Pushkin's fairy tales in the works of various artists. Illustrations for the works of A.S.
Topography in school is an integral part of geography. From about the 6th grade, students begin to get acquainted with a variety of signs and symbols. It is important for children to remember the signs and learn to understand them in order to easily read topographic maps.
Topographic signs for schoolchildren are a system of symbols that are used to depict objects, phenomena and their quality and quantity.
That is, for example, the sign "cutting down the forest" will indicate the location and scale of the work. And by the nature of the “cliff” sign, one can understand how the landscape there differs in height from the rest of the area.
Why do we need
Topographic signs are used in cartography for maps of the area. Usually this schematic representation small areas, for example, several villages in a region or forest areas.
Topographic maps are of particular value to tourists, surveyors, geographers, hydrometeorologists, and residents of the area described. School students learn to read cartographic data, because topographic maps are the simplest and most effective teaching material.
How topographical plans are created
Before creating a topographic drawing of a certain area, surveyors carefully study it. Usually, effective method exploring space is photographing from above. It allows you to accurately position objects.
The contour-combined shot is considered popular and very convenient. Relief is indicated by horizontal lines on it. Stereo topographic survey is different in that geographers take many shots of the same area from different points. After that, the photos are superimposed on each other and get more 3D image.
On the terrain itself, cartographers take measurements with the help of such tools as a beaker and a kipregel. Surveyors use them to determine the heights of the most important points in the landscape. After all the necessary measurements have been taken, the map image is designed using computer programs and then print.
Symbols on the topographic map
Topographic signs for schoolchildren, which are applied to maps in atlases, are the most common, basic, and most necessary. These signs are easily perceived and well remembered.
Common signs on a topographic map and their meanings
One of the important and necessary symbols is the scale. Every card has this sign.
It indicates how much real distance fits in 1 cm of the picture. Usually all terrain plans are large-scale - up to 10,000 in 1 cm. Topographic maps are depicted on a scale of 25,000-500,000 in 1 cm.
Topographic signs are divided into the following groups:
- strongholds and settlements;
- industrial and agricultural facilities;
- socio cultural objects;
- infrastructure;
- reservoirs;
- relief and landscape;
- soils and flora.
The group of strongholds and settlements includes signs denoting residential and non-residential buildings, for example, “destruction”, in addition, the dimensions of buildings are often also indicated using small numerical designations. Reference points are designations of heights, geodetic stations and other things.
Industrial symbols differ in that they designate plants, factories, logging bases, and so on. Agricultural signs indicate the nature of the development of the area. Examples: "apiary", "cattle paddock".
Sociocultural symbols include the designations of schools, clubs, libraries and other things. These signs show which institutions are in the area. Topographic signs indicating infrastructure indicate the nature of the roads laid in a given place. Whether these are high-speed highways or ordinary forest paths, you can understand from the map.
Signs denoting reservoirs show the sources of water in the territory. You can determine whether the swampy area is or not, whether it is prone to flooding or flooding.
Topographic signs indicating the relief indicate elevation differences. These signs are especially relevant for mountainous terrain. The signs "soils and flora" help to understand what kind of soils in a given area, whether they are suitable for Agriculture and what kinds of animals live in the area.
Strongholds and settlements
Signs related to the group of strongholds and settlements are among the most necessary. By these signs, you can navigate and go to the settlement or find the nearest point where he will be helped.
Topographic signs of this type are important for schoolchildren in the study of geography. The table shows the varieties of topographic signs that belong to this group.
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Industrial and agricultural facilities
Topographic signs for schoolchildren belonging to the group of industrial and agricultural include signs designating plants, factories, mills. The great variety of signs of this group allows you to designate the nature of the enterprise in the smallest details.
The most common characters are:
- designations of plants, factories and mills;
- mines and adits;
- mining sites;
- salt mines;
- peat developments;
- warehouses;
- filling stations.
Topographic signs for schoolchildren denoting industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural objects Airfields and airports are marked with a sign in the form of an airplane. Power plants are abbreviated "el. Art. " or a cross.
sociocultural objects
Conventional signs, which belong to this group, denote a variety of cultural objects, educational institutions, administrative bodies and governing bodies. Indicated on local plans and topographic maps sociocultural objects help to understand how developed the described region is.
