"Eugene Onegin" analysis. Analysis of the novel "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin: the essence, meaning and idea of ​​the work Eugene Onegin general assessment of the work

Pushkin defined the genre of his work as a novel in verse. The whole poem is set out in stanzas of 14 lines (verses). But the rhymes in the stanzas are not of the same type. Cross, ring and paired rhymes are used here. The first chapter, in which Pushkin introduces the main character to his readers, begins with a description of his reflections on the last relative, giving an idea of ​​the skeptical nature of Eugene Onegin. Or, as Pushkin himself characterizes him, “a sharp, chilled mind.

Some critics believe that Pushkin wrote Eugene Onegin from himself, but, let us disagree with this statement, we believe, perhaps, the author that one of his St. Petersburg acquaintances served as the prototype of Onegin. This is also shown by the analysis of the 1st chapter of Pushkin's novel “Eugene Onegin. The poet colorfully and with the talent of an artist describes a representative of St. Petersburg secular society. And if we analyze the image of Onegin and compare it with the character of Pushkin himself, we will easily understand that they have nothing in common. Another hero of this poem is largely similar to Pushkin.

The first chapter of the poem can be roughly divided into 4 parts. Pushkin begins and ends the chapter with the first part. In it, he shows the present, in which the main character is currently located. Eugene Onegin goes to the village of his uncle, who called him to him, and perhaps wanted to give some instructions to his future heir. While our hero is shaking in the carriage, Pushkin shows the reader Onegin's family, the conditions in which he grew up and was brought up. “We all learned little by little, something and somehow.” In one line, rather capacious, the poet characterizes the home education of noble youth. In the following stanzas, Pushkin characterizes his hero, who from a young age has mastered the “science of tender passion,” as an experienced seducer.

In the second part of the chapter, the poet shows the life and pastime of Onegin in St. Petersburg.

He used to be in bed:
They carry notes to him.

Onegin did not have to be bored. The poem describes only one evening of Onegin. First meeting with friends, roast beef and champagne, then he goes to the theater. The description of the evening is filled with verbs showing the rapid pace of Onegin's life: he rushed, galloped, took off headlong, flew.

Onegin's life is full of entertainment. But entertainment is very monotonous. Lack of purpose and meaning in life gives rise to boredom, a state of blues in his devastated soul.

Showing the theater, the poet allows himself a lyrical digression related to his own memories of the performances of his youth.

The ballet did not interest Onegin, and he, without waiting for the end, went home to change clothes. Here begins the next part of the chapter, in which Pushkin describes Onegin's room, his belongings, talks about the fact that Eugene Onegin is scrupulous about his appearance and attire, dresses in the latest French fashion.

Now Onegin went to the ball at the invitation from the note. And again, Pushkin makes a lyrical digression, talks about his attitude to such balls, which he once loved, plunges into memories of happy St. Petersburg days.

In the morning, when the city is slowly awakening, Onegin goes home to sleep. During the day, a young nobleman tries to occupy himself with something. He took up the pen, but nothing came to mind. And what could a person create who had neither literary talent, nor harmonious knowledge or serious hobbies. He tries to read, but this occupation does not affect his spiritual strings.

Finally, Onegin arrived in the village, and Pushkin returns the reader to the first part of the chapter and shows Eugene Onegin in the village of his uncle, who never waited for his only nephew, died. The estate was preparing for the funeral. Only the first two days Onegin was all new, but then he got bored again. The days flowed by.

The chapter ends with a lyrical digression in which the author speaks of own love to Russian nature, draws a clear distinction between himself and our hero. Pushkin needs lyrical digressions in order to leave Onegin alone with himself for some time. This is a kind of pause in time.

History of creation

Pushkin began writing the novel "Eugene Onegin" in 1823 year in Chisinau, during the period of southern exile. Work on the work was basically completed in 1830 in Boldin. IN 1831 Onegin's letter to Tatyana was included in the novel. In subsequent years, some changes and additions were made to the text of "Eugene Onegin".

Initially, Pushkin did not have a clear plan for the novel. In 1830, preparing for the publication of the full text of the work, Pushkin sketched overall plan editions. It was supposed to publish nine chapters. However, the eighth chapter, which told about Onegin's wanderings, was significantly reduced and was not included in the final text of the novel (excerpts from it were published separately, in the author's notes to the novel). As a result, the ninth chapter was in place of the eighth. Thus, there are eight chapters in the final text of the novel.

In addition, there is hypothesis what Pushkin wrote tenth chapter, where he spoke about the secret societies of the Decembrists. The poet burned the manuscript of the tenth chapter in 1830 in Boldin. Some of its fragments have come down to us. Until now, scholars have argued about whether there was a tenth chapter as such. It is possible that we are dealing with scattered fragments of the draft text of the work, which did not constitute a separate chapter.

Time of action

Pushkin wrote: "In our novel, time is calculated according to the calendar." According to Yu.M. Lotman, beginning of events(Onegin goes to the village to visit his sick uncle) falls on summer 1820. The first chapter describes the Petersburg winter of 1819-1820. Many researchers believe that the action of the novel ends in the spring of 1825. However, there is a hypothesis that last chapter tells about the post-December era.

Subject

The main theme of "Eugene Onegin" - life of the Russian nobility in the early 1820s.

In addition, Pushkin recreated in his work the most diverse aspects of the life of Russia at that time. Yes, he reflected life not only the nobility, but also other classes, especially the peasantry.

The novel presents extensively Russian and Western European literature and culture.

In addition, in his work, Pushkin showed nature Russia, paintings of Russian life. That's why V.G. Belinsky called "Eugene Onegin" "encyclopedia of Russian life".

Issues

The central problem of the novel is time hero problem. This problem is raised mainly in connection with the image of Onegin, but also in connection with the images of Lensky and the author himself.

The problem of the hero of time correlates with another problem of the work - with the problem individual and society. What is the reason for Onegin's loneliness in society? What is the reason for the spiritual emptiness of the Pushkin hero: in the imperfection of the surrounding society or in himself?

As the most important in the novel, we will name the problem of the Russian national character. This problem is comprehended by the author primarily in connection with the image of Tatyana (a vivid example of the Russian national character), but also in connection with the images of Onegin and Lensky (heroes cut off from national roots).

The novel puts a number of moral and philosophical problems. This the meaning of life, freedom and happiness, honor and duty. The most important philosophical problem of the work is human and nature.

In addition, the poet puts in his work and aesthetic problems: life and poetry, author and hero, creative freedom and literary traditions.

Ideological orientation

In "Eugene Onegin" is reflected spiritual evolution of Pushkin: the crisis of enlightenment ideas (the period of southern exile); awareness of the values ​​of folk life (period of exile in Mikhailovskoye); doubts and mental anguish, the struggle between faith and unbelief (the period of wandering).

Wherein humanistic ideals- freedom of the individual, "the inner beauty of a person" (Belinsky), the rejection of cruelty and selfishness - remain the main ones for the poet in all periods of the creation of the novel.

At the same time, the poet claims spiritual values ​​associated with national roots. This proximity of man to nature, following folk traditions as well as such Christian virtues as selflessness, fidelity to marital duty. These values ​​are revealed primarily in the character of Tatyana.

Pushkin the poet claims in his novel creative attitude to life.

At the same time, Pushkin's novel was noted and satirical pathos: the poet denounces the conservative noble society, the serfdom that reigns in it, vulgarity, and spiritual emptiness.

"Eugene Onegin" as a realistic work

"Eugene Onegin" - the first realistic novel in Russian literature.

Pushkin's work distinguishes historicism: here we find a reflection of the era of the first half of the 1820s, the most important trends in the life of the Russian nobility of that time.

In his work, Pushkin showed bright typical characters. In the image of Onegin, Pushkin recreated the type of an educated nobleman, who later received the name "superfluous person." In the image of Lensky, the poet captured the type of romantic dreamer, also characteristic of that era.

In the person of Tatyana, we see a type of Russian noblewoman. Olga is the type of an ordinary provincial young lady. In the images of secondary and episodic characters (Tatiana's mother, the Larins' guests, Zaretsky, Tatiana's nanny, the Moscow relatives of the Larins, Tatiana's husband and others), Pushkin also presented the reader with vivid types of Russian life.

Unlike romantic poems, in "Eugene Onegin" the author is separated from the characters, he depicts them objectively, from the side. At the same time, the image of the author, for all its importance in the novel, does not have a self-contained value.

In "Eugene Onegin" we find realistic pictures of nature, numerous details of Russian life, which also testifies to the realism of the novel.

Exactly real life(rather than abstract romantic ideals) becomes for Pushkin source of creative inspiration and the subject of poetic reflection. Belinsky wrote: "What was low for former poets was noble for Pushkin, what was prose for them, then poetry was for him."

Novel written living spoken language. Pushkin often uses words and expressions of the "low" style in his work, thereby bringing the verbal fabric of the novel closer to the everyday language of his time.

Genre originality

As is known, novel- This an epic work in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in the process of its formation and development. (In the epic, unlike the novel, the fate of an entire people is in the foreground.)

The peculiarity of the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is that it is not just a novel, but novel in verse. The genre definition of the work was given by Pushkin himself. in a letter to Prince P.A. Vyazemsky dated November 4, 1823: "I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a diabolical difference."

Belinsky was one of the first to characterize the features of the genre of Pushkin's novel. Firstly, the critic noted as Pushkin's greatest merit the creation of a novel in verse at a time when there were no significant novels in prose in Russian literature.

Secondly, Belinsky compares Pushkin's novel with Byron's poems, revealing both the related features of the works of the two authors and Pushkin's fundamental innovation.

Belinsky names some byron tradition in Eugene Onegin. This poetic form, casual manner of storytelling, "a mixture of prose and poetry", that is, a combination of everyday, prosaic phenomena and lofty objects, digressions, "the presence of the poet's face in the work he created."

At the same time, Belinsky notes innovation Pushkin, which the critic sees in the following. First, this national identity Pushkin's work. Byron, according to Belinsky, "wrote about Europe for Europe ... Pushkin wrote about Russia for Russia." Secondly, this "fidelity to reality" Pushkin - a realist poet - as opposed to the "subjective spirit" of Byron - a romantic poet.

Finally, Pushkin's novel features free form. Pushkin speaks of this feature of his work in a dedication to P.A. Pletnev: “Accept a collection of motley chapters ...” At the end of “Eugene Onegin,” the poet mentions “the distance of a free novel.” This form is given to the novel by the unique voice of the author, whose inner world finds free, direct expression in the work. The author's digressions, written in an easy, relaxed manner, are combined with strict symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters and the "mirror" of the plot structure.

Composition: the general construction of the work

As already noted, the final text of the novel consists of eight chapters.

The plot of "Eugene Onegin" distinguishes " specularity", the system of characters - symmetry.

The first and second chapters can be considered as exposure to the main action of the piece. In the first chapter, Pushkin introduces the reader to main character Eugene Onegin, talks about his upbringing, about his life In Petersburg. In the second chapter, the story shifts to village. Here the reader is introduced to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.

The third chapter contains the beginning of a love affair: Tatyana falls in love with Onegin and writes him a letter. Tatiana's letter to Onegin compositional center of the third chapter. The fourth chapter, starting rebuke Onegin, contains a story about Tatyana's suffering from unrequited love and about Lensky's idyllic relationship with Olga. The fifth chapter deals with Christmas divination, O Tatyana's dream about her name days, O quarrel Onegin with Lensky.

