What nations have a snub nose. What nose shape is typical for Russians
Figure
People of the Nordic race are tall and slender. The average height of adult men is 1.75-1.76 m, often it reaches 1.90 m. And the point here is not the excessive length of the legs, as, for example, among blacks from the upper reaches of the Nile. In proportion of the length of the legs to the entire length of the body, this race occupies just the middle position between the short-legged Mongoloids and some tall tropical tribes. The height of the seat is approximately 52-53% of the height of the body.
Growth in people of the Nordic race lasts the longest, it can be significant between 20 and 25 years. In southern Italy, it ends earlier than in northern Italy, in Baden it is less during this period than in Sweden. The relationship between the achievement of puberty and the completion of growth has been established. Since people of the Nordic race have a longer growth period, puberty occurs later.
Men of the Nordic race, in addition to being tall, are distinguished by broad shoulders and narrow hips. The slenderness of the male hips is emphasized by a sign very characteristic of the Nordic race, the so-called. antique pelvic fold, a muscular thickening extending from the spine through the thigh forward and down. Ancient Greek sculptors liked to emphasize this racial feature. A special thickening of the upper part of the patella is also present in Europe, mainly among the Nordic race.
Nordic women are also racially slender, despite their feminine body shapes. Here the effect of the so-called. false thinness: Nordic women in clothes appear thin despite the developed female forms.
Slenderness is manifested in the forms of all parts of the body: neck, arms, legs, hips. The ratio of the length of the arms to the length of the body is the same as in the case of the length of the legs: the arms of the people of the Nordic race are not as short as those of the Mongoloids and not as long as those of the Negroids. The arm span of people of the Nordic race is 94-97% of the body length. Knoop established these figures in his study of the Nordic population of Lower Saxony; according to him, the longer the head, the more this indicator approaches 94.
The artist of the people of the Nordic race is struck by the freedom inherent in every part of the body, every muscle, as if they obey their own special laws of shaping while maintaining a harmonious whole.
Scull
The shape of the skull differs in the same harmony as the body. People of the Nordic race have a long skull and a narrow face. The average cranial index is about 74 (on the head of a living person, this corresponds to the figure 75-75.5). The width of the Nordic head is related to its length as 3:4. Many researchers bring the longitudinal-transverse index for living representatives of the Nordic race to 77.9, Deniker even to 79. (While Kollman takes the average cranial index of the Nordic race as 71.5, Eugen Fischer - 76-79.) I believe that heads or skulls with an index up to 79 can be considered Nordic if they have a convex occiput, characteristic of the Nordic race. Probably the width of the head and skull of the Nordic race varies over a greater range than that limited by an index of less than 75. In any case, the dolichocephaly of the Nordic race is closer to mesocephaly than the pronounced dolichocephaly of Negroes or Eskimos.
The width of the Nordic face is related to the length as 10:9, but the ratio of 10:10 is also common. We can say that the facial index of the Nordic race is above 90. Long-headedness - in combination with narrow-facedness, make the shape of the head such that it can be enclosed in a rectangle. This shape is conspicuous in short-haired or bald Nordic people, especially when turning the head. If the round head does not change shape when turning - the ball looks the same from all sides - then when turning the Nordic head, two long lateral planes are especially striking. If we divide the head when viewed from the side into two sections, one in front, the other behind the ears, we will see that the Nordic head develops in length, mainly behind the ears. The back of the head, as already mentioned, is convex. If a long-headed man is placed against a wall, the back of his head will touch it, while a round-headed man will have a gap between his head and the wall.
The Nordic skull is distinguished by a relatively low height of the area behind the ears, so that one can speak of a flat shape of this skull (in children, however, this feature is not expressed). The Nordic (and Dinaric) races are characterized by a strongly protruding occipital protuberance. A purely Nordic trait is the process of the temporal bone. Whereas the area behind the ears in other European races is comparatively flat, in the Nordic race there is a noticeable elevation there.
The features of the Nordic face in profile are pronounced. Forehead sloping back, eyes deep set, nose more or less protruding. The jaws and teeth are almost vertical. The chin protrudes especially sharply. The presence of three protruding parts gives the impression of aggressiveness. When an artist wants to express in facial features the qualities of a leader, courage, willpower, he always draws a more or less Nordic (or Nordic-Dinaric or Nordic-Falian) head.
