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ASEAN is an association of states of the South East Asia was formed on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (in 1984), Vietnam (in 1995), Laos and Myanmar (in 1997), Cambodia (in 1999). Papua has the status of a special observer New Guinea. Objectives of creation: to promote the development of socio-economic and cultural cooperation of the member countries of the organization; promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia (SEA). The transformation of ASEAN into one of the world's political and economic centers of the multipolar world stimulated this regional grouping of countries to actively solve a number of extremely important tasks: the formation of a free trade zone and an investment zone; the introduction of a single currency and the creation of a developed economic infrastructure, the formation of a special management structure. ASEAN - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations was founded on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (in 1984), Vietnam (in 1995), Laos and Myanmar (in 1997), Cambodia (in 1999). Papua New Guinea has special observer status. Objectives of creation: to promote the development of socio-economic and cultural cooperation of the member countries of the organization; promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia (SEA). The transformation of ASEAN into one of the world's political and economic centers of the multipolar world stimulated this regional grouping of countries to actively solve a number of extremely important tasks: the formation of a free trade zone and an investment zone; the introduction of a single currency and the creation of a developed economic infrastructure, the formation of a special management structure.

OREC is an organization of oil exporting countries, an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna. OREC is an organization of oil exporting countries, an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC consists of 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The headquarters is located in Vienna.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) The main tasks of the organization are the strengthening of stability and security in a wide area that unites the participating states, the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, the development of economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) The main tasks of the organization are the strengthening of stability and security in a wide area that unites the participating states, the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, the development of economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.

Asia-Pacific economic cooperation(APEC) AustraliaAustralia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Philippines Chile JapanBruneiVietnamHong KongIndonesia CanadaChinaRepublic of KoreaMalaysiaMexico New ZealandPapua New GuineaPeruRussia SingaporeUnited States of AmericaThailand TaiwanPhilippinesChileJapan investment liberalization . The goal of APEC is to increase economic growth and prosperity in the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC members include: Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Philippines Chile JapanPhilippinesChileJapan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC) 21 Asia-Pacific Economics Forum for Cooperation in Regional Trade and Investment Facilitation and Liberalization. The goal of APEC is to increase economic growth and prosperity in the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC members include: Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Australia Brunei Vietnam Hong Kong Indonesia Canada China Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Russia Singapore United States of America Thailand Taiwan Philippines Chile JapanPhilippinesChileJapan

ECONOMY OF THE COUNTRIES OF FOREIGN ASIA
Developed and conducted by Shvetsova V.A. teacher of geography and ecology of MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school No. 3, Amur region. Developed on the basis of the author's program edited by V. I. Sirotin.

FIVE COUNTRIES OF ASIA'S ECONOMIC POWER
Prezentacii.com
CENTERS HOUSEHOLD FEATURES
1. China
2. Japan
3. India
4. NIS countries
5. Oil exporting countries

CHINA
In terms of GDP 1990 - 3rd place in the world 2011 - 2nd place in the world
Since the 70s of the XX century, a radical economic reform began to be implemented, based on a combination of a planned and market economy. It is at the industrial stage of development. per shower economic indicators lags behind not only the countries of Europe, but also many countries of the South.
Using figure 59 on page 228, write down in the table, for which types of products is China among the top three in the world?

JAPAN
Robot model from Japan
Using figure 59 on page 228, write in the table for which types of products Japan is among the top three in the world?
GDP - 4th place in the world; is part of the "big seven"; the pace of socio - economic development of the country slowed down;

INDIA
The main features of the economic development of modern India.
GDP - 3rd place in the world (2011); ranks 9th in the world after the G7 countries and China in terms of industrial production; one of the largest centers in the world information technologies;

NIS COUNTRIES
"first tier"
"second tier"
South Korea Singapore Hong Kong Taiwan
Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
Newly industrialized countries are a group of developing countries in which recent decades there was a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators. The economies of these countries in a short time made the transition from backward, typical of developing countries, to highly developed. Now they compete with the USA, Japan and European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and publicly available. Gross domestic income per capita is about $15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized at 7%.
Developed industries: automotive oil refining petrochemical shipbuilding electrical electronics

And in terms of the number of inhabitants, it far exceeds all other regions. There are 39 sovereign states on the political map of Asia. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the origins of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural property. The vast majority of countries in the region are developing countries. It usually consists of four subregions: Central and East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia. Eastern and southeast Asia is part of the Asia-Pacific region (APR).

