Surname ends with h nationality. Jewish surnames: list and meaning

Have you ever wondered the origin of your last name? In fact, this is very interesting, because the surname makes it possible to find out the nationality, the roots of a person. To figure out what nationality this or that surname belongs to, you need to pay attention to suffixes and endings.

So, the most common suffix Ukrainian surnames - “-enko” (Bondarenko, Petrenko, Timoshenko, Ostapenko). Another group of suffixes is “-eyko”, “-ko”, “-point” (Belebeiko, Bobreiko, Grishko). The third suffix is ​​“-ovsky” (Berezovsky, Mogilevsky). Often among Ukrainian surnames one can find those that come from the names of professions (Koval, Gonchar), as well as from combinations of two words (Sinegub, Belogor).

Among Russians surnames the following suffixes are common: “-an”, “-yn”, -“in”, “-skikh”, “-ov”, “-ev”, “-skoy”, “-tskoy”, “-ih”, “ th”. It is easy to guess that the following can be considered examples of such surnames: Smirnov, Nikolaev, Donskoy, Sedykh.

Polish surnames most often they have the suffixes “-sk” and “-ck”, as well as the endings “-y”, “-aya” (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Vishnevsky). You can often meet Poles with surnames with an unchangeable form (Sienkiewicz, Wozniak, Mickiewicz).

English surnames often come from the name of the area where the person lives (Scott, Wales), from the names of professions (Smith - blacksmith), from characteristics (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet).

Before many French surnames there is an insert “Le”, “Mont” or “De” (Le Germain, Le Pen).

German surnames most often formed from names (Peters, Jacobi, Vernet), from characteristics (Klein - small), from the type of activity (Schmidt - blacksmith, Muller - miller).

Tatar surnames come from Tatar words and such suffixes: “-ov”, “-ev”, “-in” (Yuldashin, Safin).

Italian surnames are formed using the following suffixes: “-ini”, “-ino”, “-ello”, “-illo”, “-etti”, “-etto”, “-ito” (Moretti, Benedetto).

Majority Spanish and Portuguese surnames come from characteristics (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave). Among the endings most often found: “-ez”, “-es”, “-az” (Gomez, Lopez).

Norwegian surnames are formed using the suffix “en” (Larsen, Hansen). Surnames without a suffix (Per, Morgen) are also popular. Surnames are often formed from the names of natural phenomena or animals (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan).

Swedish surnames most often end in “-sson”, “-berg”, “-steady”, “-strom” (Forsberg, Bosstrom).

At Estonians by surname you will not be able to tell whether a person is male or female (Simson, Nahk).

At Jewish surnames there are two common roots - Levy and Cohen. Most surnames are formed from male names (Solomon, Samuel). There are also surnames that are formed with the help of suffixes (Abramson, Jacobson).

Belarusian surnames end in “-ich”, “-chik”, “-ka”, “-ko”, “-onak”, “-yonak”, “-uk”, -ik”, “-ski” (Radkevich, Kukharchik ).

Turkish surnames have the ending “-oglu”, “-ji”, “-zade” (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi).

Almost all Bulgarian surnames formed from names with the help of suffixes “-ov”, “-ev” (Konstantinov, Georgiev).

Men's Latvian surnames end in “-s”, “-is”, and female - in “-e”, “-a” (Shurins - Brother-in-law).

And men's Lithuanian surnames end with “-onis”, “-unas”, “-utis”, “-aitis”, “-ena” (Norvidaitis). Feminine ones end in “-en”, “-yuven”, “-uven” (Grinuven). In surnames unmarried girls contains a particle of the father's surname and the suffixes "-ut", "-polyut", "-ayt", as well as the ending "-e" (Orbakas - Orbakaite).

Majority Armenian surnames end with the suffix “-yan”, “-yants”, “-uni” (Hakopyan, Galustyan).

Georgian surnames end in “-shvili”, “-dze”, “-uri”, “-ava”, “-a”, “-ua”, “-ia”, “-ni” (Mikadze, Gvishian).

