Berlin population per year. Berlin's population grew by a whole Frankfurt an der Oder in a year

24 Jan

Berlin - Berlin

In this article you will learn:

Berlin is the main city of Germany, which is its capital.

It is the second largest city in the European Union in terms of population.

This is a very interesting city, known for its difficult and long history. Until that time, the features of medieval buildings have been preserved in it. Squares and cathedrals, theaters and museums, including other attractions of the city are very popular among tourists.

Description

Berlin is an extremely fast-paced center, it is one of the most famous and interesting places in the European Union. It is incredibly diverse: parks and newest buildings, parties, various eateries and expensive restaurants, a bunch of young people and employees.

Today it is a metropolis with a population of approximately 3.4 million people., as well as the economic center of the European Union. At the same time, Berlin remains the most comfortable and beautiful corner of Europe.

The area of ​​the capital is about 890 kilometers squared. Tegel airports, as well as Schönefeld, bus stations, including railway stations, operate in the capital. The largest transport system makes it effortless to get to every corner of the city - for visiting guests, tourists, almost all day long trams and buses, as well as the metro.

Modern Berlin

Story

The modern architectural state of the capital is largely determined by the difficult history of Berlin, because throughout its existence it has changed dramatically. The results of the ongoing military events, where Berlin played one of the noticeable and significant roles, were significantly imprinted on its appearance.

On the site of today's capital, there were originally Berlin and Cologne, which served as points of trade routes. Cologne was mentioned as early as 1237, and this year is taken as the time of its foundation. And after 70 years, these territories united, turning into one. Each of these territories at the same time had self-government.

By 1432, these two self-governing territories actually became one, but at the official level the final unification was carried out only in 1709.

Thirty Years' War

During the years of the Thirty Years' War, which took place in 1618-1648, it was incredibly badly destroyed, the population was significantly reduced - too many died in the war.

In 1701, the Elector of Brandenburg was crowned king of Prussia, and Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Friedrich II made a significant contribution to the development of the capital. As a result, in the 18th century Berlin became one of the main centers of the European Enlightenment.

1871 - Berlin became the capital of the German Empire, in 1919-1933 the capital of the Weimar Republic, and directly in 1933 - the capital of Germany.

After the World War of 1945, the capital was divided into four parts, which subsequently led to the formation of two ideologically opposite countries, the GDR and the FRG.

In 1961, the famous Berlin Wall which was demolished in 1989. Country and city reunited.

Berlin Wall

Climate

The capital is located in the temperate climate zone. Precipitation averages 582 mm. The average temperature for the year is -9 °C.

The warmest months are July and August, average temperature- 18.6 and 17.8 °C, February and January are recognized as the coldest with -0.4 and -0.7 °C. The largest amount of precipitation should be expected in July - about 71 mm, the least - in March (about 31 mm).

More than 40% of the city's territory is covered with various green spaces, more than 400 thousand trees have been planted along the streets. The city has a huge number of small open spaces, including vast urban park areas, which are nicknamed "islands of cold", they form a very beneficial climate for citizens and visitors.

Attractions

You can talk about Berlin for a long time, and also endlessly sing of its sights, but it is much better to see everything with your own eyes.

But if you already went to Berlin, then start your tour with - the main symbol of the city, which has for so many centuries personified the reunification of the West and the East.

Above the gate rises the famous statue of the goddess of Victory on a chariot with four horses. Imagine how the famous Napoleon liked this symbol of the city, that on his orders they were forced to demolish it and move it to Paris.

But it took a long time until this statue was able to return to its original place.

Brandenburg Gate

One of the memorable places in the city is the Berlin Wall. She is considered the most famous building Berlin, whose memory lives on year after year.

Curious about where the famous Berlin Wall lives? But you will hardly be able to see all of it, but it is quite possible to see some fragments, and even take pictures near them.

