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3. "The Tragedy of Conscience" (based on the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm") In "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky shows the life of a Russian merchant family and the position of a woman in it. The character of Katerina was formed in a simple merchant family where love reigned and the daughter was given complete freedom. She

4. " Small man"in the world of Ostrovsky (based on the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "The Dowry") A special hero in the world of Ostrovsky, adjoining the type of a poor official with self-esteem, is Yuly Kapitonovich Karandyshev. At the same time, self-love in him

The tragic acuteness of Katerina's conflict with the "dark kingdom" in the drama of A. N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" I. The combination in Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" of the genres of drama and tragedy.II. Masters and victims of the "dark kingdom".1. “The absence of any law and logic is the law and logic of this life”

Dobrolyubov N. A Ray of light in the dark kingdom (Thunderstorm. Drama in five acts by A. N. Ostrovsky, St. Petersburg, 1860) In the development of the drama, there must be observed strict unity and consistency; the denouement should flow naturally and necessarily from the tie; every scene must

Bykova N. G. Drama by A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm” “Thunderstorm” is a drama written by A. N. Ostrovsky in 1859. The play was created on the eve of the abolition of serfdom. The action takes place in the small merchant town of Kalinov on the Volga. Life there is slow, sleepy, boring.Home

In A. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" life opens before us in the small town of Kalinovo. From the very first action, you can feel the tense atmosphere. Further, we understand that the blame for everything is the influence of two tyrants - Kabanova and Diky. They, like older and wiser people, keep everything in this city under their control.

Only all this control lies in trying to influence fate younger generation and teach them to live by their outdated rules. Life in this city be influenced" dark kingdom in which it is impossible to live freely and easily.

The first victims of such a life are the children of Kabanikh - Tikhon and Varvara. From childhood, they were under the pressure of this society. The influence of the mother with the same force affected both the son and the daughter, but she influenced them in different ways.

As for Tikhon, his portrait can be represented as a miserable, depressed person. He has no opinion of his own, he constantly has to do everything that his mother ordered him to do. But despite this constant pressure, Tikhon managed to keep his feelings alive. This can be seen in the timid display of love for his wife. But even in this case, he is not able to understand Katerina's spiritual drama, and is even ready to leave the city without a wife, just to escape from the "dark kingdom". Tikhon is such a weak-willed person that he cannot help Katerina avoid constant reproaches from her mother-in-law and protect her. But at the very end of the play, Tikhon managed to show his character and confront his mother when Katerina dies. He even curses her at the death of his wife: "Mama, you ruined her! You, you, you..." With this accusation, Tikhon is the first to destroy the foundations of this kingdom and shake the power of the Kabanikh.

The character of Varvara was formed differently than that of her brother. Her unwillingness to be under the constant control of her mother and her tyranny, she chooses the path of lies and deceit. Barbara is already so accustomed to performing these actions that she does it easily and cheerfully that no one will suspect her of deceit. The girl is sure that it is impossible to survive in the Kabanovs' house, only without lies and pretense. She believes: “When the mother began to exert even more pressure on Varvara, the girl could not endure it and was forced to run away from home with her lover. Thus, the power of Kabanikh was shaken again.

Boris turned out to be even weaker in relation to the influence of the "dark kingdom". If Tikhon and Varvara were at least to a small extent able to resist this, then Boris was not. The author presents us with a wild nephew as a kind and educated person who was able to stand out among other heroes. But under the authority of his uncle, he cannot prove himself as a courageous and resolute person. He cannot save Katerina by taking her with him, just like Curly did. On the one hand, he can be understood, because if he disobeyed the Wild, then not only he himself would suffer, but also his sister. But on the other hand, Boris is contemptible by many readers because of his weak character. He is not able to express even the slightest protest against the "dark kingdom" and is forced to obey their rules.

But the play is not so sad. Among the inhabitants of the city there is one person who sheds a ray of light into the darkness. This person is Kuligin - a tradesman, self-taught watchmaker, eager to invent a time machine. In his dialogues with other characters, we see his contempt for the cruel attitude towards people and his indifferent attitude towards everything beautiful. Opposition to society can be seen in his conversation with Wild. Kuligin is trying to help the whole society, for example, hang big clock on the wall or build a lightning rod. Wild refuses all his requests, simply not understanding why to try for the good of society. Kuligin's opposition cannot be open, because he is powerless, and still cannot achieve anything. That is why he has to forever obey and please others. But in the very last remark of Kuligin, we can finally hear a clear protest: "Here is your Katerina. Do what you want with her! Her body is here, take it; and the soul is no longer yours: it is now before a judge who is more merciful than you!" With his statement, he simultaneously justifies the death of Katerina, and charges the "judges" who killed their victim.

Victims of the "dark kingdom" in Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm".

The purpose of the lesson: identifying aspects of the life of the victims of the "Dark Kingdom" that did not allow or allowed them to make the right choice in life, analyze individual fragments.

During the classes.

I . Pupils tell prepared messages about Varvara and Kudryash.