The sixth chapter contains climax in the development of the plot - a story about duel Onegin and Lensky. Among the most important events seventh chapter note Tatyana's arrival in Moscow. The eighth chapter contains plot denouement. Here the heroes, in accordance with the principle " specularity”, “change places”: now Onegin falls in love with Tatyana writes to her letter and also gets rebuke, after which the author leaves his hero "in a minute, evil for him."

important compositional role plays in "Eugene Onegin" scenery. Descriptions of nature help the author organize artistic time novel, "calculate" it according to the calendar.

In the composition of "Eugene Onegin" a special place is occupied by copyright digressions. Thanks to them, a holistic image of the author.

Pushkin's novel written Onegin stanza, which also gives the work harmony, completeness, integrity.

Characters. general review

main characters novel should be called Onegin And Tatyana.

Lensky and Olga are not among the main characters, but this is also central persons in the work. The fact is that these characters, along with Onegin and Tatyana, perform plot-forming function.

An important role in "Eugene Onegin" is played by author, speaking occasionally like a character own work.

TO secondary characters let us include those persons who, while not plot-forming, nevertheless play any significant role in the development of the action. This Tatiana's mother, Tatiana's nanny, Zaretsky, Tatiana's husband.

Let's also call episodic characters, which appear in separate scenes, episodes, or are only mentioned (these, for example, are guests at the Larins' name day, Onegin's servant the Frenchman Guillo, lancer - Olga's fiancé, Moscow relatives of the Larins, representatives of St. Petersburg society).

It is difficult to draw a clear line between secondary, episodic characters and mentioned persons.

Onegin

Eugene Onegin–main character Pushkin's novel. In his image, Pushkin sought to recreate character and spiritual image of his contemporary- a representative of the educated part of the nobility.

Onegin is a young aristocrat, born and raised in St. Petersburg, a social dandy.

This is a person with liberal views, as evidenced by some of the details noted by the author. So, he did not serve anywhere, which at that time was a sign of freethinking; was fond of the theory of Adam Smith; read Byron and other contemporary authors. He made life easier for the peasants on his estate, replacing the "yoke ... of the old corvée" with a light quitrent. Onegin is the face of Pushkin's circle: he dines with Pushkin's acquaintance Kaverin, compares himself with Chaadaev, becomes a "good friend" of the author himself, although he does not share his poetic view of the world.

Talking about his hero, Pushkin draws the reader's attention to some significant contradictions in his worldview and life principles.

Onegin - educated person, well-read, knowing compositions ancient and contemporary authors. However, his Onegin's education is divorced from national origins, spiritual traditions. From here - skepticism hero, his indifference to matters of faith, ultimately - the deepest pessimism loss of the meaning of life.

Pushkin's hero nature is subtle, uncommon. He is distinguished, according to the poet, by “an inimitable strangeness”, “a sharp, chilled mind, the ability to understand people. However, the hero withered the soul in secular hobbies and was unable to respond to Tatyana's deep and sincere feeling.

Onegin, in the words of Pushkin, " good fellow ”: an honest, decent, noble person. Meanwhile, it distinguishes extreme selfishness, egocentrism, which manifested itself most clearly in the clash with Lensky.

Hero indifferent to secular society, burdened by being in a secular crowd. However, the hero is a slave public opinion, which does not allow him to avoid a duel and killing a friend.

All these contradictions in the character and worldview of the hero are revealed throughout the course of the novel. Onegin passes tests of love and friendship. He can't stand any of them. Lensky dies tragically. At the end of the novel, Tatiana already rejects Onegin. She kept in her heart a feeling for the hero, but refused to share his passion.

Consider some artisticmeans of creating the image of Onegin.

Appearance description Onegin does not play any significant role in creating the image of the hero; it emphasizes only his belonging to fashionable secular youth:

Shaved in the latest fashion

Like a London dandy, dressed...

A more important role in revealing Onegin's character is played by interior, in particular descriptions of the hero's offices in the first and seventh chapters. First Description characterizes Onegin as secular dandy. Here are some specific details:

Amber on the pipes of Tsaregrad,

Porcelain and bronze on the table

And, feelings of pampered joy,

Perfume in faceted crystal...

Looks different Onegin's village office described in the seventh chapter:

And Lord Byron's portrait,

And a column with a cast-iron doll,

Under a hat, with a cloudy brow,

With hands clasped in a cross.

The details of the second description characterize intellectual and spiritual life of the hero:“a pile of books”, “a portrait of Lord Byron”, “a column with a cast-iron doll” - a figurine depicting Napoleon. The last detail is extremely important; she recalls such a personality trait of Onegin as individualism.

Descriptions of nature, unlike the interior, are not so important for revealing the character of the hero. Onegin is surrounded by books and things. He is far from nature, does not feel its beauty.

Only in the eighth chapter, Onegin, who is in love with Tatyana, is able to feel the awakening power of spring, but this is only a moment in the hero’s spiritual life:

Spring makes him alive: for the first time

Their chambers are locked

Where he wintered like a marmot

double windows, fireplace

He leaves on a clear morning

Rushing along the Neva in a sleigh.

On the blue cut ice

The sun is playing melts dirty

The streets are full of snow.

So, in Onegin, the typical features of a secular person and the originality of nature are combined.

Onegin is a hero who failed to find the meaning of life and happiness, doomed to an aimless existence. He opens gallery of "extra people" in Russian literature: this is a hero,

Lensky

Vladimir Lensky - one of the central characters novel. It's young poet-freethinker of a romantic warehouse. It should be noted that among the opposition-minded noble youth of the first half of the 1820s, there were both cold skeptics, like Onegin, and ardent romantics, like Lensky.

On the one hand, the image of Lensky sets off the image of the protagonist of the work. On the other hand, it has an independent meaning in the novel.

We learn that Lensky studied at the University of Göttingen, one of the most liberal universities in Europe. The young poet was fond of the ideas of Kant, who was perceived in Russia as a freethinker philosopher. Both Lensky and his love for Schiller's work testify to Lensky's "freedom-loving dreams". The hero received a good education for those times, but it, like Onegin's education, was cut off from national sources.

Lensky is an honest, sincere, noble person, full of good intentions, but extremely emotional and completely incapable of living in the real world.

RomanticLensky opposed skepticOnegin. The protagonist of the novel really looks at things, soberly judges them. Lensky is in the clouds. Onegin, according to Belinsky, "is a real character", Lensky is divorced from reality.

It is interesting to compare the characters of Lensky and Tatyana. Heroes brings together poetry nature. At the same time, Tatyana's personality is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, by deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with the national soil.

Lensky's choice of Olga as an object of worship is not accidental. Outwardly attractive, in reality, Olga turns out to be very ordinary. The romantic Lensky idealizes his bride, attributing to her spiritual qualities that are absent in reality.

The fate of Lensky– important a link not only in a love affair, but also in the plot of the work as a whole. The story of Lensky's love for Olga, which ended in a tragic denouement, testifies to the inability of the hero to behave soberly and coolly in critical situations. A very insignificant reason pushes Lensky to a duel, to a tragic death. The death of Lensky in the sixth chapter has symbolic meaning. Pushkin shows here the failure of romantic illusions, the lifelessness of ideas divorced from reality. At the same time, the lofty ideals of the poet, his service to "glory and freedom" are dear to Pushkin.

Creating the image of Lensky, Pushkin uses and portrait details("shoulder-length black curls"), and images of nature, and romantic:

He loved thick groves,

solitude, silence,

And the night, and the stars, and the moon...

An important means of creating the image of Lensky are hero poems, deliberately stylized "under romanticism":

Where, where did you go,

My golden days of spring?

So, Pushkin recreated in the image of Lensky the type of an educated nobleman, no less characteristic of Pushkin's time than the type of Onegin's "extra man". This is a romantic poet.

Tatiana

Tatyana Larina - main character novel.

In her image, the poet realistically recreated the wonderful type of noblewoman. The author endowed the heroine with bright features of the Russian national character, showed her in the broad context of the life of Russia in the 1820s. Belinsky saw the "feat of the poet" in the fact that "he was the first to poetically reproduce the Russian woman in the face of Tatyana."

Tatyana combines the typical features of the noblewomen of Pushkin's time with the features of an outstanding personality. Pushkin notes in Tatyana the traits of a gifted nature that distinguish the main character of the novel from her environment. Tatyana is characterized by a lively mind, depth of feelings, poetry of nature. According to the author, Tatyana

... gifted from heaven

rebellious imagination,

Mind and will alive,

And wayward head

And with a fiery and tender heart.

Like many noble girls, Tatyana was brought up, apparently, by French governesses, hence her knowledge of the French language, her passion for the novels of Western European authors, which the heroine read in French.

At the same time, life in the countryside, in the bosom of nature, communication with ordinary peasants, especially with a nanny, introduced Tatyana to Russian folk culture. Unlike Onegin, the heroine was not cut off from national origins.

Hence those moral values that were characteristic of Tatyana. This living faith in God(Tatiana "delighted with prayer / the anguish of an agitated soul"), mercy(“helped the poor”) sincerity,chastity, no doubt about the sanctity of marriage. In addition, this love for Russian nature, live connection with the people,knowledge of folk customs(“Tatiana believed in the legends / of the common folk antiquity”); indifference to secular life: The "hateful life of tinsel" does not attract the heroine.

Consider Tatiana's place in the character system of the novel.

In oppositionTatyana Olga the principle of symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters of the work clearly emerges. Olga's external beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatyana's inner, spiritual beauty.

Tatiana opposed not only to sister Olga, but also mother - Praskovya Larina, ordinary landowner.

It is also interesting to compare the characters Tatyana and Lensky. Heroes are brought together by the poetic nature. At the same time, Tatyana's personality is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, by deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with the national soil.

It is important for Pushkin to emphasize such a personality trait of Tatyana as national identity. In this regard, of particular importance in the system of characters is nanny Tatiana, shading the image of the main character.

Tatyana's personality is most clearly revealed in her correlation with the personality of Onegin. The protagonist and the main heroine of Pushkin's novel are in some ways close to each other, in some ways they are completely opposite.

Tatyana, like Onegin, is an outstanding personality. Heroes are brought together by the mind, depth and subtlety of the worldview. At the same time, Onegin is cold to the world around him, does not feel its beauty. Tatyana, unlike Onegin, is characterized by love for nature, the ability to feel the beauty of the world around her.

The main thing that distinguishes Tatyana from Onegin is the folk roots of her personality, selflessness, deep faith in God. Onegin is alien to Christian spiritual values. He does not understand Tatyana's views on marriage, family, marital fidelity.

The love story of Tatyana and Onegin is main storyline of the novel. Final piece - Tatyana Onegin's rebuke- allows the reader to clearly understand the spiritual foundations of the heroine's personality. Tatyana retains a feeling for Onegin in her soul, but fidelity to her marital duty is above all for her.

A special role in creating the image of Tatyana is played by pictures of nature: they accompany her throughout the entire action of the work.

Secondary and episodic characters. Mentioned persons

As already noted, "Eugene Onegin", according to Belinsky, is "encyclopedia of Russian life". Hence the importance of not only the main, but also minor, as well as episodic characters. They allow the author of "Eugene Onegin" to reflect the most diverse aspects of Russian reality, to show the diversity of characters and types of Russian life. In addition, these characters set off the main characters of the novel, allow a deeper and more versatile reveal of their characters.

Some minor characters in "Eugene Onegin" are covered in detail. They are bright types of Russian life.