Berlin Wall

The Reichstag is one of the organs of the central government in the medieval Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation witnessed a turbulent German history. But no matter what history the country has preserved for us, tourists can get to this place through the western gate, then it remains to go up to the dome by the elevator.

From the panoramic view, you will have an amazing panorama of Berlin. And from this point you can see the city and enjoy an extensive overview.

Reichstag

And you can walk along the Unter den Linden Boulevard. This place for a walk has become the most famous and huge street in Berlin. The entire collection of the best buildings in the urban area is concentrated on it - the German State Opera, the Russian Embassy, ​​the building of the former guardhouse.

Boulevard Unter den Linden

Potsdamer Platz combines the whole history of Berlin. Once it was a wasteland, but after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it turned into a beautiful city center. On the square are located: casinos, hotels, shopping centers, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and theaters. In 2010, its own boulevard of stars was opened there.

Potsdamer Platz

Among other attractions, it should be noted such famous architectural structures, as a TV tower, Charlottenburg Palace and a memorial church.

Charlottenburg Palace

Berlin is not in vain called one of the cultural capitals of the world - the city has a huge number of monuments, theaters, concert halls and museums. The city hosts the largest music festivals, for example, the jazz festival "Jazzfest".

Theaters

The most famous and popular theaters among residents and visitors include the Volksbühne, the Berliner Ensemble, and the Theater of the West.

In addition, the city has three opera houses: comic opera, German Opera, Opera Unter den Linden.

Festivals

In February, takes place annually, which is considered the largest public festival.

Berlin is a place where large festivals are quite often held, which are very popular among citizens and visiting tourists.

Holidays, all kinds of parades and processions that are organized in the open air, are very exciting. These are carnivals of cultures, all kinds of carnival processions, various festivals and the like.

Museums

It is very difficult to list all the sights of Berlin, because there are over 200 museums on its territory.

But among them there are champions - museums that are most often visited by tourists. And they are: the Pergamon Museum, the Old National Gallery, Egyptian Museum, Security Service Museum, M Museum of Natural History, Bauhaus Archive, Grunewald Palaceand the grandest museum of eroticism in the world. Be sure to take a look at all the beauty presented.

Bauhaus Museum-Archive

Grunewald Palace

Erotic Museum

Symbols and landmarks

The Germans themselves call the Brandenburg Gate, which is often called the Gate of Peace, the main hallmark of Berlin.

An equally significant landmark for tourists will be the TV tower in the Mitte district, which is present on postcards with views of Berlin.

TV Tower and Bode Museum

Excursions

We decided to arrange a walk around Berlin, experienced guides or just people who live in the center of Germany will help you. With the help of the Tripster service, you can choose the tour you are interested in and enjoy the beauties of the city.

Berlin is one of the most "living" cities in Europe, which sunk into the soul of many tourists. This city has a very large number of clubs, many new styles, trends and subcultures. The shopping here is very good and the quality of service is buzzing all over Europe. Berlin is famous for its cultural heritage, there are many galleries and museums.

Berlin has a very large number of cultural entertainment. Let's see how to save money on them.

