Largest Japanese diaspora outside of Japan. See what "Japanese in Brazil" is in other dictionaries How many Japanese live in Brazil
It's no secret that in 2008 the Brazilian Japanese celebrated the 100th anniversary of Japanese emigration to Brazil. But few people know about the reasons for this emigration.
The year 1868 can be considered the date of the beginning of Japan's emigration policy. It was in 1868 that Japan ended its policy of self-isolation. And what happened? The borders became open and Japan was swallowed up modern world with his hectic life. A huge number of Japanese peasants were ready for international migration, and educated Japanese immediately went to study and internships in other countries.
The man who gave rise to Japanese emigration on a large scale is Eugene M. Van Reed. In 1968, he sent fifty Japanese to Hawaiian Islands and fifty more people on Guam as work force. The position of the Japanese in Guam and the Hawaiian Islands was unenviable. In fact, their status was equal to that of slaves. Upon learning of this, the Japanese government immediately issued a ban on emigrants traveling abroad.
However, all these events were only a prerequisite for the global emigration of the Japanese. In 1885, the Immigration Convention was concluded between the United States and Japan. It was written in the convention that 30,000 Japanese could conclude a three-year contract and go to work on the sugar plantations of the Hawaiian Islands. Also, the Japanese began to travel to many countries in the South Pacific region.
However, the organization in 1893 of the Colonial Society can be called a breakthrough in Japan's emigration policy. However, the word colony should not be taken literally. The society was mainly engaged in the organization of Japanese settlements in other countries, in order to expand its economic influence. The society's first project was to create an agrarian colony in Mexico, but the project failed, but thanks to it, quite a few Japanese ended up in Latin America.
Naturally, already at the beginning of the 20th century, many Japanese began to go to study in the United States and Canada. True, the United States of America soon began to pursue an anti-Japanese policy, which led to a ban on Japanese immigration to the United States and a partial ban on their immigration to Canada in 1923.
However, the Japanese did not give up. Since the way to America was closed to them, they decided to continue their emigration to other countries. It was at this moment that the mass emigration of the Japanese to Brazil began. But this was far from the first group of Japanese to set foot on Brazilian lands. In 1908, the first Japanese family left for Brazil. In Brazil, the Japanese worked on coffee farms. When the contracts expired, many Japanese chose to stay in that country. By the way, many believe that one of the reasons for the Japanese emigration to Brazil was the samba dance.
After 80 years, the return migration from Brazil to Japan began. In 1990, 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin, the children of Japanese who worked on the coffee plantations of Brazil, emigrated to Japan to earn money. Most of the contracts expired in 2004 and many Brazilians of Japanese origin returned to their warm homeland.
The material was prepared specifically for the World of Japan website.
The largest concentration of Japanese-Bilders is found in the states of São Paulo and Paraná.
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Japanese immigrants work on a coffee plantation.
Integration and mixed marriages
Religion
Language
Territories of residence
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Japanese family in Brazil
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Japanese family in Brazil
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Japanese immigrants in Brazil
Japanese in Maring
Dekasegi
Identity of Brazilians in Japan
Century
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An excerpt characterizing the Japanese in Brazil
“No, she doesn’t understand or pretends to be,” thought Pierre. "Better not tell her either."The princess also prepared provisions for Pierre's journey.
“How kind they all are,” thought Pierre, “that now, when it certainly couldn’t be more interesting for them, they are doing all this. And everything for me; that's what's amazing."
On the same day, a police chief came to Pierre with a proposal to send a trustee to the Faceted Chamber to receive the things that were now being distributed to the owners.
“This one too,” thought Pierre, looking into the face of the police chief, “what a glorious, handsome officer and how kind! Now he's dealing with such nonsense. And they say that he is not honest and uses. What nonsense! And yet, why shouldn't he use it? That's how he was brought up. And everyone does it. And such a pleasant, kind face, and smiles, looking at me.
Pierre went to dine with Princess Mary.
