To whom in Rus' to live problems. To whom in Rus' to live well is a problem

Many questions arise before the debaters in the work of N.A. Nekrasov. The main one is who lives happily?

The problem of happiness in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" goes beyond the usual understanding of the philosophical concept of "happiness". But this is understandable. The men of the lowest class are trying to solve the problem. It seems to them that the free, the rich, and the merry can be happy.

Components of happiness

Literary critics try to explain to the reader who the author wanted to present as a result of truly happy. Their opinions differ. This confirms the genius of the poet. He managed to make people think, search, think. The text leaves no one indifferent. There is no exact answer in the poem. The reader has the right to remain in his opinion. He, as one of the wanderers, is looking for an answer, going far beyond the scope of the poem.

The views of individual studies are interesting. They propose to consider happy men who are looking for an answer to a question. Wanderers are representatives of the peasantry. They are from different villages, but with "talking" names that characterize the life of the country's population. Bare-footed, hungry, in clothes with holes, after lean years, survivors of diseases, fires, walkers receive a self-assembly tablecloth as a gift. Her image is expanded in the poem. Here she not only feeds and waters. The tablecloth keeps shoes, clothes. Walk a man around the country, all the problems of everyday life remain aside. Wanderers meet different people, listen to stories, sympathize and empathize. Such a journey during the harvest and the usual labor affairs is a real happiness. To be away from a distressed family, a poor village. It is clear that not all of them realize how happy they were in their search. The peasant became free, but this did not bring him prosperity and the opportunity to live according to his desires. Happiness stands opposite serfdom. Slavery becomes the antonym of the desired concept. It is impossible to collect all the components of national happiness into a single whole.

Each class has its own goals:

• Men are a good harvest;
• The priests are a rich and large parish;
• Soldier - maintaining health;
• Women are kind relatives and healthy children;
• The landlords are a large number of servants.

A man and a gentleman cannot be happy at the same time. The abolition of slavery led to the loss of the foundations of both estates. Truth-seekers have traveled many roads, conducted a survey of the population. From the stories of happiness some want to roar in full voice. People become happy from vodka. That is why there are so many drinkers in Rus'. Both the peasant, and the priest, and the gentleman want to pour grief.

Ingredients of True Happiness

In the poem, the characters try to imagine a good life. The author tells the reader that everyone's perception of the environment is different. What does not please some, for others - the highest pleasure. The beauty of Russian landscapes captivates the reader. Remained in Rus' people with feelings of nobility. They are not changed by poverty, rudeness, illness and hardships of fate. There are few of them in the poem, but they are in every village.

Yakim Nagoi. Hunger and the hard life of a peasant did not kill the desire for beauty in his soul. During a fire, he saves paintings. Yakim's wife saves the icons. This means that in the soul of a woman lives faith in the spiritual transformation of people. Money remains in the background. But they hoarded them long years. The amount is amazing - 35 rubles. So impoverished is our Motherland in the past! Love for the beautiful distinguishes a man, instills faith: wine will not flood the "bloody rain" of the peasant's soul.

Ermil Girin. The disinterested peasant managed to win the lawsuit against the merchant with the help of the people. They lent him their last pennies without fear of being deceived. Honesty did not find its happy ending in the fate of the hero. He gets into jail. Ermil experiences mental anguish when he replaces his brother in recruitment. The author believes in the peasant, but understands that a sense of justice does not always lead to the desired result.

Grigory Dobrosklonov. The protector of the people is the prototype of the revolutionary-minded part of the inhabitants, a new emerging movement in Rus'. They try to change their native corner, refuse their own well-being, do not seek peace for themselves. The poet warns that the hero will become famous and glorious in Rus', the author sees them walking ahead and singing hymns.

Nekrasov believes: wrestlers will be happy. But who will know and believe in their happiness? History tells the opposite: hard labor, exile, consumption, death - this is not all that awaits them in the future. Not everyone will be able to convey their ideas to the people, many will remain outcasts, unrecognized geniuses.