1. When walking around Berlin, you must have a hotel map or a copy of your passport with you.
2. Concert tickets are best booked on eBay. Many people who, for some reason, cannot do this, sell them on private listings for next to nothing.
3. For frequent trips around Berlin, you need to purchase a Berlin - Potsdam Welcome Card. It will allow you to save on public transport and with it there is a discount for visiting museums and theaters. Buses run even at night, they are marked with the letter N. It is worth taking a 24-hour travel card so as not to use expensive taxi services.
4. Settling in Berlin, despite the fact that it is the capital of the country, can be cheap. To do this, you need to use the German services Airbnb, Studenten-wg.de and Wg-gesucht.de. It often happens that students rent out their housing when they are not at home. These dates usually fall on holidays. The period of their absence can even be delayed up to a month.
5. With an ISIC International Student Card, you will have many discounts on entry to most attractions, galleries and museums. On Mondays all cultural institutions are closed, best time Tours will be Tuesday and Wednesday.
6. Shops are everywhere in Berlin, you can find them everywhere as souvenir shops and fashion boutiques. Most accept credit card payments, so you don't need to carry a large amount of money with you. There are also many cafes with free Wi-Fi access.
7. The inhabitants of this city are very scrupulous, they will never allow themselves to be late for a meeting.
8. You can address a stranger on the street using the phrase "Herr Doctor". It is the word "doctor" in Germany that has a broad meaning and applies to many types of professions.
9. Cheap supermarket chains in Berlin are Lidl, Aldi, Kaufland, Netto. Also visiting them, you can find a lot of promotions and sales.
10. Most young Berliners speak English, so tourists shouldn't have any problems. It has been proven that when you contact the locals in German, they will be more willing to answer you.
11. When visiting cafes or bars, you should greet everyone at the entrance using the phrase “Mahlzeit”, which means “bon appetit”. In the center of Berlin, food is expensive, but you can go to eat in any supermarket.
12. All attractions in a German city are within the same radius. You can explore them on foot or rent a bike.

Where to stay in Berlin

We decided to go to the capital of Germany and do not know which hotel to choose. We will show you the best options, close to the city center.

Hotel	stardom	Discount	Price per night, from	Select dates
Hotel Alexander Plaza	★★★★		8 027 5 438
Adina Apartment Hotel Berlin Hackescher Markt	★★★★		6 603 5 891
Hotel Nikolai Residence	★★★

BERLIN (Berlin), the capital of Germany, the country's largest city and its leading economic, cultural and scientific center. It has the status of a federal state of Germany. It is located in the eastern part of the country, on the Spree River, at its confluence with the Havel River (the right tributary of the Elbe River). The area is 891 km2. Population 3.4 million (2005; 1900 2.7 million; 1939 4.3 million; 1943 4.5 million); over 7% of the city's population are foreigners, of which about 35% are from Turkey and other countries of the Near and Middle East, over 15% from the Balkan countries, as well as immigrants from Italy, Spain, Central and of Eastern Europe including the republics of the former USSR. A characteristic trend of the 1990s - early 2000s is a decrease in the population in the center of the Berlin urban agglomeration (Berlin itself) with the rapid growth of suburbs.

Berlin is an important rail and road junction. International airports Schönefeld, Tegel, Tempelhof (limited use). The internal water communications of Berlin have a length of about 800 km (182 km are navigable). There are 650 bridges in the city. The rivers Spree and Havel, as well as the canals Oder - Spree, Havel - Oder, Elbe - Havel and Teltow Canal Berlin is connected to the German and European network of water communications. Two river ports.