From the front, attention is drawn to the narrow forehead, slightly arched eyebrows, the narrow back of the nose, and the narrow, angular chin. The head in the area of the temples is narrowed, as if it was squeezed in a vise from both sides.
This general impression is also facilitated by the forms of individual bones of the skull and soft parts of the face. The forehead running back is combined with noticeable superciliary arches and glabella (thickening above the bridge of the nose). These signs are less pronounced in women and young people. The eye sockets are in the form of an oblong ellipse or quadrangle.
A very important facial feature is the cheekbones. In the Nordic race, they are not very noticeable, because they are turned sideways and are located almost vertically.
Individual races differ in the shape of the nose. The Nordic race has a narrow nose, starting at the bridge of the nose, so that there is often no visible border between it and the forehead ("Greek nose"). In profile, it is sometimes straight, sometimes curved outwards. There are also concave noses and noses that curve slightly outward in the lower third (a common form in Sweden). If the Nordic nose is curved, it usually describes a smooth arc. It is more of a hooked or hawkish nose than aquiline (curved at the top) like that of the Dinaric race. The ratio of the length (height) of the nose in comparison with other parts of the face is the largest in the Nordic (and Dinaric) races, it is smaller in the Western race, and the smallest in the Eastern and East Baltic races. The nostrils are at an acute angle. The Nordic nose develops from a child's snub nose by age 25. The noses of women in all races are wider. The Nordic race also has a nose shape, which in profile looks straight, but slightly wavy. A strongly protruding nose in people of the Nordic race, such as the Norwegian polar explorer Amundsen, is usually and especially narrow.
The narrowness of the Nordic face is due to the greater curvature of the cornea of the eyes, and the narrowness of the jaws and the close arrangement of the teeth, with the fangs located at an angle. A purely Nordic feature is the large and long upper front incisors.
soft parts of the face. These parts do not blur the impression of a narrow face. The skin of the face has a uniform thickness, the eyelids are not thick, the slit between them is horizontal, at the outer corners of the eyes it is slightly beveled down. The skin on the cheekbones is thin, round cheeks do not make the face round. The border of the lips is not clearly defined. The lips themselves are usually narrow but do not appear compressed, the upper lip often protruding less than the lower. The Nordic English often have a very high vertical upper lip. The furrow under the nose is distinct and narrow. The ears are comparatively small, although the size of the ears varies greatly among all races, and the ears of all people grow into old age.
Leather
Skin color in all races is caused by the deposition of pigment. The Nordic and Falian races are the least susceptible to this. The Nordic skin color is pinkish-white, the skin color of the East Baltic race is light with a gray-yellow tint.
Only the Nordic race can be called "white" in the proper sense of the word, and even then it will not be entirely correct - only a corpse has completely white skin. Even the whitest skin always has a yellowish tint. Pinkish-white makes the skin translucent through the blood. Where the veins are translucent, "blue blood" is visible. But such fair skin even in northwestern Europe less common than one might think. Moreover, the color of the skin of a dressed European is insufficient evidence of his racial properties. Many Europeans, when tanned, become like Egyptians or Indians. Only the skin of the Nordic race is resistant to sunlight: it turns very red, as if burned, but after a few days the redness disappears.
Skin thickness of individual European races was not measured. The skin of the Nordic race is particularly delicate and appears to be thin. According to Roman writers, the skin of the Germans is more sensitive to wounds. The tenderness of Nordic leather is also evidenced by its transparency. The expression "blue blood" indicated the racial origin of the nobility. Blush on the cheeks, "blood with milk" - these and similar expressions speak of the Nordic origin of the European ideal of beauty. Even the nipples of men and women of the Nordic race are pink, while those of other European races are brown. Only the Nordic race has really red lips.
Since in the tropics skin pigmentation is a means of protecting it, the Nordic race is not adapted to life in the tropics. The influence of the tropical climate on different European races was shown by the American Woodruff in his book Medical Ethnology (1915). He noted the very harmful effect of strong solar radiation on the nervous system of light Europeans.
Whether the appearance of freckles is related to Nordic blood is unknown. Freckles often appear in red-haired people, but they, unlike the Nordic race, have oily skin. But I often observed freckles in people of the Nordic race. Darker areas of the skin, unlike other races, are not found in the pure Nordic race.
Hair
In comparison with other races of the Earth, the Nordic (as well as the Western and, above all, the Dinaric) races should be ranked among the more hairy ones. In people of the Nordic race, hair grows well on the head, in men - a beard, but the hairline of the body is weaker.