These signs can be very useful for tourists. The signs of this group will be useful for schoolchildren to perform various tasks in geography lessons: determining the distance from one object to another, the ability to find on plans necessary objects and correctly recognize the value.
Railroads, highways and dirt roads
Topographic signs for schoolchildren from the "Infrastructure" group are very important. First of all, because it is precisely the various road designations that are the most common topographic signs on school plans. It is important to be able to distinguish the sign " Railway from the road sign.
Topographic signs for schoolchildren indicating roads There are many designations of roadside objects - stations, stops, railway stations and other things. Topographic designations exist for both dirt roads and forest paths. It is important for school students to learn to distinguish different types roads and highways from each other, then there will be no problems with reading the plans of the area.
One of the most common signs in topography is "footpaths". Often in the lessons, students are asked to determine where the path is directed, to correctly describe its location. To cope with such tasks, it is imperative for students to be able to distinguish between signs that indicate infrastructure.
Rivers, lakes, canals, etc.
Hydrography on the plans of the area is of particular importance. The number of hydrographic signs is very large. Only one sign "tidal strip" has 3 varieties and, of course, each strip is depicted differently.
All hydrographic signs are marked in blue.
Hydrographic signs help characterize the area on the map. According to the designations, it is possible to determine how much the given territory is moistened, whether there are sufficient water resources whether or not the area is subject to flooding in certain seasons.
The most common signs are:
- "spring";
- "river";
- "Creek";
- "swamp";
- "well";
- "water pipelines".
But the following signs also belong to hydrographic designations:
- "dam";
- "water pipes";
- "pier";
- "pier";
- "reefs";
- "lighthouse";
- "luminous buoy".
Topographic signs for schoolchildren denoting water bodies When creating a topographic plan of water spaces, the designations "algae", "fin accumulation places", "tidal currents" are often used.
High and low tides are indicated by a thin arrow. If the arrow does not have "plumage" (notches at the end), then it indicates the ebb. If the arrow has notches, then it means high tide and the more these notches, the more water arrives at high tide.
Isobaths are important hydrographic symbols. Isobaths are continuous lines indicating a certain depth at a given location. Isobaths can be used to determine how quickly the depth of a reservoir changes.
terrain
The most important relief marks are horizontals connecting points of the same height - isolines. Small notches are depicted on the isolines.
By their direction, you can determine whether the elevation is depicted or a depression. When depicting a hill, the notches are placed upwards, and when depicting a recess, they are placed downwards.
Topographic signs for schoolchildren indicating the relief The signs indicating the relief are indicated brown. Volcanoes and craters are marked with black asterisks.
Soils and flora
Vegetation cover and soils are integral designations of a topographic map depicting plains or forests. The type of forest growing in this area is indicated on a colorful imprint Green colour.
There are 2 signs: spruce and deciduous tree. Where there are coniferous forests, a spruce is put in the designation, where there are deciduous forests - a tree. With a mixed forest, both signs are placed side by side. Often, numbers are also placed next to these icons, which indicate the density of the forest.
Topographic signs for schoolchildren denoting vegetation and soils Soil marks mainly contain information about the predominant content of sand, rock, pebbles, salts, clay in a given area. Also, soil marks can indicate the unevenness of the surface.
Topographical marks included in school curriculum, are the most common and most necessary for card reading. Upon completion of the study of topography, students should know the simplest relief and hydrographic symbols.
Article formatting: Natalie Podolskaya
Video about topographic signs for schoolchildren
Topographic signs for schoolchildren:
Today I want to talk about Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and his wonderful children's fairy tales. Agree that it is impossible to imagine a children's library without the works of the great classic. Pushkin's fairy tales occupy a special place on the bookshelf. Now there is such a variety of books with bright and colorful illustrations for Pushkin's works, where there are drawings of venerable Soviet authors and refined artists of the early twentieth century. Which ones do you prefer?
