Victor Hugo's house in Besançon. French genius Victor Hugo - romantic, poet, publicist
Victor Hugo is a French writer whose works have gone down in history and become immortal monuments of literary heritage. A lover of Gothic and a representative of romanticism, all his life he despised the laws of society and opposed human inequality. most popular book"Les Misérables" Hugo wrote at the moment creative crisis, but, nevertheless, this novel has become a favorite work of the author's fans around the world.
Childhood and youth
Early 19th century: France passed great revolution, the country destroyed the Old Order and the absolute monarchy, which were replaced by the First French Republic. The slogan “Freedom, Equality, Fraternity” flourished in the country, and the young commander inspired hope for a brighter future.
It was at the time when the ancient foundations were destroyed, and sprouts from the seeds of the revolution grew in France, that the third son was born to the captain of the Napoleonic army, Leopold Sizhisber Hugo. This event took place on February 26, 1802 in the east of the country, in the city of Besancon. The boy, who was given the name Victor, was sickly and weak, according to the recollections of his mother Sophie Trebuchet, the baby was "no bigger than a table knife."
The family was rich and lived in a large three-story house. Leopold came from a peasant family, but the French Revolution allowed the man to prove himself. The father of the future writer went from an officer of the Republican army to a supporter of Bonaparte and, finally, became a general. Hugo Sr. often traveled due to duty, so the family moved to Italy, Spain, Marseille, as well as to the islands in the Mediterranean and Tuscany. Travel has left a lasting impression on little Victor which will later find an echo in the works of the writer.
From the biography of Hugo's mother, it is only known that she was the daughter of a shipowner.
Sophie and Leopold tried to raise three boys (Victor, Abel and Eugene) in love, but the worldviews of the spouses diverged, which is why they often quarreled. Trebuchet adhered to royalist and Voltairian views and french revolution was a supporter of the Bourbon dynasty, while Hugo the elder was a devoted supporter of Napoleon. Not only political strife forced the parents of the future writer to disperse: Sophie had love on the side with General Victor Lagori.
Because of parental quarrels, the three brothers lived either with Sophie or with Leopold, and in 1813 Victor Hugo's mother and father divorced, and the woman moved to the capital of France, taking her youngest son with her. In the future, Sophie regretted more than once and tried to reconcile with her husband, but he did not want to forget old grievances.
The mother had a significant influence on Victor: she managed to instill in the child that the Bourbons are adherents of freedom, and the image of the ideal monarch was formed by the boy due to the books he read.
Literature
Leopold dreamed that youngest child he joined the exact sciences, besides, the boy had a talent for mathematics, he perfectly counted and coped with complex equations. Perhaps the general's son would have developed the career of Michel Roll or, but Victor chose a different path and ended up from entering the Polytechnic University.
Future author immortal novels preferred Latin verses and books to figures, reading great works with avidity. However, Hugo began to write odes and poems as a child, studying at the Lyceum of Louis the Great, from 1812. The young man was often the author of plays at impromptu school performances: shifted tables served as theatrical stages, and stage costumes were cut out of colored paper and cardboard by clumsy children's hands.
When the boy was 14 years old, he was inspired by the first representative of romanticism, Francois Chateaubriand, and dreamed of being like a French poet. In his autobiographical diary, the future author of The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris”wrote 10 notebooks with translations of Virgil’s works: then the boy was in hospital due to a wound in his leg.
Later, the self-critical young man found manuscripts carefully collected by his mother and burned his works, believing that he was capable of a more elegant and literary style. On the last notebook, Victor writes that this is nonsense and draws a picture of an egg with a chick inside.
When Victor was 15 years old, he showed himself as a clear supporter of royalism and an adherent of an entrenched literary classicism.
In 1813, young Hugo participates in literary competition, where he presents to the jury members an ode to the benefits of science, "Les avantages des tudes", for which he receives praise and rave reviews. Some judges did not believe that the author of the poem was 15, because in the work Victor spoke like an adult with a formed worldview.
Young Writer praised the Bourbon dynasty in his works: for the ode “On the restoration of the statue of Henry IV”, the young man received the attention and favor of the French authorities, who paid young talent salary. The encouragement with money came in handy, since Leopold refused to help his son financially because of the latter's disagreement to enter the Polytechnic School.
When the boy was 17 years old, he, together with his brother Abel, began publishing a magazine with the catchy title "Literary Conservative", and the collection "Odes", published in 1822, made Victor a recognized poet in the literary public.