The color and shape of the hair on the head are signs by which races differ. In Germany, there is a phenomenon that has not yet been satisfactorily explained - darkening of the hair in adults around the age of 30 years. So only by the color of the hair of adults can one judge racial affiliation.
I have often observed the occurrence of hair on the forehead among the Jews. Often it is also among the Dinaric race. In the Nordic race, this phenomenon does not occur.
The hair color of the Nordic race is light, ranging from blond hair to yellowish and golden, usually with a more or less pronounced reddish tinge. Ash hair, more common in the east of Germany and in the north Eastern Europe, rather a sign of the East Baltic race. Light hair color influenced the European ideal of beauty. According to the description of the Romans, Germanic children had the same hair color as gray-haired old people.
It used to be argued whether red hair could be considered a Nordic trait. They are often combined with very white and delicate skin. The redheads were seen as a relic of a special race. Their special smell, comparable to that of a goat, was often noted. But they cannot be considered a special race, red hair is especially common in the range of the Nordic race. In eastern Germany and eastern Europe, there are generally fewer redheads than in northwestern Europe; for the East Baltic race this phenomenon is not typical.
Redheads are now considered a phenomenon like albinism, since redheads, like albinos, are found in all races. Therefore, they talk about erythrism or rutilism and do not consider red hair as a racial trait. Relatively many redheads among the Scots and Jewish half-breeds.
The hair of the Nordic race is less greasy than that of other European races. They are smooth or wavy, thin, often "like silk". Curly hair is more common in children of the Nordic race than in adults. The features of Nordic hair show well the images of women in many of Rubens' paintings. Nordic hair can be recognized by the ease with which it flutters in the wind. Thin Nordic hair is less durable and breaks off more easily.
Crossbreeding can result in stiff, often curly (for example, among Jews) blond hair or dark hair with a Nordic structure. The structure of the hair says more about racial origin than their color. The blond hair of the East Baltic race is thick and coarse.
The hair of the beard of the men of the Nordic race is also light, often more reddish. Indra was depicted with a red beard, like the god of thunder of the ancient Germans, and the emperor Barbarossa is a favorite image of German folklore. The hair of the beard is curly, like on ancient Greek statues. The shape of the beard has not been studied.
When crossing, even with dark hair on the head, a light or red beard is often preserved - this was noticed by Aristotle.
eye color
We are talking about the color of the iris, the pupil of all races is black. The conjunctiva of the Nordic race is completely colorless and appears white. In darker European races, it is more cloudy or yellowish. The iris of the Nordic race is very light, blue or gray. Babies are usually born with dark blue or dark gray eyes.
There is an opinion that gray eyes are "not Nordic", that this is a sign of crossing or a sign of the East Baltic race. I do not believe that the Nordic race is characterized only by Blue eyes, although among it there are indeed more blue eyes, and among the East Baltic race - gray. Gray eyes can be considered a sign of crossing the Nordic race with dark European races, since, according to Virchow, the number of gray eyes increases in Central Europe not only to the east, but also to the south. Gray eyes are more often combined with brown hair than with blond hair. When crossing, it happens that the color of the eyes is inherited from the dark race, and the brightness of the eyes - from the light one. This results in light brown and green eyes.
In Nordic people, eye color often changes depending on the lighting and mood. When the light falls from the front, the eyes appear blue, and when from the side, they appear gray. Their color is somewhere between blue and grey. But, since gray is the dominant color, blue eyes can be considered "more Nordic".
Dark blue eyes, like those of Jews or Jewish half-breeds, or opaque matte blue eyes are always the eyes of hybrids. They are often found when crossing with the eastern race. Nordic eyes have a luminous color. The paintings often show the refraction of light by a dark ring surrounding the iris.
