Same sound, different spelling. Homonyms: examples of words

1. Guess the riddle of O. Emelyanova, write a polysemantic word below.

Can at least arrange a flood,
Pour into a glass of water,
Build a hundred-story house

And stop the train.

2. Choose and write a different meaning for each word.

Zipper on jacket, trousers

Lightning

Detail of the undercarriage of the tank

Caterpillar

Words to choose from: natural phenomenon, sister of thunder, celestial arrow, garden pest, beetle's girlfriend.

3. Enter the words - homonyms from the words to choose from. Write the same words side by side again, breaking them into syllables.
They store perfumes and medicines. They hit your nose when you drink lemonade.
This ____________________. ____________________________.

Board game. Taxi badge.
This ___________________. ___________________________.

Words to choose from: bottles, vials, boxes, checkers, sabers, knives.

4. Guess and write homonyms in the sentences.

1. _________________ has already become the moon in the sky, and the whole dad _________________ does not come from a business trip.

2. I will raise the fallen __________________, stick it on the landscape ___________________.

3. ____________________, _____________________ there will be a hole, and maybe not one,

and whole _____________________.

Come up with your own sentence with the homonyms zebra and zebra.

__________________________

5. Fill in the missing letters (where necessary) and answer the question in writing.

What kind of bird _ ka l _ melts in our test _ n _ bots?

Verification work 26
Words that are close in meaning (synonyms)

1. Tick ​​the row in which all words are close in meaning (synonyms).
 gloomy, sad, sad, angry
 Dwarf, baby, midget, boy - with a finger.
 Take off, soar, rise, overtake.
 Simple, easy, easy, interesting.

2. Think about the order in which the words should be placed. Write them down in the correct order.
Big, gigantic, universal, huge, immense.

Are these words similar in meaning? Please tick the correct one
answer.
 Yes  No

With any two of these words, make up and write down phrases.

__________________________

3. Read the text. Choose from the brackets the most appropriate meaning of the word and write it into the sentence. In the penultimate sentence, underline the words that are closest in meaning.

She went out into the garden and ___ (gasped, screamed, surprised). The sun is not quite _____________________________ yet (rose, rose, rose), but its first rays were already shimmering in dewdrops. Apricot trees were _______________________________ (fabulous, beautiful, unusual)! They shone and sparkled with a reddish summer glow. And they smelled.
(According to A. Mironenko)

4. Write down the sentences, replacing each word with the closest possible meaning.

Grandma's apricot jam was special. Whole apricots floated in thick, amber, and surprisingly fragrant syrup.

____________________

5. Compare two verses. Find and write out the words that are similar in meaning.

1. You offended me, but tell me - why?

I squeezed the lollipop in my hand, but I won’t eat it all!

I asked for just a little, I asked for a little,

Be careful, I'd take a bite.

(I. Tokmakova)

2. You upset me, and answer - why?
I hid the lollipop in my fist, but I won’t take it away completely!
I moaned quite a bit, begged a little,
Carefully, I would break off the edge.
(S. Mikhailova)
Sample. Offended - offended

Test work 27
Words that are opposite in meaning (antonyms)

1. In proverbs and sayings, find and underline the opposite words.
by value.
Know more, say less. Do not be afraid of a smart enemy, be afraid of a stupid friend. You will lead with the book - you will pick up your mind.
Write the first proverb by dividing
all words to transfer.

2. Insert the missing letters. Guess the riddle, write the riddle. Underline the words that are opposite in meaning.
In a linen page _ not along a r _ ke - a sheet
Floats n _ rokhod, then n _ back, then vp _ red.

And behind it is such a smooth surface - not a m _ rshchinki can _ give.

3. Choose and write down words that are opposite in meaning.
Floats - ___________________, land - _______________, moon - __________, black - _______________________________, night - __________________,
Earth - ______________

4. Enter in folk omens words with opposite meanings.
Spring is red and hungry; autumn is rainy, gloomy, yes _____________________.
Summer week is more expensive _____________________________.
Words to choose from: nourishing, generous, rich, winter, new, hot.

Write down the word rainy, dividing it for hyphenation.

5. The girl accidentally replaced one word with another. Will the new word have the opposite meaning? Please tick the correct answer.
We decided the story for the guests
Read about the squirrel.
But out of excitement
I read
What's in the cage
The bun lived!
(According to A. Barto)
 Yes  No

Is it possible to pick up words squirrel or bun opposite words? Explain in writing.

__________________________

Test work 28

In many languages ​​of the planet there is such a thing as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes that are identical in sound and spelling have different meaning. They are called "homonyms". Examples of them are found all over the place. We use them very often in ordinary speech.