For example, Tatiana's mother Praskovya Larina- a typical lady-serf. In her youth, she was a sentimental young lady, read novels, was in love with a "glorious dandy." However, having married and retired to the village, she became an ordinary landowner:

She traveled to work

Salted mushrooms for the winter,

Conducted expenses, shaved foreheads,

I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays

She beat the maids in anger -

All this without asking the husband ...

With images of Praskovya Larina and her late husband Dmitry, only mentioned in the work, the image of the patriarchal foundations of the provincial nobility is connected:

They kept in a peaceful life

Sweet old habits;

They have oily Shrovetide

There were Russian pancakes...

In addition, the images of Tatyana's parents make it possible to better understand the character of the main character. Tatyana, against the background of her parents, sister Olga, of the entire provincial nobility, looks like an outstanding kind.

Nanny Tatiana is a type of a simple Russian peasant woman. Her image is inspired by the poet's memories of his own nanny Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, a wonderful Russian woman, a talented storyteller.

In the mouth of the nanny, the poet puts a story about the difficult fate of a peasant woman: about early marriage, about a difficult life in a strange family:

“And that’s it, Tanya! In these summers

We haven't heard of love

And then I would drive from the world

My dead mother-in-law.” -

“But how did you get married, nanny?” -

“So, apparently, God ordered. My Vanya

Younger than me, my light,

And I was thirteen years old.

For two weeks the matchmaker went

To my family, and finally

Father blessed me.

I wept bitterly with fear;

They untwisted my braid with weeping

Yes, with singing they led to the church ... "

“Tatyana’s conversation with the nanny is a miracle of artistic perfection,” wrote Belinsky.

The image of the nanny sets off the image of Tatyana, emphasizes the national identity of the main character, her connection with the life of the people.

Plays an important role in the story Zaretsky. The surname of this character also evokes a very definite literary association: the reader recalls Griboedov's Zagoretsky.

Pushkin characterizes his hero sharply negatively, in sarcastic tones:

Zaretsky, once a brawler,

Ataman of the gambling gang,

The head of the rake, the tribune of the tavern,

Now kind and simple

The father of the family is single,

Reliable friend, peaceful landowner

And even an honest man:

This is how our age is being corrected!

From Pushkin's characterization of Zaretsky, it becomes clear to the reader that this character is the embodiment of dishonesty and meanness. However, it is people like Zaretsky who rule public opinion. Onegin is most afraid of his gossip. Zaretsky in this case personifies those false notions of honor, the hostage of which Onegin ultimately turns out to be.

At the end of the seventh chapter, “some important general” is mentioned for the first time - the future Tatyana's husband. In the eighth chapter, he is named by the author as Prince N. Pushkin does not give any detailed description of the heroine's husband. However, from her words it is clear that this is an honored person; he is probably even a hero of the war of 1812. It is no coincidence that Tatyana informs Onegin that her husband was "mutilated in battles", that is, he was seriously wounded in battle.

The antithesis “Tatyana's husband is Onegin” is present in the novel primarily to emphasize Tatyana's fidelity to marital duty, the ideals of Christian marriage.

Some individuals are only mentioned once in the novel. For example, Pushkin gives the reader some information about Onegin's educators:

The fate of Eugene kept:

At first Madame followed him,

Then Monsieur replaced her ...

The mention of "Madame" and "Monsieur l'Abbé" indicates that the young aristocrats were brought up in the French manner; their education was cut off from the national soil.

In the first chapter, the poet describes the morning of laboring Petersburg:

What about my Onegin? half asleep

He rides in bed from the ball,

And Petersburg is restless

Already awakened by the drum.

The merchant gets up, the peddler goes,

A cabman is pulling to the stock exchange,

Okhtinka is in a hurry with a jug,

Beneath it, the morning snow crunches.

I woke up in the morning with a pleasant noise,

Shutters open, chimney smoke

A column rises blue,

And a baker, a neat German,

In a paper cap, more than once

I have already opened my vasisdas.

The persons named here merchant, peddler, cab driver, Okhtinka, German baker) are opposed to idle aristocrats who spend their lives in secular entertainment.

In his work, Pushkin describes the pictures of life peasantry. On the pages of the novel, images of representatives of the people, details of folk life flash:

On firewood, updates the path;

His horse, smelling snow,

Trotting somehow;

Reins fluffy exploding,

A remote wagon flies;

The coachman sits on the irradiation

In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.

Here is a yard boy running,

Planting a bug in a sled,

Transforming himself into a horse;

The scamp has already frozen his finger;

It hurts and it's funny

And his mother threatens him through the window...

Describing the guests at Tatyana's name day, Pushkin creates, according to Yu.M. Lotman, a special type literary background. It includes well-known heroes of Russian literature:

With his stout wife

The fat Trifle has arrived;

Gvozdin, an excellent host,

Owner of poor men;

Skotinins, gray-haired couple,

With children of all ages, counting

Thirty to two years;

County dandy Petushkov,

My cousin, Buyanov,

In down, in a cap with a visor

(As you, of course, know him),

And retired adviser Flyanov,

Heavy gossip, old rogue,

A glutton, a bribe taker and a jester.

Really, Gvozdin, "the owner of poor peasants," reminds us of Captain Gvozdilov from Fonvizin's Brigadier. Skotinins recall the characters of another comedy by Fonvizin - "Undergrowth". Buyanov- the hero of the poem by V.L. Pushkin "Dangerous Neighbor".

One of the characters in the fifth chapter - Monsieur Triquet. The surname "Trike" means in French "beaten with a stick", that is, a swindler or a petty cheater.

The introduction of such a literary background helps Pushkin create a vivid satirical picture of the life of the Russian provinces.

In the sixth chapter, along with Zaretsky, Onegin's hired servant is mentioned - a Frenchman Monsieur Guillo.

In the seventh chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws vivid satirical images of representatives Moscow nobility. Here are obvious traditions of A.S. Griboyedov. So, the poet tells about the life of relatives and acquaintances of the Larins:

But they don't see the change

Everything in them is on the old sample:

At Aunt Princess Elena's

All the same tulle cap

Everything is whitening Lukerya Lvovna,

All the same Lyubov Petrovna lies,

Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid

Semyon Petrovich is just as stingy,

At Pelageya Nikolaevna

All the same friend Monsieur Finmush,

And the same spitz, and the same husband,

And he, all club member serviceable,

Still just as humble, just as deaf

And he also eats and drinks for two.

In the eighth chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws satirical picture of the life of high society. So, he shows a social event:

Here was, however, the color of the capital,

And to know, and fashion samples,

Everywhere you meet faces

Necessary fools...

Here's another example:

There was Prolasov, who deserved

Known for the meanness of the soul,

In all albums blunted,

St.-Priest, your pencils...

Many are named on the pages of the novel. real persons. These are Pushkin's friends Kaverin And Chaadaev. Their mention introduces Onegin into the social circle of Pushkin himself.

On the pages of "Eugene Onegin" we meet authors' names various eras - from antiquity to the 1820s.

We are especially interested in references to figures of Russian culture. In the first chapter, in one of the author's digressions, Pushkin talks about the history of the Russian theater:

Magic edge! There in the old days

Satyrs are a bold ruler,

Fonvizin shone, friend of freedom,

And the capricious Knyazhnin;

There Ozerov involuntary tribute

People's tears, applause

I shared with the young Semyonova;

There our Katenin resurrected

Corneille is a majestic genius;

There he brought out the sharp Shakhovskoy

Noisy swarm of their comedies,

There Didlo was crowned with glory,

There, there, under the shadow of the wings,

My young days flew by.

As you can see, the playwrights are named here D.I.Fonvizin, Ya.B.Knyaznin, V.A.Ozerov, P.A.Katenin, A.A.Shakhovskoy, tragic actress Ekaterina Semenova, choreographer Sh.Didlo; a little later the ballerina mentions Avdotya Istomina.

On the pages of "Eugene Onegin" there are names of famous Russian poets. Pushkin remembers G.R.Derzhavin:

Old man Derzhavin noticed us

And, descending into the coffin, he blessed.

The fifth chapter, which tells about Tatyana's dream, is preceded by an epigraph from V.A. Zhukovsky:

Oh, do not know these terrible dreams

You are my Svetlana!

Mentioned many times E.A. Boratynsky- "singer of feasts and languid sadness", "singer of a young Finnish woman." Pushkin addresses the author of wonderful elegies N.M. Yazykov: "So you, Inspired Languages ​​..."

Prince Pushkin's friend P.A. Vyazemsky appears in the novel both as the author of the epigraph to the first chapter (“And he is in a hurry to live, and he is in a hurry to feel”), and as a character who met Tatyana in the seventh chapter.

The novel also mentions ancient authors(For example, Homer, Theocritus, Juvenal, Ovid). Pushkin calls Western European writers and poets, politicians. So, Schiller And Goethe are mentioned in connection with the characteristics of Lensky, his "German" education. Richardson and Rousseau named as authors of novels that Tatyana was fond of. Byron And Napoleon reflect Onegin's passions (in his village office there was a portrait of Byron and a statuette of Napoleon).

On the pages of the novel are called and fictitious persons, among them literary heroes And mythological characters. In "Eugene Onegin" many literary heroes are mentioned. This Ludmila And Ruslan, the characters of Pushkin himself. These are the heroes of other authors ( Child-Harold, Gyaur, Juan Byron's Heroes Grandison- Richardson character Julia- the heroine of Rousseau, Griboedovsky Chatsky,Svetlana Zhukovsky).

Pushkin also names mythological characters. This Venus, Apollo, Terpsichore, Melpomene.

In a wonderful dream, Tatyana appears characters of Russian folklore, confirming the fact that "Tatiana believed the legends / Common antiquity ..."

All these characters and real and fictional persons mentioned on the pages of the novel push the spatial and temporal boundaries of the work.

Analysis of individual chapters, episodes and other elements of the composition of the work

First chapter contains exposition of the image of Onegin; Here the reader is also introduced to author novel. All this happens against the background pictures of the life of St. Petersburg.

epigraph the first chapter is a quotation from P.A. Vyazemsky’s poem “The First Snow”: “And he is in a hurry to live, and he is in a hurry to feel.” The epigraph sets the story in a cheerful, life-affirming tone.

In the first chapter, Pushkin tells about the upbringing, education, reading circle of the protagonist, his interests, lifestyle. On the example of Onegin's education, Pushkin shows the peculiarities of educating secular youth. Education young nobles were at that time par excellence homemade. It was carried out tutors-French and it was divorced from the values ​​of Russian national culture. Pushkin writes about Onegin:

The fate of Eugene kept:

At first Madame followed him,

Then Monsieur replaced her.

The superficial nature of Onegin's education can be judged by the qualities that he needed in secular life. Pushkin ironically writes about his hero:

He's completely French

Could speak and write

Easily danced the mazurka

And bowed casually.

What do you want more? The world decided

That he is smart and very nice.

In the first chapter, Pushkin also describes secular day young man. First, the author talks about late awakening Onegin:

He used to be in bed

They carry notes to him.

What? Invitations? Indeed,

While in the morning dress,

Wearing a wide bolivar,

Onegin goes to the boulevard

And there he walks in the open,

Until the dormant breguet

Lunch will not ring for him.

After walking Onegin dine at Talon, owner of a trendy restaurant:

He rushed to Talon: he is sure

What is Kaverin waiting for him there.

