Largest Japanese diaspora outside of Japan. Reasons for Japanese emigration to Brazil Japanese diaspora in Brazil
The largest concentration of Japanese-Bilders is found in the states of São Paulo and Paraná.
Story
Japanese Workers in Coffee Sieving.jpg
Japanese immigrants work on a coffee plantation.
Integration and mixed marriages
Religion
Language
Territories of residence
Japanese immigrant family in Brazil 01.jpg
Japanese family in Brazil
Japanese immigrant family in Brazil 02.jpg
Japanese family in Brazil
Japoneses no brasil.jpg
Japanese immigrants in Brazil
Japanese in Maring
Dekasegi
Identity of Brazilians in Japan
Century
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An excerpt characterizing the Japanese in Brazil
“No, she doesn’t understand or pretends to be,” thought Pierre. "Better not tell her either."The princess also prepared provisions for Pierre's journey.
“How kind they all are,” thought Pierre, “that now, when it certainly couldn’t be more interesting for them, they are doing all this. And everything for me; that's what's amazing."
On the same day, a police chief came to Pierre with a proposal to send a trustee to the Faceted Chamber to receive the things that were now being distributed to the owners.
“This one too,” thought Pierre, looking into the face of the police chief, “what a glorious, handsome officer and how kind! Now he's dealing with such nonsense. And they say that he is not honest and uses. What nonsense! And yet, why shouldn't he use it? That's how he was brought up. And everyone does it. And such a pleasant, kind face, and smiles, looking at me.
Pierre went to dine with Princess Mary.
Driving through the streets between the conflagrations of houses, he marveled at the beauty of these ruins. Chimneys of houses, fallen off walls, picturesquely reminiscent of the Rhine and the Colosseum, stretched, hiding each other, through the burnt quarters. The cabbies and riders who met, the carpenters who cut the log cabins, the traders and shopkeepers, all with cheerful, beaming faces, looked at Pierre and said as if: “Ah, here he is! Let's see what comes out of it."
At the entrance to the house of Princess Mary, Pierre was doubtful about the fairness of the fact that he was here yesterday, saw Natasha and spoke with her. “Maybe I made it up. Maybe I'll go in and see no one." But before he had time to enter the room, as already in his whole being, by the instant deprivation of his freedom, he felt her presence. She was in the same black dress with soft folds and the same hairdo as yesterday, but she was completely different. If she had been like that yesterday, when he entered the room, he could not have failed to recognize her for a moment.
She was the same as he knew her almost as a child and then the bride of Prince Andrei. A cheerful, inquiring gleam shone in her eyes; there was an affectionate and strangely mischievous expression on his face.
Pierre dined and would have sat out all evening; but Princess Mary was on her way to Vespers, and Pierre left with them.
The next day, Pierre arrived early, dined and sat out the whole evening. Despite the fact that Princess Mary and Natasha were obviously glad to have a guest; despite the fact that all the interest in Pierre's life was now concentrated in this house, by evening they had talked everything over, and the conversation moved incessantly from one insignificant subject to another and was often interrupted. Pierre sat up so late that evening that Princess Mary and Natasha looked at each other, obviously expecting him to leave soon. Pierre saw this and could not leave. It became difficult for him, awkward, but he kept sitting, because he could not get up and leave.
Princess Mary, not foreseeing the end of this, was the first to get up and, complaining of a migraine, began to say goodbye.
- So you are going to Petersburg tomorrow? Oka said.
“No, I’m not going,” Pierre said hastily, with surprise and as if offended. - No, to Petersburg? Tomorrow; I just don't say goodbye. I’ll call for commissions, ”he said, standing in front of Princess Marya, blushing and not leaving.
Natasha gave him her hand and left. Princess Mary, on the contrary, instead of leaving, sank into an armchair and, with her radiant, deep gaze, looked sternly and attentively at Pierre. The weariness that she had obviously shown before was completely gone now. She sighed heavily and long, as if preparing herself for a long conversation.
All the embarrassment and awkwardness of Pierre, when Natasha was removed, instantly disappeared and was replaced by an excited animation. He quickly moved the chair very close to Princess Marya.
“Yes, I wanted to tell you,” he said, answering, as if in words, in her glance. “Princess, help me. What should I do? Can I hope? Princess, my friend, listen to me. I know everything. I know that I'm not worth it; I know it's impossible to talk about it now. But I want to be her brother. No, I don't want... I can't...