The answer to the question "Who is living well in Rus'?" may not be found. Doubts penetrate the souls of readers. Happiness is a strange category. It can come for a moment from the joy of ordinary life, leads to a state of bliss from wine, barely perceptible in moments of love and affection. What needs to be done to make everyone happy in understanding common man? Changes must affect the structure and way of the country. Who is capable of carrying out such reforms? Will the will give this feeling to a person? There are even more questions than at the beginning of the reading of the poem. This is the task of literature: to make you think, evaluate, plan actions.

In the center of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" is an image of the life of post-reform Russia. Nekrasov worked on the poem for 20 years, collecting material for it "word by word". It unusually broadly embraces the folk life of Russia at that time. Nekrasov sought to portray in the poem representatives of all social strata - from a poor peasant to a king. But, unfortunately, the poem was never finished. This was prevented by the death of the author. Main question The work is clearly posed already in the title of the poem - who in Rus' has a good life? This question is about happiness, well-being, about the human lot, fate. The thought of the painful fate of the peasant, of the peasant ruin runs through the whole poem. The position of the peasantry is clearly illustrated by the name of the places where the truth-telling peasants come from: Terpigorev district, Pustoporozhnaya volost, villages: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo. Asking the question of finding a happy, prosperous person in Rus', the truth-seeking peasants set off on their way. im meeting different people. The most memorable, original personalities are the peasant woman Matrena Timofeevna, the hero Savely, Ermil Girin, Agap Petrov, Yakim Nagoi. Despite the misfortunes that haunted them, they retained spiritual nobility, humanity, the ability to do good and self-sacrifice. Nekrasov's work is full of pictures of people's grief. The poet is very concerned about the fate of the peasant woman. Her share is shown by Nekrasov in the fate of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina:

Matrena Timofeevna

stubborn woman,

Wide and dense

Thirty-eight years old.

Beautiful: gray hair,

The eyes are large, stern,

Eyelashes are the richest

Stern and swarthy

She has a white shirt on

Yes, the sundress is short,

Yes, a sickle over the shoulder ...

Matryona Timofeevna has to go through a lot: overwork, and hunger, and the humiliation of her husband's relatives, and the death of her first-born ... It is clear that all these trials changed Matryona Timofeevna. She says to herself like this: “I have a downcast head, I carry an angry heart ...”, and woman's destiny compares with three loops of white, red and black silk. She concludes her reflections with a bitter conclusion: “You have not started a business - look for a happy woman among the women!” Speaking of the bitter fate of women, Nekrasov never ceases to admire the amazing spiritual qualities of a Russian woman, her will, self-esteem, pride, not crushed by the hardest conditions of life.

A special place in the poem is given to the image of the peasant Saveliy, the “hero of the Holy Russian”, “the hero of the homespun”, which personifies the gigantic strength and stamina of the people, the motivation of the rebellious spirit in him. In the episode of the revolt, when the peasants, led by Saveliy, who have been holding back their hatred for years, push the landowner Vogel into the pit, not only the strength of the people's anger, but also the long-suffering of the people, the lack of organization of their protest is shown with remarkable clarity. Saveliy is endowed with the features of the legendary heroes of Russian epics - heroes. About Savelia, Matrena Timofeevna tells the wanderers: “There was also a lucky man.” Saveliy's happiness lies in love of freedom, in understanding the need for an active struggle of the people, who can achieve a “free”, happy life only through active resistance and action.

Based moral ideals people, relying on the experience of the liberation struggle, the poet creates images of "new people" - people from the peasant environment, who became fighters for the happiness of the poor. Such is Yermil Girin. He earned honor and love with strict truth, intelligence and kindness. But the fate of Yermila was not always favorable and kind to him. He ended up in prison when the “Frightened province, Terpigorev district, Nedykhanyev district, the village of Stolbnyaki” rebelled. The suppressors of the rebellion, knowing that the people would listen to Yermila, called him to exhort the rebellious peasants. But Girin, being the defender of the peasants, does not call them to humility, for which he is punished.

