Belarusian surnames are a reflection of the history of the people. Features of Belarusian surnames, their endings and lists Examples of double Belarusian masculine surnames
V. Surnames ending in –ov, -ev, -in are found among Belarusians, starting from the east and north of the Vitebsk region, from the east of the Mogilev region; there are quite a lot of such surnames in the Smolensk region and in the Belarusian parts of other provinces (Pskov, Tver, etc.). In some places they can be found in the center and in the west of Belarus. The question arises how such surnames, characteristic of Muscovites (i.e. Russians) and Bulgarians, could arise among Belarusians.
First of all, it must be borne in mind that these Belarusian lands for a long time (about 145 years, and some 300-400 years) were part of Russia, that, being under the rule of Russia, they were governed not on the basis of autonomy, but from center Russian state. One must think that already in the old days of Moscow domination on these Belarusian lands, not observing other features of the Belarusian lands and people, the Muscovites did not observe the features of Belarusian surnames, remaking them into their template ones with endings in -ov, -ev, -in.
Interestingly, when our printer Fedarovich appeared in Moscow, he was named as Fedorov. As the surname Fedarovich was remade in Moscow, a lot of other Belarusian surnames were remade in the Belarusian lands dependent on Muscovy. Thus, the Belarusians of these lands sometimes had two surnames - one that they themselves used, the other - which the authorities knew. Speaking, they were “called” by one, and “written” by another surname. Over time, however, these last “correct” surnames took over. Their owners, for their own interests, decided to remember these written names. Thus, the Baryseviches became the Borisovs, the Trakhimoviches became the Trokhimovs, the Saprankas became the Saprankovs, and so on. But where it was connected with the old native surname family tradition, it was stubbornly held on and such national Belarusian surnames have survived to this day on the remote borders of the ethnic territory of Belarusians.
However, the greatest destruction of Belarusian surnames in eastern Belarus falls on the 19th century and ends in the 20th century.
By systematically Russifying Belarus, the authorities systematically Russified Belarusian surnames as well.
It should not be surprising that the Russians Russified part of the Belarusian surnames, when even for peoples so distant for Russians by language (not by blood) as the Chuvash and Kazan Tatars, they Russified all the surnames. From the fact that the Tatars are Muslims, in their surnames, at least the roots remained Muslim-Tatar (Baleev, Yamanov, Akhmadyanov, Khabibulin, Khairulin). The Chuvash, who have recently been baptized in the Orthodox faith, have all the surnames purely Russian, from the fact that they were baptized in droves and most often for some reason they were given the names Vasily or Maxim, so now most Chuvashs have the surnames Vasiliev or Maximov. With these Vasilievs and Maximovs, it is often just a disaster, there are so many of them that it is hard to figure it out.
Russification of Belarusian surnames took place both by law and simply as a result of the administrative and educational policy of the Moscow authorities in Belarus. So, in the volosts, in accordance with the law, whole masses of Belarusian surnames were changed to Russian ones, but in the same volosts, such a change was made without any laws. Some tsar’s volost clerk (or other authorities), although he knew various Belarusian surnames well, singled out these surnames as bad in their sound in the Belarusian language, and since he had to write in Russian “correctly”, he corrected ours as much as possible surnames, writing them “correctly” in Russian. He did this, often, of his own free will.
With the expansion of the Ukrainian movement, Ukrainian -enko surnames established themselves among the Russian authorities, and following this example, among the Belarusian royal volost clerks and other civil servants, they began to be considered “correct”. And the same volost clerks, changing one Belarusian surname to Russian from -ov, -ev, -in, at the same time changed others to -ko, depending on what was closer. So the son of Tsyarashka, Tsyarashchanka (Tsyarashchanok or Tsyarashchonak) became Tereshchenko; Zmitronak - Zmitrenko (or even "more correctly" - Dmitrienko), and Zhautok - Zheltko. All surnames of Belarusians into –ko have been changed from Belarusian surnames into –onak, -yonak. It happens that a catch is hiding here - everyone calls, for example, Dudaronak or Zhautok, but in the volost they are written “correctly”: Dudarenko, Zheltko.
As everything alien became in fashion in our country, and our own began to wane, so some Belarussians themselves, on their own initiative, changed their surnames to fashionable, alien, “gentry”. These replacements especially affected the surnames indicated in paragraph IV, i.e. surnames from titles different words, birds, animals, etc. They noticed that it was not good to be called Sakol, Salavey, Sinitsa, Saroka, Gardzey and changed them to Sokolov, Sinitsyn, Solovyov, Gordeev, and Sakalyonak to Sokolenko, or even made them meaningless; so Grusha began to write his last name Grusho, Farbotka - Forbotko, Murashka - Murashko, Varonka - Voronko, Khotska - Khotsko, Khodzka - Khodzko, some Shyls began to write their surnames through two “l” - Shyllo, etc. They also changed surnames to surnames ending in -sky, which are not necessarily Belarusian, but other Slavs also have them. As an example, I will present the following. I knew one gentleman whose last name was Viduk (a type of poppy with large domes - petals, it blooms in red). Having become rich, he bought himself noble papers and submitted a request to the authorities to change his surname Viduk to Makovsky. His request was granted and his surname was changed to a double one - Viduk-Makovsky.
When surnames on -ich, -vich denote a family, on -onak, -yonak - a son, then surnames on -ov, -ev, -in denote belonging, these are “objects”, which answer the question of whose. Whose are you? - Ilyin, Drozdov, etc. These "objects" are not only Russians and Bulgarians, but also all other Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Serbs). Belarusians also have them. We often say Yanuk Lyavonav, Ganka Lyavonava, Piatruk Adamav, etc., where the words Lyavonav, Adamav, mean that he comes from Lyavon, Adam, often the son or daughter of Lyavon, etc.
The belonging of the object has to be used for separation, often Yanuk, Pyatruk, etc. is not alone. We, under Russian influence, could have our own Belarusian surnames with such endings. In this sense, the difference between Russians and Bulgarians, on the one hand, and other Slavs, on the other, is that these objects often do not become surnames for the latter.