He stopped and rubbed his face and eyes with his hands.
“Well, here it is,” he continued, apparently making an effort on himself to speak coherently. I don't know since when I love her. But I have loved her alone, alone in my whole life, and I love her so much that I cannot imagine life without her. Now I do not dare to ask for her hand; but the thought that maybe she could be mine and that I would miss this opportunity ... opportunity ... is terrible. Tell me, can I hope? Tell me what should I do? Dear princess,” he said, after a pause and touching her hand, as she did not answer.
“I am thinking about what you told me,” Princess Mary answered. “I'll tell you what. You are right, what now to tell her about love ... - The princess stopped. She wanted to say: it is now impossible for her to talk about love; but she stopped, because for the third day she saw from the suddenly changed Natasha that not only would Natasha not be offended if Pierre expressed his love to her, but that she only wanted this.
“It’s impossible to tell her now,” Princess Marya said anyway.
“But what am I to do?
“Give it to me,” said Princess Mary. - I know…
I'll start without warming up. Japanese immigration to Brazil is a consequence of the policy pursued by the Japanese government in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to combat overpopulation. Of course, not the most wealthy families were leaving. The people were contracted to work on coffee plantations, since the Negroes, being freed from slavery, preferred to dump where they were warmer, and did not remain to work for hire. At the same time, Italy stopped paying for the relocation of its citizens to Brazil. In general, the need for labor force was great.
Preference was given to married couples who were transported on credit, and which worked out for several years. The companies that transported the workers tried to make people feel that they could return to Japan after making money in Brazil. In fact, everything was built so that this did not happen.
Immigrants faced, at the very least, a wary attitude from the Brazilians. Many of the newcomers could not learn Portuguese, which, coupled with the attitude towards Asians as second class people, did not make life easier for them at all. From the first batches, most of the immigrants did not take root and returned to Japan.
However, quantity gradually turned into quality, and before the Second World War, more than 150,000 Japanese came to Brazil. Having gained a foothold in Brazil, the Japanese began to "pull up" relatives and friends, give birth to children, and thus, by our time, the Japanese diaspora in Brazil is the largest in the world outside of Japan - about 1.5 million people. The second largest Japanese diaspora is located in the United States - 1.2 million people.
Everyone knows this, but few people know that the Brazilian diaspora in Japan currently has more than 300 thousand people. It is the third largest overseas diaspora of Brazilians after the United States and Paraguay, and the second largest colony of foreigners in Japan after the Filipinos.
The beginning of Brazilian immigration to Japan is recorded in the 1980s, when Brazil's standard of living was extremely low, while Japan experienced an economic boom, in 1989 Japan passed a law that gave visas to the descendants of Japanese immigrants, and then the right on permanent residence and spouses of descendants also got jobs in Japan. The Brazilian community in Japan was called "dekassegui" (the Japanese word for guest workers). It is clear that Brazilians in Japan faced the same problems as the Japanese in Brazil, plus the Japanese "love" for strangers, plus the difficulty of mastering the language.
It turned out that, just as at one time it was difficult for the Japanese to gain a foothold in Brazil, so now it is difficult for the Brazilians to gain a foothold in Japan. The Japanese are happy with tourists, but they are in no hurry to accept competitors from abroad. This rejection is at all levels: we came across an example when a person with an excellent education and experience in the administration of healthcare enterprises returned to Brazil after spending 6 years in Japan, spoke with a woman whose sister went to Japan to work in a bank with her uncle (that is, the connection is good) and, having settled down and worked for almost 10 years, he is going to come back just because of his attitude towards himself. There are enough examples: people leave, do not find a place for themselves and return. Other things being equal, a Japanese employer will always give preference to a Japanese over a Brazilian.
Despite all the difficulties, the number of Brazilians in Japan continues to increase, there are even several dozen private schools where they teach in Portuguese, there are companies focused on working with Brazilians, TV channels, magazines, various food establishments, supermarkets, banks.
Brazilians in Japan assimilate with difficulty, in every possible way emphasizing their national identity. They don’t want or can’t learn the language (ignorance or poor knowledge of the language is the main problem), they wear Brazil national team shirts every day, everyone celebrates in a big way brazilian holidays which infuriates the Japanese. Problem national identity is pretty sharp. The number of marriages between Japanese and Brazilian Japanese is extremely low, which only increases the isolation of the Brazilian colony in Japan. Difficulties arise in children who, already being Japanese citizens, but living in a Brazilian environment, do not speak Japanese well. As a result, there are quite a few Brazilians who were born in Japan but, after finishing school, go to Brazil to continue their education.