Hugo's books embodied the course of romanticism, and the author's writings often hid a social or political aspect, while Byron's English romanticism was a work, mainly actor which was a human person.
The inhabitants of France had to observe social inequality, dirty nooks and crannies, begging, slavery, dissolute behavior of women and other life phenomena, although Paris was considered a city of love. Hugo, like any writer, was an observant person who was worried about the surrounding reality. Moreover, in his works, Victor did not delve into the essence of social strife, trying to prove to readers that social problems will be solved only when a person learns to appreciate morality and morality.
Often the works of the French author had political overtones; in the first serious novel, The Last Day of the Condemned to Death (1829), the writer metaphorically explains his position on the abolition of the death penalty, fixing thoughts and torments literary hero doomed to perish.
Also, the philosophical concept is carried by the work of Victor Hugo "The Man Who Laughs" (previously Victor wanted to call the work "By the Order of the King"), written by the writer in adulthood. The novel describes the horrors of social violence, which was committed by the supreme nobility. The work tells about Lord Gwynplaine, whose face was mutilated in childhood in order to deprive the heir to the throne and status. Due to external inferiority, the boy was treated as a second-rate person, not paying attention to his positive aspects.
"Les Misérables"
The novel "Les Misérables", written by Hugo in 1862 - the pinnacle of creativity French writer which was later made into a film. In concept literary plot there are acute problems surrounding life, such as hunger and poverty, the fall of girls into prostitution for a piece of bread, as well as the arbitrariness of the upper class, which was power.
The protagonist of the work is Jean Valjean, who stole a loaf from a bakery for the sake of a starving family. Due to a frivolous crime, the man received a total of 19 years in prison, and after his release he became an outcast who was deprived of the right to a quiet life.
Cosette. Illustration for the book by Victor Hugo "Les Misérables" Despite the deplorable position in society, the hero of the novel has a goal - to make the homeless girl Cosette happy.
According to biographers of the French writer, the book is based on real events: in 1846, Hugo personally saw how a man was arrested because of a piece of loaf.
Gavroche. Illustration for the book by Victor Hugo "Les Misérables" Victor also describes the life of a fervent boy - the orphan Gavroche, who dies during the June uprising, which took place in 1831.
"Notre Dame Cathedral"
The idea of "Notre Dame Cathedral" arises from Victor Hugo in 1828, and the book itself is published in 1831. After the publication of the novel, Hugo becomes an innovator: the writer became the first Frenchman who wrote a work with historical overtones.
Victor relied on the experience of the world famous writer-historian. "Notre Dame Cathedral" political motive: during his lifetime, the author of the novel advocated the reconstruction of cultural monuments.
Illustration for the book of Victor Hugo "Notre Dame Cathedral" Therefore, the Gothic cathedral in Paris, which the authorities were going to demolish, became the main character of the work. The novel tells about human cruelty and the eternal confrontation between good and evil. This book is dramatic and tells about the unfortunate ugly Quasimodo, in love with the beautiful Esmeralda - the only inhabitant of Paris who did not mock the poor servant of the temple. After Hugo's death, the work was filmed: the famous "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996) was filmed on its basis.
Personal life
The personal life of Victor Hugo was distinguished by the fact that he had a peculiar relationship with the opposite sex. In his youth, the writer falls in love with Adele Fouche, a typical representative of the bourgeoisie. In 1822, the lovers get married. The couple had five children (the first child died in infancy), but the beautiful Adele began to disdain Hugo: she did not consider her husband a talented writer and did not read a single line from his works. But the woman cheated on her husband with his friend Sainte-Beva, denying Victor carnal pleasure, any touch of the writer irritated the obstinate girl, but she preferred to remain silent about betrayals.
Later, Hugo falls in love with the secular courtesan-beauty Juliette, who was kept by Prince Anatoly Demidov, without denying the girl luxury. The new passion fell passionately in love with the writer, who demanded to end the affair with a rich man. But in relations, Hugo turned out to be extremely stingy: from an elegantly dressed young lady, Victor's new bride turned into a lady who wore rags: the author of the novels gave Juliet a small amount for expenses and controlled every coin spent.
At new sweetheart Victor had a dream of becoming an actress, but the writer made no effort to get the girl a theatrical role.
Later, the writer’s passion for the aged Zhulte cooled down, and he was not against having fun with girls for one night, for which he organized a separate office in his house.