Summarizing everything that has been said about surnames on -ov, -ev, -in, it must be said briefly - these surnames arose: 1) as a result of alteration or replacement by "Moscow" clerks and heads of Belarusian surnames, 2) some Belarusians Lately they were independently remade into the then fashionable Russian ones, and 3) they could partly have arisen in the Belarusian environment, or under Russian influence. These surnames are all new and are not typical for Belarusians. Belarusians have 15-20% of these surnames. Surnames ending in -ov, -ev, -in are national among Bulgarians and Russians. Approximately as many as Belarusians have these surnames among Ukrainians, where they have the same character as ours.
They did not leave any noticeable imprint in the Belarusian family fund.
The first stable family names were adopted by the magnate families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from the second half of the 15th century. These ancient family names are: Sapieha ", Tyszkiewicz, Patz, Khodkevich, Glebovich, Nemiro, Iodko, Ilyinich, Ermine, Gromyko- are widespread among Belarusians today.
However, the bulk of the representatives of the gentry class in the first half of the 16th century continued to use sliding names after their father, such as Gnevosh Tvorianovich or Bartosh Olekhnovich just like the peasants. By the end of the 16th century, most of the gentry families had already acquired permanent family names. Although examples of a change in the generic name were common, for example, the genus Dovoyno began to bear the name Sologubs etc.
The surnames of the gentry could have arisen from patronymics or grandfathers (on -ovich/-evich) - Voynilovich, Fedorovich , from the name of the estate or estate (on -sky/-sky) - Belyavsky , Borovsky [approx. 1], or from the progenitor's nickname - Wolf , Narbut . The family nomenclature that developed during this period in its main features continues to exist in Central and Western Belarus to this day. Almost 60-70% of the original Belarusian surnames from this area are found in Polish armorials and their bearers are namesakes, and often descendants of glorious noble families that have rich history, going back to the very origins of ON.
The surnames of peasants were fixed in the western and central parts of Belarus during the 18th century. The bases for peasant surnames were often drawn from the same fund of gentry surnames, or could originate from purely peasant nicknames - Burak, Kohut. long time the surname of the peasant family was unstable. Often one peasant family bore two or even three parallel existing nicknames, for example, Maxim Nos, he is Maxim Bogdanovich. However, based on the inventories of the estates of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, it can be argued that the main part of peasant families continues to exist continuously in the areas of their fixation from the 17th-18th centuries to the present day.
On the lands of Eastern Belarus, which went to Russia as a result of the first partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, surnames were formed at least a hundred years later. In this territory, family suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, characteristic of Russian anthroponymy, have existed since ancient times, but under the rule of the Russian Empire, it was this type of surname that became dominant east of the Dnieper and north of the Western Dvina. Due to their later origin, family nests are smaller here than in the western part of the country, and the number of surnames recorded in one settlement is usually higher. Surnames such as Kozlov , Kovalev , Novikov are repeated from region to region, that is, there are many places where unrelated family nests appeared, and, accordingly, the number of carriers is high. This is clearly seen in the list of the most frequent Belarusian surnames, in which universal oriental surnames -ov/-ev dominate, although the number of carriers of surnames per -ov/-ev among the entire Belarusian population does not exceed 30%.
Unlike Russia, surnames on -ov/-ev in Eastern Belarus they are not completely monopoly, but cover about 70% of the population. It is interesting that the original Belarusian surnames on -yonok, were not suffixed here -ov, and Ukrainized. For example: potter- Not Goncharenkov, A Goncharenko , chicken- Not Kurilenkov, A Kurylenko . Although for the Smolensk region, surnames on -enkov are the most typical. In total, the last names -enko is worn by 15 to 20% of the population of Eastern Belarus.
In Belarusian anthroponymy, numerous common nouns are used as surnames without the addition of special suffixes ( Bug, Freezing, Sheleg ). Similar surnames (often with the same stems) are also common in Ukrainian anthroponymy.
The Belarusian family system finally took shape by the second half of the 19th century.
There is a strong opinion [ whose?] that surnames of this type are not originally Belarusian, and their presence in Belarus is due solely to the processes of Russian cultural and assimilation influence. This is only partly true. Surnames on -ov/-ev were ousted from the gentry family fund, but continued to be actively used among the peasantry in the eastern periphery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polotsk and Mstislav provinces). On the other hand, with the accession of Belarusian territories to Russian Empire the prevalence of this morphological form in the East has become dominant, and today in the northeast of the Vitebsk region, as well as in eastern parts Mogilev and Gomel regions surnames on -ov/-ev cover the majority of the population. At the same time, in the rest of the country, this type of surname is not native, and their carriers are from the eastern part of the country or ethnic Russians (such surnames as Smirnov And Kuznetsov are not typical for Belarusians, but at the same time are presented in the list of 100 most common surnames), or descendants of people Russified surnames (usually due to dissonance) in Soviet times.
Sometimes the reasons for late Russification cannot be explained at all. The motives behind some examples of Russification are clear: Herovets - Choirs(Borisovsky district), and everywhere Ram - Baranov , Goat - Kozlov , Cat - Kotov etc.
Most of the surnames -ov/-ev in the Russian-language notation are completely identical to Russian: Ivanov (Belarusian Ivanov), Kozlov (Kazlow), Baranov (Sheep), Alekseev (Alakseў), Romanov (Ramana).
Some surnames testify to Belarusian origin the presence of Belarusian phonetic features in the basis: Astapov(instead of Ostapov), Kanankov(instead of Kononkov), Rabkov(instead of Ryabkov), Aleinikov(instead of Oleinikov) etc.
Many surnames are formed from Belarusian words: Kovalev , Bondarev , Pranuzov, Yagomostev, Ezovites, Masyanzov.
Others from personal names unknown in Russian anthroponymy: Samusev, Kostusev, Wojciechow, Kazimirov.
Family suffix variant -ov/-ev used in Russian to create surnames whose stems end in -A/-I. Therefore, everything that is written about family names on -ov/-ev, fully applies to surnames on -in. A feature of this suffix among Belarusians is its significantly lower prevalence in comparison with Russians. In Russian populations, the average ratio of surnames to -ov/-ev to last names -in can be defined as 70% to 30%. In some places in Russia, especially in the Volga region, surnames on -in cover more than 50% of the population. Belarusians have the ratio of suffixes -ov/-ev And -in completely different, 90% to 10%. This is due to the fact that the basis of surnames was perceived not in the original Russian diminutive form of names on -ka, and with the Belarusian form on -ko (Ivashkov, Fedkov, Geraskov- from respectively Ivashko, Fedko, Gerasko, instead of Ivashkin , Fedkin, Geraskin).