After lunch follows theater visit. Pushkin remarks with irony here:

The theater is an evil legislator,

Fickle Admirer

charming actresses,

Honorary citizen backstage,

Onegin flew to the theatre.

Onegin ends his day at the ball:

Has entered. The hall is full of people;

The music is already tired of thundering;

The crowd is busy with the mazurka;

Loop and noise, and tightness ...

Onegin returns home in the morning when labor Petersburg is already getting up to get to work:

What about my Onegin? half asleep

He rides in bed from the ball,

And Petersburg is restless

Already awakened by the drum ...

Talking about Onegin, the poet emphasizes emptiness and monotony of secular life. Pushkin writes about his hero:

Wakes up at noon, and again

Until the morning his life is ready,

Monotonous and variegated.

And tomorrow is the same as yesterday.

Last topic narrative in the first chapter–Acquaintance and friendship of Onegin with the author. The poet gives a wonderful psychological description of the hero, comparing the features of his personality and features of the worldview with his own view of the world:

The conditions of light overthrowing the burden,

How he, lagging behind the hustle and bustle,

I became friends with him at that time.

I liked his features

Dreams involuntary devotion

Inimitable strangeness

And a sharp, chilled mind.

I was embittered, he is sullen;

We both knew the passion game:

The life tormented both of us;

In both hearts the heat died down;

Anger awaited both

Blind Fortune and people

In the very morning of our days.

In this psychological portrait of Onegin one can see features of Pushkin himself, who at the time of writing the first chapter (end of 1823) experienced a severe mental crisis. Meanwhile, the author does not forget to emphasize and " difference”between himself and the hero: despite the disappointment in the previous ideals, the author did not lose his poetic view of the world, did not change his love for nature, did not abandon the poetic work dear to his heart. The crisis of 1823-1824 was only a stage in Pushkin's spiritual evolution, and unlike skeptic Onegin, the author of the novel in the deepest foundations of his own personality remains optimist.

In the second chapter the narrative is carried over to the village.Double epigraph - "Oh rus!" ("Oh village!") from Horace and "O Rus!" - connects the topic village life with theme national identity of Russia, reveals the problem of the Russian national character as one of the leading in the work.

The second chapter introduces the reader to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.

In the sixth stanza, exposition of the image of Lensky:

To your village at the same time

The new landowner galloped

And equally rigorous analysis

In the neighborhood gave a reason

By the name of Vladimir Lensky,

With a soul straight from Goettingen,

Handsome, in full bloom of years,

Kant's admirer and poet.

He is from foggy Germany

Bring the fruits of learning:

freedom dreams,

The spirit is ardent and rather strange,

Always an enthusiastic speech

And shoulder-length black curls.

Lensky, like Onegin, aroused a feeling of distrust among the landlord neighbors with his liberal sentiment. The "freedom-loving dreams" of the hero were clearly alien to them.

Here, in the second chapter, line Lensky – Olga, whose artistic role is to reveal the characters of these heroes and, most importantly, to set off the love story of Tatyana and Onegin.

Finally, in the second chapter, exposure of the imageTatyana. The author draws attention to Name« Tatiana”, which in the time of Pushkin was considered by many to be common people. The poet deliberately calls his heroine this way:

For the first time with such a name

Gentle pages of a novel

We will sanctify.

Talking about Tatyana, Pushkin compares his heroine with her sister Olga:

Nor the beauty of his sister,

Nor the freshness of her ruddy

She would not attract eyes.

In opposition to Tatyana Olga, one can clearly see symmetry principle in the arrangement of the central characters of the work. Olga's external beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatyana's inner, spiritual beauty.

Here, in the second chapter, Pushkin outlines such character traits of the heroine as daydreaming,love for nature,propensity to read novels.

So, Pushkin talks about his heroine:

Thought, her friend

From the most lullaby days

Rural Leisure Current

Decorated her with dreams.

The poet emphasizes Tatyana's closeness to nature:

She loved on the balcony

She liked novels early on;

They replaced everything for her.

She fell in love with deceptions

Both Richardson and Rousseau.

As already noted, the plot of the work is built on the principle "mirror".Tatyana falls in love with Onegin writes to him letter and as a result gets rebuke. At the end of the work, the characters “change places”: now Onegin falls in love with Tatiana writes to her letter and also gets rebuke.

Third chapter novel contains the plot of a love story. Not by chance epigraph to the third chapter is taken from the French author ("Elle était fille, elle était amoureuse" 1 , Malfilâtre). Pushkin reminds the reader of the heroine's upbringing in the French manner, of her reading novels, that Tatyana's very thoughts about Onegin are inspired by her romantic ideas about literary heroes.

Onegin in the imagination of Tatyana in love appears the hero of the books she read:

Lover of Julia Wolmar,

Malek-Adel and de Linard,

And Werther, the rebellious martyr,

And incomparable Grandison,

which brings us to sleep,

Everything for a gentle dreamer

Clothed in a single image,

In one Onegin merged.

Tatyana also thinks herself the heroine of the novel:

imagining a heroine

Your beloved creators

Clarice, Julia, Delphine,

Tatiana in the silence of the forests

One with a dangerous book wanders...

Tatiana's letter–compositional center of the third chapter. According to researchers, for example, Yu.M. Lotman, the letter of the heroine is genuine sincerity,sincerity. It is from this letter that we learn about the innermost secrets of Tatyana's soul - O her sincere faith in God, the joy of prayer, compassion for the poor, loneliness among the people around her.

However, the letter contains verbal turns, gleaned by Pushkin's heroine from read her books. Tatyana, like many of her noblewomen of the same age, had little command of written speech in her native language, and chose French to declare her love.

As already noted, national identity of Tatyana's nature emphasized by the image of her babysitting. From this point of view, for understanding the character of the main character, such an element of composition as Tatyana's conversation with the nanny, filled, according to Belinsky, true nationality.

important episode fourth chapter–Onegin's rebuke.ironic the attitude of the author to this monologue of the hero is already given epigraph: "Lamoraleestdanslanaturedeschoses" 1 (Necker). The meaning of the rebuke much deeper than Onegin's formal explanation of the reasons for refusing to respond to Tatyana's feelings. As we know, Onegin announced to the heroine that he was not worthy of her love, and most importantly, that he was “not created for bliss”, that is, not ready for family life. In part, Onegin was sincere: in fact, his soul became shallow, withered in secular intrigues, and an excellent command of the "science of tender passion" turned into a spiritual emptiness for him. There was, however, another, main reason, which Onegin will recall later, in his own letter to Tatyana: “I didn’t want to lose my hateful freedom.” selfishness, thinking only about their own freedom kept the hero from taking a decisive step.

Against the background of the spiritual sorrows of the rejected Tatyana, idyllic paintings courtship of Lensky for his bride. Nothing seems to portend trouble.

The fifth chapter tells about holy divination, O Tatyana's dream about her name days, O Onegin's quarrel with Lensky.

Epigraph from V.A. Zhukovsky’s ballad “Svetlana” (“Oh, do not know these terrible dreams / You, my Svetlana!”) plunges the reader into the element of popular beliefs. Svetlana is mentioned more than once in Pushkin's novel, and this is no coincidence. The heroine of Zhukovsky was already perceived by Pushkin's contemporaries as a literary predecessor of Tatyana, and her dream as a prototype of Tatyana's dream. Romantic image of Svetlana, created by Pushkin's literary mentor, his elder brother in writing, was associated with deep national roots, marked the invasion of the folk poetic element into Russian poetry. The traditions of Zhukovsky were generously multiplied by Pushkin - in realistic image of Tatyana, associated not only with popular beliefs and traditions, but also with the concrete historical realities of Russian life in the twenties of the XIX century.

Tatyana's dream occupies a special place in the composition of the work. On the one hand, the dream reveals deep folk foundations of Tatiana's character, connection of the heroine's worldview with folk culture.

On the other hand, Tatyana's dream has prophetic meaning: it predicts the tragic events of the sixth chapter.

Scenes of Tatyana's name day are excellent a picture of the manners of the provincial nobility, once again emphasizing such a property of Pushkin's work as encyclopedic.

The fifth chapter contains an important plot twist: it tells about Onegin's courtship of Olga, about Lensky's anger and his decision to challenge Onegin to a duel.

sixth chapter contains plot climax. It tells about the duel between Onegin and Lensky.epigraph the words of Petrarch served for the sixth chapter: "La, sottoigiorninubilosiebrevi, / Nasceunagenteacuil'morirnondole" 1 .

IN duel situations clearly revealed the inconsistency of the moral structure of Onegin's soul.

On the one hand, Onegin is a "kind fellow", sincerely attached to his young comrade. Onegin appreciates the education in Lensky, the lofty impulses of youth, and treats his poems condescendingly.

However, “loving the young man with all my heart,” Onegin cannot suppress the desire to take revenge on Lensky for an invitation to a boring holiday with the Larins and takes care of Olga, which causes the anger of an ardent and impressionable young man. Onegin is also unable to challenge secular prejudices, impressionable; He afraid of public opinion, does not dare to refuse a duel. As a result, its inevitability tragic death of Lensky and serious mental anguish of Onegin.

The murder of Lensky by Onegin in a duel - climax in the development of the plot. This tragic event finally separates Onegin from Tatyana. The hero, torn apart by mental anguish, can no longer stay in the village.

At the same time, the duel shows and "lifelessness" of Lensky's character, detachment from reality.

Thinking about the possible future of Lensky (if he had not died in a duel), Pushkin outlines two paths for his hero. Lensky could become eminent poet:

Maybe it's for the good of the world

Or at least for glory was born;

His silent lyre

Rattling, continuous ringing

For centuries I could lift ...

However, Lensky could expect life is vulgar and ordinary:

Or maybe that: a poet

An ordinary one was waiting for a lot.

The youth of summer would pass,

In it, the ardor of the soul would have cooled.

He would have changed a lot.

I would part with the muses, get married,

In the village, happy and horned,

Would wear a quilted robe;

Really know life...

The death of Lensky duel has and symbolic meaning for the poet himself. Saying goodbye to Lensky at the end of the sixth chapter, the author of the novel says goodbye with my own youth marked by romantic dreams.

But so be it: let's say goodbye together,

O my light youth! -

exclaims the poet.

Duel Onegin and Lensky - a turning point in the development of the plot. From the seventh chapter we learn that Onegin leaves the village, Olga marries a lancer, Tatiana is taken to Moscow, to the “bride fair”.

Among the most important events seventh chapter note Tatyana's visit to Onegin's house and reading his books. Belinsky called this event an "act of consciousness" in Tatyana's soul. The meaning of Tatyana's reading of Onegin's books lies in the fact that she understands the character of the hero more deeply, tries to comprehend his contradictory nature.

The central theme of the seventh chapter novel - Moscow. Its importance is evidenced three epigraphs taken from the works of various authors - Pushkin's contemporaries.

Moscow, Russia's beloved daughter,

Where can you find your equal? -

solemnly asks I.I. Dmitriev.

How not to love your native Moscow? -

with love, but at the same time with irony asks E.A.B. O ratynsky.

An excerpt from "Woe from Wit" reminds us of Griboyedov's satire on the Moscow nobility:

Persecution of Moscow! What does it mean to see the light!

Where is better?

Where we are not.

Epigraphs convey ambiguous attitude of the poet to the ancient capital.

On the one side, Moscow–motherlandpoet. Pushkin recalls his meeting with her after his exile in Mikhailovskoye in the following lines:

When churches and bell towers

Gardens, halls semicircle

Opened before me suddenly!