Australia is also considered in this topic as a country-continent included in the Asia-Pacific region.

1. Territory, borders, position: big differences between countries.

The territory of foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km. China and India are giant countries, most of the rest are fairly large countries. . But along with this, there are many small countries in Asia, there are also microstates. . The borders of most countries pass along well-defined natural boundaries. In a number of places, such as the Himalayas, this creates serious obstacles to economic and other ties.

EGP countries of the region are characterized by three main features.

First, this neighborhood position, which in many respects unites the countries of each of the four sub-regions of Asia.

Secondly, this seaside position most countries, providing access to the seas Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans where the world's most important trade routes pass.

Example. The territory of Vietnam is stretched along the coast of the South China Sea in a narrow strip, stretching for 1700 km. It is no coincidence that geographers I figuratively call this country "the balcony of Indochina over Pacific Ocean". The main connections of Vietnam with other countries are through sea routes.

Thirdly, this deep position some countries, which is generally much less profitable.

Example. Mongolia, located in the depths of the mainland, is the largest landlocked state in the world in terms of territory. Its relations with other countries are carried out mainly through transport systems Russia and China.

political map Overseas Asia has recently undergone great changes. Before World War II, 90% of its population lived in colonies and semi-colonies. Now practically all the countries of the region are politically independent states. Nevertheless, foreign Asia still remains the scene of many territorial disputes, which from time to time lead to an aggravation of regional and local conflicts, often accompanied by armed clashes and even lengthy wars.

Such territorial disputes exist between Iran and Iraq, Iraq and Kuwait, India and Pakistan, India and China, China (PRC) and Taiwan, Russia and Japan over the Kuril Islands, Greece and Turkey over Cyprus, etc. Korea is divided by demarcation line to the Democratic Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea. Despite the creation of a temporary Palestinian autonomy, relations between it and the State of Israel are still far from a complete settlement, and the transition to an independent Palestinian state has been repeatedly postponed.

As in foreign Europe, republics prevail in foreign Asia, but many countries with a monarchical form of government remain. . (Exercise 1.)

2. natural conditions and resources: a region of contrasts.

In general mineral resources regions that provide a base for heavy industry are very diverse. The main pools of coal, iron and manganese ores, and a number of non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific folded (ore) belts, ores of non-ferrous and rare metals predominate. But perhaps the main wealth of the region, which largely determines its role in the international geographic division of labor- it's oil.

Example. Although oil and natural gas reserves have been explored in most countries of Southwest Asia, the main deposits are in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the UAE. In addition to large reserves, they are distinguished by very favorable mining and geological conditions for extraction. .

Intensified search for oil and natural gas is carried out on the shelf marginal seas East and Southeast Asia - one of the largest and least explored in the world. (Task 2.)

The natural resource prerequisites for the development of agriculture in the region are also very diverse. However, for most countries there are two main problems.

Firstly, it is a problem of lack of land resources. The presence of large mountain ranges, desert and semi-desert spaces has a strong influence on the structure of the land fund, limiting the share of agricultural, and especially arable land in it. As a result, the provision of arable land per capita in most countries of the region is only 0.1-0.2 ha, or even less, and as the population grows, it decreases.

Secondly, uh then the problem of rational use of agro-climatic resources. Heat reserves in most of the region ensure the vegetation of plants during the agricultural season or even all year round. But the moisture resources are distributed extremely unevenly. If in areas of the monsoon climate irrigation is used only in winter, then in the arid tropics and subtropics of Southwest Asia it is necessary throughout the year. In general, almost all water withdrawals in the region are used for irrigation. Almost 3/4 of the world's irrigated land is located here. In terms of the total area of ​​such lands, India ranks first in the world, China - the second.

Irrigation in foreign Asia has been known for more than 4 thousand years. Irrigation systems built two millennia ago are still preserved in Iran. In Syria (see Figure 62), Iraq, Tyption, large hydroelectric facilities have been built, which made it possible to expand the area of ​​irrigated land. And in the countries of the Persian Gulf, mostly expensive desalinated water is used for irrigation. sea ​​water; usually it is brought to each tree, to each bed or flower bed.

In a significant part of the region's territory, natural conditions (deserts, high mountains) do not allow people to engage in agriculture and forestry at all. (Task 3.)