Most of the surnames -in identical to Russian: Ilyin , Nikitin . Some have a pronounced Belarusian character: Yanochkin.
There are surnames that are decorated with the same suffix -in, but have a different origin from ethnonyms and other words of the Belarusian language: Zemyanin, Polyanin, Litvin , Turchin. Surnames of given origin should not give a feminine form Zemyanina, Litvina etc. Although this rule is often violated. Surname Zemyanin often undergoes even more Russification and occurs in the form Zimyanin(from Russian "winter"), although original meaning"zemyanin" - the owner of the land, a nobleman.
The most characteristic Belarusian surnames include surnames with -ovich/-evich. Such surnames cover up to 17% (about 1,700,000 people) of the Belarusian population, and in terms of the prevalence of names on -ovich/-evich among Slavs, Belarusians are second only to Croats and Serbs (the latter have a suffix -ich almost monopole, up to 90%) [approx. 2].
Suffix -ovich/-evich due to its widespread use in the personal names of the gentry ON, along with the suffix -sky/-sky, began to be regarded as noble and, being Belarusian by origin [approx. 3], firmly entered the Polish anthroponymic tradition, completely displacing the original Polish-language analogue from everyday life in Poland -ovic/-evic(Polish -owic / -ewic) (cf. Polish. Grzegorzewicz → Grzegorzewicz). In turn, this type of surname, under the influence of the Polish language, changed the Old Russian stress, as in Russian patronymics, to the penultimate syllable (cf. Maksimovich And Maksimovich). Many surnames in -ovich/-evich, figures of Polish culture, are certainly Belarusian in origin, as they are formed from Orthodox names: Henryk Sienkiewicz(on behalf of Senka (← Semyon), with the Catholic counterpart Shimkevich "Shimko"), Yaroslav Ivashkevich(from the diminutive name Ivashka (← Ivan), with the Catholic form Yanushkevich), Adam Miscavige (Mitka- diminutive of Dmitriy, in the Catholic tradition there is no such name).
Since initially the surnames on -ovich/-evich were essentially patronymics, most of their foundations (up to 80%) originate from baptismal names in full or diminutive forms. Only the fund of these names is somewhat more archaic, in comparison with the surnames of other types, which indicates their more ancient origin.
Among the 100 most common Belarusian surnames on -ovich/-evich from Orthodox and Catholic baptismal names, originates 88 surnames: Klimovich, Makarevich, Karpovich, Stankevich(from Stanislav), Osipovich, Tarasevich, Lukashevich, Bogdanovich(pagan name included in the Christian tradition), Borisevich, Yushkevich(from Yuri), Pavlovich, Pashkevich, Petrovich, Matskevich(mind from Matvey), Gurinovich, Adamovich, Dashkevich(mind from Danila), Matusevich(mind from Matvey), Sakovich(mind from Isaac), Gerasimovich, Ignatovich, Vashkevich(mind from Basil), Yaroshevich(mind from Yaroslav), (mind from Konstantin), Grinkevich(mind from Gregory), Shinkevich(claimed by Shimko"Semyon") Urbanovich, Yaskevich (Yas mind. form from Jacob), Yakimovich, Radkevich(from Rodion), Leonovich, Sinkevich(distorted Senka ← Semyon), Grinevich(from Gregory), (from Jacob), Tikhonovich, Kononovich, Stasevich(from Stanislav), Kondratovich, Mikhnevich(from Michael), Tishkevich(from Timothy), (from Gregory), Yurevich, Aleshkevich, Parkhimovich(from Partheon), Petkevich(from Peter), Yanovich, Kurlovich(from Kirill), Protasevich, Sinkevich(from Semyon), Zinkevich(from Zinovy), Radevich(from Rodion), Grigorovich, Grishkevich, Lashkevich(from Galaction), Danilovich, Denisevich, Danilevich, Mankevich(from Emmanuel), Filippovich.
Romanovich, Nesterovich, Prokopovich, Yurkovich, Vasilevich, Kasperovich, Fedorovich, Davidovich, Mitskevich, Demidovich, KostyukovichMartinovich, Maksimovich, Mikhalevich, Aleksandrovich, Yanushkevich, Antonovich, Filipovich, Yakubovich, Levkovich, Ermakovich, YatskevichIvashkevich, Zakharevich, Naumovich, Stefanovich, Ermolovich, Lavrinovich, GritskevichAnd only 12 come from other bases: Zhdanovich (Zhdan- pagan name) Korotkevich(from nickname Short), Kovalevich (farrier- blacksmith) Kuntsevich (Kunets- pagan name) Kazakevich, Gulevich (ghoul- Belarusian "ball", possibly a nickname complete man), Voronovich, Khatskevich(from Khotko- "to want, to desire"), Nekrashevich (Nekrash"Ugly" - a pagan name-amulet), Voitovich (Voight- village headman) Karankevich(from nickname Korenko), Skuratovich (skurat- Belor. vypetrashy would be skurat"faded like a piece of skin", perhaps the nickname of a nondescript person).
Surnames on -ovich/-evich distributed across the territory of Belarus unevenly. Their main range covers the Minsk and Grodno regions, northeast of Brest, southwest of Vitebsk, the region around Osipovich in Mogilev, and the territory to the west of Mozyr in Gomel. Here, up to 40% of the population belongs to surnames of this type, with the maximum concentration of carriers at the junction of Minsk, Brest and Grodno regions.
To stems ending in a vowel, patronymic suffix -ovich/-evich often added in an abbreviated form to -ich. The most common surnames of this type are: Akulich, Kuzmich, Khomich , Savich, Babich , Mikulich, Borodich, Ananich, Verenich, Minich.
This suffix is sometimes found in an archaic expanded form on -inich: Savinich, Ilyinich, Kuzminich, Babinich, Petrinich. An expanded archaic form of surnames, easily confused with a truncated one added to female names on -ina: Arinich, Kulinich, Marinich, Katerinich.