With these properties of the Nordic eyes is connected the special impression they make. Dark eyes look around, Nordic eyes peer. In an excited state, the look of the Nordic eyes becomes "terrible". This view was attributed to the Germans by Caesar and Tacitus. The contrast of a dark pupil with a light frame, along with the corresponding facial expressions, make the German look not only "terrible", but also "sharp", as Caesar himself wrote. This is due to the fact that the pupil in the excited state expands. It is to bright Nordic eyes that excited states (joy, rapture of struggle) give a special shine, they begin to radiate light. Roman soldiers in the fight against the Germans had to get used to their look, so as not to be afraid of him. Caesar writes of the Gauls that they could not bear the wild gaze of the Germans. Hagen ("Nibelungenlied") had the same terrible look. This property of the peoples of the Nordic race was attributed to the heroes, which is expressed in the Edda. Only Nordic eyes can cast a terrible look, the eyes of other races in a state of excitement can look ominous, threatening, even poisonous, but only Nordic eyes can express courageous anger. Their usual expression is determination, but the range of feelings expressed by them is large, from gentleness to the firm will of the master.
The overall impression of the features of the Nordic face Gobineau aptly calls "somewhat dry". Especially in middle-aged men, this coldness, rigidity and efficiency of Nordic facial features are striking.
TN Our different clothes. Does the shape of the nose depend on nationality? Which doctor should I contact? Within each ethnic group there is a wide variety of facial features, and the nose is not. Also, the structure of the nose depends on the nationality and can be transmitted by. Of course, the shape of the nose in people is different, and first of all, the specific shape of the nose can characterize some kind of nationality, because often a person with. So, perfect shape what is the nose? Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question How to determine nationality by the shape of the nose. The main external signs by which people differ different nationalities color of the skin. Yes, and different nationalities have their own structural features. Nationality in some nationalities, a hooked nose occurs in men and women. The size and shape of the nose determine not only the number vital energy available to you, but also your attitude to work, as well as the ability to handle. One of the landmarks in the science of physiognomy is the human nose. Factors such as heredity and nationality influence the shape of the nose. Nationality is the determining factor. But all the same, I think that linking the shape of the nose to the character should not be taken very seriously. The size and shape of the nose determines not only the amount of vital energy available to you, but. It is more difficult to explain the desperate desire for a radical change in the shape of the nose and the acquisition of a look that obviously does not correspond to the aesthetic ideal. How to determine nationality by appearance? Then what about the shape of the nose and the nationality of the person? Snub noses are generally not typical of the Eastern Slavs. We can recognize it by the shape of its nose, it is curved. Our world is inhabited by a huge number of peoples who have their own. In addition, the shape of the nose can tell a lot. Site about reinforced concrete structures. The size and shape of the nasal conchas. But there are also leaders living in. The only effective way to reshape the nose and clean. This question therefore just does not have an answer! In ancient Greece and Rome, not only a beautiful body was valued, but also a nose. correct form, obviously, this is where the concept came from, like a Roman or Greek nose. Nationality and the perfect nose. The nose is the most protruding and most visible part of the face and the most important. The shape of the nose refers to genetic biological traits related to the human races of Caucasians, Mongoloids, Negroids, Australoids, and nationality. Scientists have taught the computer to diagnose
So the shape of the nose allows. The shape of the nose and the nature of people are interconnected. We recognize representatives of many nationalities by their characteristic facial features. Most often it happens in people who are kind, with a soft and easy-going character. The shape of a person's nose depends on his nationality, and therefore it is not the same for different representatives of races. The shape and appearance of the nose depend on all the elements that make up its nose bridge, back, wings and nostrils, as well. The eyes are often of mixed shades, the size and shape of the nose vary greatly, but more often the nose protrudes strongly, with a straight or curved back, and the lips are thin. Long-term observations of people with a certain set of wrinkles that characterize facial expressions and, therefore, the habits and disposition of a person, the shape of the nose, as well as itself. Numerous studies have shown that the shape of the nose can tell a lot about the character of its owner. Mongolian peoples have wide, flat noses, while European peoples. What to expel with him, except how to prostrate on the test.
Nationality is a set of character traits that have developed over centuries of history, and external data that distinguish an individual from representatives of another nationality. It is noteworthy that people living in neighboring regions differ only slightly in terms of national characteristics, while representatives of different continents differ dramatically. Such differences between nationalities turn into racial ones. Before you determine the nationality of a person, you must know the main characteristics in appearance, by which representatives of different nationalities can be distinguished - the color of hair and skin, the shape and shape of the nose, as well as eyes. Representatives of different nationalities also have speech differences, but they will not always allow you to determine a specific nationality, since half the world speaks English, and not just the British.
National distinctions of Africans
The skin of Africans (or Negroes) is brown to black in color. Purebred Africans will never have blue or gray eyes - only black or brown. The shape of the eyes can be either round or almond-shaped. The nose is slightly flattened, with wide nostrils. Representatives African continent dark, and usually curly hair, broad shoulders and long legs they are tall.