In his work, the author shows not only strong-willed and strong peasants, but also those whose hearts could not resist the corrupting influence of slavery. In the chapter "Last Child" we see the lackey Ipat, who does not even want to hear about the will. He recalls his “prince”, and calls himself “the last slave”. Nekrasov gives Ipat a well-aimed and malicious assessment: “sensitive lackey”. We see the same slave in the image of Jacob the faithful, an exemplary serf:

Only Jacob had joy

Grooming the master, protecting, appeasing ...

All his life he forgave the master of insults, bullying, but when Mr. Polivanov handed over the nephew of his faithful servant to the soldiers, coveting his bride, Yakov could not stand it and took revenge on the master with his own death.

It turns out that even morally deformed slaves, driven to the extreme, are able to protest. The whole poem is imbued with a sense of the inevitable and imminent death of a system based on slavish obedience.

The approach of this death is especially clearly felt in the last part of the poem - “A Feast for the Whole World”. The author's hopes are associated with the image of an intellectual from the people of Grigory Dobrosklonov. Nekrasov did not have time to complete this part, but nevertheless the image of Grigory turned out to be holistic and strong. Grisha is a typical raznochinets, the son of a laborer and a half-destitute deacon. He chooses the path of conscious revolutionary struggle, which seems to him the only possible way for the people to gain freedom and happiness. Grisha's happiness lies in the struggle for a happy future for the people, for "every peasant to live freely and cheerfully in all of holy Rus'." In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, Nekrasov presented to readers the typical character traits of an advanced man of his time.

In his epic poem, Nekrasov poses the most important ethical problems: about the meaning of life, about conscience, about truth, about duty, about happiness. One of these problems follows directly from the question formulated in the title of the poem. What does it mean to "live well"? What is true happiness?

The heroes of the poem understand happiness in different ways. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power. On the road leading to wealth, career, power, “a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation.” But the poet despises such happiness. It does not attract truth-seekers either. They see a different path, a different happiness. The happy life of the people for the poet is inseparable from the idea of ​​free labor. A man is happy when he is not bound by slavery.

For about fourteen years, from 1863 to 1876, the work of N.A. Nekrasov on the most significant work in his work - the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live." Despite the fact that, unfortunately, the poem was never finished and only some of its chapters have come down to us, later arranged by textual critics in chronological order, Nekrasov's work can rightfully be called an "encyclopedia of Russian life." In terms of the breadth of coverage of events, the detail of the depiction of characters, and the amazing artistic accuracy, it is not inferior to

"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin.

Parallel to the image folk life the poem raises questions of morality, touches upon the ethical problems of the Russian peasantry and the entire Russian society of that time, since it is the people who always act as the bearer of moral standards and human ethics in general.

The main idea of ​​the poem follows directly from its title: who in Rus' can be considered a truly happy person?

To the people. According to Nekrasov, well on Rus' lives those who fight for justice and "the happiness of their native corner."

The peasants-heroes of the poem, looking for the "happy" one, do not find him either among the landowners, or among the priests, or among the peasants themselves. The poem depicts the only happy man- Grisha Dobrosklonov, who devoted his life to the struggle for people's happiness. Here the author expresses, in my opinion, an absolutely indisputable idea that one cannot be a true citizen of one's country without doing anything to improve the situation of the people, who are the strength and pride of the Fatherland.

True, Nekrasov’s happiness is very relative: “ people's intercessor"Grisha" fate was preparing ... consumption and Siberia. However, it is difficult to argue with the fact that fidelity to duty and a clear conscience are necessary conditions for true happiness.