Sometimes, especially if the stem of the surname ends in -ka, suffix -ich in the Belarusian tradition is replaced by -its. Examples:
Konchits, Kazyuchits, Savchits, Vodchits, Mamchits, Steshits, Aksyuchits, Kamchits, Akinchits, Golovchits.Belorusov with surnames starting with -ich about 145,000 people, suffix -its is much rarer and covers only about 30,000 carriers.
This type of surname covers up to 10% of Belarusians and is distributed throughout the country, with the highest concentration in the Grodno region (up to 25%) with a gradual decrease to the east. But in a minimum number of 5-7% of the inhabitants, such surnames are represented in Belarus in any locality.
Surnames of this type are native to a vast cultural area, they are typical of the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish languages. Suffix -sk- (-sky/-sky) is common Slavic in origin [approx. 4] . However, such surnames were originally among the Polish aristocracy, and were formed, as a rule, from the names of estates. This origin gave surnames social prestige, as a result of which this suffix spread to other social strata, eventually establishing itself as a predominantly Polish suffix. As a result, first in Poland, then in Ukraine, in Belarus and Lithuania, which were part of the Commonwealth, the suffix -sky/-sky also spread in the lower social strata and different ethnic groups. . Family Prestige -sky / -sky, which were considered Polish and gentry, was so high that this word-formation type also spread to patronymic surnames. For example, someone Milko became Milkovsky, Kernoga - Kernozhitsky, A Skorubo - Skorubsky. In Belarus and Ukraine, among the magnates Vishnevetsky, Pototsky some of them former peasants received the names of their owners - Vishnevetsky, Pototsky. A large number of surnames -sky/-sky in Belarus it does not have a toponymic basis; these suffixes often formed ordinary peasant names.
However, it can be seen with the naked eye that the basis of surnames on -sky/-sky other than those of other types of surnames. So out of the 100 most common surnames on -sky/-sky baptismal names underlie the 13; at the heart of 36 objects of flora and fauna; based on 25 relief features.
The most common Belarusian surnames in -sky/-sky: (this is how the surname of the boyars was distorted in ON Shuisky),
Kozlovsky, Savitsky, Vasilevsky, Baranovsky, Zhukovsky, Novitsky, Sokolovsky, Kovalevsky, Petrovsky, Chernyavsky, Romanovsky, Malinovsky, Sadovsky, Pavlovsky, Dubrovsky, Vysotsky, Krasovsky, Belsky, Lisovsky, Kuchinsky, Shpakovsky, Kaminsky, Yankovsky, Belyavsky, Sobolevsky, Lapitsky, Rusetsky, Ostrovsky, Mikhailovsky, Vishnevsky, Verbitsky, Zhuravsky, Yakubovsky, Shidlovsky, Vrublevsky, Zavadsky, ShumskySosnovsky, Orlovsky, Dubovsky, Lipsky, Gursky, Kalinovsky, Smolsky, Ivanovsky, Pashkovsky, Maslovsky, Lazovsky, Barkovsky, Drobyshevsky, Borovsky, Metelsky, Zaretsky, Shimansky, Tsybulsky, Krivitsky, Zhilinsky, Kunitsky, Vitkovsky, Lipnitsky, Markovsky, Tchaikovsky, Bychkovsky, Selitsky, Sinyavsky, Glinsky, Khmelevsky, Rudkovsky, Makovsky, Mayevsky, Kuzmitsky, Dobrovolsky, Zakrevsky, Leshchinsky, Levitsky, Berezovsky, Osmolovsky, Kulikovsky, Yezersky, Zubritsky, Gorbachevsky, Babitsky, Shpilevsky, Yablonsky, Kolosovsky, Kamarovsky, Gribovsky, Rutkovsky, Zagorsky, Khmelnitsky, Pekarsky, Poplavsky, Krupsky, Rudnitsky, Sikorsky, Bykovsky, Shablovsky, Alshevsky, Polyansky, Sinitsky.Almost all surnames -sky/-sky are listed in the armorials of the Commonwealth. The history of many families originates in ancient times, for example Belsky are descended from Gediminas, A Glinsky from Mom, I etc. The remaining families, although less noble and ancient, also left their mark on history. For example, there were five gentry families with the surname Kozlovsky , various origins with coats of arms hawk, fox, Vezhi, Slepovron And Horseshoe. Almost the same can be said about the nobility of surnames in -ovich/-evich. For example, two noble families are known Klimovichi emblems Yasenchik And Kostesha, and two kinds Makarevich emblems fox And Samson. However, closer to the beginning of the 20th century, surnames largely lost their class coloring.
Pan Podlovchiy was from somewhere in the Grodno region and came, as he himself said, from an old noble family. The local population considered him a Pole, but Pan Podlovchi himself did not agree with this. "I am Litvin", - pan podlovchiy declared with some pride, and he proved his belonging to the Litvins, among other things, by the fact that his surname - Barankevich- ended in "ich", while pure Polish surnames end in "sky": Zhulavsky, Dombrovsky, Galonsky.
Pan bastards were born here from Grodzenshchyny and pakhodzіў, like yon kazaў himself, from an old Dvaran family. Tuteyshae zhyharstvo lychyla yago palyaks, the lady herself bastards with this do not hesitate. “I am a lіtsvіn”, - with some pride, I designate pan padloўchy, and I’m piled up and lizvіnaў davodziў, the memory of others, and tym, which I have nicknamed - Barankevich - mela kanchatak on “ich”, then I’m pure Polish prozvіshtsa on “kanchau” : Zhulaўskі, Dambrowski, Galonski.