National differences of Chechens
The skin of both the Chechens and the Ingush is fair. Eye color - brown or black, eyes small. Dark and thick hair, eyebrows fused on the bridge of the nose are the hallmarks of the Chechens, who also have a smooth and large nose with a wide nose. The growth of representatives of this nationality is approximately average. The figure is proportional.
National differences of Georgians
Very often belonging to a certain nationality can be determined by the surname. For example, among native Georgians, the surname ends in "dze". Therefore, how to determine nationality by last name is written in the relevant literature. In addition to the surname, Georgians can be distinguished by fair skin, almond-shaped brown or black eyes, an elongated hooked nose, and jet-black, thick hair. The figure of the representatives of this nationality is proportionally built, Georgians are usually tall people in height, and not only men, but also women.
National distinctions of the Jews
Jews have light, often freckled skin, bulging and round eyes, gray or brown, they have a large nose with a lowered tip. As a rule, the edges of the nostrils are slightly raised in Jews. This nationality has either dark or red hair. If you need to identify a Jew from the male half of society, then take a closer look at his facial hair - it often differs in tone from that on the head. The Jews are a low nation, therefore, among them there are no people of high stature, and often men are characterized by growth below average. The figure of the Jews has a disproportionate structure - they have a wide pelvis and narrow shoulders.
National distinctions of Armenians
Before you determine the nationality by appearance, take a closer look at the eyes - perhaps an Armenian is standing in front of you, if the person’s eyes are almond-shaped, wide-set, brown in color. The skin of the Armenians is light, and the hair is thick and curly. Especially in men, dense vegetation is observed throughout the body. Armenians have an elongated, hooked nose, medium or high growth and a proportional physique.
National distinctions of the Chinese
In order to determine the nationality of a person, it is not necessary to see him personally, since you can determine the nationality from a photo. The Chinese nationality, the most numerous on our planet, is characterized by a small and narrow nose, slanting and wide-set eyes - they are black. The Chinese have a yellowish or brownish skin color and short stature. The physique of the representatives of this nationality is proportional. The hair of the Chinese is dark and coarse, straight, and there is practically no vegetation on the body of men.
National differences of the Tatars
Tatars have a yellowish skin tone, they have dark or red hair, and representatives of this nationality often begin to go bald at a young age. Their eyes are brown, narrow, as is the nose, which in profile practically does not protrude above the rest of the facial features. Therefore, the face of the Tatars often seems flat. A proportional physique and average or below average height are the national differences of this nation.
We hope that this information has helped you in deciding how to determine your nationality or the nationality of your friend or girlfriend.
Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. Correspondents of "Vlast" Daria Laane And Sergey Petukhov got acquainted with the results of this study and realized that their publication could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.Self-identification of the Russian people for a long time interfered with the Soviet state ideology of internationalism. An additional obstacle was the defeat of genetics as a science in the Soviet Union and its replacement by Michurin's pseudoscience, according to which heredity did not exist at all in nature. The situation began to change only in the late 1960s, when American scientists published sensational results of a study of the genotype of a typical American. The result of genetic screening of the US population really went beyond the scope of academic science and caused a real shock among American citizens. It turned out that in less than 200 years of American statehood, its reference citizen - white, of Anglo-Saxon origin and Protestant religion - has become genetically 30% black. The results of the Americans interested Soviet officials, so the first laboratories for human population genetics were created in the USSR. They were engaged exclusively in the study of the heredity of small peoples, and most of the results obtained immediately received the stamp "for official use." Studies of the titular nation could only be carried out by anthropological methods.
Entertaining anthropology
Anthropologists have been able, over several decades of intense research, to reveal the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, overlay each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. "Authorities" they explained this by allegedly scientific lack of information similar work, but in the end were forced to admit that for such a photo they could get into trouble at work. By the way, the "regional" sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Only in this issue does Vlast fill this gap in Russian anthropology and for the first time publish photographic portraits of absolutely Russian people obtained by superimposing the faces of "regional" Russian people on top of each other. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic for an Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).