Death
Died great writer in the spring of 1885 from pneumonia. The news of the death of Victor Hugo instantly spread throughout France, millions of people mourned and participated in the funeral of the author of immortal novels.
One of the favorite places of Hugo's fans was the island of Jersey, where Victor spent 3 happy years and revealed himself as a poet.
Bibliography
- "Les Misérables"
- "Notre Dame Cathedral"
- "The Man Who Laughs"
- "The last day of the condemned to death"
- "Ninety-Third Year"
- "Cosette"
- "Toilers of the Sea"
- "Gavroche"
- "Claude Gue"
- "Ernani"
Quotes
- "Fill up the abyss of ignorance, and you will destroy the den of crimes";
- "Great people rarely appear alone";
- “Ideas are a rare game in the forest of words”;
- “A donkey who knows the way is worth more than a soothsayer who guesses at random”;
- “It doesn't matter to me which side the power is on; what matters is which side is right”;
- “A man is enslaved not only by the soul of a woman, but also by her body, and more often the body than the soul. The soul is the beloved, the body is the mistress.
French romantic writer, poet and publicist Victor Hugo (Victor Marie Hugo) was born in 1802 in Besançon. His father served as a general in the Napoleonic army, his mother was a strict Catholic and royalist. Victor's childhood passed in constant moving. This was required military service father, besides, the parents often quarreled, dispersed and lived separately. In early childhood, Victor and […]
French romantic writer, poet and essayist Victor Hugo (Victor Marie Hugo) was born in 1802, in Besançon. His father served as a general in the Napoleonic army, his mother was a strict Catholic and royalist. Victor's childhood passed in constant moving. This was required by the military service of the father, besides, the parents often quarreled, dispersed and lived separately.
In their early childhood, Victor and his brothers were educated at home. Only in 1814, when they lived in Madrid, did the boys enter the Lyceum of Louis the Great. The children of Spanish aristocrats studied at the lyceum. They disliked the sons of the French general and did not accept them into their circle.
Victor, deprived of communication with his peers, became interested in literature. He read a lot, and soon tried to write himself. The first creation of the 14-year-old author was the tragedy "Yrtatine", then the drama "Louis de Castro". These early works were not published, but by 1819 Hugo received the first laudatory reviews and the Academy Award for his poems and poems.
The first official publication was satirical work "Telegraph". From that moment began full-fledged writing activity. At the end of the Lyceum, Victor and his brothers began to publish an appendix to the magazine Le conservateur. Victor at that time had a girlfriend - .
Hugo's mother died in 1821. For about a year, the young man, not wanting to turn to his father, earned his living by writing. Then he published his first novel - a melodrama "Byug Jargal". A poetry collection was published, which earned the approval of the king himself. To a young talent appointed an annual annuity - 1200 francs. This allowed Victor to marry Adele. Soon the first-born son Leopold was born to the spouses. Unfortunately, Leopold Hugo died at an early age.
The second novel of the young author - "Gan the Icelander", written in the genre of Gothic prose, was released in 1823. After that, the writer became close to many writers of the romantic genre: Alfred Vigny, Emile Deschamps, Charles Nodier, Alphonse de Lamartine. A group of writers formed creative association"Senacle" in the publication of "Muse française".
In 1827, Hugo's first dramatic work appeared - a play "Cromwell". She was not put on stage (the volume was too large), but the “Preface” to the play began to be considered literary program French romanticism. Hugo revolutionized romantic prose. He called on writers to objectively reflect all aspects of life: to describe not only majestic events, but also everyday ones; depicting not only the beautiful, but also the ugly sides of reality. According to Hugo, human characters should be shown in all their versatility. “What exists in nature must also exist in art!” the writer thought.
French romanticism of a new kind protested against the literary routine, expressed the sentiments of the democratic opposition, and developed the theme of popular self-consciousness.
Period 1829-43 became the highest step in the rise of Hugo's career as a writer. Works came out one after another. By that time, the writer had four more children, but the family gradually fell apart. Victor has a mistress - Juliette Drouet(she became his lover for thirty long years). Adele also enjoyed personal freedom - her lover was the critic Sainte-Beuve.
Hugo wrote many works over the next few years, but the famous "Notre-Dame de Paris" ("Notre Dame Cathedral"), published in 1831. In his literary masterpiece, the author showed the love and realities of life of deprived people from the "bottom". The work was an extraordinary success with readers.