Greek surnames the endings “-idis”, “-kos”, - “pulos” (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis) are inherent.

Chinese and Korean surnames consist of one, sometimes two syllables (Tang Liu, Qiao, Mao).

Japanese surnames are formed using one or two words (Kitamura - north and village).

Feature of women's Czech surnames is the obligatory ending “-ova” (Valdrova, Andersonova).

It's amazing how many differences there are between surnames. different nationalities and peoples!

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There are many misconceptions about the nationality of certain surnames. So, some surnames are traditionally considered Jewish, while others are Russian. Although this may not be the case.

Myths about Jewish surnames

So, any of our compatriots identifies as Jewish surnames Abramovich, Bergman, Ginzburg, Goldman, Zilberman, Katzman, Cohen, Kramer, Levin, Malkin, Rabinovich, Rivkin, Feldstein, Etkind.

It is generally accepted that all surnames with the suffix "-sky" or "-ich" are Jewish in Russia. But in fact, these are most often the surnames of Polish or Ukrainian origin, indicating the name of the area where the person's ancestors come from. And they can be worn by both Jews and Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians ... And such surnames as Preobrazhensky or Rozhdestvensky were given to graduates of seminaries, most of whom were Russians.

Another mistake is to consider all surnames with the suffixes "-ov" or "-in" Russian. In Russia, indeed, most surnames have such suffixes. But they all have different origins: some were given by the names of their parents, others by professional affiliation, and others by nicknames. With administrative records in documents, surnames could be “Russified”. So, who would think that the Russian composer Rachmaninoff has Jewish roots? But the surname Rachmaninov owes its origin to the Jewish "rahman", which means "merciful" - this is one of the names of God.

What are the surnames of Jews in Russia?

The mass emigration of Jews to Russia began in the time of Catherine II, after the annexation of Poland. In order to assimilate with the local population, representatives of the Jewish people sometimes took surnames similar to Russian or Polish ones: Medinsky, Novik, Kaganovich.

There is also a group of surnames of non-Jewish origin, which, however, are mostly worn by Jews: Zakharov, Kazakov, Novikov, Polyakov, Yakovlev. That's how it happened historically.

Jewish surnames that we take for Russians

Often the names of Russian Jews were given according to their professional affiliation or the profession of their parents. So, the seemingly Russian surname Shkolnikov comes from “schoolboy” (as the servant was called in Ukrainian Orthodox Church). Many Jews have this surname. Surname Shelomov - from "shelom". Its representatives were craftsmen in the manufacture of helmets. Dyers and Sapozhnikov - these are the names of Jews whose ancestors were engaged in painting and sewing shoes. These were common Jewish professions in pre-revolutionary Russia. We are used to considering the Russian surname Moiseev, but it comes from Jewish name Moses! The same with the surname Avdeev. But Abramov is indeed a Russian surname: in Rus' there was also the name Abram!

The surnames Shapkin, Tryapkin, Portyankin originated from Jewish nicknames. Few people think that the Jewish names are Galkin, Dolin, Kotin, Lavrov, Plotkin, Sechin, Shokhin, Shuvalov...

Everyone knows that Lenin's comrade-in-arms, chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, was a Jew. It was even said that real name Katz. But in fact, he never changed his last name: Sverdlov is a fairly common surname among Jews.

For a long time, generic nicknames and names have been used to emphasize a person's belonging to his family. Previously, it could mean professional activity, character traits appearance or personality of its owner. That's whyfind out the history of the origin of the surnamefor researchers means to find out a lot of interesting and important information about its carriers. Who they were, what they did and where they lived - all this information can be hidden and encrypted in the name of your family.

If before nicknames were used for practical purposes and could be forgotten over time or changed due to circumstances, then the surname in modern understanding has a completely different meaning. It is directly related to the genealogy, the history of the family and the continuity of generations. Unfortunately, we often take it for granted. We have been wearing it since childhood, without thinking about what secrets of the family are hidden in it. It is rarely considered as a reason for pride, since now everyone receives it from birth. But before it was the privilege of only noble persons and noble families. It was a kind of reflection of the superiority of the nobility and the unity of family members.