However, anthropological measurements of proportions human body- not even the last, but the century before last, of science, which has long received at its disposal the most accurate methods of molecular biology, which allow you to read all human genes. And the most advanced methods of DNA analysis today are sequencing (spelling genetic code) mitochondrial DNA and human Y-chromosome DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has been passed down the female line from generation to generation, virtually unchanged since the time when Eve, the progenitor of mankind, climbed down from a tree in East Africa. And the Y-chromosome is present only in men and, therefore, is also transmitted almost unchanged to male offspring, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus, in contrast to indirect signs ( appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the Y-chromosome undeniably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.
Entertaining genogeography
In the West, human population geneticists have been successfully using these methods for two decades. In Russia, they were used only once, in the mid-1990s, when identifying the royal remains. A turning point in the situation with the use of the most modern methods to study the titular nation of our country occurred only in 2000. Russian fund Fundamental Research allocated about half a million rubles from the state budget for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. RFBR grant-received scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center Russian Academy medical sciences for the first time in national history were able for three years to fully focus on the study of the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal), could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. As the head of the project, Doctor of Science Elena Balanovskaya, explained to Vlast, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was first compiled full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own. The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, arguing that only if the voter lists are secret can they guarantee the objectivity and honesty of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was very lenient: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern Region. Krasnodar Territory, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250 (see the list). From which followed the obvious and not for everyone pleasant conclusion that the Kuban is inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all Ukrainians here is a big question.
An analysis of Russian surnames generally provides food for thought. Even the simplest act performed by Vlast—a search in it for the names of all the country's leaders—gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of bearers of 250 top all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev takes 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (only the Southern region). Andropov has 8939th place (only the Southern region). Putin took 14,250th place (only the Southern region). But Yeltsin did not get into common list. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - was not considered for obvious reasons. But on the other hand, the pseudonym Lenin got into the regional lists under the number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.
The result amazed even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the bearers of South Russian surnames was not in the ability to lead a huge power, but in the increased sensitivity of the skin of their fingers and palms. Scientific analysis dermatoglyphics (papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arcs to loops) and the accompanying skin sensitivity increases from north to south. “A person with simple patterns on the skin of his hands can hold a glass of hot tea in his hands without pain,” Dr. Balanovskaya clearly explained the essence of the differences. “And if there are a lot of loops, then unsurpassed pickpockets came out of such people.” However, "Vlast" in an interview with the country's chief geneticist Academician Sergei Inge-Vechtomov (see # 24, 2004) has already warned that underestimating the genetics of a person in his career guidance has brought and continues to bring huge losses to the country. And again he draws attention to this: it is absolutely clear that from the point of view of increasing labor productivity it is more profitable to locate thin high-tech assembly plants in the south of Russia, where the fingers of the population are most adapted for assembling microprocessors, and hot and not requiring fine motor skills of the hands of the production (steel and similar type) - in the north.
The elusive gene pool
However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are now being prepared for publication in the form of the monograph "Russian Gene Pool", which will be published at the end of the year by the Luch publishing house. Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. The reason is valid, and "Vlast", unfortunately, cannot provide original graphs and flowcharts of DNA analysis of Russian people and their neighbors in the Russian Federation, CIS countries and some European countries. But nothing prevents us from describing these data (which are at the disposal of "Vlast") in words. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. And the harsh statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia on September 1 at the EU Council in Brussels (after the Russian party denounced the state border treaty with Estonia) about the discrimination of Finno-Ugric peoples allegedly related to Finns in the Russian Federation loses its meaningful meaning. But due to the moratorium of Western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry could not reasonably accuse Estonia of interfering in our internal, one might even say closely related, affairs. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis also fall under the same moratorium, according to which Russians from Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate us from Finns, but between Ukrainians from Lvov and Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari. You can react to these strictly scientific facts showing the natural essence of the reference electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But it will not be possible to accuse Russian scientists of falsifying these data: then the accusation will automatically extend to their Western colleagues, who have been delaying the publication of these results for more than a year, each time extending the moratorium.
The only thing Vlast can do today for the Russian people is to publish a map indicating the area where truly Russian genes are still preserved. Geographically, this territory coincides with Russia during the time of Ivan the Terrible and clearly shows the conditionality of some state borders.
In conclusion, Russian scientists asked to publish their appeal to President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. "Huge megacities are, in fact, black holes that suck in the gene pool of the Russian people and destroy it without a trace," says Dr. Balanovskaya. "But even there, due to lack of money, mothers give birth to fewer and fewer children. Meanwhile, against the backdrop of huge state spending on other needs, the targeted allocation of financial assistance for children to these women can save the Russian gene pool from further degradation."