Almost all the most common Belarusian surnames in -enko in the Russified record are absolutely indistinguishable from Ukrainian ones: (in Ukraine Ostapenko), (in Ukraine Onishchenko), (exclusively Belarusian surname), Semchenko, Ivanenko, Yanchenko(also Belarusian)
Kravchenko, Kovalenko, Bondarenko, Marchenko, Sidorenko, Savchenko, Stelmashenko, Shevchenko, Borisenko, Makarenko, Gavrilenko, Yurchenko, Timoshenko, Romanenko, Vasilenko, Prokopenko, Naumenko, Kondratenko, Tarasenko, Moiseenko, Ermolenko, Zakharenko, Ignatenko, Nikitenko, Karpenko, Tereshchenko, Maksimenko, Alekseenko, Potapenko, Denisenko, Grishchenko, Vlasenko, AstapenkoRudenko, Antonenko, Danilenko, Tkachenko, Prokhorenko, Davydenko, Stepanenko, Nazarenko, Gerasimenko, Fedorenko, Nesterenko, Osipenko, Klimenko, Parkhomenko, Kuzmenko, Petrenko, Martynenko, Radchenko, Avramenko, Leshchenko, Pavlyuchenko, Lysenko, Kukharenko, Demidenko, Artemenko, Isachenko, Efimenko, Kostyuchenko, Nikolaenko, Afanasenko, Pavlenko, AnishchenkoMalashenko, Leonenko, Khomchenko, Pilipenko, Levchenko, Matveenko, Sergeenko, Mishchenko, Filipenko, Goncharenko, Evseenko, SviridenkoLazarenko, Gaponenko, Tishchenko, Lukyanenko, Soldatenko, Yakovenko, Kazachenko, Kirilenko, Larchenko, Yashchenko, Antipenko, Isaenko, Doroshenko, Fedosenko, Yakimenko, Melnichenko, Atroshchenko, Demchenko, Savenko, Moskalenko, Azarenka.As can be seen from the list, the basis for the vast majority of surnames on -enko, baptismal names and nicknames from professions served.
This form of surnames is common not only among Belarusians, but also among Russians.
The most common surnames in -yonok/-onok:
Kovalenok, Borisyonok, Savenok/Savenok, Kazachenok, Klimenok/Klimenok, Kleshchenok, Rudenok/Rudenok, Laptenok, Kuzmenok, Lobanok, Kinglet, Cornflower, Astashonok, Astashenok, Calf, Luchenok, Gerasimyonok, Zuyonok, Mikhalyonok, Kukharonok, Kukharenok (“Russified "Kukharonok), Kruchenok, Kurilyonok, Pavlenok, Kravchenok, Goncharyonok, Fomenok, Khomenok, Zubchenok, Khramenok, Zaboronok, Strelchenok, Tereshonok. In particular, such surnames as Klimenok, Tereshonok, Mikhalyonok, Gerasimyonok, Golenok, Kazachenok, Astashenok are as common among Russians as among Belarusians.Such surnames are found throughout Belarus, with the highest concentration in the Grodno Oblast. The total number of carriers of surnames of this type is about 800,000 people. Basically the suffix -ko- this is a Polonized version of the old Russian common diminutive suffix -ka. This suffix can be added to virtually any stem, name [ Vasil - Vasilko(Belarusian Vasilka)], human features ( Deaf - Glushko), professions ( Koval - Kovalko), the name of animals and objects ( wolf - Volchko, deja - Dezhko), from the adjective "green" - Zelenko(belor. Zelenka), from the verb "come" - Prikhodko (belor. Prykhodzka), etc.
The most common surnames in -ko:
Murashko, Boyko, Gromyko, Prikhodko, Meleshko, Loiko, Senko, Sushko, Velichko, Volodko, Dudko, Semashko, Daineko, Tsvirko, Tereshko, Savko, Manko, Lomako, Shishko, Budko, Sanko, Soroko, Bobko, Butko, Ladutko, Goroshko, Zelenko, Belko, Zenko, Rudko, Golovko, Bozhko, Tsalko, Mozheiko, Lapko, Ivashko, Nalivaiko, Sechko, Khimko, Sharko, Khotko, Zmushko, Grinko, Boreiko, Popko, Doroshko, Astreiko, Skripko, Aleshko, Zaiko, Voronko, Sytko, Buiko, Baby, Chamomile, Chaiko, Tsybulko, Radish, Vasko, Gridyushko, Sasko, Sheiko, Malyavko, Gunko, Minko, Sheshko, Shibko, Zubko, Milk, Busko, Klochko, Kuchko, Klimko, Shimko, Rozhko, Shevko, Lepeshko, Zanko, Zhilko, Burko, Shamko, Malyshko, Kudelko, Tolochko, Galushko, Shchurko, Cherepko, Krutko, Snitko, Cream, Pin, Turko, Nareiko, Serko, Yushko, Shirko, Oreshko, Latushko, Chuiko, Grishko, Shkurko, Vladyko, Shibeko.Some surnames of this type represent single words on their own - Murashko("ant"), Tsvirko("cricket"), Soroko etc. .
Another characteristic type of surnames is found both among Belarusians and among Russians and Ukrainians. The most common surnames in -OK:
Top, Popok, God, Checker, Gypsy, Zubok, Zholtok, Babok / Bobok, Titok, Cockerel, Sheaves, Turk, Zhdanok, Shrubok, Pozhitok.Surnames on -enya peculiar only to Belarusians (although this suffix is found in Ukrainian, it is typical for Belarusian surnames). Surnames of this type are not frequent, although in the center of their distribution (southwest of the Minsk region) they cover up to 10% of the inhabitants. Interestingly, to the north and east of their range, surnames on -enya did not spread, but in the north of the Brest and Grodno regions, these surnames are noted in isolated cases. In total, there are 381 surnames of this type in Belarus with total number carriers 68,984 people.
There are cases of transformation of surnames into -enya, with suffix change -enya on -enko: Denisenya - Denisenko, Maksimenya - Maksimenko etc.