There are Japanese who believe that the Brazilians are to blame for the increase in crime in the country. Prejudice against Brazilians is not uncommon among police officers. On the forums, Japanese Brazilians complain that when a Brazilian appears in a wealthy area, the police immediately notice him and try to keep track of him all the time that he is there.
A couple of facts that make the Japanese dislike Brazilians even more: Brazilians send more than $2 billion to their homeland every year, the main reason why Brazilians go to prison abroad is drug trafficking, of all foreign countries Most Brazilians "sit" in Japan.
The highest concentration of Brazilians is in cities with high industrialization. Many work as laborers or, as they say in Japan, “serviços 3K”: kitanai (sujo), kiken (perigoso) e kitsui (pesado) (dirty, dangerous, hard). In theory, Brazilians have the same rights as the Japanese. In practice, this is not at all the case: many simply do not know their rights or cannot use them because they do not know the language.
Brazilians also face competition from people from other countries. Asian countries who are willing to work for a third of the salary that Brazilians receive.
At present, the situation has somewhat discharged: the economic growth of Brazil and its influence are affecting, organizations are working that are trying to instill in the Japanese racial tolerance that is not characteristic of them, plus people are just getting used to each other.
Now the reverse outflow of Japanese to Brazil has increased due to the increase in the latter's standard of living. In addition, many Japanese corporations have opened factories and branches in Brazil.
But, according to official statistics for 2011, for every Japanese citizen in Brazil, there are 4 Brazilian citizens in Japan (statistics may not be correct due to the difference in immigration laws of countries). Of course, this question is very capacious, and here I have sketched only the very tops. In addition, everything went through, pardon the words, my prism of perception, and the narrative is subjective.
It would be interesting to get feedback from those who are personally familiar with the situation.
Thank you for reading.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
R.M. Tsirulev
Japan - Brazil: the second century of close contacts
The article deals with state of the art relations between Japan and Brazil. In 2008, these countries marked the centenary of the beginning of Japanese immigration to Brazil, which resulted in the most large diaspora of 1.5 million outside of Japan. The main areas of economic interaction, the largest joint projects, analyzes the impact of the events of 2008 (“Year of the Japanese-Brazilian Exchange”) on the indicators of economic cooperation.
Key words: Japan, Brazil, immigration, diaspora, economic relations, trade, investments.
On June 18, 1908, the Japanese ship Kasato Maru anchored in the port of the Brazilian city of Santos, leaving Kobe 52 days earlier. 761 people arrived on it - the first group of those 3 thousand who, under an agreement between the government of the state of Sao Paulo and the Japanese corporation Kokoku Kokumin Kaisha, were supposed to work on coffee plantations and subsequently create a Japanese colony along the Brazilian Central railway. Thus began Japanese immigration to Brazil, the centenary of which both countries celebrated on a grand scale throughout 2008.
Brazil leads by a wide margin among other Latin American countries in terms of the number of citizens of Japanese origin. During the years of immigration, 250,000 of them resettled, now about one and a half million live in the country, which is the largest Japanese diaspora abroad. Most ethnic Japanese (for whom there is a special term "nikkei") live in the state of São Paulo.
Experts see the reason for this situation in Brazil in special conditions that distinguished the largest South American country from its neighbors at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as in the restriction of immigration undertaken by the US government at that time, which sharply reduced the opportunities for the Japanese to resettle in this country2. Brazil, on the other hand, was relatively sparsely populated, and its vast agricultural lands lacked work force. In this regard, Asian immigrants were not perceived by the local population as cheap competitors.
Roman Mikhailovich Tsirulev - PhD student at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
([email protected] gee).
and, despite numerous difficulties associated with huge cultural differences (especially for the Japanese of that time, who were an even more isolated nation than now), they were able to create a rather numerous and viable colony, which was already easier to expand in the future - new Japanese settlers fell into familiar cultural environment. Although the newcomers, mostly from the second generation, were fluent in Portuguese and many adopted the Catholic faith, the Japanese community successfully resisted assimilation into Brazilian society, retaining their language, customs and culture. Until now, in areas of mass residence of Japanese in Sao Paulo and other cities, you can often find signs in Japanese than in Portuguese, there are Japanese schools, Buddhist and Shinto temples, cafes and restaurants of national cuisine, etc.