In my wandering destiny

Moscow, I thought about you!

Merged for the Russian heart!

How much resonated in it!

Moscow for Pushkin was also a symbol of Russia's victory over Napoleon in the War of 1812:

Napoleon waited in vain

Intoxicated with last happiness,

Moscow kneeling

With the keys of the old Kremlin:

No, my Moscow did not go

To him with a guilty head.

Not a holiday, not an accepting gift,

She was preparing a fire

An impatient hero...

On the other hand, Pushkin satirically depicts life Moscow nobility. Here it is especially obvious traditions of Griboyedov,reminiscences from “Woe from Wit” (“But there is no change in them ...”).

Pushkin's critical attitude to the Moscow world is not accidental. The seventh chapter, like the eighth, Pushkin finished after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. Returning to Moscow after exile, Pushkin did not meet many of his former friends. It is characteristic that in the seventh chapter Vyazemsky alone "managed" to "occupy" Tatyana's soul. Although this chapter takes place before 1825, "Reflection" of the post-December era is obvious here.

Chapter Eight contains plot denouement And words of farewell the author with the characters and with the reader. The motive of farewell is also present in the epigraph from Byron: “Fare thee well, and if for ever, still for ever, fare thee well” 1 .

In the eighth chapter, the action of the novel is again transferred to Petersburg.satirical pathosin the image of high society Petersburg in this chapter is strikingly different from the mild irony that prevails in the first chapter. The fact is that here, as in the seventh chapter, which tells about Moscow, there is a “glow” of the era after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising: those comrades to whom the poet “in a friendly meeting” read the first stanzas of the novel have already passed away or ended up in hard labor . From here sad mood of the author in the last chapter his creations.

Talking about Onegin in the eighth chapter, Pushkin conveys hero's mental state after the assassination of Lensky:

They were overcome with anxiety,

Wanderlust

(Very painful property,

Few voluntary cross).

He left his village

Forests and fields solitude,

Where is the bloodied shadow

Appeared to him every day

And began wandering without a goal ...

The mental anguish of the protagonist is most clearly reflected in the dream-remembrance 2, which is the content of XXXVI and XXXVII stanzas of the eighth chapter:

So what? His eyes read

But thoughts were far away;

Dreams, desires, sorrows

Crowded deep into the soul.

He is between the printed lines

Read with spiritual eyes

Other lines. In them he

It was completely deep.

Those were secret legends

Hearty, dark antiquity,

Dreams unrelated to anything

Threats, rumors, predictions,

ile long tale nonsense alive,

Ile letters of a young maiden.

And gradually in lull

And he flows into feelings and thoughts,

And in front of him is an imagination

His motley mosque pharaoh.

That he sees: on melted snow,

As if sleeping at night,

He sees the forgotten enemies,

Slanderers, and evil cowards,

And a swarm of young traitors,

And a circle of contemptible comrades,

That rural house - and at the window

She sits ... and that's it!

The culminating event of the whole work - the tragic death of Lensky - is thus emphasized in the last, eighth chapter, becoming, along with a flared passion for Tatyana, the most important component inner life Main character. Onegin's dream clearly enhances the effect of " specularity» compositions of the novel. Dream of Onegin retrospectively recreates the same tragic event (the murder of Lensky) that was predicted in prophetic dream of Tatyana.

In addition, Onegin's dream contains images, directing the reader to state of mind Tatyana in the middle chapters of the novel (“secret legends of the heart, dark antiquity”, “predictions”, “fairy tales living nonsense”, “letters of a young maiden”).

At the same time, the fabulous images from Tatyana's dream, which are based on folklore roots and emphasize Tatyana's living connection with the elements of folk life, can be countered with a metaphorical image of pharaoh 1 from Onegin's dream ("in front of him is the imagination of his motley pharaoh tossing"). As you know, Pharaoh is the name of a gambling card game, symbolizing the power of demonic forces over the human soul in Pushkin's work (remember the "Queen of Spades"). Onegin's soul was entirely at the mercy of these forces, and the sinister image of the pharaoh gives the hero's dream a gloomy flavor. The world of evil that dominates Onegin's dream includes both "forgotten enemies", and "slanderers", and "evil cowards", and "a swarm of young traitors", and "a circle of despicable comrades". These faces from Onegin's past, like the image of the pharaoh, become a symbol of unworthiness hero.

In the eighth chapter, in accordance with the principle " specularity”, the characters change places. Now already passion flares up in Onegin's soul. In Onegin's feeling for Tatyana, one can see not only a life-giving force that purifies the hero's soul. Rather it "Passion is a dead trail" according to the figurative definition of the poet. This passion could not heal Onegin's soul, it only increased his mental anguish caused by the murder of a friend.

Onegin's letter to Tatyana–the most important ideological center the whole novel. In his letter, Onegin bitterly exclaims:

I thought: liberty and peace

replacement for happiness. My God!

How wrong I was, how punished...

The meaning of the denouement novel is that Tatyana rejects Onegin:

I love you (why lie?),

But I'm given to someone else

I will be faithful to him forever.

The denouement allows the reader to clearly understand not only the meaning of the moral crisis experienced by the hero, but also the spiritual foundations of the heroine's personality. Tatyana retains a feeling for Onegin in her soul, but fidelity to her marital duty is above all for her. Unbridled passion of Onegin Tatyana opposes Christian resignation to fate(“my fate is already sealed”) and moral firmness.

It is significant that Pushkin in his novel shows his heroes in spiritual evolution.

Tatyana from a dreamy village girl turns into a brilliant secular lady. At the same time, she retains in her soul those deep moral values ​​that were laid in her in her youth. The heroine tells Onegin about her attitude to secular life:

And to me, Onegin, this splendor,

Hateful life tinsel,

My progress in a whirlwind of light

My fashion house and evenings, -

What's in them? Now I'm happy to give

All this rags of masquerade

All this brilliance, and noise, and fumes

For a shelf of books, for a wild garden,

For our poor home

For those places where for the first time,

Onegin, I saw you

Yes, for a humble cemetery,

Where is now the cross and the shadow of the branches

Over my poor nanny...

Not having fallen in love with the St. Petersburg world, Tatyana nevertheless patiently bears her cross, remaining a devoted wife and fulfilling the role of a high-society lady she does not like.

The changes that take place in Onegin's soul throughout the novel are also obvious. At the beginning of the work, Onegin appears before us as a frivolous secular dandy. Then - a skeptic, disappointed in secular life, obsessed with despondency, blues. At the end of the novel, we have a man who has lost the meaning of life.

At the end of the work, the author leaves Onegin "at a moment that is bad for him." What will happen to the hero next is unknown. denouement, carrying an element understatement,incompleteness, –innovative feature compositions of Pushkin's novel.

Nature in the novel

Images of nature occupy a large place in the work, constituting the most important facet of the "encyclopedia of Russian life." In addition, the landscape performs several other essential functions.

As noted above, descriptions of nature help the author organize the artistic time of the novel. The action of the work begins in the summer. Onegin flies "in the dust on the mail" to the village to his sick uncle. In the second chapter, Pushkin paints a picture of rural nature:

The master's house is secluded,

Protected from the winds by a mountain,

Stood over the river. away

Before him were full of flowers and blossomed

Meadows and fields are golden...

Summer turns to autumn:

Already the sky was breathing in autumn,

The sun shone less

The day was getting shorter;

Forests mysterious canopy

With a sad noise she was naked ...

Finally, winter comes:

That year the autumn weather

Stood in the yard for a long time

Winter was waiting, nature was waiting.

It only snowed in January...

At the beginning of the seventh chapter, Pushkin describes the awakening of spring:

Chased by spring rays,

There is already snow from the surrounding mountains

Escaped by muddy streams

To flooded meadows...

In addition, in the descriptions of nature, we observe the creative evolution of the author, his path from romanticism to "poetry of reality".

As you know, Pushkin began to write his work in southern exile, during the romantic period of creativity. In the first chapter we meet romantic images of nature:

Adriatic waves,

Oh Brent! No, I will see you

And, full of inspiration again,

Hear your magical voice!

On the whole, however, the novel is dominated by realistic pictures of nature, often containing details of Russian life. As an example, we give a description of the Russian winter in the fifth chapter of the work:

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,

On firewood updates the path ...

Pushkin himself comments on such paintings as follows:

But maybe this kind

Pictures will not attract you;

All this is low nature;

A bit of finesse here.

At the same time, the reader understands that it was in the pictures of simple Russian nature that the author was able to find true poetry. “What was low for former poets was noble for Pushkin; what was prose for them was poetry for him,” wrote Belinsky.

Pushkin draws in his work and cityscape. The image of the white nights in St. Petersburg in the first chapter is sustained in romantic key. The poet tells how he walked with Onegin along the embankments of the Neva, "when it is transparent and light / The night sky over the Neva / And the cheerful glass of water / Does not reflect the face of Diana ..." Urban landscape in the eighth chapter emphatically realistic, even prosaic: “On the blue cut ice / The sun plays; melts dirty / The streets are full of snow.

Your creative evolution from romanticism to realism Pushkin comprehends in Onegin's Journey.

At first, the poet writes about the romantic images of nature that excited him in his youth:

At that time I seemed to need

Deserts, pearly waves,

Other pictures I need:

I love the sandy slope

In front of the hut are two mountain ash,

A gate, a broken fence...

Besides, images of nature in the novel are the most important characterization of heroes; in addition, they help to understand the attitude of the author himself.

Two days seemed new to him

solitary fields,

The coolness of the gloomy oak,

The murmur of a quiet stream;

On the third grove, hill and field

He was no longer interested;

For rural silence:

Live creative dreams.

As for Lensky, he sees nature in romantic outlines:

He loved thick groves,

solitude, silence,

And the night, and the stars, and the moon...

She loved on the balcony

Warn dawn dawn, -

Pushkin writes about Tatyana in the second chapter. In the fifth chapter, the poet tells how Tatyana meets winter:

Waking up early

Tatyana saw through the window

Whitewashed yard in the morning...

In Tatyana's love for the Russian winter, the poet sees a vivid manifestation of the original Russian soul:

Tatyana (Russian soul,

I don't know why)

With her cold beauty

I loved Russian winter...

The poet touchingly describes Tatyana's farewell to nature, to village life in the seventh chapter of the novel:

Farewell, peaceful valleys,

And you, familiar mountain peaks,

And you, familiar forests;

I'm sorry, heavenly beauty,

I'm sorry, cheerful nature,

Change sweet, quiet light

To the noise of brilliant vanities...

Finally, nature in the novel is also the source of the author's philosophical reflections on the transience of life, the continuity of generations, and the connection of times. Thus, the poet reflects on the change of generations at the end of the second chapter:

Alas! On the reins of life

The instant harvest of a generation

By the secret will of Providence

Rise, mature and fall;

Others follow...

So our windy tribe

Grows, worries, boils

And to the grave of great-grandfathers crowds.

Come, our time will come,

And our grandchildren in a good hour

We will be driven out of the world!

Describing the awakening of spring in the seventh chapter, the poet again returns to thoughts about the passing youth, about the transience of life:

How sad is your appearance to me,

Spring, spring! It's time for love!

What a languid excitement

In my soul, in my blood!

With what heavy tenderness

I enjoy the breath

In my face blowing spring

In the bosom of rural silence!