Belarusian surnames on -enya:
Goroshchenya, Protasenya, Rudenya, Kravchenya, Serchenya, Kondratenya, Yasyuchenya, Sergienya, Mikhalenya, Strelchenya, Sushchenya, Gerasimenya, Kienya, Deshchenya, Prokopenya, Shcherbachenya, Kovalenya, Varvashenya, Filipenya, Yurenya, Yaroshenya, Nikolaenya, Kruglenya, Artsymenya, Amelchenya, Khanenya, Shupenya, Yurchenya, Ostashenya, Kupchenya, Fart, Ivanisenya, Ignatenya, Ilyenya, Isaenya, Drabenya, Tanenya, Karpenya, Gavrilenya, Myakenya, Parfenya, Pavlenya, Akhramenya, Avhimenya, Avtimenia, Kryvenya, Levanenya, Byatenia, Katenya, Kulgavenya, Selenya, Khvesenya, Krupenya, Limenya, Zhdanenya, Savenya, Evsenya, Sarapenya, Kramenya, Kuralenya, Kenya, Adamenya, Borodenya, Khamenya, Khvalenya, Popenya, Klymenya, Mazulenya, Savastenya, Khanenya, Shavgenya, Mykenya, Fedenya, Yakubenya, Kirienya, Gegenya, Zelenya, Goat, Kurlenya, Kitchen, Kivenya, Matveenya, Matsveenya, Sivenya, Tzamenya, Cemenya, Rudenya, Ostapenya, Babenya, Davidenya, Zubenya, Kopelenya, Karpienya, Leonenya, Maysenya, Maksimenya, Makutenya, Nikolaenya, Rudenya, Stralenya, Strangler, Fedosenya, Misenya, Ulasenya, etc.-uk/-uk . Examples: Yanuca(Yan) Kostyuk(Konstantin), Petruk(Peter), Pavlyuk(Paul), Yasyuk(Yakov), Stasyuk(Stanislav), matsuk(Matthew), Vasyuk(Basil), Misyuk(Michael), Radiuk(Rodion), Masyuk(Matthew), Ilyuk(Ilya), Valyuk(Valentine) Satsuk(Isaac), Pasyuk(Paul), Patsuk(Ipatiy), Pashuk(Paul), Avsyuk(Evsey), Matyuk(Matthew), Baltruck(Bartholomew), Artsuk(Artemy), Valentyuk(Valentin). Wed Yanuca or T. Jonykas , Petruk or T. Petrukas , Baltruck or T. Baltrykas. These pet names are used with might and main as independent surnames, and it is precisely such surnames that are mainly represented outside the south-west of the Brest region. Their distinguishing feature is the possibility of further registration with a suffix -ovich/-evich: Yanukovych/Yanukevich, Stasyukevich, Satsukevich, Artsukevich etc.Some surnames in -uk/-uk come directly from the Lithuanian language, for example: Bernyuk(lit. berniukas "guy"), Pirshtuk(lit. pirštas "finger, finger"), Girduk(lit. girdi "to hear").
In total, 3406 surnames of this type were noted in Belarus. The most common surnames in -uk / -uk, -chuk:
Kovalchuk, Pinchuk, Gaiduk, Poleshchuk, Shevchuk, Romanyuk, Savchuk, Kostyuk, Kravchuk, Kosenchuk, Radiuk, Radchuk, Romanchuk, Panasyuk, Semenyuk, Marchuk, Tarasyuk, Tkachuk, Levchuk, Kondratyuk, Karpuk, Gritsuk, Bondarchuk, Kuchuk, Dmitruk, Semenchuk, Litvinchuk, Danilyuk, Sevruk, Vasilyuk, Demchuk, Masyuk, Borisyuk, Lashuk, Bliznyuk, Polishchuk, Klimuk, Goncharuk, Gavrilyuk, Denisyuk, Melnichuk, Stepanyuk, Mikhalchuk, Martynyuk, Matyuk, Abramchuk, Ivanyuk, Grinyuk, Sidorchuk, Vasyuk, Yatsuk, Nesteruk, Stasyuk, Fedoruk, Ignatyuk, Misyuk, Makarchuk, Yaroshuk, Mikhnyuk, Borsuk, Zakharchuk, Antonyuk, Kukharchuk, Sakharchuk, Klimchuk, Prokopchuk, Biryuk, Pasyuk, Yanchuk, Gerasimchuk, Grischuk, Pavlyuk, Nazarchuk, Kirilyuk, Boyarchuk, Kamlyuk, Mikhadyuk, Sidoruk, Badger, Baranchuk, Sachuk, Dashuk, Andreyuk, Pashuk, Mikhalyuk, Tikhonchuk, Kokhnyuk, Valyuk, Pilipchuk, Nichiporuk, Nikityuk, Ostapchuk, Lozyuk, Serdyuk, Kononchuk, Korneychuk, Adamchuk, Maysyuk, Volosyuk, Senchuk, Vlasyuk, Onischuk.Suffix -chik interchangeable with suffix -chuk. Many surnames exist in parallel forms: Matveychuk - Matveychik, Adamchuk - Adamchik etc. This suffix is widely used only by the Belarusian and Polish anthroponymic tradition, so the surnames on -chik, look more Belarusian than the surnames on -chuk. However, the surnames -ik productive also among Ukrainians. Surnames ending in -ik, -chik, in Belarus is used by about 540,000 people.
The most common surnames in -ik, -chik:
Novik, Dubovik, Kulik, Borovik, Prokopchik, Goncharik, Ivaneychik, Mironchik, Shevchik, Bobrik, Vlaschik, Kalenik, Chizhik, Tolstik, Veremeichik, Tsarik, Kruglik, Gerasimchik, Naumchik, Mazanik, Filipchik, Gorelik, Kukharchik, Mandrik, Sergeychik, Delendik, Yurchik, Leonchik, Silivonchik, Nekhaychik, Savchik, Danilchik, Alkhovik, Alekseychik, Lushchik, Gordeychik, Yefimchik, Tsedrik, Romanchik, Gavrilchik, Vergeichik, Kurilchik, Ovsianik, Demidchik, Kharitonchik, Voitik, Bondarik, Ageychik, Dolbik, Pishchik, Prokhorchik, Lukyanchik, Losik, Lukashik, Kirilchik, Emelyanchik, Abramchik, Kupreichik, Pivovarchik, Osipchik, Maksimchik, Makeichik, Bondarchik, Borisik, Avramchik, Marchik, Simonchik, Bibik, Kozik, Astapchik, Akhremchik, Sahonchik, Korneichik, Golik, Olkhovik, Pisarik, Lazarchik, Ivanchik, Buloichik, Avramchik, Andreychik, Antonchik, Yakubchik, Samuylik, Roslik, Filonchik, Yakimchik, Artemchik, Dubik, Tarasik, Denishchik, Kirik, Selivonchik, Vakulchik, Levchik, Baranchik, Matveychik, Sidorik, Yunchik, Chepik, Andronchik, Kupriyanchik, Kurashik.), : Latvian, Latyshovich, Latyshkevich and etc.The Latin word "surname" means family. The first surnames appeared as family nicknames in Italy in X-XI centuries, on the territory modern Belarus surnames, as family nicknames, appeared among the local nobility from about the 15th century during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was originally a Balto-Slavic state and was founded by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg in the 13th century, who was invited by the boyars of Novogrudok (now the Grodno region, the Republic of Belarus) to reign. The Lithuanian prince converted to Orthodoxy around 1246. With the help of Lithuanian and Slavic (Rusyn) squads, he subjugates all of Lithuania (the territory of modern Eastern Lithuania and partly Western Belarus) and united it with the Novogrudok principality into a single medieval state- Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1251 Prince Mindovg accepted the Catholic faith for political reasons and soon became the king of Lithuania.