Driving through the streets between the conflagrations of houses, he marveled at the beauty of these ruins. Chimneys of houses, fallen off walls, picturesquely reminiscent of the Rhine and the Colosseum, stretched, hiding each other, through the burnt quarters. The cabbies and riders who met, the carpenters who cut the log cabins, the traders and shopkeepers, all with cheerful, beaming faces, looked at Pierre and said as if: “Ah, here he is! Let's see what comes out of it."
At the entrance to the house of Princess Mary, Pierre was doubtful about the fairness of the fact that he was here yesterday, saw Natasha and spoke with her. “Maybe I made it up. Maybe I'll go in and see no one." But before he had time to enter the room, as already in his whole being, by the instant deprivation of his freedom, he felt her presence. She was in the same black dress with soft folds and the same hairdo as yesterday, but she was completely different. If she had been like that yesterday, when he entered the room, he could not have failed to recognize her for a moment.
She was the same as he knew her almost as a child and then the bride of Prince Andrei. A cheerful, inquiring gleam shone in her eyes; there was an affectionate and strangely mischievous expression on his face.
Pierre dined and would have sat out all evening; but Princess Mary was on her way to Vespers, and Pierre left with them.
The next day, Pierre arrived early, dined and sat out the whole evening. Despite the fact that Princess Mary and Natasha were obviously glad to have a guest; despite the fact that all the interest in Pierre's life was now concentrated in this house, by evening they had talked everything over, and the conversation moved incessantly from one insignificant subject to another and was often interrupted. Pierre sat up so late that evening that Princess Mary and Natasha looked at each other, obviously expecting him to leave soon. Pierre saw this and could not leave. It became difficult for him, awkward, but he kept sitting, because he could not get up and leave.
Princess Mary, not foreseeing the end of this, was the first to get up and, complaining of a migraine, began to say goodbye.
- So you are going to Petersburg tomorrow? Oka said.
“No, I’m not going,” Pierre said hastily, with surprise and as if offended. - No, to Petersburg? Tomorrow; I just don't say goodbye. I’ll call for commissions, ”he said, standing in front of Princess Marya, blushing and not leaving.
Natasha gave him her hand and left. Princess Mary, on the contrary, instead of leaving, sank into an armchair and, with her radiant, deep gaze, looked sternly and attentively at Pierre. The weariness that she had obviously shown before was completely gone now. She sighed heavily and long, as if preparing herself for a long conversation.
All the embarrassment and awkwardness of Pierre, when Natasha was removed, instantly disappeared and was replaced by an excited animation. He quickly moved the chair very close to Princess Marya.
“Yes, I wanted to tell you,” he said, answering, as if in words, in her glance. “Princess, help me. What should I do? Can I hope? Princess, my friend, listen to me. I know everything. I know that I'm not worth it; I know it's impossible to talk about it now. But I want to be her brother. No, I don't want... I can't...
He stopped and rubbed his face and eyes with his hands.
“Well, here it is,” he continued, apparently making an effort on himself to speak coherently. I don't know since when I love her. But I have loved her alone, alone in my whole life, and I love her so much that I cannot imagine life without her. Now I do not dare to ask for her hand; but the thought that maybe she could be mine and that I would miss this opportunity ... opportunity ... is terrible. Tell me, can I hope? Tell me what should I do? Dear princess,” he said, after a pause and touching her hand, as she did not answer.
“I am thinking about what you told me,” Princess Mary answered. “I'll tell you what. You are right, what now to tell her about love ... - The princess stopped. She wanted to say: it is now impossible for her to talk about love; but she stopped, because for the third day she saw from the suddenly changed Natasha that not only would Natasha not be offended if Pierre expressed his love to her, but that she only wanted this.
“It’s impossible to tell her now,” Princess Marya said anyway.
“But what am I to do?