In the poem, the problem of the moral fall of the Russian people is also acute, due to their terrifying economic situation, placed in such conditions in which people lose their human dignity turning into lackeys and drunkards. So, the stories of a lackey, the “beloved slave” of Prince Peremetyev, or the courtyard man of Prince Utyatin, the song “About the exemplary serf, Jacob the faithful” are a kind of parable, instructive examples of what kind of spiritual servility, moral degradation led serfdom peasants, and above all - the courtyards, corrupted by personal dependence on the landowner. This is Nekrasov's reproach to the great and mighty in its own way. inner strength people resigned to the position of a slave.

The lyrical hero of Nekrasov actively protests against this slave psychology, calls the peasantry to self-consciousness, calls on the entire Russian people to free themselves from centuries of oppression and feel like a Citizen. The poet perceives the peasantry not as a faceless mass, but as a people-creator, he considered the people to be the real creator of human history.

However, the most terrible consequence of centuries of slavery, according to the author of the poem, is that many peasants are satisfied with their humiliated position, because they cannot imagine a different life for themselves, they cannot imagine how it is possible to exist differently. For example, the lackey Ipat, servile to his master, reverently and almost proudly tells how the master dipped him in the winter in an ice-hole and forced him to play the violin while standing in a flying sleigh. Kholui of Prince Peremetyev is proud of his "lordly" illness and the fact that "he licked the plates with the best French truffle."

Considering the perverted psychology of the peasants as a direct consequence of the autocratic serf system, Nekrasov also points to another product of serfdom - unrestrained drunkenness, which has become a real disaster for the Russian village.

For many men in the poem, the idea of ​​happiness comes down to vodka. Even in the fairy tale about the chiffchaff, seven truth-seekers, when asked what they would like, answer: “If we only had bread ... but a bucket of vodka.” In the chapter "Rural Fair" wine flows like a river, there is a massive soldering of the people. The men return home drunk, where they become a real misfortune for their family. We see one such peasant, Vavilushka, who drank “to a penny”, who laments that he cannot even buy goat shoes for his granddaughter.

Another moral problem that Nekrasov touches upon is the problem of sin. The poet sees the path to the salvation of the human soul in the atonement of sin. So do Girin, Savely, Kudeyar; not such is the elder Gleb. Burmister Yermil Girin, having sent the son of a lonely widow as a recruit, thereby saving his own brother from soldiering, atones for his guilt by serving the people, remains faithful to him even in a moment of mortal danger.

However, the most serious crime against the people is described in one of Grisha's songs: the village headman Gleb hides the news of emancipation from his peasants, thus leaving eight thousand people in the bondage of slavery. According to Nekrasov, nothing can atone for such a crime.

Reader Nekrasov's poem there is a feeling of acute bitterness and resentment for the ancestors, who hoped for better times, but forced to live in "empty volosts" and "tightened provinces" more than a hundred years after the abolition of serfdom.

Revealing the essence of the concept of "people's happiness", the poet points out that the only true way to achieve it is the peasant revolution. The idea of ​​retribution for people's suffering is most clearly formulated in the ballad "On Two Great Sinners", which is a kind of ideological key to the entire poem. The robber Kudeyar throws off the "burden of sins" only when he kills Pan Glukhovsky, known for his atrocities. The murder of a villain, according to the author, is not a crime, but a feat worthy of a reward. Here Nekrasov's idea comes into conflict with Christian ethics. The poet conducts a hidden polemic with F.M. Dostoevsky, who argued the inadmissibility and impossibility of building a just society on blood, who believed that the very thought of murder is already a crime. And I can't help but agree with these statements! One of the most important Christian commandments says: "Thou shalt not kill!" After all, a person who takes the life of his own kind, thereby kills the person in himself, commits a grave crime before life itself, before God.

Therefore, justifying violence from the position of revolutionary democracy, lyrical hero Nekrasova calls Russia "to the ax" (in the words of Herzen), which, as we know, led to a revolution that turned into the worst sin for its executors and the greatest disaster for our people.