Speakers need to pay attention to the following: Barbara does not protest against the foundations of the "dark kingdom", she adapts to it. It has the will and courage, but they are not aimed at fighting the orders of the Kabanikhi. Life principles Varvara defines it this way: “But in my opinion: do what you want, if only everything was sewn and covered.” She sympathizes with Katerina, despises her brother’s spinelessness, is indignant at her mother’s heartlessness, but Katerina’s spiritual impulses are incomprehensible to her.

Curly is the opposite of Barbara, he is much smarter than her, it has a stronger effect on him. folk start. This nature is gifted, kind, sensitive, but self-willed. Kudryash contrasts his prowess with mischief to the world of the "dark kingdom", his protest is personal in nature and is expressed in "revelry", smart "daring". Ostrovsky also does not accept such a position in relation to the "dark kingdom".

II .Tikhon in the play is shown as typical representative merchant world, where economic and domestic despotism turns a person into an uncomplaining and submissive victim.

Find Curly's first line about Tikhon in the first act ("Her husband is ... a fool").Can we agree with this assessment?

What is Tikhon's attitude to the world, to everything that happens in the house?

From childhood, Tikhon was accustomed to obey his mother in everything, he got used to the fact that in adulthood he was afraid to act against her will. He resignedly endures all the bullying of Kabanikh, not daring to protest. "Yes, how can I, mother, disobey you!" he says, and then adds: “Yes, mama, I don’t want to live by my own will. Where can I live by my own will!”

What does Tikhon think about Katerina's act "in a little way" and in her own way? (“Here, mother says - she must be buried alive in the ground so that she is executed.” - But I love her, I’m sorry to touch her with my finger. I beat her a little, and even then mother ordered. It’s a pity for me to look at her, understand, Kuligin. she eats her, and she walks like a shadow, unanswered. She only cries and melts like wax. So I'm killing myself looking at her.") Powerless to protect his wife, forced to play the miserable role of a tool in the hands of Kabanikh, Tikhon does not deserve respect , Katerina's spiritual world is incomprehensible to him, a person not only weak-willed, but also limited, rustic.“I won’t understand you, Katya! You won’t get a word from you, let alone affection; otherwise you climb yourself,” he says to her. Nor did he understand the drama brewing in his wife's soul. Tikhon unwittingly becomes one of the culprits of her death, as he refused to support Katerina, pushed her away at the most critical moment.

According to Dobrolyubov, Tikhon is "a living corpse - not one, not an exception, but a whole mass of people subject to the pernicious influence of the Wild and Kabanovs!"

III .Boris - this character, the only one in the play, is not dressed in Russian. This is not only because Boris is more educated than others, not because Kalinov is a slum for him, and he is a stranger here. He understands the savagery and cruelty of the mores of the Kalinovites. But he is powerless, indecisive: material dependence puts pressure on him and turns him into a victim of his uncle-tyrant. "Education took away from him the power to do dirty tricks ... but did not give him the strength to resist the dirty tricks that others do," Dobrolyubov notes.

He lives in the present and does not think much about the moral consequences of his love. (“Has my husband left for a long time? ... Oh, so we’ll take a walk! Time is enough ... No one will know about our love”) Boris, not devoid of spiritual nobility, is distinguished by timidity, passivity and inconsistency of his actions. He is not able to save or pity Katerina. In the scene of the last meeting, Katerina thinks about him, and even during these minutes he cannot overcome his slavish fear. ("They wouldn't have caught us here!", "Time for me, Katya.") Boris - what he is, on the other - created by Katerina's imagination.Dobrolyubov is right, who believed that Katerina fell in love with him "more in the absence of people", in the absence of a more worthy person.

IV .Speaking of Kuligin, let's analyze the character's main lines:

How does Kuligin appear to us at the first meeting? ( Id., 1 yavl.)

What is Kuligin's attitude to the mores of the city of Kalinov?

What is the meaning of the monologue "Here is such, sir, we have a little town ..."? ( IIId., 3 rev.)

Why did Kuligin need to ask Dikiy for money? How does he want to spend them? ( IVd., 2 rev.)

How does Kuligin feel about family drama Kabanov? ( Vd., 2 rev.)

What is Kuligin's attitude to Katerina's suicide? ( Vd, 8 sp.)

How is it different from the inhabitants of the city of Kuligin?

An educated person, a self-taught mechanic - the surname resembles the surname Kulibin. Feel the beauty of nature. Wants to improve the city, tries to persuade Wild to give money for a sundial, for a lightning rod. He tries to influence the inhabitants, to educate them, explaining the thunderstorm as a natural phenomenon. Kuligin personifies the best part of the city's inhabitants, but he is lonely, which is why he is considered an eccentric.

V .Summary of the lesson: Tikhon and Boris failed to protect and save Katerina. And the "dark kingdom", which turned them into weak-willed, downtrodden people, doomed both of them to "live and suffer." But even such weak, weak-willed, resigned to life, driven to the extreme, people like the inhabitants of Kalinov are able to condemn the despotism of petty tyrants. The death of Katerina prompted Kudryash and Varvara to search for another life, for the first time forced Kuligin to turn to petty tyrants with bitter reproach. Even the unfortunate Tikhon comes out of unconditional submission to his mother, regrets that he did not die with his wife: “It’s good for you, Katya! But why did I stay in the world and suffer!” Of course, the protest of Varvara, Kudryash, Kuligin, Tikhon has a different character than that of Katerina. But Ostrovsky showed that the "dark kingdom" was beginning to loosen up, and Dikoi and Kabanikha were showing signs of fear of new phenomena that they did not understand in the life around them.