In 1845 Victor Hugo was appointed peer of France. In that year, he experienced a tragedy - his beloved daughter Leopoldina died. In 1848, the writer became a member of the National Assembly and an active supporter of the republican system. At this time, he began to write journalistic works.
Three years later, Bonaparte staged a coup d'etat and eliminated the republican form of government. Hugo had to leave the country. For about twenty years he lived in exile in the English Channel Islands. Here he wrote a grandiose epic - "Les Misérables". This novel is still considered a great book, unsurpassed for all time in its relevance and insight.
In 1870, the writer, together with Juliette Drouet, decided to return to Paris. The capital enthusiastically welcomed Hugo. He was elected to the National Assembly, but he soon left the post. Four years later, his last novel saw the light - "Ninety-Third Year". In 1978, Hugo suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He recovered, but he no longer created large-scale novels. Only a few journalistic and everyday works were written. Juliette died of cancer in 1883. Victor Hugo took the loss hard - his strength was completely undermined.
The great writer died on May 22, 1885 in Paris. Hugo's funeral became a day of national mourning. He was buried in the Pantheon as one of the most revered citizens of France.
Biographers call Victor Hugo "the genius of wrestling", and his life path- for years vigilant labor. This is true - after all, struggle and work are the highest manifestations of true genius.
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There is a region of Franche-Comte in the east of France, famous for its "yellow wine" and Comte cheese. A main city region - Besançon. It is not very popular when it comes to tourist routes, but true connoisseurs know that this is the pearl of eastern France.
Besançon is a small town with a population of just over 100,000. But he looks very majestic and dignified. The importance of this city is given by the fundamental medieval buildings. It's like being in a Harry Potter movie. The city is so neat and tidy. Not flashy or defiant at all, but proud of its heritage, which carefully guards for those who appreciate ....
One of the most valuable monuments is the monumental citadel of the 17th century, which is located on the top of the cliff. The spectacle is amazing. You realize the power of time, and the strength and beauty of nature. After all, the city is very well located in the bend of the Du river, which goes around the city on three sides, while on the fourth side there is an impregnable high rock. This medieval citadel was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Besancon, its sights
There are many in Besançon educational institutions and, accordingly, there are many students who create the effect of movement in the rather unhurried city due to the massive buildings. Cafes, squares, geometric parks - everything is filled with moving students.
It is not surprising, because in Besançon it is like behind a stone wall. The fortification system of the city is made up of 18 defense structures, and these are only the key ones. You say that they are already, one might say, exhibits. Maybe, but it's better than nothing!
In general, there are 186 historical monuments in the city, which are protected by the city. According to them, you can study the history of the town, which began in the days of the Roman Empire, and maybe even earlier, but there are no witnesses left from that time ...
If you are thrown into Besancon, be sure to visit the Fortress of the city with its museums, as well as the zoo. Attract the attention of tourists and the Astronomical clock, which is located on the Saint-Jean Cathedral. By the way, at one time Besancon was the center of watchmaking in France.
Who is Victor Hugo every educated person knows, but does he know where Hugo was born? Yes, it is here, so it is not surprising that the house-museum of Victor Hugo is located here, which is also worth a visit.
In addition to all of the above, the main city of Franche-Comte beckons with its churches, fountains, parks. You can walk for hours along the Doubs River in search of the meaning of life and true values.
By the way, Besancon is indeed a very civilized and thoughtful city. Another evidence of this is the concern for tourists. Especially for them, signs with pointers are mounted in the pavement, which help to get to the main sights of the city.
CitadelA UNESCO World Heritage Site masterpiece by Vauban, the Besancon Citadel is considered one of the most beautiful in France. It rises more than 100 meters above the old town and the river, offering beautiful panoramic views.
astronomical clock
Created by Augustine Lucian Truth between 1858 and 60, the Besançon astronomical clock has a complex and precise mechanism, consisting of over 30,000 parts and 11 moving parts.
Cathedral of St. Jean.
Cathedral of St. Jean has two different apses: a Romanesque choir and an ornate 18th-century choir. It is worth noting the large white marble altarpiece, the only French example of its kind, as well as the "Our Lady with Saints", painted in 1512 by Fra Bartolomeo. Nearby is the famous astronomical clock, which has intricately animated figures depicting the resurrection of Christ.
Working hours:
Summer 9 - 19, winter 9 - 18.