1. Introduction. The poem "" is one of the most significant works of Nekrasov. The poet managed to unfold a large-scale picture depicting the life of the simple Russian people. The search for happiness by peasants is a symbol of the centuries-old desire of the peasantry to a better life. The content of the poem is very tragic, but it ends with a solemn affirmation of the future revival of "Mother Rus'".

2. History of creation. The idea to write a real epic dedicated to the common people came to Nekrasov in the late 1850s. After the abolition of serfdom, this plan began to be realized. In 1863 the poet gets to work. Separate parts of the poem were published as they were written in the journal Domestic Notes.

Part of "A Feast for the Whole World" was able to see the light after the death of the author. Unfortunately, Nekrasov did not have time to finish work on the poem. It was assumed that the wandering peasants would end their journey in St. Petersburg. In this way, they will be able to bypass all the supposed "happy people", not excluding the king.

3. The meaning of the name. The title of the poem has become a stable household phrase that carries the eternal Russian problem. As in the time of Nekrasov, so now, the Russian man remains dissatisfied with his position. Only in Russia could the proverb "It's good where we don't exist" appear. As a matter of fact, "to whom in Rus' to live well" - a rhetorical question. It is unlikely that there are many people in our country who will answer that they are completely satisfied with their lives.

4. Genre Poem

5. Subject. The main theme of the poem is the unsuccessful search for people's happiness. Nekrasov somewhat departs from his selfless service to the common people, arguing that not a single estate can consider itself happy. A common misfortune unites all categories of society, which makes it possible to speak of a single Russian people.

6.Issues. Central problem poems - the eternal Russian grief and suffering arising from the backwardness and low level of development of the country. In this regard, the peasantry occupies a special position. Being the most downtrodden class, it nevertheless retains within itself healthy national forces. The poem touches upon the problem of the abolition of serfdom. This long-awaited act did not bring the expected happiness. Nekrasov owns the most famous phrase, describing the essence of the abolition of serfdom: "The great chain has broken ... One end on the master, the other on the peasant! ..".

7. Heroes. Roman, Demyan, Luka, Gubin brothers, Pakhom, Prov. 8. Plot and Composition The poem has a circular composition. A fragment is constantly repeated, explaining the journey of the seven men. The peasants drop everything they do and go in search of a happy man. Each character has their own version of this. Wanderers decide to meet with all the "candidates for happiness" and find out the whole truth.

The realist Nekrasov admits fairy element: men receive a self-assembled tablecloth, allowing them to continue their journey without any problems. The first seven men meet the priest, in whose happiness Luka was sure. The clergyman "according to his conscience" tells the wanderers about his life. It follows from his story that the priests do not enjoy any special advantages. The well-being of the priests is only an apparent phenomenon for the laity. In fact, the life of a priest is no less difficult than that of other people.

The chapters "Country Fair" and "Drunken Night" are devoted to both reckless and hard life common people. Simple fun is replaced by deep drunkenness. For centuries, alcohol has been one of the main troubles of a Russian person. But Nekrasov is far from a decisive condemnation. One of the characters explains the propensity to drunkenness in this way: "Great sadness will come, when we stop drinking! ..".

In the chapter "The Landowner" and the part "Last Child" Nekrasov describes the nobles who also suffered from the abolition of serfdom. For the peasants, their suffering seems far-fetched, but in fact, the breaking of the centuries-old way of life "hit" the landlords very hard. Many farms were ruined, and their owners could not adapt to the new conditions. The poet dwells in detail on the fate of a simple Russian woman in the part "Peasant Woman". She is considered lucky. However, from the story of the peasant woman, it becomes clear that her happiness lies not in gaining anything, but in getting rid of trouble.