It is no secret that Pushkin opens up to a child not only with his wonderful poems, but also through illustrations. Remember your own first Impressions from Pushkin's fairy tales. For sure, these will be pictures that you saw in your first children's books. In this article, I offer you my own rating of the best illustrators of Pushkin's fairy tales.
Tatiana Mavrina
Tatyana Mavrina's illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales are very colorful and full of expression. She created wonderful pictures for Pushkin's "Lukomorye" and other works of Pushkin. The first book illustrated by the artist was The Tale of dead princess”, which was published in 1949:
Her illustrations are very bright and written in an unusual manner. Tatyana Mavrina studied at VKHUTEMAS with R. Falk. Avant-garde art has left its mark on her style and creativity. Tatyana Mavrina created many of her illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales using appliqué, gluing drawings onto the overall composition.
"The Tale of Tsar Saltan":
"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel":
Her works, made by the beginning of Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" - "Lukomorye" stand apart. Designed so ingeniously that they turned this introduction to the poem into a separate self-sufficient work that can be safely recommended to the smallest readers:
Modern editions with illustrations by Tatyana Mavrina for Pushkin's fairy tales are published by the Nigma publishing house:
- "Tales" Alexander Pushkin. Publishing house: Nigma, 2012
- "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Alexander Pushkin. Publishing house: Nigma, 2015
Vladimir Konashevich
"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" with drawings by Konashevich was first published in 1922 and reprinted many times in Soviet period. Surely, many of you from childhood are familiar with these pictures:
Vladimir Konashevich also illustrated Pushkin's The Golden Cockerel:
You can now buy Pushkin's Tales with illustrations by V. Konashevich at the Melik-Pashaev publishing house:
Boris Dekhterev
A classic of Soviet children's illustrations. I remember Pushkin's fairy tales precisely from his works. Alas, my children's books have not survived to this day. And Dekhterev's illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales are simply wonderful:
"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish":
I especially remember the Princess rising from the crystal coffin from The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs, even though these were black and white drawings:
Modern editions with illustrations by Boris Dekhterev can be purchased at these links:
- “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” Alexander Pushkin. Publisher: ID Meshcheryakova, 2014
- “The Tale of the Priest and his worker Balda” Alexander Pushkin. Publisher: ID Meshcheryakova, 2013
- "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Alexander Pushkin. Publishing house: Children's literature, 2015
Nina Noskovich (reprint "Speech")
I liked her illustrations for “The Tale of the Dead Princess”, as well as the books themselves from the St. Petersburg publishing house “Rech” (the books of this publishing house are inexpensive, but the quality is in no way inferior to the publishing house “Melik-Pashaev”).
Nina Noskovich was born at the beginning of the 20th century in St. Petersburg, for her long creative life she created illustrations for many children's books - for Russian folk tales, the works of Marshak, A. Tolstoy, Dragunsky, Kassil, G. Kh. Andersen. Illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales by Nina Noskovich are very bright and expressive and will appeal to children of all ages.
- “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs” Alexander Pushkin. Publishing house: Speech, 2014
Reprint editions of Tov-va Sytin of 1915
I cannot but write a few words about the reprint edition of Pushkin's fairy tales, recently released by the Clever publishing house in the Golden Fund of World Children's Literature series. Illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales were made by various artists of the early twentieth century - Nikolai Bartram, Sergei Solomko, Ivan Bilibin and others. They are sold in a beautiful gift edition (a box with a set of 5 books) or individual books.
Alexander Pushkin. Publisher: Klever Media Group, 2013
- "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" Alexander Pushkin. Publisher: Klever Media Group, 2015
Happy reading and enjoy reading!
Which illustrators of Pushkin's works do you know?
- you can't count them
from Bilibin to...
Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin — Illustrations for "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel", "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish", for the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila"Illustrations by I. Ya. Bilibin for Pushkin's fairy tales (Saltan under the windows of the tower, Meeting with the Princess - Swan, Feast on the mountain, Miracle Island; Dadon gets a cockerel, Dadon meets the Shamakhan queen; Sketches of costumes and scenery for "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" - Tsar Dadon, Queen of Shamakhan, Palace of Dadon, etc., illustrations for "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish")
Bilibin I. Ya. - Frontispiece to the Tale of Tsar Saltan by A. S. Pushkin, 1905; Reversal of the Tale of Tsar Saltan by A. S. Pushkin. According to the 1962 edition; Illustration for the Tale of Tsar Saltan by A. S. Pushkin, 1905; Frontispiece to the Tale of the Golden Cockerel by A. S. Pushkin; Illustrative spread of the Tale of the Golden Cockerel by A. S. Pushkin. Based on the 1962 edition.