The great advantage of the Japanese settlers was their higher level of education compared to the local population. from Japan, where late XIX- early XX centuries. population growth outstripped economic development, which caused unemployment and became a major factor in emigration, often leaving people who already had degrees from universities and colleges. During the entire hundred years, the level of education among the Nikkei was significantly higher than the national average, and, consequently, their share in intellectual elite in Brazilian society is significantly higher than in the entire population (Nikkei make up less than a percent of the Brazilian population). Their well-being is also significantly higher than the national average. At the same time, the main area of activity of Nikei remains Agriculture, in some sectors of which they occupy a dominant position. By the early 1980s, the Brazilian Japanese owned more cultivated land than all the agricultural land in their native Japan, and also controlled 94% of tea cultivation and 71% of potatoes3.
At present, due to the complication of the demographic situation in Japan, the process of repatriation is underway, i.e. resettlement of the descendants of Japanese immigrants to their historical homeland. It has been possible since 1990, when the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act was passed. In 2007, 320,000 Brazilian citizens4 lived or temporarily worked in Japan, the vast majority of whom were nikkei. Despite a high degree preservation of national identity among the Brazilian Japanese, their mass return to their historical homeland still does not go unnoticed in a fairly closed Japanese society. The governments of the two countries are organizing meetings to address the problems of rising crime and declining levels of education in areas of Japan where a large number of "Brazilians" are concentrated. Nevertheless, the Japanese diaspora in Brazil continues to be extremely numerous and is a major factor in the special relationship between the two countries.
2008 was declared the "Japanese-Brazilian Exchange Year" in both countries. The centenary of immigration was marked by a number of official visits and numerous joint events that were designed to promote the development of political, economic and cultural relations, as well as the general level of mutual understanding and friendship between the two countries.
families of the two countries. January 16, 2008 a concert took place traditional music two countries in the hall "Ibirapuera" in Sao Paulo, organized by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry has chosen young musicians who perform Japanese and world pop music, based on the fact that such performances should help develop mutual understanding between the peoples of Japan and Brazil, especially among young people. This symbolic concert was the start of a whole series of bilateral events. In addition, 2009 marked the 100th anniversary of Japanese immigration to the Amazon.
Before proceeding to the analysis of activities anniversary year, it is necessary to outline the main characteristics of bilateral relations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan5 highlights four key aspects:
Active bilateral relations. Japan and Brazil are engaged in dialogue in many areas, such as political cooperation in highest level, Problems environment, consular conferences on the stay of Brazilian citizens in Japan, economic cooperation. At the same time, their activation is especially noted in last years. At the initiative of the private sector, a bilateral “Group of Wise Men” on strategic economic partnership was organized, which, as a result of its two meetings, developed and handed over to the then leaders of both countries - Prime Minister J. Koizumi and President L.I. Lula da Silva - specific recommendations. In addition, the Brazilian government has adopted the Japanese ISDB-T digital television system;
Largest Japanese diaspora outside of Japan. As we can see, for Tokyo this moment is one of the fundamental ones in the characterization of bilateral ties. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs notes that in the history of Brazil there were three ministers of Japanese origin, and at present three ethnic Japanese have deputy mandates in the lower house of parliament;
The Japanese-Brazilian exchange year, which was decided by the leaders of both countries in 2004, was to serve as a basis for a large-scale development of relations in the future. And he became not so much a convenient and beautiful occasion for memories of the past as the beginning of a new stage in relations;
Several major projects in economic cooperation, namely: the Usiminas plant (Minas Gerais state), producing more than 4 million tons of steel (an association of Japanese companies Nippon Group, which includes the country's largest metallurgical company Nippon Steel, currently owns 27.8% voting shares of the plant); Amazonian aluminum plant, producing 340 thousand tons of metal per year (Nippon Amazon Aluminum participates in its work); environmental project"Senibra" for the processing of waste paper and other waste, processing 370 thousand tons per year (founded in 1973 with the participation of the Japanese company JBP ("Japan Brazil Paper and Pulp Resources Development Co., Ltd."), operating in this industry in the Brazilian market, and since 2001 being the sole shareholder of the project7); steel plant, located in the city of Tubaran ("Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarao"), producing 3 million tons of slabs (billets for steel rolling), one of the founders of the enterprise was the Japanese company "Kawa-
saki"8; iron ore deposits of the Carajas region (Para state), where 33 million tons of ore are mined per year; agricultural lands of the Cerrado savanna with a total area of 180,000 ha10.