Or, not rejoicing in the return

Leaves that died in autumn

We remember the bitter loss

Listening to the new noise of the forests;

Or with nature brisk

We bring together the confused thought

We are the fading of our years,

Which revival is not?

Thus, the artistic role of images of nature in "Eugene Onegin" is multifaceted. The landscape performs a compositional function, helping the author to organize artistic time in the novel; the descriptions of nature reflect the creative evolution of the author, his path from romanticism to "the poetry of reality"; landscape - a means of characterizing the characters, a way of self-expression of the author; finally, nature in Pushkin's work is the source of the poet's philosophical reflections on life, fate, the continuity of generations, and the connection of times.

In the eighth article from the cycle "The Works of Alexander Pushkin" Belinsky wrote: "''Onegin'' is Pushkin's most sincere work, the most beloved child of his imagination, and one can point to too few creations in which the personality of the poet would be reflected with such fullness, light and it is clear how Pushkin's personality was reflected in Onegin. Here is all life, all soul, all his love; here his feelings, concepts, ideals. To evaluate such a work means to evaluate the poet himself in the entire scope of his creative activity.

As you know, "Eugene Onegin" is a work of an unusual genre. In a letter to Prince P.A. Vyazemsky, Pushkin noted: “I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse: a diabolical difference.”

A novel in verse - a lyrical epic work, in which not only author's narration about events and characters, but also lyric digressions, in which the inner world of the poet finds a free, direct expression.

In "Eugene Onegin" we find various retreat types:autobiographical, moralistic, historical, journalistic, philosophical.

Let us briefly characterize the theme of digressions. Most of all in the novel there are digressions of autobiographical content: the author tells the reader about his life from the lyceum years and ending with his arrival in Moscow, and then in St. Petersburg after exile in Mikhailovskoye.

In digressions, we also find the author's philosophical reflections on the transience of life, on the change of generations. The poet shares with the reader his thoughts about love and friendship, about dueling and killing in a duel, while expressing a sharp rejection of individualism and selfishness ("We all look at Napoleons ...").

The poet's judgments about Russian and Western European literature and culture are interesting. Here, in particular, we should note digressions about the theater in the first chapter, about literary heroes - in the third, about the poetic genres of elegy and ode - in the fourth.

The poet expresses his opinions about contemporary poets (about Yazykov, Boratynsky), about the Russian language, about the albums of county ladies and ladies from the capital, about modern youth, their education, about the tastes and customs of Pushkin's contemporary society, about social entertainment, about balls, about the cuisine of that time, even about the varieties of wine!

Among the journalistic digressions, we will name the poet's reflections in the seventh chapter on the roads in Russia and the future of the country. Let us especially note the historical digression about Moscow in the seventh chapter, where Pushkin admires the feat of the inhabitants of the ancient capital in the war of 1812 ("Napoleon waited in vain ...").

The author's thoughts about his own novel are also interesting: the poet talks about the plan of the work, about the characters, introduces readers to them; says that the “fifth notebook” of the novel needs to be “cleared of digressions”; Finally, he says goodbye to the reader and to the characters.

Author's digressions perform several functions. Let's name the main ones. Firstly, they help the poet create an "encyclopedia of Russian life" (Belinsky). Secondly, they reveal to the reader the identity of the author himself.

The image of the author of "Eugene Onegin" is multifaceted. The author appears before us in several of his guises: autobiographer,creator of the novel, commentator of his own work, hero of the novel, philosopher, poet.

In "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin introduces the reader to the facts of his biography. He describes in detail his own life and creative way in the digression on the Muse at the beginning of the eighth chapter.

First, the poet recalls the lyceum years:

In those days when in the gardens of the Lyceum

I blossomed serenely

Apuleius read willingly,

Didn't read Cicero

In those days in the mysterious valleys

In the spring, when l ikah ​​swan,

Near the waters shining in silence

The Muse began to appear to me.

The poet recalls his first successes, the lyceum exam, which was attended by G.R. Derzhavin. The poet speaks of himself and his Muse:

And the light greeted her with a smile,

Success inspired us first,

Old man Derzhavin noticed us

I brought the frisky Muse

To the noise of feasts and violent disputes ...

It is known that at that time the poet participated not only in friendly feasts, but also in bold discussions among radical youth.

How often on the rocks of the Caucasus

She is Lenore, by the moon,

And here she is in my garden

She appeared as a county lady,

With a sad thought in my eyes,

With a French book in hand.

At the end of the digression about the Muse, the poet recalls how she reappeared in St. Petersburg:

She likes order

oligarchic conversations,

And the chill of calm pride,

And this mixture of ranks and years.

Autobiographical digressions are present in other chapters of the novel. For example, in the first chapter, the poet recalls Petersburg at the moment when he himself is in southern exile:

I once walked there,

But the north is bad for me.

Will the hour of my freedom come?

"It's time, it's time!" - I call to her;

Wandering over the sea, waiting for the weather,

Manyu sails ships.

Here the poet hints at his plan to escape abroad. Here, in the first chapter, he recalls his youthful passion for Maria Raevskaya:

I remember the sea before the storm:

How I envied the waves

Running in a stormy line

Lie down at her feet with love!

But in the fourth chapter, Pushkin talks about his life in Mikhailovsky:

But I am the fruit of my dreams

And harmonic plots

I read only to the old nanny,

Friend of my youth...

The poet had a vivid impression of a new meeting with Moscow, where he arrived after his exile:

Ah, brothers! How pleased I was

When churches and bell towers

Gardens, halls semicircle

Opened before me suddenly!

How often in sorrowful separation,

In my wandering destiny

Moscow, I thought about you!

Moscow... How much in this sound

Merged for the Russian heart!

How much resonated in it!

As mentioned above, the author appears in the work both as the creator of the novel, and as a commentator on his own work (recall that Pushkin himself wrote notes to it), and as a philosopher, reflecting on the transience of human life, on the change of generations (“Alas! On life reins...").

The poet appears before us as the hero of his own novel. In the first chapter, he talks about how he walks with his "good friend" Onegin along the Neva embankments, in the third - about Tatyana's letter, which he keeps with him:

Tatyana's letter is in front of me,

I keep it holy...

Finally, let's define the main, most significant facet of the author's image. The author appears in the novel as a poet.

It is as a poet that he opposes himself to Onegin, who could not distinguish an iambic from a chorea and to whom "hard work" "was sick." But the point is not only that Onegin, unlike the author, did not know how to write poetry.

Onegin is a skeptic. He cannot fully appreciate the beauty of the world around him. The author has a special, poetic attitude to life. Even in the ordinary, he could see beauty. As Belinsky remarked about Pushkin, "he contemplated nature and reality from a special angle of view, and this angle was exclusively poetic."

Onegin is indifferent to nature. Here is what Pushkin writes about Onegin's first impressions in the countryside ("Two days seemed new to him / Secluded fields ...").

I was born for a peaceful life

For rural silence:

Live creative dreams...

In the days of fun and desires

I was crazy about balls...

So, Onegin's indifference to life is opposed to the poetic view of the world of the author of the novel.

He sang separation and sadness,

And something, and foggy distance,

And romantic roses...

And this is no coincidence. Romanticism for Pushkin is a passed stage in his own creative biography. And at the same time, Lensky - a sublime, poetic nature - is in many ways closer to the author than the skeptic Onegin. The spiritual image of Lensky is associated with Pushkin's dear memories of his own romantic youth, her freedom-loving dreams, unfulfilled hopes, lofty ideals. Pushkin's thoughts about Russian romantic poets - friends of the author of "Eugene Onegin" are also connected with Lensky. It is no coincidence that in the digression at the end of the sixth chapter, where the author says goodbye to Lensky, who died in a duel, he says goodbye to his own youth: “But so be it: we will say goodbye together, / Oh, my light youth!”).

Tatiana, dear Tatiana!

With you now I shed tears -

Pushkin writes in the third chapter, talking about how Tatyana fell in love with Onegin.

Why is Tatyana more guilty?

For the fact that in sweet simplicity

She knows no lies

And believes the chosen dream?

Forgive me: I love so much

The author-poet appears on the pages of the novel in his creative And spiritualevolution. As you know, Pushkin began to write his work in 1823, during the period of southern exile, at the time of the flowering of romanticism in his own work. It is no coincidence that in the first chapter of the novel we find romantic images ("Adriatic waves ...").

At that time I seemed to need

Deserts, pearly waves,

And the noise of the sea, and piles of rocks,

And the proud maiden ideal...

Romantic illusions are a thing of the past, and they have been replaced by a different view of the world (“I need other pictures…”).

The pages of the novel reflect not only the creative, but also the spiritual evolution of the poet.

Pushkin began to write his work in 1823 in southern exile, while still a very young man. The poet was vividly excited by passions, he still yearned for balls, for the theater, for other secular entertainments left by him in St. Petersburg. At the same time, the poet was experiencing an ideological crisis associated with disappointment in the educational ideas that he had previously shared with his friends, the future Decembrists.

The subsequent chapters were written by Pushkin in Mikhailovsky, where the poet began to develop new life guidelines for him (the beauty of Russian nature, spiritual values common people). Hence the author's special interest in the spiritual image of Tatyana, who became the "sweet ideal" of the poet.

The seventh and eighth chapters were written by Pushkin during a period of wandering, worldly disorder and painful spiritual quest.

It is important to note the fact that the poet completed the novel after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, when Pushkin's beloved friends ended up in hard labor. Hence the "reflection" of the post-December era, which we observe in the last chapters of the work. Significant in this respect is the last stanza of "Eugene Onegin":

But those who are in a friendly meeting

I read the first stanzas...

There are no others, and those are far away,

As Sadie once said.

Onegin is completed without them...

Let's draw conclusions. In a work of such a genre as a novel in verse, the role of the author's digressions and the image of the author is extremely important. Digressions, written in an easy, relaxed manner, organically accompany the narrative. The author's "I" becomes the most important prerequisite for the artistic unity of the novel in verse.

Digressions perform two important functions: they create an "encyclopedia of Russian life" and reveal the multifaceted image of the author himself - the creator of the novel, its commentator, hero, philosopher, autobiographer, and finally, the poet, who appears before the reader in creative and spiritual evolution.

Onegin stanza

Pushkin's novel is written in Onegin's stanza, which also gives the work harmony, completeness, integrity. The Onegin stanza consists of fourteen verses in iambic tetrameter connected by a certain sequence of rhymes. Let's represent the system of rhymes in the Onegin stanza using the following scheme, where uppercase letters denote female rhymes, lowercase letters denote masculine rhymes: AbAbVVggDeeJzh.

The first four lines are connected by a cross rhyme. The next four lines have adjacent (paired) rhymes. Lines from the ninth to the twelfth are connected by an encircling (covering, ring) rhyme. The last two lines are connected by a paired rhyme.

Most of the stanzas in "Eugene Onegin" are a complete artistic whole. As a rule, the first four lines contain an exposition, an introduction to the topic. In the following lines, the theme develops and reaches a climax. Finally, the final couplet often contains a spectacular, aphoristic ending.

The entire text of the novel is written in the Onegin stanza, except for the letters of the characters in the third and eighth chapters, as well as the songs of the girls at the end of the third chapter, which emphasizes the originality of these elements of the literary text.

Questions and tasks

1. Where and when did Pushkin start work on "Eugene Onegin"? When did he basically complete the novel? When was Onegin's letter to Tatyana written? How has the plan of the novel changed over the course of its creation? How many chapters are in the final text of the work? How did Pushkin publish excerpts from Onegin's Journey?