It is possible to pay tribute to your ancestors, to honor their memory, to strengthen kinship and family ties even today. It just takes a little effort and find outhow to find out the history of your family by last name. Online services for freeoffer access to archives containing large lists of detailed description the supposed place, cause and approximate time of origin, up to the indication of the century. You can use them, or turn to specialists who will help you calculate your roots, tell you why the genus was named that way, and even make a family tree.

If you have enough patience and enthusiasm, try to find out the meaning of your last name yourself. How to do this, you will learn from our article, where we have collected a variety of helpful tips about this theme.

How to find out the origin of your last name: freeexcursion into history

To begin with, let's remember how the nicknames of our ancestors were formed in Ancient Rus'. We call them by nicknames, since it is impossible to attribute them to the modern definition of a surname. They were given to make it easier to recognize a person or contact him, changed over time. As for the forced peasants, in general, the change of their generic name could change at the whim of the master. The owners especially liked to have fun, coming up with offensive and offensive nicknames. For example, nee Ignatov (after the name of the ancestor), became Shcherbakov (by external sign - the absence of front teeth).

Find out the meaning of your last nameconnected with the ancient roots themselves, the easiest way is for those whose ancestors lived in the region of Veliky Novgorod. Chronicles dating back to about the 13th century indicate that it was there that the very first generic nicknames originated. In the ancient archives there are references to Novgorodians who died in the Battle of the Neva.

They appeared among princes and boyars in the 14th century. The loudest and most famous of them were worn by representatives of influential and ruling dynasties: Shuisky, Nevsky, Donskoy. A little later, the nobles also appeared borrowed from foreign languages: Fonvizin, Yusupov, Karamzin.

However, ordinary, not eminent and not noble people remained with nicknames. Even the reforms of Peter the Great could not put things in order with the peasant families. So, it was he who introduced the word, it comes from the Latin familia - family, into use. Conducted censuses of the population, including the peasant population - the so-called "revisions". Of course, it would be much more convenient for the emperor if each clan had a permanent name, passed down by inheritance, but this was still a long way off. The absence of a permanent surname indicated the low origin of a person and remained a stigma among the general population for almost the entire existence Russian Empire.

Remember the works of Russian classics. There are never indications and information about the names of serfs. Take for example " Dead Souls» Gogol. There the peasants were listed by nicknames.

Naturally, the names for the families were not taken from nowhere. They were assigned according to certain characteristics. If now we do not think about the roots and meaning, then earlier the generic nickname made sense. Sohow to find and learn the history of the origin of your last name - freeway to find out interesting details the lives of your ancestors, we invite you to study the most common options in Rus', which are still found in a modified, and sometimes even in their original form:

• By analogy with animals: Lisitsyn, Medvedev, Khomyakov, Volkov, Kobylkin.
• By occupation: Stolyarov, Kuznetsov, Rybakov, Streltsov.
• place of residence or geographical names: Belozersky, Kareltsev, Sibiryak, Vyazemsky, Donskoy, Bryantsev.
• By the names of the ancestors: Fedotov, Ivanov, Fedorov.
• By the name of the religious holidays during which the child was born: Preobrazhensky, Assumption, Annunciation.
• According to household items that a person used in his work: Shilov, Spitsyn, Molotov.
• According to external signs: Ryzhov, Krivtsov, Krivoshein, Sleptsov, Nosov, Belousov, Sedov.
• By home nicknames: Malyshev - baby, Menshikov - youngest child in the house.
• By nationality: Tatarinov, Ordyntsev (from the word "horde"), Nemchinov.

As you can see, having determined the origin of your surname, you can find out about the profession of your ancestors, what they did, who they were or where they were born. If you are the Tolmachevs, then there were once translators in your family. The distant ancestors of Muromov could have been born or lived in the city of Murom, and the Pobezhimovs probably had an escape. These data may be useful to you in compiling your family's pedigree.