Birthplace of the Lumiere brothers
Auguste and Louis Lumiere
(1862-1954) (1864-1948)
The inventors of cinema, the Lumiere brothers, were born in Besançon, on Place Saint-Quentin (now Place Victor Hugo) at No. 1. Their father, Antoine (1840 - 1911), a photographer, kept his studio in the courtyard of No. Granges (former monastery).
"Black Gate", built around 175 AD. in honor of the emperor Marcus Aurelius.
Birthplace of Victor Hugo
On the house where Victor Hugo was once born, you can see a sign. She was hanged on February 26, 2002, as a reminder of the ideals of the 19th century, political struggle one of the most famous writers France: "I want great people, I want a free man."
Address:
140 grande rue
25000 BESANCON
Place du theater
25000 BESANCON
A popular entertainment venue for resort guests, the Kursaal was built in 1892. At one time it housed a circus and a brewery.
Rue Megevand
25000 BESANCON
The city theater was built in 1778 according to the plan of the architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux in accordance with the design of the new time. Rooms were created in the amphitheater, seats in the stalls were created, and the first theater pit in the world was made. The theater corridor was destroyed by fire in 1958, then rebuilt.
Birth house of Jean-Charles Emmanuel Nodier
Jean-Charles Emmanuel Nodier
(1780-1844)
Journalist, writer, leader of the Romantics, Charles Nodier moved to Paris in 1813. Elected to the French Academy in 1833, he often mentions charms in his works. native land. He was born on April 29, 1780, probably in a now defunct house located on the Place Victor-Hugo (in the place of the current house number 7), and spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather, master contractor Joseph Nodier, at rue Neuve (now rue Charles -Nodier, No. 11).
Rue Charles Nodier
25000 BESANCON
This building is currently located in Du Prefecture. It was built in 1770 - 78 by order of Charles Lacour and served as a hotel for the manager of the region.
The general plan was created by the great Parisian architect Victor Louis, the construction work was headed by Nicolas Nicol. Having adapted traditional plan townhouse between the courtyard and the garden, the administration building has a facade overlooking the courtyard, decorated with six Ionic columns topped with a pediment, and the rear facade is made in the form of a rotunda.
Rue Gabriel Plancon
25000 BESANCON
Simultaneously a business center and a communication centre, the Cité, designed by the architect Studio, symbolizes Besançon's discovery of new technologies.
18 rue de l'Orme de Chamars
25000 BESANCON
Built from 1739 to 1745, this chapel was designed by architect Nicholas Nicol. Formerly a monastery chapel, it was attached to the hospital of St. Jacques in 1802.
Open daily, including holidays from 14:00 to 16:30. 
In 17802, the architect Bertrand proposed to build a new church on the royal square, continued by a number of neo-classical buildings. The church was made in the form of a Greek cross in the period 1782-86. The original project was interrupted by the French Revolution.
Place du 8 septembre
25000 BESANCON
On the main square of the city is the town hall, designed by mayor Richard Sarah. Its facade is made in the spirit of the palace of the era Italian Renaissance. Above the porch of the town hall you can see an eagle with two columns, a reminder of the ancient past of the city.
Work on this masterpiece by the architect Nicolas Nicol began in 1746 and continued until the middle of the 18th century. The two towers were completed in 1830. Inside the sanctuary is divided into three naves, interspersed with columns. The architectural unity of the whole church is an example religious architecture 18th century.
The church houses a museum that presents the history of the district over 5 centuries.
6 rue de la Madeleine
25000 BESANCON
Tel. : 03 81 81 12 09
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The brilliant poet, playwright and writer Victor Marie Hugo was born in Besancon on February 26, 1802 in the family of an officer. The married life of his parents did not work out, so the baby wandered between his father's and mother's houses. Perhaps it was because of this that little Hugo was an extremely sickly boy.
Victor was not yet twenty, when in October 1822 he became the legal spouse of Alede Fouquet, the girl whom he had loved since childhood. Their first child died after only a few months. After tragic death The first-born wife gave Victor Hugo four more children - two daughters and two sons. The relationship between the spouses was full of love and understanding, thanks to which the writer's colleagues called the couple "the holy family."
The period of odes and novels gave way to a wave of plays at the turn of the 20-30s of the 19th century. More and more immersed in the theatrical environment, losing the sense of time at rehearsals, Hugo practically does not appear at home. The family idyll collapses, and on its shaky remnants rises the triumphal play "Ernani", bringing the family an unprecedented financial wealth.