2. Why could Pushkin claim that in his novel time is “calculated according to the calendar”? What is the chronological framework of the events that make up the plot of the work?

3. Outline the range of topics covered in "Eugene Onegin". Why did Belinsky call Pushkin's work "an encyclopedia of Russian life"?

4. Formulate the central problem of Pushkin's novel. What other problems of a socio-historical nature are raised in "Eugene Onegin"? Highlight the range of moral, philosophical and aesthetic problems of the work.

5. How did the evolution of Pushkin's worldview in the 1820s affect the ideological direction of "Eugene Onegin"? What universal values ​​does Pushkin affirm in his novel? How are the ideas of the work connected with national roots? What life principles does Pushkin the poet affirm? Is it possible to say that "Eugene Onegin" is also marked by satirical pathos?

6. What realistic principles can you point out in Pushkin's novel? What is the difference between a realistic novel in verse and a romantic poem?

7. What genre definition did Pushkin himself give to "Eugene Onegin"? What traditions of Byron did Belinsky note in Pushkin's novel? What, according to the critic, is Pushkin's fundamental innovation compared to Byron? How did Pushkin himself characterize the form of "Eugene Onegin"?

8. What distinctive features characterize the plot of "Eugene Onegin" and the arrangement of the central characters? Briefly describe the exposition, plot, climax, denouement of the novel. What elements of the work, in addition to plot construction, play an important role?

9. Which of the heroes of the novel can be called the main, secondary, episodic? What characters are plot-forming? Can the author be considered one of the characters in the novel?

10. Why can Onegin be called the hero of time? Describe the social status of the character, his views, interests. What brings Onegin closer to the opposition-minded youth? Why can we say that Onegin is the face of Pushkin's circle? What contradictions distinguish the worldview and character of the hero? Why is Onegin called "an extra person"? Note some artistic means of creating his image.

11. What type of the Pushkin era is recreated in the image of Lensky? Tell us about the education of the hero, about the warehouse of his personality. Why does the death of Lensky acquire in the novel symbolic meaning? Briefly describe the artistic means of creating his image.

12. Why did Belinsky define the creation of the image of Tatyana as a feat of Pushkin? What features of the Russian national character are combined in Tatyana? What is the originality of her nature? How do other characters in the novel set off Tatyana? What is the role of Tatyana in the plot of the work? Why does the author call Tatyana a "sweet ideal"?

13. Review the secondary and episodic characters of "Eugene Onegin". What role do they play in creating the "encyclopedia of Russian life"? What real historical figures, literary heroes and mythological characters are mentioned on the pages of Pushkin's novel? What is their significance in the work?

14. Describe the compositional functions of the individual chapters of "Eugene Onegin". Identify the meaning of epigraphs, the main events that make up the plot of the work. Pay special attention to such elements of the composition as the characters' letters, Tatyana's dream, the duel episode, Onegin's dream-vision, the last explanation of the characters. What has changed in the worldview of Onegin and Tatiana during the course of the novel? What is the “understatement” of the denouement of the work?

15. Tell us about the main functions of the images of nature in the work. How does the landscape help the author to organize artistic time in the novel, to reveal the characters' characters? How is the author's worldview revealed through the images of nature, his creative evolution?

16. Name the main types and themes of author's digressions in "Eugene Onegin". Give examples of deviations of a different nature. What facets of the author's image are revealed on the pages of the novel? Describe them, identifying the relationship between the image of the author and the images of the characters. How are the pages of the work reflected life path, creative and spiritual evolution of the poet?

17. What is the Onegin stanza? What is its structure? What elements of the text of "Eugene Onegin" are not written in Onegin's stanza?

18. Draw up an outline and prepare an oral presentation on the topic: "Eugene Onegin" as an "encyclopedia of Russian life".

19. Write an essay on the topic: “Moscow in A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” and in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin””.

The poem "Eugene Onegin" is real encyclopedia life of a Russian person in the 19th century. The novel in verse was created during the years 1823-1831. It clearly shows the stylistic features of realism. The different strata of the Russian population of that time period are depicted very succinctly and accurately. The initial chapters were written by a young poet, and in the final chapters it is felt that the author is a man with a huge life experience. This novel traces the maturation of A. S. Pushkin as a creator.

History of creation

over your child great poet worked for over seven years. The author considered the novel "Eugene Onegin" a magnificent creation. Along with "Boris Godunov" he called him a feat. IN fascinating work reveals the dramatic fate of the noble intelligentsia. All this takes place against the backdrop of pictures of Russian life.

Work on the essay began in May 1823 in Chisinau. At this time the poet was in exile. Pushkin decided to write a realistic novel in verse, abandoning romanticism as the leading creative principle.

But still, the first pages are still inherent romantic traits. The original idea was to have nine chapters. However, due to political issues, one chapter had to be removed - Onegin's Journey. Some of its fragments are present in the application. Researchers of Alexander Sergeevich's work indicate that this chapter describes how Eugene Onegin becomes an observer near the Odessa pier. After that there were quite sharp judgments and remarks. Fearing possible persecution by the authorities, Pushkin destroyed this fragment.

Time of the novel

The poem "Eugene Onegin" covers numerous events (from 1819 to 1825). Firstly, it was the reign of Alexander the First. Secondly, those were the years of the development of Russian society. Thirdly, the period from before the Decembrist uprising.

The time of action and creation of the novel practically coincide. After all, in general, it reflected important events first quarter of the 19th century.

Like a poem by Lord Byron called "Don Juan" A. S. Pushkin created his own novel. "Eugene Onegin", whose poems seem to be collected in colorful chapters, is rightfully considered the best literary creation of the 19th century.

It is not for nothing that the novel is called the encyclopedia of its time. From the text you can learn about tastes and their preferences in clothes, about fashion, as well as about values. “Eugene Onegin” describes literally the whole of Russian life.

Editions

The poem was published gradually, in separate issues, each of which included one chapter. The brightest passages were published in almanacs and magazines. Each chapter was awaited with great impatience, it was perceived as a great event in Russian literature. The very first chapter was published in 1825. Readers could purchase the complete edition in one volume from 1833. Shortly before the death of Pushkin (in January 1837), the printing house of I. Glazunov released the novel in mini-format.

It was planned to sell 5,000 copies during the year (five rubles per book). However, after the death of the poet, the entire circulation was sold out in a week.

In 1988, a circulation of 15,000 copies was published (Kniga publishing house).

Plot

The poem opens with lamentations young nobleman about the illness of his uncle. Already here the character of Eugene Onegin is manifested. He has to come to St. Petersburg to say goodbye to the patient. The first chapter tells about the origin, family and life of the protagonist before receiving the sad news.

Secular entertainment and love affairs filled the life of a young man in St. Petersburg. But all this bothers him. When Eugene comes to his uncle in the village, he learns that the relative has already died. The young man becomes his sole heir.

IN deep depression Eugene Onegin flows in (analysis of his image is in a separate section). He begins to make friends with his neighbor Lensky, who is the complete opposite of Onegin. Vladimir is an ardent and passionate romantic poet who is in love with Olga Larina. Eugene is quite surprised by the choice of a friend, hinting that he would have chosen Tatyana. The latter falls in love with Onegin and writes to him candid letter with declarations of love. However, the cold nobleman rejects her.

Onegin finds himself at a dinner with the Larins. Out of boredom, he begins courting Olga, making his friend jealous. Lensky challenges him to a duel. The duel ends with Vladimir's death, and Yevgeny leaves the village.

Another meeting with Tatyana who fell in love with him happens three years later. Now she is an important society lady, the wife of a general. Onegin falls in love with her, but attempts to woo the girl end in failure. Now she refuses him, although she does not hide that she still loves. But fidelity and family are beyond feelings for her.

This is where the story ends. The characterization of the novel "Eugene Onegin" continues with a description of the main characters.

Characters

• Onegin.
• Tatyana Larina.
• Vladimir Lensky.
• Olga Larina.
• Nanny Tatiana.
• Zaretsky (second).
• Husband of Tatyana Larina, whose name is not indicated.
• Author (Pushkin himself).

Dmitry and Praskovya Larins (father and mother), uncle Evgeny, Moscow cousin of the Larins, and others are mentioned.

"Eugene Onegin". Analysis of Tatyana's letter

A young provincial girl in a letter to Onegin confesses the feelings that have flared up in her. In the 19th century, it was not customary for young ladies to be the first to declare their love. However, Tatyana consciously crosses over moral prohibitions. Her pride suffers from this, she torments herself with doubts, she is overcome by conflicting feelings. Despite all this, the girl acts decisively. The letter reveals her subtle and romantic nature. It is not at all surprising that Tatyana is experiencing such passionate feelings. The girl from childhood loved French novels. She always dreamed of finding her hero so that she could throw out emotions. The choice fell on Onegin not by chance. He seemed special to her, not at all like other villagers. He was mysterious and enigmatic to her. It was about such a hero that Tatyana dreamed. She believed that Eugene would certainly understand and love her. She is very worried about the written lines and is ashamed of them. Suddenly, the nanny who enters notices a blush on the girl's face, but considers this a sign of health. Tatyana gives the letter and fearfully awaits the result.

Characteristics of the main character

The image of Eugene Onegin is very complex and controversial. This is a young landowner who did not receive proper attention and proper education in childhood. He grew up without a mother, deprived of the necessary affection and warmth. The father had nothing to do with his son. He entrusted it to tutors. Therefore, Onegin became a selfish person. He was only concerned with his own desires, and the suffering of other people was absolutely uninteresting. The image of Eugene Onegin is striking in its composure. It can touch the nerve of almost anyone. Eugene is able to offend greatly, without noticing what he did bad thing. Unfortunately, everything good and beautiful that was hidden deep in his soul remained undeveloped. Eugene's whole life is sheer laziness and boredom. Saturated with monotonous pleasures, he does not see anything joyful in life.

non-fictional hero

The image of Eugene Onegin is not invented. This is a typical young man of that time. Such youths are different from representatives ruling class. They are nobler, more conscientious and smarter. Such themselves, social structure and personal environment. Onegin has high views and demands on life. Having met Lensky, who graduated from the best university in Germany, he can argue with him on any topic. He appreciates friendship with Vladimir very much. In relation to Tatyana and Lensky, such a feature of him as goodwill is revealed.

By the end of the novel, the image of Eugene Onegin is transformed. We already see a sincere lover. He is different. But his love came too late. Tatyana, although she has feelings, is not ready to betray her husband. Now Eugene understands how stupid he was before. He regrets that he missed such a girl and possible happiness. But awareness comes too late, nothing can be changed.

The poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is one of the best creations of the 19th century. The poet worked on his brainchild for seven years. The work can be called a socio-psychological novel in poetic form. It is written in a simple and easy language. The author pays much attention to the depiction of the characters and emotional experiences of his characters: Onegin, Lensky, Tatyana, Olga, the girls' mother, nanny and others.

If the first two chapters of the novel "Eugene Onegin" can be called introductory, in which the author introduces readers to his characters, then analyzing the third chapter, we see the plot plot. Lensky says goodbye to Onegin in order to go to the Larins, but Yevgeny becomes interested in where and with whom Vladimir spends his evenings, and he also begs to visit. Knowing the hospitable nature of the Larin family, Vladimir invites him to go with him.