Over time, the lands of historical White Rus' (Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Chernigov principalities) and part of the lands of Southern Rus' (Volyn, Podolia and Kyiv) will be attached to this state in various ways. The term "Lithuania" is gradually spreading to the lands of White Rus'. Since the 15th-16th centuries, the local Ruthenian (Russian) nobility of White Rus' has been increasingly referred to as the “Lithuanian gentry” or “Lithuanian boyars”, who had “Lithuanian surnames”. Lithuanian (Belarusian nobility) had surnames mainly ending in "-ski" (-tski), "-ovich", "-evich". The list of surnames of the Belarusian (Lithuanian) gentry and boyars can be found in the Metrics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XVI century), written in the Old Belarusian language.
Surnames of the upper classes
Belarusian gentry surnames, for example, with endings in "-ski", "-tski" arose from the name of the area, the names of tribal areas, cities or castles. So, the owner of the Ostrog castle was called Ostrozhsky, the Mir castle was called Mirsky, the Oginsky inhabited area was Oginsky, and the Tsyapina inhabited area was called Tsyapinsky. Gentry surnames ending in "-ovich", for example, Demidovich, Petrovich, Martsinovich - indicate that the founders of these clans were Christians. The founders, for example, of such gentry families in Belarus as Ibragimovich, Akhmatovich were Muslims of Tatar origin. The surname Rodkevich, also Muslim, but its Belarusian root and ending show that the founders of the clans were Belarusians who converted to Islam. The Jewish population began to compactly settle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15th century, fleeing the Inquisition in Western Europe. Among the Jewish population of Poland, Lithuania and White Rus', surnames began to spread from about XVIII to “-ski”, “-ovich”, “-evich”, however, their Jewish origin betrayed the non-Christian root of the surname - Rabinovich, Gurevich, Koganovsky.
Non-noble surnames.
Belarusian non-noble surnames were originally formed as an answer to the question - “what”? If 5 Ivanov lived in the village, nicknames were used to distinguish them during the conversation, for example, Ivan Korsak. Over time, this nickname began to be called not only one specific person, but his entire family. Those who were from the Bob clan began to be called Bobichi, from the Yarem clan - Yaremichi, from the Smol clan - Smolich. Belarusian surnames with "-ich" are very ancient. If surnames with suffixes on “-ich”, “-ovich” meant gender, then surnames with suffixes on “-onok”, “-yonok” (Artyamenok, Lazichonok, Yulyuchonok), on “-chik”, on “-ik "(Ivanchik, Alekseychik, Mironchik), on "-uk" and on "-yuk" (Vasilyuk, Mikhalyuk) - denote a son (son of Mlynar, son of Avgini), and the suffix "-enya" - (Vaselenya) means a child (child Vasil). These are typical common Belarusian surnames. Surnames with suffixes for "-chik", for example, are common in North-Western Belarus, namely the lands of historical Lithuania. Surnames with suffixes for "-uk", for "-enya" and for "-yuk" in the Brest region.
The suffixes "ka" and "bka" were used for surnames that characterized people. The one who was lazy bore the surname - Lyanutska, Parotska, who is forgotten - was Zabudzko, who woke up - Budzko, those who snored - was Sapotska, from the word want - there was the surname Hotska, to give birth - Rodzka.
Surnames with Russian roots.
Belarusian surnames with suffixes for "-ov", "-ev", "-in" have Russian influence. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Belarus. Due to the fact that the Belarusian lands were under the rule of Russia for a long time, the endings characteristic of Muscovy appeared in the surnames. So the Belarusians who lived on the lands dependent on the Russian state had two surnames. They were “called” by one surname, “written” by another. Over time, the “correct” surnames took up and so the Barys became the Borisovs, the Saprankas became the Saprankovs, the Trahims became the Trokhimovs. Some Belarusians themselves, on their own initiative, took the surnames "panskie", at that time it was considered fashionable. And Sakol - became Sokolov, Pear - Grushko, Shyly - Shyllo, Farbotka - Forbotko. Among Belarusian surnames there are surnames of Baltic origin with suffixes for "-oyts" and "-ut" (Yakoyts, Korbut).
The history of the origin of Belarusian surnames.
Belarusian surnames (Belarusian. Belarusian nicknames) were formed in the context of the all-European process. The oldest of them date back to the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century, when the territory of the Republic of Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state. The result of a complex and long path of development of anthroponymy in different regions was the heterogeneity of Belarusian surnames. The main corpus of Belarusian surnames appeared in the 17th-18th centuries, but they were not stable, obligatory. They became strictly hereditary and legally fixed only in the 30s of the XX century.
The Belarusian family system fully reflects the complex and rich political life country, and bears traces of numerous cultural influences. For this reason, in the bases of Belarusian surnames there may be words associated with Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Tatar. Of the neighboring peoples, only the Latvians did not leave any noticeable imprint in the Belarusian family fund.
The first stable family names were adopted by the magnate families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from the second half of the 15th century. These ancient family names: Sapieha, Tyshkevich, Pats, Khodkevich, Glebovich, Nemiro, Iodko, Ilyinich, Ermine, Gromyko are still widespread among Belarusians today.
However, the bulk of the representatives of the gentry class in the first half of the 16th century continued to use sliding names after their father, such as Gnevosh Tvorianovich or Bartosh Olekhnovich just like the peasants. By the end of the 16th century, most of the gentry families had already acquired permanent family names. Although examples of a change in the generic name were common, for example, the genus Dovoyno began to bear the name Sologubs etc.