At the beginning of 1831, the writer puts an end to the legendary novel and, at the same time, to happy marriage. Adele had fallen out of love with Victor a long time ago - although he did not notice it - and life in this position became unbearable for a young creative man.
At this time, fate gives him a new ray of sunshine, the charming Parisian Juliette Drouet. The slender, black-eyed courtesan and Hugo seemed to be made for each other... A white streak begins again in the life of the writer, and he, full of inspiration, begins to work with renewed vigor. literary activity. By the way, unlike Adele, Juliette highly appreciated the work of her beloved and always kept his manuscripts. Victor's inspiration soon resulted in a collection of poems "Songs of Twilight".
Interestingly, in these relationships, Hugo proved to be more of a strict mentor than a sincere lover. With his light hand Juliette from a captivating courtesan has turned into a modest nun ... Meanwhile, the writer plunges headlong into social activities. Yes, in 1845 he became a peer of France - and this was not the ultimate dream.
In 1843 eldest daughter Hugo, Leopoldina, tragically dies along with her husband. At the same time, the second (unofficial) marriage of the writer cracks: in addition to Juliette, many pretty courtesans and actresses begin to visit him. Only seven years later, the unfortunate woman learns about the "exploits" of her Casanova - and how she finds out, from the lips of her rival herself, who, in addition to her letter, also attached love correspondence with Hugo ...
In the 1950s, the French master became an exile, wandering between Brussels and the British Isles. Outside of France, he publishes the pamphlet "Napoleon the Small", which brings him unprecedented fame, after which he takes up creativity with renewed vigor. Luck smiled at him every now and then: for the fee for the collection of poetry "Contemplation" Hugo was able to build a whole house!
In the 60s, Les Misérables, Toilers of the Sea, Songs of the Streets and Forests appeared. The writer is not affected even by the death of his first love - Adele, as well as all his children. After all, the life of Victor Hugo now, in addition to Juliette, was brightened up by Marie, then Sarah, then Judith - all as one young, fresh, ardent. Even at the age of eighty, Hugo remained himself: two months before his death, he still made love dates.
On May 22, 1885, the world said goodbye to the great writer. Two million people followed Victor Hugo's coffin...
Victor Hugo, bibliography
All books by Victor Hugo:
Poetry
1822
"Odes and Poetic Experiences"
1823
"Odes"
1824
"New Odes"
1826
"Odes and Ballads"
1829
"Oriental motives"
1831
"Autumn leaves"
1835
"Songs of Twilight"
1837
"Inner Voices"
1840
"Rays and Shadows"
1853
"Retribution"
1856
"Contemplations"
1865
"Songs of the streets and forests"
1872
"Terrible Year"
1877
"The Art of Being a Grandfather"
1878
"Dad"
1880
"Revolution"
1881
"Four Winds of the Spirit"
1859, 1877, 1883
"Legend of Ages"
1886
"End of Satan"
1891
"God"
1888, 1893
"All the strings of the lyre"
1898
"Dark Years"
1902, 1941
"The Last Sheaf"
1942
"Ocean"
Dramaturgy
1819/1820
"Ines de Castro"
1827
"Cromwell"
1828
"Amy Robsart"
1829
"Marion Delorme"
1829
"Ernani"
1832
"King is having fun"
1833
"Lucretia Borgia"
1833
"Mary Tudor"
1835
"Angelo, Tyrant of Padua"
1838
"Ruy Blas"
1843
"Burgraves"
1882
"Torquemada"
1886
Free Theatre. Small pieces and fragments»
Novels
1823
"Gan the Icelander"
1826
"Byug-Zhargal"
1829
"The last day of the condemned to death"
1831
"Notre Dame Cathedral"
1834
"Claude Gue"
1862
"Les Misérables"
1866
"Toilers of the Sea"
1869
"The Man Who Laughs"
1874
"Ninety-Third Year"
Publicism and essay
1834
"Study of Mirabeau"
1834
"Literary and philosophical experiments"
1842
Rhine. Letters to a friend"
1852
"Napoleon the Small"
1855
"Letters to Louis Bonaparte"
1864
"William Shakespeare"
1867
"Paris"
1867
"Voice from Guernsey"
1875
"Before Exile"
1875
"During the Exile"
1876, 1889
"After Exile"
1877-1878