Very interesting phenomenon are the so-called seminary families. They arose much later, in the 17th century among the representatives of the clergy. among the people they were also called "priests", as they were worn mainly by clergymen. They were created artificially, the priests explained this by the fact that they want to be closer to the people. They were specially made harmonious, beautiful, which emphasized the special status of the wearer. They are formed mainly with the help of suffixes sky / -sky. Here are some of them:

• Akvilev
• Blagonadezhin
• Vetrinsky
• Bethlehem
• Damascus
• Demosthenov
• Euclidean
• Zlatoumov
• Kristallevsky

Their origin is based mainly on Latin words. Also there are names of birds, animals and plants, names of philosophers, priests and saints. Often they are also transliterations of Russian names from Latin. Such surnames sound somewhat unnatural for our language and it is almost impossible to meet them today. However, if instead of the usual Russian suffixes ov/-ev, in/-yn you have sky/-tsky, then most likely your ancestors belonged to the clergy.

Where to find out the history of the family: we determine the profession of ancestors by last name

When compiling a family tree, it is very important to know what your distant relatives did many centuries ago. Perhaps they did something very important for the state: they were war heroes, they saved people, they were engaged in art. This can be an impetus in a future career and definition life path for yourself. Inspired by the deeds of the ancestors, it is much easier to find and understand your destiny. How to do it? Access to ancient archives, historical documents and annals is not available to everyone. On the Internet, the possibilities are also limited, since the resources offering to find out the history of a kind by last name for free online do not have a complete list of the necessary information. In addition, it is not always reliable and there is no way to verify the data.

The best thing to do is to do it yourself. Listen to your last name, break it down into its component parts (prefix, root, suffix) and think about what word or phrase it came from. Here are the names of the representatives different professions and estates in Rus':

Merchants

Merchants have always been a privileged class, enjoyed honor and respect. Therefore, much earlier than ordinary people, they were awarded the right to bear surnames. Initially, this opportunity was provided only to influential and noble merchants of the higher guilds. The most famous of them:

• Bakhrushins
• Mammoth
• Schukins
• Ryabushinsky
• Demidovs
• Tretyakovs
• Eliseevs
• Soltadenkovs

nobles

The etymology of this word means that this is a certain person who is at the princely or royal court. Members of the estate passed on their status by inheritance from generation to generation, and with it the surname of their ancestors.

• The ancient nobility that received the title in the period until the second half of the 17th century: Scriabins, Eropkins.
• Nobles with the title of count, baron, prince, listed in genealogical books: Urusovs, Alabyshevs.
• Foreign nobility: in the surnames there are foreign elements "de", "fon", "von dem".

Clergy

For clergy, surnames were most often used denoting the parish in which the priest worked: Uspensky, Voznesensky, Rozhdestvensky. Those who graduated from the seminary were assigned fictitious ones. The euphony depended on how diligent the student was. For example, someone who demonstrated outstanding academic achievement was given the surname of Diamonds.

Service people

Those who were on public service, also enjoyed a special position and privileges from the sovereign. This is especially influenced by the fact that the noble rank could be obtained in the service. The emergence of such surnames is attributed to the XVII - XVIII. They usually reflected the location of the employee or areas of important battles and battles. These include:

• Kazantsev
• Bryantsev
• Moskovkin
• Karelians

Peasants

This estate officially received surnames only after the revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy in the Russian Empire, although many rulers of the state made attempts to restore order with their nicknames. Surnames of serfs emphasized their low social status, most often associated with crafts and physical labor, as well as household equipment that was used for this:

• Melnikov
• Chomutov
• Sokhin
• Bochkarev
• Goncharov
• Pivovarov
• Cabbers
• Karetin
• Basement
• Nebogatikov
• Bosyakov

If you found your last name on this list, then it will be easier for you to understand what kind of activity your ancestors had. So, you have found the answer to one of the mysteries of your family tree.