The political interests of both countries coincide on the issue that is most important to them in modern conditions namely, the expansion of the permanent membership of the UN Security Council. Brasilia and Tokyo do not hide their intention to join its ranks, which obviously brings them closer in the face of an ambiguous attitude to a possible UN reform on the part of the permanent members of the Security Council. Confirmation of mutual support came during the visit of Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to Brazil in September 2004, which was the first visit by a Japanese head of government to latin america for eight years. The joint communiqué issued at the time stated: “Japan and Brazil, based on the mutual belief that both countries are legitimate candidates for permanent membership in the UN Security Council, and in light of the current situation in the world system of international relations, will support the candidacies of each friend in the future reform of the organization, as well as to make joint efforts to ensure that it is carried out”11.
Liberdade is an Asian neighborhood in the Brazilian city of São Paulo. From the Portuguese language "liberdade" is translated as "freedom". Despite the fact that there are various Asian communities living here, Japanese is still most often heard here, and therefore it is usually referred to as a Japanese area. It is also worth mentioning that the Japanese diaspora that settled here is the largest outside the Land of the Rising Sun and has about one and a half million people.
You can get to Liberdade by metro, as the area has its own station, which is located in the very center of this area.
In addition to the many Asian shops, you can visit here Historical Museum Japanese immigration to Brazil (Sao Rua Joaquim, 381) and the local market.
History of the Liberdade district
The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil in 1908 to work on coffee plantations in the southeast, specifically in the state of São Paulo. Gradually, groups of immigrants began to settle in the state capital, the city of Sao Paulo. As the coffee business grew, so did the Japanese diaspora.
By 1912, the area now known as Liberdad had become a popular destination for Japanese immigrants looking for affordable housing.
In 1940, Liberdade was a thriving area with a large number of businesses that also targeted the Japanese community. Japanese schools appeared, baseball games began to be held on weekends, newspapers began to be published, published on Japanese.
In 1941, the Brazilian government suspended the publication of all Japanese-language newspapers. After the presidential administration severed diplomatic relations with Japan in 1942, all residents of the Japanese enclave in the Liberdade region were expelled from their homes, where they could only return after the end of World War II.
In the 60s and 70s, cardinal changes took place in the Liberdade region. First, Chinese and Korean immigrants flock here. A little later, the city metro was completed and a station appeared here. The streets of the district began to be decorated in the Asian style, hanging Street lights. In the same years, the area receives its current name.
Most of the improvements that were made here were made thanks to the Japanese businessman Tsuyoshi Mizumoto, who wanted to honor his homeland and at the same time thank the country that became his second home.
Festivals held in the Liberdade area
Several festivities are held on Liberdade Square and neighboring streets. The most popular are Chinese New Year and the Sendai Tanabata Matsuri, which is celebrated in July.
No wonder they say that Brazil is not even a country, but a whole continent inhabited by different nations. You feel it especially vividly here at.
Sao Paulo- a city in the southeastern part of Brazil, the capital of the state of the same name. In addition to all its other advantages and disadvantages, Sao Paulo is the largest Lebanese city outside of Lebanon, the largest italian city outside of Italy and the largest Japanese city outside of Japan. There is absolutely everything here so that the Japanese or Chinese do not feel longing for their distant homeland.
In Brazil, or rather here, in the state of São Paulo, in the Liberdade quarter, lives the largest Japanese diaspora outside the country rising sun one and a half million people. Its history began at the dawn of the twentieth century, when Japan, expanding its economic influence, began to encourage emigration. Several thousand Japanese peasants then ended up on the coffee plantations of Brazil, and so they remained here.
Of course, the Chinese and Japanese who live here consider themselves Brazilians, but if any of them did not have time to learn Portuguese, then please, even newspapers are published for them in their native languages.
Where is Liberdade located in Sao Paulo (map)
The Brazilian cannot explain the meaning of the word "foreigner", he will not understand. Here everyone remembers where his grandfathers and great-grandfathers came from, but to find out who is native here and who is newcomer - such a thing cannot even occur to anyone. Nobody cares about their Japanese quarter, well, the Japanese, well, they like to live together, what's wrong?...
A more accurate position of the city relative to the country will show you, with all the cities and resorts of this state.