Even in the chapter "Happy" Nekrasov shows that the peasants do not expect favors from fate. Their ultimate dream is to avoid danger. The soldier is happy because he is still alive; the stonecutter is happy because he continues to possess huge force etc. In the part "A Feast for the Whole World", the author notes that the Russian peasant, despite all the troubles and sufferings, does not lose heart, treating grief with irony. In this regard, the song "Merry" with the refrain "It is glorious for the people to live in Holy Rus'!" is indicative. Nekrasov felt the approach of death and understood that he would not have time to finish the poem. Therefore, he hastily wrote the "Epilogue", where Grisha Dobrosklonov appears, dreaming of the freedom and welfare of the whole people. He was supposed to be the lucky man the wanderers are looking for.

9. What does the author teach. truly rooted for Russia. He saw all her shortcomings and sought to draw the attention of his contemporaries to them. The poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is one of the most elaborate works of the poet, which, according to the plan, was to present the whole tormented Russia at a glance. Even when unfinished, it sheds light on whole line purely Russian problems, the solution of which is long overdue.

To the question What problems does Nekrasov pose in the work "Who should live well in Rus'"? given by the author Mikhail Panasenko the best answer is The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is the central and most major work in the work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. The work, begun in 1863, was written over several years. Then the poet was distracted by other topics and finished the poem already mortally ill in 1877, with a bitter consciousness of the incompleteness of what he had planned: “One thing that I deeply regret is that I did not finish my poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”. However, the question of the “incompleteness” of the poem is highly controversial and problematic. It is conceived as an epic that can be continued indefinitely, but you can put an end to any segment of its path. We will treat the poem as a finished work, setting and decisive philosophical question- the problem of the happiness of the people and the individual.
The central characters that bind everyone actors and episodes, are seven wandering men: Roman, Demyan, Luka, the Gubin brothers - Ivan and Mitrodor, the old man Pahom and Prov, who went on a journey no more no less, how to find out:
Who is having fun.
Feel free in Rus'?
The form of travel helps the poet to show the life of all strata of society in all its diversity and throughout Russia.
“We measured half the kingdom,” the men say.
Talking with the priest, the landowner, the peasants from the chapter “Happy”, Yermila Girin, our travelers do not find a truly happy, contented with fate, living in abundance. In general, the concept of "happiness" is quite diverse.
Deacon says:
That happiness is not in pastures.
Not in sables, not in gold,
Not in expensive stones.
- And in what?
“In kindness! ”
The soldier is happy
That in twenty battles I was, and not killed!
The “Olonchan stonemason” is happy that he is endowed by nature with heroic strength, and the servant of Prince Peremetyev is “happy” that he is ill with “noble gout”. But all this is a rather pathetic semblance of happiness. Ermil Girin is somewhat closer to the ideal, but He also “stumbled”, taking advantage of his power over people. And our travelers come to the conclusion that it is necessary to look for a happy woman among women.
The story of Matrena Timofeevna is full of drama. The life of a “happy” peasant woman is full of losses, grief, hard work. Bitter are the words of Matrena Timofeevna's confession:
Keys to female happiness
From our free will
abandoned, lost
God himself!
Isn't this a dramatic situation? Is it really impossible for peasant wanderers to find a truly happy person in the whole world, satisfied with his life? Our wanderers are despondent. How much longer do they have to go in search of a happy one? Will they ever see their families?
Having met Grisha Dobrosklonov, the peasants understand that they have a truly happy person in front of them. But his happiness is not in wealth, contentment, peace, but in the respect of the people, who see Grisha as their intercessor.
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
During their journey, the wanderers grew spiritually. Their voice merges with the opinion of the author. That is why they unanimously call the poor and still unknown Grisha Dobrosklonov happy, in whose image the features of Russian democrats are clearly visible: Chernyshevsky, Belinsky, Dobrolyubov.
The poem ends with a formidable warning:
The army rises - Innumerable!
The power in it will be indestructible!
This army is capable of much if people like Grisha Dobrosklonov lead it.