How to find and determine the origin of your last name yourself

If you are interested in in-depth independent searches and set up for a serious investigation, then you can make significant progress in the study of your ancestry. Here are some tips to help you with this:

Learn more about genealogy

Very often, reading books and studying resources on this topic becomes a source of inspiration for one's own research. Devote a few days to this, and then your work will become more orderly and conscious.

Purchase the necessary materials

It's hard to keep all the information in your head. To make it more convenient for you to draw diagrams and record data, stock up on notebooks and folders. You can even make a large table on a piece of paper with all the names of your close and distant relatives.

Dig up the family archives

At home, you probably have old documents stored: passports, birth certificates, certificates, extracts.

Connect relatives to work

Ask your parents, grandparents, what surnames were in your family. It is especially important for women to know them maiden names that they wore before marriage.

Getting to know the history of a family is a great opportunity to get together and feel the unity of family members.

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Surname - the name of the family, which a person receives by inheritance. Many people for a long time live and do not even think about what their last name means. Thanks to the surname, one can not only determine who the great-grandfathers were, but also determine the nationality of its owner. In the article we will try to figure out which nationality this or that surname belongs to.

You can find out the origin of your surname in several ways, which are described in the article, among them one can single out the determination of the origin by the endings of surnames.

Surname endings

With the help of certain endings, you can find out what nationality the surname belongs to:

• English. It is very difficult to single out certain endings indicating the English. Most of the surnames are derived from English words, indicating the place of residence: Wales, Scott, or the profession of a person: Smith is a blacksmith, Cook is a cook.
• Armenians. Most of the Armenian surnames end in -yan: Aleksanyan, Burinyan, Galustyan.
• Belarusians. Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko: Tyshkevich, Fedorovich, Glushko, Vasilka, Gornachenok.
• Georgians. It is very simple to identify a person of Georgian nationality, their surnames end in - shvili, - dze, - ah, - wah, - ni, - li, - si: Gergedava, Geriteli, Dzhugashvili.
• Jews. If the surname has the root Levi or Cohen, then its owner belongs to the Jewish nationality: Levitan, Koganovich. But you can also meet surnames with endings - ich, - man, -er: Kogenman, Kaganer.
• Spaniards and Portuguese have surnames with endings - ez, - from, - az, - from, oz: Gonzalez, Gomez, Torres. There are also surnames that indicate the character of a person: Alegre - joyful, Malo - bad.
• Italians. If we talk about Italians, then their surnames end in - ini, - ino, - illo, - etti, - etto, - ito: Puchinni, Brocki, Marchetti. The prefix di and da can indicate that the genus belongs to a certain territory: da Vinci.
• Germans. German surnames mostly end in - man - er and they indicate the type of human activity (Becker - baker, Lehmann - landowner, Koch - cook) or contain some characteristic (Klein - small).
• Poles. Surnames ending in -sk; - ck; -y indicate the belonging of a person (or his ancestors) to the Polish nationality: Godlevsky, Kseshinsky, Kalnitsky, and their roots go back to the time of the creation of the Polish nobility (gentry).
• Russians. Surnames ending in -ov, -ev, -in, -skoy, -tskoy: Ignatov, Mikhailov, Eremin. Russian surnames in structure are patronymics, which are formed from the names: Ivan - Ivanov, Grigory - Grigoriev; but among the examples you can find surnames formed from the name of the area where the family lives: White Lake - Belozersky.
• Ukrainians. The endings that show that a person belongs to the Ukrainian nationality include: - ko, - uk / yuk, - un, -ny / ny, - tea, - ar, - a: Tereshchenko, Karpyuk, Tokar, Gonchar, Peaceful. Surnames mainly show that the clan belongs to a certain craft.

Onomastics

It is worth noting that the science that studies proper names and their origin is called onomastics. Its section - anthroponymy - studies the origin of human names and their forms, one of which is the surname. It touches upon the history of their origin and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language.