The surnames of the gentry could have arisen from patronymics or grandfathers (on -ovich/-evich) - Voynilovich, Fedorovich, from the name of the estate or estate (on -sky/-sky) - Belyavsky, Borovsky, or from the progenitor's nickname - Wolf, Narbut. The family nomenclature that developed during this period, in its main features, continues to exist in Central and Western Belarus to this day. Almost 60-70% of the original Belarusian surnames from this area are found in Polish armorials and their bearers are namesakes, and often descendants of glorious noble families with a rich history that goes back to the very origins of the GDL.
The surnames of peasants were fixed in the western and central parts of Belarus during the 18th century. The bases for peasant surnames were often scooped from the same fund of gentry surnames, or could originate from purely peasant nicknames - Burak, Kohut. For a long time, the surname of a peasant family was unstable. Often one peasant family bore two or even three parallel existing nicknames, for example, Maxim Nos, aka Maxim Bogdanovich. However, based on the inventory of estates late XVII, the beginning of the 18th centuries, it can be argued that the main part of peasant families continues to exist continuously in the areas of their fixation from the 17th-18th centuries to the present day.
On the lands of Eastern Belarus, which went to Russia as a result of the first partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, surnames were formed at least a hundred years later. In this territory, family suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, characteristic of Russian anthroponymy, have existed since ancient times, but under the rule of the Russian Empire, it was this type of surname that became dominant east of the Dnieper and north of the Western Dvina. Due to their later appearance, family nests are smaller here than in the western part of the country, and the number of surnames noted in one locality is usually higher. Surnames such as Kozlov, Kovalev, Novikov are repeated from region to region, that is, there are many places where unrelated family nests appeared, and, accordingly, the number of carriers is high. This is clearly seen in the list of the most frequent Belarusian surnames, in which universal oriental surnames -ov/-ev dominate, although the number of carriers of surnames per -ov/-ev among the entire Belarusian population does not exceed 30%.
Unlike Russia, surnames on -ov/-ev in Eastern Belarus they are not completely monopoly, but cover about 70% of the population. It is interesting that the original Belarusian surnames on -yonok, were not suffixed here -ov, and Ukrainized. For example: Goncharenok is not Goncharenkov, but Goncharenko, Kurilyonok is not Kurilenkov, but Kurylenko. Although for
29/09/12
what stupid sheep ... apparently they once heard Abramovich and Rabinovich .. and now they think that all people with such surnames are Jews ... surnames ending in "-vich2" -ich "are the traditional surnames of the Serbs, Croats, as well as Belarusians and Poles and sometimes other Slavs (except Russians).
scramasax, 29/09/12
Vich are Serbian and Belarusian surnames, but they can also be Jewish. As in the case of the above gentlemen.
29/09/12
Naumova Ekaterina the main thing is surname root, not ending. the ancestors of Abramovich and Berezovsky came from the Commonwealth, where surnames ending in -vich (Belarusian) and -ovsky (Polish) were common, which is why they called themselves in the Slavic manner. I meant people who believe that ALL surnames with such an ending are Jewish. This is simply absurd.
VovaCelt, 29/09/12
During the Second World War, there was such a German field marshal - Manstein. Well, wow - just a double Jew! Both "man" and "matte" at the same time. Well, now seriously. The Jews are a specific people, "scattered" over many countries and even continents for two thousand years. And the Jews borrowed a lot from the peoples among whom they lived. From the same Germans, because there were many Jews in medieval Germany. And even the Jewish language "Yiddish" is a slightly "altered" German, that is, the language of German Jews, which has nothing in common with the original Jewish language "Hebrew", which is much closer to Arabic. And all these "vichis" are a "trace" from the once large Jewish diaspora in Eastern Europe. And this Slavic trace.
Maxwell1989, 30/09/12
2344 I think he said everything
Theodosius, 07/10/12
vich is a Slavic ending, it’s just that many Jews took Polish and Ukrainian surnames for themselves. So it’s not a fact. By the way, the famous Soviet symphonic composer Dmitry Shostakovich was a Belarusian. And what about the President of Ukraine Yanukovych and General Mladic, what do you say, Jews too?
xNevividimkax, 07/10/12
they are not Jewish but just HIV xDDDDDDD ahahahahah lol No offense, I just laugh xDDD
scandmetal, 08/01/16
Yes, this is bullshit. The Jews are a people scattered throughout the world, and in each country their surnames are formed "according to the language" of that country. Original Jewish surnames - such as Cohen, Levi, and maybe 10-12 more. But for example, Levin is not from our word "lion", but precisely from the position of a Levite, only for convenience stylized as Russian ("-in"). -Man, -Berg and -Stein are German-speaking surnames, and among Georgian Jews they end in -shvili. Vich is a South Slavic type of surname. And among them there are obviously non-Jewish.
Evlampy Incubatorovich, 09/01/16
Surnames ending in "vich" are not Jewish surnames. Jewish surnames end in "in" and "an". Maybe even like, but definitely not on "vich". By and large, I don’t care what a Jew, what a Russian, in given time All nations are the same, you can't tell them apart, but people differ only on religious grounds.
Field, 18/01/16
Yes, this is nonsense. Someone heard about Rabinovich and Abramovich and: “Aha, here they are Jews! Now I know them!” Only not quite like this: -ich or -ovich, -evich. Rabinovich says that the Jews went through Slavic countries. And the surnames are primarily Serbian, but the second is Polish. Serbs are Petrovich, Obradovic, Zivkovic, Milutinovic, Jorgovanovic, or according to a simpler model: Graic, Mladic. And the Poles are Tyshkevich, Senkevich, Stankevich, Yatskevich, Palkevich, Pavlyukevich, Lukashevich, Borovich, Urbanovich, Kurylovich. Well, Jews may have such surnames, but they are still Polish. As for Yanukovych, he doesn't look like a Jew in any way :) Ukrov rarely, but there are Odarichi, Khristichi, Katerinichi. This is how we write them, but in fact Odarych, Khrystych, Katerynych. It sounds terrible, but that's why you need to write as it really is, if we are talking specifically about ukrah, and especially about schiryh. So that all the ugliness of ukromov was in full view.