The third chapter of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is one of the most romantic chapters. And at the same time, it is very dramatic and dedicated to Tatyana and her suddenly flared feeling. Therefore, the analysis of the 3rd chapter of Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" will be devoted to Tatyana. This chapter contains the experiences of the main character after the first meeting with Onegin, her love excitement. Although at the time of the first meeting, Pushkin does not draw the attention of his reader. He devoted only 7 lines to this episode.

Appeared; im lavished

Sometimes difficult services

Hospitable antiquity.

Rite famous treats:

They carry jam on saucers,

On the table put waxed

Pitcher with lingonberry water.

How did this meeting happen? What was said? All this the poet invites readers to think for themselves. Most likely, nothing out of the ordinary happened in those moments. The Larin family gave the young gentlemen a warm welcome. Tatyana, perhaps, looked at Yevgeny the way she looked at other young and not very landowners who visited their house. She did not immediately, and did not suddenly realize that she was visited by the first feeling of love, about which she read a lot in French novels, and dreamed in the depths of her soul. Love dreams were fueled by gossip gossip about the upcoming wedding of Lensky and Olga. The whole chapter of the novel is filled with the love of a young girl for Onegin. It fully reveals the image of Tatyana.

Tatyana expected that Onegin would come to them with Vladimir, but the days went by and he did not appear. Reading books, now she imagined herself in the place of the main characters of her favorite novels. She dreams of Eugene sitting in a room by the window, or walking in the garden, and one fine day she decides to confess her love to him.

Tatyana writes a letter to Onegin. This letter is one of the best parts in Pushkin's poem. By the construction of verses, rhyme, rhythm, writing differs from the general composition of a work presented in the genre of a novel in verse. And at the same time, it serves as a vivid characteristic of a girl who is ready to fight for her happiness.

The main plot of the poem is set out in 14-line stanzas, and in writing the stanzas are different in length, and the poetic rhythm also changes.

Tatyana decides to be the first to confess her love for Onegin. It was not accepted in noble society, and Tatyana understands perfectly well that she can become the talk of the town of all county gossips if her bold act is known in society. That's why she confesses:

Now I know in your will

Punish me with contempt.

But you, to my unfortunate share

Even if you keep a drop of pity, you will not leave me.

And at the end he adds:

I'm cumming! Scary to read...

I freeze with shame and fear ...

But your honor is my guarantee,

And I boldly entrust myself to her ...

Pushkin notes that the declaration of love was written in French. In the 19th century, in Russian noble society, knowledge of the French language was mandatory. Pushkin himself wrote his first children's poems in French. French emphasized education, distinguished the nobles from the mob, allowed them to communicate with each other so that the servants did not understand them, which made it possible to preserve family secrets within the family.

Each line of Tatiana's Letter is like a pearl in a poem's necklace. It is no coincidence, therefore, that over the next years, in every generation, there were always girls who, confessing their love to young people, rewrote Tatyana's letter.

This letter was written so touchingly, and with such a sense of genuine sincerity, that it touched even such a skeptic as Onegin.

Drama is also filled with Tatyana's expectation of an answer to her letter. She understood that after her act, Eugene could not but answer. Since he has not yet written an answer to her, it means that he will come himself and explain himself to her. She had been waiting for this moment with excitement and anxiety. The song of the girls, which diluted the "Onegin stanzas", only emphasizes, adds an accent to the dramatic picture of the moment.

"Eugene Onegin" rightfully stands apart among the works of Russian literature of the 19th century. This is one of the most harmonious in composition and rich in content of Pushkin's works. Alexander Sergeevich devote more than 8 years to his offspring: having started work on a novel in verse in the spring of 1823, he completed the work only by the autumn of 1831. This was the most painstaking and lengthy work on a work in his life.

He then quit work on "Eugene Onegin", then again proceeded to it. Conventionally, the work on the novel can be divided into four stages, during which many events happened in Pushkin's life: the southern exile, the Boldin autumn, and a series of stormy novels. All chapters were published gradually, as they were written, one after another. The last author's version saw the light in 1837. According to the description, the actions in the novel cover a period of time for 6 years. In the process of narration, the characters grow up, go through some life path and turn from dreamy young men and women into mature, established personalities.

Thanks to the expression of the emotions of the characters through the poetic form, the novel gets more lyricism and expressiveness, thus, the reader becomes understandable and accessible to the whole palette of feelings that the author laid in the foundation. In addition, Pushkin introduces himself into the novel as one of the heroes of the story, he keeps Tatyana's letter and meets with Onegin in St. Petersburg. The novel has many digressions, where Pushkin shares his thoughts and experiences with the reader, as if alienating himself from the course and the main line of the story.

Analysis of the work

The main plot of the work

The plot is based love line: young Tatyana Larina falls in love with the bright extraordinary personality of Eugene Onegin. Still quite young, he is already tired of the noisy fuss and tinsel surrounding him, and calls his soul cooled. A young girl in love decides to desperate move and writes a letter of confession, where, with the ardor characteristic of her youthful nature, she pours out her soul to Eugene and expresses hope for the possibility of a romantic relationship between them. The hero does not reciprocate Tatyana, which hurts her very much. A decisive explanation takes place between the young people, and Onegin gently tells Tatyana that his callous soul is no longer able to love, even such a young and beautiful girl as Tatyana. Later, when Larina becomes a married woman and, it would seem, finds a quiet family happiness, the paths of the heroes intersect again. Onegin understands what a terrible mistake he made, but, unfortunately, it is no longer possible to fix anything. Tatyana pronounces her famous "... but I am given to another, and I will be faithful to him for a century ...", which puts an end to the failed love story.

A lot of mistakes that people tend to make, especially in their youth, prevented young heroes from being together, despite their mutual love. Only after going through a series of emotional upheavals, Onegin realizes that Tatyana is the same girl with whom he could be very happy, but, as usual, he understands this too late. All this, of course, makes the reader think about whether he is making a similar mistake. And, perhaps, it immerses you in memories of past sad experiences or makes you relive passionate and tender first feelings.

Main characters

One of the main characters is Eugene Onegin. Closed young man complex nature. The author deliberately does not idealize his image, endowing him with all the shortcomings that are usually inherent in real person. Since childhood, he did not know the need for anything, being the son of a St. Petersburg nobleman. His soul did not gravitate towards work, was pampered by novels, balls and scientific works favorite authors. His life was as empty as that of a million of the same lordly offspring of that time, filled with revelry and debauchery, senseless burning of life. As usual, as a result of this lifestyle, Eugene became a real callous egoist, thinking only about his own pleasures. He does not put a penny on other people's feelings and easily offends a person if he does not like him or utters a phrase that is inappropriate in his opinion.

Meanwhile, our hero is not without positive traits: for example, throughout the novel, the author shows us how much Onegin gravitates towards science and knowledge. He is constantly in search of what can replenish and expand his consciousness, studies the works of philosophers, conducts intellectual conversations and disputes. In addition, unlike his peers, he very quickly gets bored with the fuss of balls and senseless pastime. Very soon, the reader can observe his personal growth, while his friends inevitably degrade one by one, turning into flabby landowners.

Despite his disappointment and dissatisfaction with the way of life that he is forced to lead, he does not have enough mental strength and motivation to break this vicious circle. He did not grab onto that saving straw that the pure and bright girl Tatyana holds out to him, declaring her love.

The turning point in his life is the murder of Lensky. At this moment, Onegin's eyes open, he understands how insignificant all his former existence is. From a sense of shame and remorse, he is forced to flee, and sends him to conquer the expanses of the country in the hope of hiding from the “bloody shadow” of his murdered friend.

From a three-year voyage, he returns a completely different person, mature and conscious. Having met Tatyana again, who was already married at that time, he realizes that he has feelings for her. He sees her as an adult smart woman, an excellent companion and a holistic mature nature. He is amazed at her grandeur and secular coldness, not recognizing in her that timid and gentle country girl, as he knew her before. Now she is a loving wife, tactful and benevolent, restrained and calm. He falls in love with this woman without memory, and he is mercilessly rejected by her.

This served as the finale of the novel, the further life of Onegin and Tatiana remain unknown to the reader. Pushkin does not give any answer to questions about whether Eugene was able to reconcile and forget his love and how did he spend his subsequent days? Was Tatyana happy in the future married to an unloved man? All this remained a mystery.

No less important image described in the novel is the image of Tatyana Larina. Pushkin describes her as a simple noblewoman from the provinces. A modest young lady, not endowed with special beauty and external attractiveness, however, possessing a surprisingly deep multifaceted inner world. Her romantic poetic nature captivates the reader and makes her sympathize and empathize with her suffering from the first to the last line. Pushkin himself more than once confesses his love for his fictional heroine:

« Forgive me: I love so much

My dear Tatiana!

Tanya grows up as a rather closed, immersed in her own feelings, closed girl. Books became her best friends very early, in them she looked for answers to all questions, through the pages of novels she learned life. All the more strange for the reader is Tatyana's unexpected impulse and her frank letter to Onegin. Such behavior is not at all characteristic of her character and indicates that the feelings that flared up for Eugene were so strong that they overshadowed the mind of a young girl.

The author makes us understand that even after the refusal, and after the long departure of Onegin, and even after marriage, Tanya does not stop loving him. However, the great nobility and self-esteem does not give her the opportunity to throw herself into his arms. She respects her husband and protects her family. Renouncing Onegin's feelings, she manifests herself as an exceptionally reasonable, strong and wise woman. Duty is above all for her, and this decision of hers makes the reader feel deep respect for the heroine. Suffering and late regret Onegin is the logical finale of his lifestyle and actions.

(Painting by K. I. Rudakova "Eugene Onegin. Meeting in the garden" 1949)

In addition to the main characters, the novel describes many secondary characters, but no one else receives such a vivid description as Tatyana and Onegin. Unless the author pays some attention to Lensky. With bitterness, he describes his tragic fate with an unfair ending. Pushkin characterizes him as an exceptionally pure young man, with an unsullied reputation and high moral character. He is talented and impetuous, but at the same time very noble.

Conclusion

The description of nature in the novel stands apart: the author devotes a lot of time to it. We can find beautiful pictures on the pages of the novel that recreate before our eyes Moscow, St. Petersburg, Crimea, Odessa, the Caucasus and, of course, the wonderful nature of the Russian hinterland. Everything that Pushkin describes is ordinary pictures of the Russian village. At the same time, he does it so masterfully that the pictures created by him literally come to life in the reader's imagination, fascinate him.

Despite the disappointing ending of the novel, it cannot be called pessimistic at all. On the contrary, the abundance of bright living moments makes the reader believe in a wonderful future and look into the distance with hope. There are so many bright, real feelings, noble impulses and pure love here that the novel is more capable of bringing the reader to positive emotions.

The whole composition of the novel is built surprisingly harmoniously, which is surprising, given the long intervals with which the author again began to work on it. The structure has a clear, slender and organic structure. Actions flow smoothly from one another, throughout the entire novel, Pushkin's favorite technique is used - a ring composition. That is, the place of initial and final events coincides. The reader can also track the specularity and symmetry of the events taking place: Tatyana and Evgeny find themselves in similar situations several times, on one of which (Tatyana's refusal) the action of the novel is interrupted.

It is worth noting that none love story in the novel it does not have a successful ending: like her sister Tatyana, Olga Larina was not destined to find happiness with Lensky. The difference between the characters is shown through the opposition: Tatyana and Olga, Lensky and Onegin.

Summing up, it is worth noting that "Eugene Onegin" is truly a confirmation of Pushkin's remarkable poetic talent and lyrical genius. The novel is read literally in one breath and captures from its first line.