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| 250 most Russian surnames
According to the results of a study in five conditional regions of the Russian Federation, scientists compiled a list of almost 15 thousand Russian surnames. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, the following list of the 250 most frequent all-Russian surnames was formed.
| Alphabetical index
Those who are too lazy to look for their last name in the ranking can find (or not find) it here
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The original article is on the website
What is the "Russian type of appearance"? Answering this question is not as easy as it seems. For example, what kind of nose does a Russian person have? There is more than one option here.
The myth of snub-nosed Russians
It is traditionally believed that a typical Russian nose is upturned (snub-nosed) or "potato". In this, in theory, Russians should differ from other Europeans.
Since the 17th century, anthropologists have tried to classify the world's population according to racial type, based on the similarity of external features.
Let us recall the Nordic theory, which the ideologists of Nazism liked so much. Its ancestor is considered to be the Russian-French anthropologist Joseph Deniker, who claimed that the representatives of the "Nordic race" are characterized by blond hair, blue and green color eye, straight nose, oblong skull and pink skin.
According to him, this "race" is distributed throughout the territory Northern Europe, northwest Russia and in the western part of the Baltic states. In turn, the Swedish anatomist Christian Schreiner wrote that this Caucasoid type is most common in the central part of Scandinavia.
The sub-Nordic race, according to Deniker, is distinguished by a square face and an upturned nose. It includes the peoples of the east of the Baltic and northern Germany. Finally, the Oriental race is characterized by light golden or straw-yellow hair, a square face, blue or gray eyes, and an upturned nose. It includes mainly Eastern Slavs and Finns.
So, in the descriptions of the "Nordic sub-race" the straight form of the nose appears. Whereas for the Eastern European peoples, including Russians, “snub-nosedness” seems to be characteristic.
Meanwhile, the Soviet anthropologist V.V. Bunak in the book "The Origin and ethnic history of the Russian people”, summing up the results of many years of scientific research, writes that in 75% of cases Russians have straight noses, while in the whole of Europe this number is no more than 70%. Only 16% of Russians have a convex nose and only 10% have a concave one.
Snub noses are generally not typical of the Eastern Slavs. An upturned nose is noted only in 7% of Russians. There are much more snub-nosed individuals among the Germans - more than 25%.
Moreover, the Russians are one of the most “pure European” peoples. This was proved by joint research by Russian, British and Estonian geneticists, the results of which were published in The American Journal of Human Genetics.
The experts came to the conclusion that the Russian ethnos, from the point of view of genetics, consists of two parts. The first one is indigenous people South and Central Russia, which reveals a genetic relationship with other Slavic peoples.
The second is the population of the North, which reveals kinship with the Finno-Ugric peoples. But the connection with the Mongoloids is practically not visible. That is, we are pure Europeans.
Anthropological types of Russian appearance
In addition, there is no single concept of "Russian anthropological type". Natives of different localities, even those with Russian roots, have a slightly different appearance.
So, anthropologists distinguish several types of Russian appearance. For example, representatives of the western Upper Volga or Klyazma type have straight noses, while representatives of the Arkhangelsk type have wide ones. Representatives of the so-called Ryazan type have straight or snub-nosed small noses. In representatives of the eastern Upper Volga type, a concave nasal bridge is less common than in others.
Percentage
According to the RAE data for 1955-1959, in 63.1% of cases, Russians have a medium-wide nose, in 8.7% - a concave back of the nose, in 16.3% - a convex one, and in 75% - a straight one. Raised base and raised nasal tip occur in 27.9% and 27.1% of cases, respectively.
Measurements of the shape of the nose, as reported by Professor I.P. Pantyukhov, summarizing the results of anthropological studies, showed that Russians living in the Volga basin have larger noses than those in the west and south of Russia. Among the residents of the Vladimir region, 92% have straight noses, 5% have humpbacked ones, and 3% have upturned ones. In the central regions of Russia, a straight nose is less common. There, more often come across noses of large size, pear-shaped, and also of great length - up to 55-56 mm.
In the southeastern regions of Russia, flattened "Mongoloid" noses are more common, in the northwest - narrow and long. And, finally, in various regions of Russia, from 5 to 20% of humpbacked and convex noses are found.
So scientific research disproves some of the common myths about the "typically Russian" nose shape.
