the formation and forms of sentences of the future perfect tense, let's move on to its use in practice. The Future Perfect is used in the following situations:

1. When it is necessary to express a future action that will occur up to a certain point in the future. As a rule, in such constructions there are certain pointers by which you can navigate. These include the preposition by (to some time) and its derivatives: by tomorrow (to tomorrow), by Friday (by Friday), by spring (by spring), by the end of the day / week / month / year (by the end of the day / week / month / year), by 2020 (by 2020), by then / by that time (by that time). They are used as time markers, indicating by what time period an action needs to be taken. Consider examples:

Often in such sentences there may be a preposition-pointer at (at) with time:

Although this preposition is translated differently, it implies the same thing as the preposition by: by such and such a time the action will be completed.

1. The future perfect can also be used in conditional and tense clauses, where the main clause is used in the Future Perfect tense and the relative clause in present simple. Do not confuse the order by replacing Future Perfect Simple with tense, otherwise the sentence will be incorrect.
   Such sentences are used to show that the action in the main clause has already ended by the time the action in the subordinate clause takes place. The input of the subordinate clause is carried out by temporary markers: before (before), when (when), until / till (until). The last pair is usually used in negative sentences.

1. Sometimes the Future Perfect can be used without pointers if its choice is explained by the context. In such cases, a certain moment in the future is indicated before the sentence in the Future Perfect Tense:

1. The Future Perfect tense is also used when future actions continue beyond a certain point. In such constructions, for is found in the meaning of “during”, and with the translation into Russian, such sentences often have the adverb “already”:

In this case, try not to confuse Future Perfect and Future Continuous. The Future Continuous is used to convey a continuous action at a certain moment in the future. Future Perfect in this construction shows that by a certain moment the action will happen and will continue. Compare:

1. In addition to the above cases, Future Perfect can also act as the past tense, replacing the construction must + Perfect Infinitive. This usage is acceptable when you need to make assumptions about the past. The Russian analogue of such a construction can be sentences with the words “should”, “maybe”, “probably”.

You can talk about times for a long time, but Future Perfect is not the case. As you can see, with this time everything is quite simple. In fact, it is used only for two situations in the future and the past, so it will be quite easy to study and understand it. In order not to forget the nuances of this time and use it correctly, practice the language by immersing yourself in the language environment, compose your own examples and periodically return to this page.

One of the most difficult tenses for a Russian-speaking person in English is Future Perfect Continuous Tense. This is due to the fact that there is simply no analogue to the future perfect continuous in Russian. In the Future Perfect Continuous, we are always talking about two actions in the future, one of which will begin earlier, but will continue at the time of the other. In Russian, this time corresponds to phrases like: “I will have been working on this project for three hours by the time my colleague returns” or “I will have been sleeping for two hours at night when your plane lands.” Of course, a Russian person sometimes thinks in this way, but in general it is not very common for us to compare two actions in the future. However, native English speakers do not refer to this time too often.

In fact, making friends with Future Perfect Continuous is not at all difficult. After all, there are very few cases of using this tense in English. You just have to remember the scheme for constructing sentences with the future perfect continuous. A, which are quite easily recognizable and often intuitive, will help to determine with certainty that we are talking exactly about this tense.

When is the Future Perfect Continuous used?

As we have already said, there are very few situations in which we turn to Future Perfect Continuous, and to be precise, there are only two:

1. If we are talking about long-term actions, the duration of which is indicated at a certain point in the future. For example, By the time of his birthday they have been dating for 5 years. - By his birthday, they will have been dating for 5 years.
2. If a long-term action that began earlier will cause a subsequent action in the future. For example, She will be tired when she gets home because she will have been traveling for over 24 hours. She will be tired when she gets home because by then she will have been on the road for more than 24 hours.

It is also important to learn here that if in the subordinate clause in the statement with the Future Perfect Continuous there is a union when (when), then we are not referring to the Future Simple, but to the Present Simple:

When I finish(and not I "ll finish) my work she will have been sleeping for over an hour. - When I complete my work, she will have been sleeping for over an hour.

How are sentences constructed in the future perfect continuous tense?