Homework : select quotes to describe Katerina.

In many of his dramas, Ostrovsky portrayed social injustice, human vices and negative sides. Poverty, greed, an uncontrollable desire to be in power - these and many other themes can be traced in the plays “Our people will count”, “Poverty is not a vice”, “Dowry”. "Thunderstorm" should also be considered in the context of the above works. The world described by the playwright in the text was called by critics the "dark kingdom". It seems to be a kind of swamp, from which it is impossible to find a way out, which sucks a person more and more, killing humanity in him. At first glance, there are very few such victims of the “dark kingdom” in The Thunderstorm.

The first victim of the "dark kingdom" is Katerina Kabanova. Katya is a frequent and honest girl. She was married early, but she never managed to love her husband. Despite this, she still tries to find positive aspects in him in order to maintain established relationships and the marriage itself. Katya is terrorized by Kabanikha, one of the brightest representatives of the "dark kingdom". Marfa Ignatievna insults her daughter-in-law, trying with all her might to break her.

However, not only the confrontation of characters makes Katerina a victim. This, of course, and the circumstances. In the "dark realm" honest life is a priori impossible. Here everything is built on lies, pretense and flattery. Strong is the one who has money. Power in Kalinovo belongs to the rich and merchants, for example, Wild, whose moral standards are very low. Merchants deceive each other, steal from ordinary people, seeking to enrich themselves and increase their influence. The motive of lies is also often found in the description of everyday life. Varvara tells Katya that only lies hold the Kabanov family together, and Boris is surprised by Katya's desire to tell Tikhon and Marfa Ignatievna about their secret relationship. Katerina often compares herself to a bird: the girl wants to escape from this place, but there is no way. " dark realm» will find Katya anywhere, because it is not limited to a fictional city. No exit. Katya makes a desperate and final decision: either to live honestly, or not at all. “I live, toil, I don’t see a light for myself. And I won’t see, I know!” The first option, as mentioned earlier, is impossible, so Katya chooses the second. The girl commits suicide not so much because Boris refuses to take her to Siberia, but because she understands that Boris turned out to be the same as the others, and a life full of reproaches and shame can no longer continue. "Here's your Katherine. Her body is here, take it; and the soul is no longer yours: it is now before a judge who is more merciful than you!

”- with these words, Kuligin gives the body of the girl to the Kabanov family. In this remark, the comparison with the Supreme Judge is important. It makes the reader and the viewer think about how rotten the world of the “dark kingdom” is, that even the Last Judgment turns out to be more merciful than the court of “tyrants”.

Tikhon Kabanov also turns out to be a victim in The Thunderstorm. The phrase with which Tikhon appears in the play is very remarkable: “But how can I, mother, disobey you!” His mother's despotism makes him a victim. Tikhon himself is kind and, to some extent, caring. He loves Katya and pities her. But the authority of the mother is unshakable. Tikhon is a weak-willed sissy, whom Marfa Ignatyevna's excessive guardianship made zibity and spineless. He does not understand how it is possible to oppose the will of the Kabanikhi, to have own opinion or other. “Yes, mother, I don’t want to live by my own will. Where can I live with my will! - so Tikhon answers his mother. Kabanov is used to drowning longing in alcohol (he often drinks with Wild). His character underlines the name. Tikhon is unable to understand the power internal conflict his wife, cannot help her, however, Tikhon has a desire to break out of this cage. For example, he is happy about his departure for a short 14 days, because all this time he has a chance to be independent. Above him there will be no "thunderstorm" in the form of a controlling mother. Last phrase Tikhon says that a man understands that it is better to die than to live such a life, but Tikhon cannot decide on suicide.

Kuligin is shown as a dreaming inventor who stands up for the public good. He constantly thinks about how to improve the life of the city, although he understands perfectly well that none of the inhabitants of Kalinov needs this. He understands the beauty of nature, quotes Derzhavin. Kuligin is more educated and higher than ordinary inhabitants, however, he is poor and lonely in his efforts. Wild only laughs at him when the inventor talks about the benefits of a lightning rod. Savl Prokofievich does not believe that money can be earned in an honest way, so he openly mocks and threatens Kuligin. Perhaps Kuligin understood Katya's true motives for suicide. But he is making attempts to mitigate the contradictions, to find a compromise. He has no choice, either this way or nothing. The young man does not see active way to resist "tyrants".

The victims in the play "Thunderstorm" are several characters: Katerina, Kuligin and Tikhon. Boris cannot be called a victim for two reasons: firstly, he came from another city, and secondly, in fact, he is as deceitful and two-faced as the rest of the inhabitants of the “dark kingdom”.

The above description and list of victims of the “dark kingdom” can be used by students of grade 10 when writing an essay on the topic “Victims of the dark kingdom in the play “Thunderstorm””.

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