3. Population: number, reproduction, ethnic and religious composition, distribution, urbanization.

In terms of population, foreign Asia occupies an uncompetitive first place among all major regions of the world: its share in the world population reaches 60%. This is explained by most countries in the region are still in the second stage of the demographic transition a, i.e., at the stage of a population explosion, although in the 90s. it has clearly declined.

This demographic situation complicates many economic, social and ecological problems overseas Asia. In addition, according to forecasts, by 2025 the population of the region should increase to 4.6 billion people.

Such general conclusion does not exclude the presence of significant differences between individual subregions. In the countries of East Asia, demographic policy has already led to a significant decline in the birth rate and natural population growth. In Southeast Asia, the rate of such growth also began to gradually decrease. In South Asia, this decline is much slower. A Southwest Asia is still at the epicenter of the population explosion, with some of its countries being among the "record holders". This is largely due to the fact that Arab countries Muslims in this subregion do not pursue a demographic policy at all. .

The ethnic composition of the population of foreign Asia is extremely complex: ethnographers believe that more than 1 thousand peoples live here, belonging to the most diverse language families and groups. (Task 4.) Among them there are very large and very minorities scattered in mountains. Most of the countries are multinational

Example. More than 150 nations each live in India and Indonesia, almost 100 in the Philippines, about 60 in China and Vietnam, and more than 30 each in Iran, Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all three world religions, as well as many major national and regional religions, which for many centuries and even millennia have had a huge impact on politics, economics, spiritual culture, population reproduction, and customs of peoples. Religion is widely used in material culture- Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Buddhist pagodas and monasteries. And even today its influence on all aspects of people's lives remains very large.

In Muslim countries, religion often strictly regulates the rights and obligations of men and women in society and the family (separate education in schools and universities, separate work, different premises in public places and private homes), affects marital relations (encouraging large families, allowing polygamy, wedding ceremonies), the daily routine (daily prayer five times - prayer, Friday as a day off), on the diet (Muslim fasting - Ramadan, Eid al-Adha, a ban on alcohol and pork), on clothing (wearing a woman's veil), on the judicial system (Sharia court), the nature of external migrations. . In most Muslim countries in Asia, Islam is declared the state religion; in Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, this is reflected in the official names of countries.

The complexity of the ethnic and religious composition of the series Asian countries leads to the emergence of many inter-ethnic and religious conflicts. They are especially strong in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and the Philippines. Most of these conflicts have their roots in colonial and semi-colonial times, and they proceed, as a rule, under the slogans of separatism.

Example. Kurds are a people numbering about 20 million people. But historically, they turned out to be part of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For a long time now, the leaders of the Kudra national movement have been striving, including by armed means, for the creation of an independent state of Kyrdistan.

The distribution of the population in the region is particularly uneven. Here, at one pole - very densely populated coastal plains, valleys and river deltas, at the other - extremely sparsely populated deserts and semi-deserts, highlands, tropical forests.

Example. Bangladesh ranks 87th in terms of area among the countries of the world, and 7th in terms of population. The average population density in this lowland country has already reached 1000 people per 1 km 2. In some areas it is 2000 people per 1 km 2! And in Mongolia, one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, which is almost three times larger than France in area, there are an average of 3 people per 2 km 2.

A certain influence on the distribution of the population in the region is exerted by its international migrations.

This applies to the greatest extent to the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf, which, as you already know, have become one of the world's main centers for attracting labor resources. Total immigrants from South and Southeast Asia, as well as North Africa is more than 10 million
Human. Almost half of them find work in the largest of these countries - Caydian Arabia, about 1 million are employed in Kuwait. .

The main areas of activity of labor migrants are the oil industry, construction, transport, and the service sector. In Saudi Arabia, migrant workers make up 60% of all employed, in Kuwait 60%, and in the UAE even 90%. .

But emigration from the countries of foreign Asia to other regions is also significant. These are the Kurds who travel legally and illegally to Europe, and the "brain drain", for example, from India, from the Philippines.

But the main influence on the distribution of the population is exerted by the process of urbanization., which took the form of "urban explosion". Despite the fact that in terms of the share of the urban population, the vast majority of countries in the region under consideration belong to the category of medium urbanized, with a very large population, the absolute figures also turn out to be very high.