Homonyms

Examples that prove this phenomenon are known to many. These are common words:

• "bow" in the meanings of plant and weapon;
• "escape", in one case denoting a young branch, and in another - unauthorized hasty departure.

Out of context, it is difficult to determine exactly what meaning these homonyms are used in. Example sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.

• Green onions are especially good in vegetable salads.
• The boy was given a toy bow and arrow for his birthday.
• The apple tree gave a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
• The Count of Monte Cristo escaped from prison in a creative way, replacing the prisoner's corpse with himself.

Examples of phrases will help to understand what homonyms mean:

• "green onions" and "accurate onions";
• "maiden spit" and "river spit";
• "three apples" and "three rag stain".

This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by Russian language teachers as an entertainment technique in studying the subject, a way to expand lexicon and the horizons of the students.

Games with homonyms in the classroom and extracurricular activities

To conduct this competition, you should prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Only meanings are offered to players, and the words themselves (you can use one spelling for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a pattern of a tree leaf, an apple, a gold ingot. The participant who correctly named the homonyms receives this emblem after the correct answer as a point. At the end of the game, token points are counted up and a winner is chosen.

Homonyms are suitable for the competition, examples of which may be as follows (it should be recalled that only pictures are presented to participants and viewers, the words themselves are closed):

• "shop" as a piece of furniture and a medium-sized outlet;
• the word "lama", acting in one sense as an animal, and in another - as a Tibetan monk.

At the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. This task will take only a few minutes, and the benefits will be enormous. Indeed, in addition to the above, this type of activity generates and strengthens interest in the study of the Russian language.

Homonymy and polysemy

Many words have more than one meaning. Coinciding in spelling, they differ lexically. It is necessary to distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words. Examples of polysemy are also quite common. For example, two words pronounced as "key" can act as homonyms in the following way:

• spring and device for opening.

But in the meanings of "violin", "spanner", "from door lock"," jar sealer ""key" is one word. It's amazing linguistic feature, which should already be considered as a phenomenon of polysemy. Indeed, in each of the listed options, the ability of the key to open something appears: musical string or some object. This is one word from different meanings, not different homonyms.

There are a great many examples of such polysemantic words in Russian speech. Sometimes it is quite difficult to separate them from homonyms.

Polysemy sometimes comes from the transition of the name by resemblance. This is

• "sleeve" - ​​a separate riverbed and part of the shirt;
• "tape" - a device for a girl's hairstyle and long road, the moving part of the conveyor.

The ambiguity of these words arose from the outward similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in clothing is separated from a common large object. And the branching of the channel resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word “trouser leg” could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose the “sleeve”.

The tape is a narrow long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl's hairstyle. This is how the name transition, the phenomenon of polysemy, took place.

Etymological homonymy

A group of words refers to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task “Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically”, you need to pick up such words that came into Russian speech from different languages. To do this, look into the etymological dictionary.

These are the word "boron", denoting chemical element, and its homonym is pine forest. The first noun came into Russian speech from the Persian language, where it sounded like "borax", that is, a compound of boron. The name is pine forest is of Slavic origin.

Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the very etymology of words differs.

The same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun "ether" as organic matter and in the meaning of "broadcasting and television". After all, historically both words have a common etymology. They came from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means "mountain air". And if the task says: “Give examples of homonyms,” and the respondent uses the word “ether” in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.

Disputes of linguists about polysemy and homonymy

However, not everyone can offhand determine historical origin words. Often this requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word "ether" are completely different and classify them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see ambiguity here. The explanatory dictionary also refers them to different words with different meanings.

Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are as follows:

• “braid” in the meaning of a hairstyle and a mowing tool, since some argue that there is a transition of the name here according to external similarity (thin and long);
• "pen" as a tool for writing, a device for opening, turning on, since some people determine polysemy by the fact that they have something in common in the mode of action (they write and open with their hands);
• "feather" in the sense of "pen" and as a skin horn formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical way of writing with bird feathers.

Some linguists refer to homonymy all words in which polysemy can be traced. They consider polysemy only a special case.

Full homonyms

Linguists divide words that have the same pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Full lexical homonyms belonging to the same grammatical category are allocated to one category. Examples of these: "scythe", "tongue", "escape", "key" and others. In all their forms, these words coincide both in spelling and in pronunciation.

Incomplete or partial homonyms

There are also words that coincide only in some forms. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often refer to different parts of speech:

• “three” is a verb of the 2nd person singular imperative with the initial form “rub” and “three” is a cardinal number;
• "oven" is a verb in indefinite form and "oven" is a feminine singular noun;
• "saw" is a feminine singular past tense verb and "saw" is a feminine singular noun.

Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words belonging to the same part of speech. For example, the verbs of the 1st person singular of the present tense "fly". The first word is defined as an action related to medicine. Already the infinitive will sound like "treat". And the second verb has the initial form "to fly" and denotes the action of making a flight.

Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This happens when words differ in only one form. For example, two nouns "weasel" - an animal and a manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive case plural. These homonyms will look like “weasels” and “weasels” in this form.

Homonyms and homophones

Some confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are the same sounding words, which have different meanings, but differ in spelling. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.

• “Cat” is a pet, and “code” is most often a certain set of characters or sounds.

Everyone will notice that these words should be written in different ways. But by ear to catch the difference is almost impossible. The word "code" must be pronounced with a stunning final consonant. This is where the sound similarity comes from.

Homonymy and homography

There are other linguistic phenomena similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they are the same in spelling, but are pronounced differently, most often due to stress. They are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are as follows:

• gate - gate;
• castle - castle;
• smell - smell.

Homographs are also interesting for composing tasks for contests and games. With the help of picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, linguistic activities can be diversified.

Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but the same sounding or spelling units of the language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and onyma- Name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.

At full/absolute homonyms the whole system of forms coincides. For example, key(for the castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
At partial Not all forms are the same. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the form of the genitive plural - caresses - caresses.

Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek. homos- the same and grapho- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
healthy - healthy
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
inferno - inferno
pier - pier
forty - forty
already - already

Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and flying throat (in other forms - to fly and treat, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saws and drink, etc.).

Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that coincide in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and morphe- form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning actor) And switch(value of the active subject); suffix -ets in words sage, male, incisor and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.

And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο - "sound likeness".
Examples in Russian:

threshold - vice - park,
meadow - bow, fruit - raft,
ink - ink,
fall - fall
ball - score,
inert - bone,
betray - give
emit - imitate.

In Russian, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of stunning consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.

Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be exactly the same and the difference in spelling is only in the spacing:

in place, together
in everything - at all,
from mint - crumpled,
from the hatch - and evil,
not mine - mute.

In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designation of the same consonant or vowel in writing, for example:

whole hole,
knew - new.

In French there are a whole series of homophones, consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not read.

Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Reference books

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: lezginka (dance) - lezginka (woman); rook (piece in chess) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procurement of products) - ambassador (diplomat). The same external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds open - cure buds; right hand - right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words related to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), assembly of a car (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in spelling and sounding of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect view - bury) - bury medicine (perfect view - bury); cancer (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a single number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound change: mouth - gender (pronounced as [mouth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boots) - (clubs) pair; oven (pies) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types by structure

1. root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and the state) and peace (the Universe).
2. Derivative homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and ford, illuminate and consecrate, people and fierce.

Homographs (alphabetic, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same alphabetic composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (stresses in these words fall on different syllables).

Homoforms - the coincidence of the grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective) ; return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun); flow on the floor - close up the leak (verb and noun).

Pun and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements

It is necessary to be careful in the use of homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of the statement and lead to comedy. For example, the words of the commentator football match: "In today's match, the players left without goals" - can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

• "Have you heard?"
• "One cannot be indifferent to evil."

S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary Russian language S.I. Ozhegov. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language VAL-1, -a, pl. -s, -ov, m. 1. A long earthen embankment. Fortress c. 2. Very high wave. Shafts foam. ninth c. (the strongest and stormiest wave, according to ancient ideas, fatal for sailors). VAL-2, -a, mm. -s, -ov, m. In mechanisms: a rod rotating on supports and transmitting movement to other parts of the mechanism. VAL-3, -a, m. In the economy: the total volume of production in value terms, produced for a certain. certain period. Execute the plan for the shaft.

Task 2. Write down the sentences. Determine if they have homonyms. Orange is the fruit of a citrus tree. A raft floated along the river. I love baking pies. The stove was being changed in the house. You don't need to sink the ship. The stove needs to be fired up. I treat my throat. I'm on an airplane.

Test task 2 test task 2 Orange is the fruit of a citrus tree. A raft floated along the river. I love baking pies. The stove was being changed in the house. You don't need to sink the ship. The stove needs to be fired up. I treat my throat. I'm on an airplane. Conclusion: In Russian there are full homonyms and partial ones (homophones, homoforms, homographs)

TYPES OF HOMONYMS Full homonyms - words of one part of speech are the same in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in lexical meaning. Partial homonyms: - HOMOPHONES - words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings. - HOMOGRAPHS - words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian, most often due to differences in stress). - Homoforms - words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and at the same time most often belong to different parts of speech.