“Give it to me,” said Princess Mary. - I know…
Japan is tight. There are many physical, real, characteristics of Japan, for example, there are many earthquakes in Japan. Yesterday, too, there was one thing - not big, but long. Just in work time, and our office is located in a skyscraper, which during an earthquake begin to swing from side to side. On the occasion of obon-a, only gaijins and only one of the youngest Japanese remained in the office, who was left without obon to answer the phone, and gaijins - they are afraid of earthquakes. The Japanese sit quietly for themselves - well, it shakes, well, it shakes, what's the difference? And then, by the way, the slab had already fallen off the wall and fell, the same joy for me. And people outside the window get out of the bus, look - “Is it in my head from the heat that it hurts - or is that skyscraper swaying because of the earthquake?”. Rookies, they don't understand from below.
So this is an earthquake physical property. Closely psychological. If you ask a gaijin to say one word on the topic of what Japan is like, he will say - unstable. And the Japanese will say - tight. For a beer in cheerful company always start the same conversation
Here you are, a foreigner, but you like Japan, don't you?
I like it, of course, everything is great here.
Only the apartments are small, right? It's because it's very tight. Japan is very small. America is big, Japan is not. Therefore so...
In Japan, of course, the population density is not the same as in Siberia. But the Japanese population density is much lower than the density of several Western European countries, and several Asian ones, and Israel. In Japan, just three hours by train from Tokyo, huge spaces begin on which no one lives at all, because it is cold there, in Japan the population does not grow, but falls, as in every developed country, and the area of Japan is not at all as small as it seems on map and, for example, a much larger area of New Zealand. But, nevertheless, it's tight. The government is conducting a survey of the population - should Japan accept more foreigners to develop the economy? No, the population says, it is impossible, in Japan it is already so crowded. And yes, the population says and the government says, these northern islands still need to be taken back from Russia, because it’s crowded.
And it's cramped - it's in their heads. In Tokyo, tiny houses are stacked close to each other, not because there is no space, but because large houses are simply not being built. The Nazis in Japan explained the same closely in the second world war the need to conquer all neighboring Asian countries and kill or enslave all the neighbors - the Japanese need living space. For the same reason, during the Tokugawa era, the Japanese partly destroyed and partly enslaved the Ainu people used for fishing - white Caucasoid Indians who lived in those ancient times on the northernmost island of Hokkaido, before the Japanese came there. No one knows exactly how many Ainu are left now, since many Ainu or partially Ainu themselves do not know about their roots, their parents often hide their nationality from them in order to protect them from racism.
But it seems that a more unique trend in Japan is not even to seize other territories, probably not a single country in the history of mankind has missed this trend, but attempts to expel some of its citizens. Some countries diligently do not let them out, but they still run out of them, while others diligently let them out, although it doesn’t always work out. In the 80s, the local Ministry of Commerce tried to turn off the project of building entire retirement cities in Australia - to which tens of thousands of Japanese old men and women were going to be moved - they say that there is not enough space in Japan, but there is still no benefit from them. True, then the crisis arrived in time and the money ran out.
After the Meiji Revolution, the Japanese government tried to get rid of many peasants. Japan tied up with feudalism and entered into new era, in which Japan was supposed to become famous for its production and technologies, and not for delicious rice, which seemed to become useless to anyone, and it’s crowded. The government organized a special state-owned "Imperial Immigration Company", which just had to look for places to send excess Japanese. Brazil became such a place - in which at that time there were just enough plowmen on coffee plantations. The Brazilian government set a quota for the admission of the Japanese, who, after moving, had to work for about 5 years of slave labor on coffee plantations, after which, those who survived received freedom and new citizenship. The first Japanese ship "Kasato Maru" arrived on July 18, 1908 165 Japanese families on new land. About 260,000 people moved to Brazil between the Second World War and now more than a million descendants of the Japanese live in Brazil. The second generation (nisei), the third (sansei) and… now the fifth (gosei) generation of Japanese-Brazilians make up the largest community of Japanese living outside of Japan. Naturally, therefore modern Japan there is also a lot of Brazilian stuff - Brazilian workers, Brazilian goods, Brazilian newspapers, a Brazilian telephone company and Brazilian banks. The Samba street carnival traditionally ends the end of the summer in Asakusa (I'll have to go see it), but while it's so hot, I looked for a while at the carnival inside just a large store - not that very interesting, but, on the other hand, it's cold from the air conditioners.