Future Perfect Continuous in terms of grammar is a fusion of three tenses: future simple (Future Simple), perfect (Perfect) and simple long (Continuous). Therefore, elements of all three of the above-mentioned English tenses will participate in the formation of this temporary construction. From the future, Future Perfect Continuous takes the auxiliary verb will, from the perfect - have been, and from the long - ing form of the semantic verb. We can also say that we get the future perfect continuous by adding the auxiliary verb to be in the form of Future Perfect (will have been) to the semantic verb with the ending ing. From here we deduce a simple formula to build an affirmative sentence in the Future Perfect Continuous:

Subject + will have been + semantic verb ending in ing.

Johnny will have been studying for 3 hours by the time she arrives. Johnny will have been studying for 3 hours by the time she arrives.

By the end of the year Jane will have been teaching us for 5 years. - By the end of the year, Jane will have been teaching us for 5 years.

By the time she gets here, we will have been working for 12 hours. - By the time she arrives here, we will have been working for 12 hours.

At the same time, in most often act as circumstances of time and are placed both at the beginning and at the end of the sentence.

The question is constructed by rearranging the subject and the auxiliary verb will:

Interrogative word (if available) + will + subject + have been + Ving?

Will they have been eating cake for 15 minutes by the time you bring them coffee? - Will they have been eating cake for 15 minutes by the time you bring them coffee?

Will I have been feeling better by the time the exams start? - Will I feel better by the time the exams start?

Will I have been working for 5 hours when he finds us? - I will have been working for 5 hours, when will he find us?

In order to express any negative thought, you will need to place a negative particle not (in the abbreviated form won "t) between will and have been:

Subject + will + not + have been + Ving.

By the end of the year Kate will not have been studying Spanish for 3 years. - By the end of this year Kate won't be teaching Spanish over the course of three years.

By the time you bring them coffee they will not have been eating cake for 15 minutes. - By the time you bring them coffee, they won't have eaten cake for 15 minutes.

We won "t have been living here for 5 years by next June. - We will not have lived here for 5 years by next June.

Future Perfect Continuous: markers

Future Perfect Continuous markers- these are most often whole phrases, that is, rather cumbersome constructions, although there are also separate words. It is not difficult to memorize the indicators of the future perfect continuous tense. In fact, the list of markers of this time includes a couple of words and several constructions of the same type.

Time Pointers Future Perfect Continuous. List

• Till and until (not yet).I will have been watching TV until you come. - I'll watch TV until you come.
• for 2 (3, 4, 5...) hours (during/already 2, 3, 4, 5... hours).When you arrive, Julia will have been working for 5 hours. - When you arrive, Julia will have been working for 5 hours.
• for 2 (3, 4, 5...) weeks (during/already 2, 3, 4, 5... weeks).By the end of the summer the workers will have been constructing this swimming pool for 3 weeks. - By the end of the summer, the workers will have been building the pool for 3 weeks.
• for a year (2, 3, 4... years) - during the year (2, 3, 4 years).By the end of the year they will not have been dating for 2 years. By the end of the year, they will not have met for 2 years.
• by the end of the hour (by the end of the hour).By the end of the hour she will have been waiting for him for 30 minutes. - By the end of the hour, she will have been waiting for him for 30 minutes.
• by the end of the morning/evening (by the end of the morning/evening).By the end of the morning I will have been waiting for more than 3 hours. By the end of the morning I will have been waiting for more than 3 hours.
• by the end of the day (by the end of the day).By the end of the day my mother will have been cooking for 5 hours. By the end of the day my mother will have been cooking for 5 hours.
• by the end of the month (by the end of the month).By the end of the month I will have been studying English for 10 days. - By the end of the month I will be learning English for 10 days.
• by the end of the year (by the end of the year).By the end of the year John will have been working there for 10 months. - By the end of the year, John will have been working there for 10 months.

It turns out that to recognize Future Perfect Continuous help pointer words till/until and phrases beginning with the prepositions for and by. That is, if the statement refers to the fact that by the end of a certain period and/or during a certain time interval, actions will take place, then, most likely, we are talking about the future perfect continuous tense.