Example. Of the world's 3.15 billion urban dwellers, almost 1.5 billion live in overseas Asia. China and India occupy the first and second places in the world in terms of the number of city dwellers, respectively. Of the 21 "super-cities" in the world, 12 are located in overseas Asia.

With a huge variety of historical, cultural and natural conditions, the cities of Asia, often the oldest in the world, are also very diverse. Specific features of the external appearance are characteristic of the Arab cities of Southwest Asia, the cities of India, China, and Japan. And yet in the geographical literature there is a collective image Eastern (Asian) city.

Usually it is characterized by a clear division into old and new parts. The liveliest place in the old city is the bazaar with its adjacent shopping streets and artisans' quarters, which immediately sell their products (see Figure 60). Under open sky barbers, scribes work, peddlers scurry about. The new urban area is dominated by modern high-rise buildings.

For the rural settlement of the region, the rural form is most typical. Among the Mongols, Afghans, Bedouin Arabs (from the word "badu" - desert) and other peoples, where the nomadic way of life is still preserved, the main type of dwelling is a collapsible yurt or tent.

The prospects for the socio-economic development of foreign Asia are largely related to the prospects for urbanization and the growth of its cities. (Task 5.)

4. Increasing role in the world economy: five centers of economic power.

You already know that if we proceed from the ten-member structure of the world economy, then five of its centers are located within foreign Asia. Among them are three separate countries - China, Japan and India, and two groups of countries - newly industrialized and oil-exporting.

China in its socio-economic development after the proclamation of the People's Republic in 1949 has repeatedly experienced both ups and downs. But at the end of the 70s. in the country - first in the countryside, and then in the city - the implementation of a radical economic reform ("gaige"), based on a combination of planned and market economy, began. It led to such an upswing in the economy that already in 1990, in terms of GDP, China took 3rd place in the world after the USA and Japan, and a few years later, having overtaken Japan, it took the “second line” in the world economic ranking. In terms of gross industrial output, it overtook Japan in 2006.

Although China is still at the industrial stage of development and, in terms of per capita economic indicators, lags behind not only the countries of the North, but also many countries of the South, its impressive socio-economic achievements largely determine the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. By 2020, its GDP should increase by 4 times.

Japan, which was defeated in World War II, came out of it with a ruined economy. But then she managed not only to restore her economy, but also to radically rebuild it, becoming the world's "power No. 2", the only member of the "big seven" in Asia. According to many important economic indicators, it has taken a leading position in the world economy (see Figure 59). However, the Japanese "economic miracle" gradually faded away, and the pace of the country's socio-economic development slowed down. And at the end of the 1990s, the financial (currency) crisis that originated in Southeast Asia had a great negative impact on its economy.

India, as one of the key developing countries, also plays a big role in the global economy. In the 90s vols. after the start of the economic reform aimed at the development of a market economy, its development accelerated. Modern India ranks 9th in the world in terms of industrial production after the G7 countries and China. Recently, it has become one of the largest information technology centers in the world. However, in terms of per capita indicators, it still lags far behind most countries of the world.

The group of newly industrialized Asian countries, as you already know, consists of two "echelons". It was customary to refer to the first of them the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong, which, due to their rapid economic leap, began to be called the four "Asian tigers" (or "dragons"). Then their example was followed by three more countries - members of ASEAN, which formed, as it were, the "second tier" of the NIS of Asia - Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the economies of these countries were restructured along the lines of the Japanese model. A large automobile, oil refining, petrochemical, shipbuilding, and especially electrical and electronic industries arose in them; Every year, tens of millions of radios, televisions, tape recorders, and video recorders are produced here. The production of other mass consumer products - clothing, fabrics, shoes - is also growing rapidly. The "economic miracle" of these countries is explained both by the activity of local businessmen and by the fact that TNCs have chosen them as important area application of their capital, focusing primarily on the benefits of their EGP and exceptionally hardy, disciplined and at the same time relatively cheap labor force. But almost all science-intensive and other products are intended for sale in the markets of Western countries.

Example 1 The Republic of Korea, which was still in the middle of the twentieth century. agricultural country, by the beginning of the 1st 21st century, it took 2nd place in the world in the production of marine products and televisions, 4th in the production of plastics and synthetic fibers, 5th in the production of cars, 6th in for steel smelting and electricity generation at nuclear power plants.