Liberdade is an Asian neighborhood in the Brazilian city of São Paulo. From the Portuguese language "liberdade" is translated as "freedom". Despite the fact that there are various Asian communities living here, Japanese is still most often heard here, and therefore it is usually referred to as a Japanese area. It is also worth mentioning that Japanese diaspora, which has settled here, is the most numerous outside the Country rising sun and has about one and a half million people.
You can get to Liberdade by metro, as the area has its own station, which is located in the very center of this area.
In addition to the many Asian shops, you can visit here Historical Museum Japanese immigration to Brazil (Sao Rua Joaquim, 381) and the local market.
History of the Liberdade district
The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil in 1908 to work on coffee plantations in the southeast, specifically in the state of São Paulo. Gradually, groups of immigrants began to settle in the state capital, the city of Sao Paulo. As the coffee business grew, so did the Japanese diaspora.
By 1912, the area now known as Liberdad had become a popular destination for Japanese immigrants looking for affordable housing.
In 1940, Liberdade was a thriving area with a large number of businesses that also targeted the Japanese community. Japanese schools appeared, baseball games began to be held on weekends, newspapers began to be published, published on Japanese.
In 1941, the Brazilian government suspended the publication of all Japanese-language newspapers. After the presidential administration severed diplomatic relations with Japan in 1942, all residents of the Japanese enclave in the Liberdade region were expelled from their homes, where they could only return after the end of World War II.
In the 60s and 70s, cardinal changes took place in the Liberdade region. First, Chinese and Korean immigrants flock here. A little later, the city metro was completed and a station appeared here. The streets of the district began to be decorated in the Asian style, hanging Street lights. In the same years, the area receives its current name.
Most of the improvements that were made here were made thanks to the Japanese businessman Tsuyoshi Mizumoto, who wanted to honor his homeland and at the same time thank the country that became his second home.
Festivals held in the Liberdade area
Several festivities are held on Liberdade Square and neighboring streets. The most popular are Chinese New Year and the Sendai Tanabata Matsuri, which is celebrated in July.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption São Paulo's Liberdade area often mixes samba and folk art Okinawa
In São Paulo's Liberdade district, it's easy to imagine that you're in Tokyo. In this bustling shopping area of the big city In Brazil, traces of Japanese immigration are especially visible to this day.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Japanese cuisine and food are very popular in BrazilMany store signs are still in Japanese. Inside, traditional Japanese goods are sold, from groceries to kitchen utensils.
Red-painted street arches and indoor gardens lure visitors to this rare corner of Japan in São Paulo.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption In Sao Paulo, such red Japanese arches on the streets are not uncommon.The beginning of Japanese immigration to Brazil is celebrated every year on June 18, on that day in 1908, the first Japanese steamship, the Kasato Maru, arrived at the port of Santos south of São Paulo. He brought the first 780 Japanese immigrants thanks to an agreement between the two countries.
Approximately half of the passengers were from the southern part of the island of Okinawa, which is located 640 km from the coast of Japan. On this large island, the population until recently spoke various dialects of the Old Japanese language, which was ubiquitous there until the annexation of the island by Japan in 1879.
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Today, Brazil has the world's largest community of descendants of Japanese immigrants outside of Japan. It has one and a half million people.
What made them leave Okinawa?
Until the late 1960s, the Japanese authorities pursued a policy of facilitating emigration from the country in an attempt to solve the problems of poverty and overpopulation. The emigration of poor peasants from rural areas was especially welcomed.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption There are a lot of Japanese immigrants in BrazilAs part of this policy, Japanese immigrants traveled with late XIX centuries to the Hawaiian Islands to work in the sugarcane plantations, to the US mainland and the west coast of Canada, and to a limited extent to Mexico.