Examples with Future Perfect Continuous

In order to get used to the peculiarities of this time, it is recommended to read as much as possible and make sentences on your own. For a start, you can take ready-made examples as a model, adapting them to your life situations. When buildingFuture Perfect Continuous pointer wordsare extremely important. Without them, the sentence of the future perfect continuous would be incomplete. By this time, we can refer to describe both ordinary situations related to work, study, leisure, and to predict some important events from the world of science and art that will happen in the future. Here are some more example sentences with Future Perfect Continuous:

1. Betsy won't have been living in London for five years next summer. - By next summer, Betsy won't have been living in London for five years.
2. By 10 o "clock Jacky will have been writing the article for 3 hours non-stop. - By 10 o'clock, Jacky will have been writing the article for three hours non-stop.
3. They won "t have been waiting for more than 3 hours when their train finally arrives. - They will not wait more than 3 hours when their train finally arrives.
4. By the end of the month my aunt will have been living with her husband for 10 years. - By the end of the month, my aunt will have been living with her husband for 10 years.
5. Next week this American scientist will have been studying the human brain for 5 years. - Next week it will be 5 years since this American scientist has been studying the human brain.
6. For how many years will James have been taking part in the Film Festival in Moscow by that time? - How many years will James take part in the film festival in Moscow by then?
7. When my parents come home my brother will have been talking to his friend for 3 hours. - When my parents come home, my brother will talk to his friend for 3 hours.
8. How long will you have been talking to your friend when the film starts? How long will you be talking to your friend when the movie starts?
9. She won "t have been listening to music for 2 hours when you come. - She will not listen to music for 2 hours when you come.
10. By the end of the year people will not have been living on the moon for a year. - By the end of the year, people won't be living on the moon for a year.
11. By July I will have been studying English for five months. - By July I will have been studying English for five months.
12. He will have been working at that company for 5 years when it finally closes. - He will work for this company for 5 years when it finally closes.

In addition to the above time markers, starting with the words by the end, the preposition for, and the union when (when), in the examples presented, you can also notice suchtime indicators Future Perfect Continuous, as, for example, the adjective next, which is generally characteristic of the future.

It is important to understand that some sentences in the Future Perfect Continuous may sound ridiculous when translated literally into Russian. A Russian-speaking person is unlikely to say that by the end of this month, his aunt will have been married to his uncle for 10 years. After all, the same idea can be formulated much more simply by saying that at the end of the month the relatives have a wedding anniversary. That is why the translation of phrases with Future Perfect Continuous can sometimes cause some difficulties. To avoid this, it is important to understand in what cases this tense is used.

There are many ways to express future events in the English language, and each of them is responsible for its own, strictly limited, fiefdom. Today we will study an aspect that allows us to designate the completion of a given action by a specified future time. Expressions with this meaning are typical examples of the future perfect, often found both in texts and in English speech. Let's get acquainted with their construction, usage situations and the contexts they convey. The form of this time is not at all complicated, but very useful for enriching speech.

English grammar allows you to use the future perfect in both active and passive predicates. Let us consider separately how these types differ and how the schemes for their construction look in sentences of various types.

Active voice

If it is necessary to express the action of the subject in an affirmative form, then to compose the predicate, you will need to take three elements: the founder verb of the future tense will, the auxiliary have and the participle of the past (participle II). According to the meaning of the aspect, the translation into Russian will be carried out by perfective verbs.

• Our workers (1) will (2) have (3) finished (4) excavations by the next Friday Our workers will have completed the excavation by next Friday.

The construction will be the same for all numbers and types of nouns and pronouns, which is proved by the examples of sentences below.

• She will have cooked the chicken by 7 o'clock -Shecookchickento 7hours.
• I will have watched the film before the guests comeII will inspectmoviebeforeTogo,Howwill comeguests.

Do not forget that when using clauses in the future tense, their predicate cannot take the form with will, therefore it is always expressed in one of the forms of the present.

When creating questions, the perfect future aspect is no different from other future tenses and also moves will to the beginning of the phrase. If the offer contains special question, then he takes the first place, and will follows him.

• Will you have learned the unit by the evening? -YoulearnthistopicToevening?
• When will he have written his book? -WhenHewill writemya book?