Example 2 The city-state of Singapore (Lion City in Sanskrit) has long been known for its seaport, the largest in the world, which is said to be the western gate of the East and the eastern gate of the West. . But recently it has turned from a trading center into an industrial center (oil refining, shipbuilding, electronics and electrical engineering, light industry). It has also become one of the largest centers in the world financial activities, an important object of tourism.

The oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf also occupy an important place in the world economy. Relying on huge oil revenues, these countries in a short time made a "jump through the centuries", thanks to which the Persian Gulf zone turned into one of the important industrial regions with large oil and natural gas production, petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries. Modern industrial centers appeared on the site of medieval adobe towns. Computer-controlled drip irrigation is widely used. Schoolchildren from childhood are accustomed to working with computers.

Example. Saudi Arabia for a long time lived on income from breeding camels, growing date palms, serving Muslim pilgrims. Now the basis of its economy is oil production, which provides 3/4 of export earnings. Ultra-modern roads, airports, large industrial complexes of Al-Jubail and Yanbu, and well-appointed cities have been built in the Arabian Desert. . (Task 6.)

Among the other countries of foreign Asia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, and the DPRK stand out in terms of economic development. But there are also countries in the region that are among the least developed. In Southwest Asia, these are Yemen and Afghanistan, in South - Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan, in Southeast - Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.

5. Agriculture: areas of different specialization.

In most countries of foreign Asia, the bulk of the economically active population is employed in agriculture. Of course, this industry is distinguished by some features that are characteristic of the entire region. These include a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landownership and peasant land use, a sharp predominance of food crops in the crops. The common thing is that the food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved. First of all, this applies to the countries of South and Southeast Asia, where tens of millions of people are constantly on the verge of starvation.

Nevertheless, as you understand, on such a vast territory, the most diverse areas of agriculture could not fail to develop.

The most important of them is the rice-growing region, covering the entire monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia. Annually fertilized by floods of the rivers of the delta and the valley of the Yangtze, Xijiang, Hongxa, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Ganga and Brahmaputra, the lowlands of about. Java (see Figure 64), Japan are typical "rice landscapes". For thousands of years, they have been feeding hundreds of millions of people leading a truly difficult-intensive year-round economy: spring rice is followed by autumn rice, and winter rice after autumn. . No wonder they say that rice is grown not only in flooded fields, but also in the hands of peasants. And the delta regions themselves are figuratively called rice bowls or rice baskets.

Example. The main rice granaries of Vietnam, whose cultural landscape is made up of rectangular checks of rice fields, dams, dams and irrigation canals, its two "baskets", i.e., the Hong Xa and Mekong deltas. Here, farmers harvest two crops of rice a year - in May and November.

The higher parts of this region are characterized by the "tea landscapes" of China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka. .
Due to the lack of grazing land and fodder, commercial animal husbandry is poorly developed; the peasants keep mainly draft animals.

"Population of Foreign Asia" - Asia is characterized by a very diverse ethnic composition. Giant countries (more than 3 million sq. km) China, India. Developing - the ability to generalize a variety of material, draw conclusions and conclusions. The level of socio-economic development. Asia in translation from Assyrian means east. Foreign Asia. Models of socio-economic development.

"Resources of Central Asia" - Due to the deterioration of irrigation systems, up to 60% of irrigation water is lost before reaching crops. At the beginning of the 21st century, the question of the implementation of the project was again raised. Energy potential Central Asia. The main problems of Central Asia in the field of hydro resources. Hydropower potential of the rivers of Central Asia.

"Economy of Foreign Asia" - Principles of development of the NIS countries. Economy of Foreign Asia. Islam. The ethnic composition of foreign Asia is highly mosaic! Kurds are a people numbering about 20 million people. Increasing role in the world economy! The ethnic composition of the population of Asia. Newly industrialized countries (NIS). Characteristics of deposits: High quality oil Low cost.

"Foreign Asia" - The least developed countries. Sharply different. Countries of Central and East Asia. Christianity Buddhism Islam. Developing countries. The population of the region. They occupy a leading position among the countries of the world. Countries of Southwest and South Asia. Countries of Southeast Asia. New industrial countries. Emerging superstates.

"Regions of Foreign Asia" - The deep position of some countries. Natural conditions and resources. Economic and geographical position. political map region. Three main features. Maritime position of most countries. From west to east 10 thousand km. Territory. Neighborhood of countries in relation to each other. Foreign Asia.