But these countries began to impose restrictions on immigration, and the Japanese authorities began to look for more reliable partners to receive immigrants.
In Brazil, where slavery was abolished only in 1888, at that time there was an acute shortage of labor, especially on coffee plantations in the southeast of the country.
Japanese migrants originally came to the country to work on these plantations, but very quickly many of them realized that it was much more profitable to work on their own land.
Soon Japanese peasants literally transformed the fertile irrigated land in the state of São Paulo. They began to apply advanced methods of growing vegetables and rice here, and many previously exotic types of green vegetables were brought for the first time in the history of Brazil by immigrants from Okinawan.
The land was then extremely cheap in these places, and soon the local Japanese began to prosper.
In contrast to their homeland, where, after the annexation of the island, the Japanese authorities forbade residents to speak local dialects, in Brazil, people from Okinawan could speak fluently. mother tongue and observe traditional customs.
What happened to the Okinawan language in Okinawa?
Yoko Gushiken, now 70, arrived in Brazil when she was only 10 years old.
Image caption Yoko Gushiken (far right in the top row) and after emigration was a member of the team folk dance"If we spoke Okinawan at school, we were punished, but at home I spoke the language among my own," she says of her childhood.
According to her, she and her older brother, also brought to Brazil, still speak Okinawan to each other.
However, in Japan itself, the various dialects of the Okinawan language are in decline - there are fewer and fewer speakers of them. This prompted UNESCO to list the Okinawan language in the "Atlas of the world's languages in danger of extinction".
Yoko Gushiken says that her sister, who stayed in Okinawa, has difficulty understanding the language.
“When I was visiting her, we went to the theater together,” she recalls. “The performance was in Okinawan, and I understood everything, but she didn’t.”
Pop culture or tradition?
IN last years there is a growing interest in the old language and culture among young people who grew up in Okinawa. Okinawan students Mei Nakamura and Momoka Shimabukuro came to Sao Paulo specifically to learn more about their roots.
Image caption Okinawan students Mei Nakamura and Momoka Shimabukuro want to learn more about their roots, and they came to Sao Paulo specifically for this.Mei Nakamura is studying psychology at university and says she wants to study the history of Japanese immigration to Brazil - especially how the Okinawa settlers managed to maintain their language and culture.
But Momoka Shimabukuro says that she is driven by personal motives: "I was born and raised in Kin, a small town in Okinawa. I would like to try to look at history from the outside and find my own roots in it. Maybe I can find happiness."
Now in Okinawa, the attitude towards local languages from Tokyo has also changed. The Japanese authorities tend to emphasize their careful attitude To traditional culture islanders.
"They're trying to create an appealing image of Okinawa through pop music and anime films," says Ricardo Sorgon Pires, a Brazilian historian at the University of São Paulo.
"Interest in their roots is growing among Okinawans, which means that they are starting to be interested in what happened to the Okinawans in Brazil," Pires explains.
Who sings in Okinawan?
Young singer Megumi Gushi also arrived in Brazil from Okinawa to discover a culture forgotten by her ancestors.
Image copyright Associação Okinawana Kenjin do Brasil Image caption Megumi Gushi plays sanshin and sings in OkinawanShe came to Brazil on a cultural exchange program and wants to improve her pronunciation so she can sing in Okinawan.
In Sao Paulo, she spent a lot of time in the company of elderly immigrants, and also met members of many folklore groups that still use the old folk song in their performances. three-stringed instrument sanshin, whose body is covered with snakeskin.
Terio Uehara is President of the Okinawa Association of Villa Carrao, which participates in a cultural exchange program.
He believes that the traditional Okinawan culture has survived in Brazil because the islanders have always sought to preserve their roots, even when they are far from their homeland.
"In Okinawa, family roots are of particular value," he notes. "And in Brazil, most of the descendants of the islanders remember where their ancestors came from, they remember family history."
Okinawans are now feeling very strongly about their unity, and when they go abroad, they need to think even more about their roots."