Expressions of negative shades are also built according to the rule already known to us: will + not, for the first person it is rare to use shall + not. Both in writing and in colloquial speech, abbreviations of the form won't / shan't are often used.

• Weshallnothaveopenedtheshopuntilwe lay out the goods We will not open the store until we have laid out the goods.
• The train won't have yet arrived by the time I finish work -TrainmoreNotwill arriveToto thattimeHowIfinishwork.

And the last possible construction is interrogative sentences to negation in the future perfect. Their use can often be found in colloquial speech, in the sense of "isn't it ...?". Pay attention to the behavior of the particle not in the full and abbreviated form of the predicate.

• Will you not have yet sent the fax by Wednesday? -IsYoumoreNotsendthisFaxToenvironment?
• Won'tshehavecutherhairbeforeshegoestothebirthday? Won't she cut her hair before going to the birthday party?

Let us dwell a little on the application of this aspect, although the main purpose of the future perfect has already been outlined by the examples given in the material. In the active voice, its use is dictated by only one situation: it is necessary to express an event that will start in the future and end by the time period indicated in the expression. This period can be indicated both by a specific time moment and by the presence of a second action.

However, sometimes there are moments that require the use of this construction, but already in the passive. Let's consider them further.

Passive voice

The predicates of such forms express the actions performed on some object, but not by him, but by a third party. Since in passive sentences the object of actions comes to the fore, then the subject that performs these actions will be expressed not by the subject, but by the addition. In addition to syntactic permutations, the main form of the predicate also changes.

To build a future perfect passive, you need to take the construction of the statement valid pledge, and add only one element to it - the third form to be.

• The building (1) will (2) have (3) been (4) built (5) by the company "Leen" in two years(6) - This building will be built by Lin Company in two years.

Please note that in these constructions, the preposition by helps to denote not only time, but also the main performer. Often, the character may not be indicated at all for various reasons.

• The picture will have been exhibited in the city's museum by the next month –TOnextmonththispaintingwillexhibitedVurbanmuseum.

Such sentences can also have interrogative and negative forms.

• Will the album have been recorded by Jack MacGrain by the 2019 year? -Thisalbumwillrecorded byJackMcGrainby 2019year?
• The film won't have been shown by the Second Channel until autumn begins -ThismovieNotwillshownSecondchannel,ByeNotwill beginautumn.

So, we have analyzed both pledges, which will be quite enough for an average level of English knowledge. For those who claim a higher grammatical level, it would not be superfluous to mention one more meaning of this aspect of time.

There is a special case of making sentences in the future perfect of the active voice. It's about using it to pass a modal expression must have done. In Russian, the analogue of this combination will be the introductory words " more likely», « probably», « should be”, i.e. the speaker assumes that the specified actions were committed. It is noteworthy that in such a construction the meaning is opposite to the form: the future tense expresses past events.

• They will have noticed many mistakes in my letter -They,Maybe,noticedbunchmistakesVmineletter.
• Shewillhavereadaboutthesecasesinthemagazines She must have read about these cases in the magazines.

Note that such expressions are extremely rare in speech, but are quite actively used in journalistic, scientific and artistic texts.

Future Perfect examples of time indicators

Each category of tenses in English has its own signal words, i.e. circumstances of time, by which it is easy to determine the use of this group. Here is a short list of satellites of the future perfect tense, expressed by preposition and conjunctions of clauses.

• by the time, by the end, by …day, month, year and etc. - by a given time, by the end, by a day, month, year, etc. The most commonly used preposition with the perfect future;
• until/till - until (indicates the onset of the second action);
• before - before, before;
• when - when, at the time, how.

affirmative form The Future Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the simple future tense (Simple Future/Future Indefinite: shall/will have (shall for 1 l singular and plural, will for all other persons singular and plural). ) and the past participle (Participle II) of the semantic verb.

shall have, will have + Participle II

I shall have written the letter. I will write a letter.
He will have written the letter. He will write a letter.

IN interrogative form auxiliary verbs shall/will are placed before the subject.

Shall I have written the letter? I will write a letter?
Will he have written the letter? Will he write a letter?