A TALE ABOUT Tsar Saltan, ABOUT HIS GLORIOUS AND MIGHTY BOGATYR SON PRINCE Gvidon Saltanovich, AND ABOUT THE BEAUTIFUL SWAN PRINCESS. Artist - A. KURKIN, 1961 - Illustrations, text. Color reproductions by illustrator A. M. Kurkin for the Tale of Tsar Saltan in the style of Palekh Illustrations by A. Kurkin for "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"
Illustrations by B. V. ZVORYKIN "The Tale of Tsar Saltan"
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", "The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda" - illustrations by Soviet illustrators (Milashevsky V.A., Stepan Kovalev, Ksenofontov T.I., Tamara Yufa, etc.)
Illustrations for Pushkin's fairy tales ("The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda", "Lukomorye", "Scientist Cat", "Thirty-three Bogatyrs", "The Swan Princess", "The Sorcerer Carries the Bogatyr")
Paintings based on Pushkin's fairy tales. I. Kanaev /"The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel", "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"/
"The tale of the priest and his worker Balda" (batik) Karagodina Elena
Tales of A. S. Pushkin in illustrationsMIKHAIL VRUBEL The Swan Princess. M. A. Vrubel State Customs Committee. The Swan Princess. 1900 Mozart and Salieri listen to a blind violinist play. 1884 Salieri pours poison into Mozart's glass
N. N. GE "Ruslan and Lyudmila". 2nd floor 19th century Ruslan and Lyudmila - Frontispiece vignette, b/w. Engraving by M. Ivanov based on a drawing by I. Ivanov. Vignette sketch by A. N. Olenin. 1820 (see p. 191)
nye illustrations to the works of Pushkin on one page ( Miserly knight, A feast during the plague, The young lady is a peasant woman, Stationmaster, Blizzard, Demons, Eugene Onegin, Mozart and Salieri) Benois artists, Vrubel, Surikov, Favorsky, Dobuzhinsky, Samokish - Sudkovskaya, Milashevsky and others."Captain's daughter". / Illustrations by chapters. Illustrations for the story - historical figures /
Prisoner of the Caucasus. Autograph with a portrait of N. Raevsky. 1820.
"EUGENE ONEGIN" - The duel of Onegin and Lensky. 1899, Repin I. E. Mikeshin M. O. "Tatiana". "Eugene Onegin". 19th century Kuzmin N. V. "... and after a boring dinner." "Eugene Onegin". 1933-34 Eugene Onegin. ill. P. P. Sokolova. 185560. Title page and the first page of the first edition of "Eugene Onegin" (St. Petersburg, 1825) see on the site "Antique Book" Illustrations for the novel "Eugene Onegin" (L. Timoshenko, Samokish-Sudkovskaya, Konstantinov, Belyukin) Eugene Onegin. Pushkin and Onegin. Engraving by E. Geitman from a drawing by A. Notbek. 1829.
Favorsky V. A. "Cover". "House in Kolomna". 1922-1925
"DUBROVSKII" Dubrovsky. Drawing by B. Kustodiev. 1923. "Dubrovsky". /B. Kustodiev, B. Kosulnikov, D. Shmarinov, A. Pakhomov and others / "Dubrovsky" - illustrations by D. A. Shmarinov
"Blizzard". Illustrations /N. Piskarev, D. Shmarinov, V. Milashevsky and others /
Count Nulin. ill. N. V. Kuzmina. 1957.
"BORIS GODUNOV" - Illustration for the tragedy of A. S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov" B. V. Zworykin Petrov - Vodkin K. S. - costume sketches for the tragedy "Boris Godunov" Petrov-Vodkin - sketches of scenery