Use

Future Perfect is used:

• 1. To express an action that has already taken place and will be completed by a certain moment in the future. This specific time in the future is indicated by expressions such as: by that time - by that time, by Monday - by Monday, by the end of the month (year, week) - by the end of the month (of the year, weeks).

I shall have read this book by the end of this week. I will have read this book by the end of this week.
By the end of the year your little daughter will have broken all your cups. By the end of the year, your little daughter will have broken all your cups.
The head of the expedition thought, "By the end of the month we shall have spent all our supply of provisions. May be by that time some plane will have found us on this small island. The head of the expedition thought: “By the end of the month we will have used up the entire supply of food. Perhaps by this time some aircraft will have found us on this small island.

• 2. To express an action that will end before another action starts in the future. This other action (in a subordinate clause) is expressed through Simple Present/Present Indefinite .

I hope you will have made up your mind when I come back.
I hope you come up with some solution when I get back.

Note:

• 1. To express a completed action in the future in subordinate clauses of time and conditions after conjunctions when - When, after - after., as soon as - as soon as, till - before, until - until, like (not) if - If use Present Perfect instead of Future Perfect, and in main sentences Simple Future/Future Indefinite is usually used. When translating into Russian, the verbs of the main and subordinate clauses translated by verbs in the future tense.

Not thought, "What shall I tell him when (if) he asked me about it?”
He thought: "What will I tell him when (if) he asks me about it?".

Hello my beloved readers.

What do you remember about the time of Future Perfect? Of course, it’s sad if it’s not enough to hurt, but don’t despair. Today I will remind you of everything. You can’t confuse this time with anything - neither with Simple, nor with Continuous. Because it's special. And I'll tell you why. We are waiting for the rules and examples, a couple of useful exercises, and so many useful ones that you will not forget about this time again.

How is formed

Let's start with the fact that we find out what the time of Future Perfect Tense looks like in a sentence. The order of its formation is very simple. See:

Subject + auxiliary verb will\shall + have + predicate in the 3rd form + object and circumstance.

Let's look at example sentences.

She will have to read the book till the end of next week. By the end of next week she will have finished reading the book.

They will have moved in by Wednesday evening. - By Wednesday evening they will be settled.

We shall have repaired the car by the end of next week. By the end of next week we will have finished repairing the car.

And in the table you can see how the sentence can change depending on its affirmative, negative or interrogative form.

The negative form is formed by adding a particle not .

Well, to make a question, you just need to move the auxiliary verb will to the first place, leaving everything else in its place.

As I said, there is nothing complicated here. Now that we know what our time looks like, we can move on to practice.

When used: beginner level

As in any time, Future Perfect has its own indicators, by which it is easy to calculate that this is it.

He will have graduated from school by that time. - By this time he has finished school.

• Time is used mainly when it comes to an action that starts in the future and ends there.

She will have watched the movie by Saturday evening. She will have watched the film by Saturday evening.

They will have opened a brand new factory by the next month. - By next month they will have opened a brand new factory.

• We can also use the Future Perfect when talking about a situation that lasts until a certain time.

This time next week I shall have worked at this factory for 15 years. - At the same time next week, I will have been working at this plant for 15 years.

This time tomorrow he will have traveled the world non-stop for 3 years. - Tomorrow at the same time, he will travel the world non-stop for 3 years.

This time next January I shall have moved to another country. - At this time next January I will move to another country.

When used: professional level

Using the Future Perfect becomes not so easy when you reach a high level of English proficiency.

• For whom this time is far from new, it will be useful to know: sometimes Future Perfect can act in the meaning of a modal phrase must have done, the translation of which can be defined as "should be \ probably".

You will have seen what happened to them. You must have seen what happened to them.

They will have moved to another city. They must have moved to another city.

As you may have guessed, this time does not have many functions. Therefore, it will not be difficult for you to remember it. But it will be extremely useful to consolidate what you have learned. Now you can test your knowledge. and what I have prepared for you. Go through them and share the results in the comments.

And if you have questions - write. I will gladly answer them. And I will be glad to see the most determined ones among the subscribers of my blog. You will receive the latest and useful information from the world of the English language.

And that's all for me.

See you again, my dear readers.