The first settlements on the territory of Berlin date back to the 3rd-4th millennium BC. Around the 7th century BC, the area was inhabited by Germanic tribes (from the 2nd century BC, Burgundians and Semnons). After their departure to the west (2-4 centuries AD), the tribes of the Polabian Slavs settled here. Burgi Kopnik (Köpenick, built around 750) and Spandow (Spandau, built around 825), along with Branibor (Brandenburg), were their important political centers for several centuries. In the middle of the 12th century Slavic tribes were conquered by the German prince Albrecht the Bear, and their lands were included in the Northern Mark, later the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the 12th century, on an island on the Spree River, between Köpenick and Spandau, a trading settlement of Cologne (Cölln, first mentioned in 1237) arose. Around 1230-40, not far from it, on the site of a village that had a name derived from the Old Polabian birl or berl - a swamp, the Margraves of Brandenburg founded the city of Berlin (the Latin name is Berolina). Berlin was first mentioned in documents in 1244. From 1307, Berlin and Cologne were ruled by a single city council, from 1359 they were part of the Hansa, and in 1432 they merged. From 1486 Berlin became the permanent residence of the Electors of Brandenburg. In 1539, the Reformation took place in Berlin. The city was badly damaged during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48. In 1709 Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Of great importance for the economic development of Berlin was the construction of the Oder-Spree Canal (1668) and the provision of refuge to the Huguenots after 1685. The strengthening of Prussia contributed from the beginning of the 18th century to the growth of the political significance of Berlin. During the Seven Years' War of 1756-63, the city was captured first by the Austrian (1757), then by the Russian troops (1760); in 1806-08 it was occupied by the Napoleonic army. In the 19th century, with the beginning of the industrial revolution, Berlin turned into one of the largest industrial and financial centers in Germany and Europe. In 1867-70s Berlin was the capital of the North German Confederation, in 1871-1945 it was the capital of the German Empire. From the middle of the 19th century, Berlin began to play an important role in the revolutionary movement. Street fighting in Berlin in March 1848 served as the signal for revolution in Prussia and other German states. The main events of the November Revolution of 1918-19 unfolded in Berlin. In 1920, the nearby cities of Spandau, Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf, Schöneberg, Neukölln, Lichtenberg, Köpenick and rural communities were annexed to Berlin, resulting in the formation of Greater Berlin within its present borders. In the 1920s and 30s, Berlin became one of the main centers of Russian emigration. During the period of Hitler's dictatorship (1933-45), a general reconstruction of Berlin began with the aim of turning it into the capital of a world empire; upon completion of the reconstruction, Berlin was planned to be renamed (the new name is Germany). During the 2nd World War, as a result of raids by American and British aircraft, the central part of Berlin was almost completely destroyed. 2/5/1945 taken by the Red Army.

After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, Berlin was divided into Soviet, American, British and French sectors of occupation. Until June 1948, the victorious powers shared control of Berlin. The split of Germany and the formation in 1949 of two German states - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) led to the division of Berlin into West Berlin (American, British and French sectors) and East Berlin (Soviet sector). East Berlin became the capital of the GDR. West Berlin received a special status and was under the control of the Western occupation authorities. During the Cold War, Berlin was the scene of a sharp political confrontation between East and West. The Berlin crises of 1948-1949 and 1958-63 led to a serious aggravation of the international situation. 17/6/1953 East Berlin became the main center of anti-government demonstrations in the GDR. On August 13, 1961, the GDR authorities established a state border regime in relation to the territory of West Berlin (see the Berlin Wall). The signing in 1971 of the Quadripartite Agreement on West Berlin between the governments of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France and agreements between the governments of the GDR, the FRG and the Senate of West Berlin made it possible to reduce tension in Berlin. In November 1989, during mass protests by residents of the GDR, free communication between East and West Berlin was restored. With the renunciation of the victorious powers from their rights in Germany and Berlin and the accession of the GDR to the FRG (October 1990), the unity of Berlin was restored. On June 20, 1991, the Bundestag decided to transfer the capital of Germany from Bonn to Berlin. Since 1994, the residence of the President of the Federal Republic of Germany has been located in Berlin; in 1999-2000, the Bundestag, the Bundesrat and the government of the Federal Republic of Germany moved to Berlin.

Majority historical monuments architecture is located in the eastern part of Berlin. During the 2nd World War, many of them were destroyed and have not yet been fully restored (the oldest of them are gothic church Nikolaikirche, 1230-1470, and the Marienkirche, circa 1260 - mid-14th century). At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city was built up according to a regular plan, squares and avenues (Unter den Linden) appeared, baroque ensembles and buildings were erected: Charlottenburg Castle (since 1695, architects I. A. Nering, I. F. Eosander von Goethe; east wing in the Rococo style, 1740-46, G. W. Knobelsdorff), Zeuchhaus (1695-1706, architects I. A. Nering, A. Schlüter, J. de Bodt; now German historical Museum), Berlin Castle (under construction since 1698). The so-called Rococo of the era of Frederick II (1740-80s) is represented by the Forum Fridericianum (now Lindenforum) ensemble: the Court Opera (now the German State Opera, 1741-43, architect G. W. von Knobelsdorff), the palace Prince Heinrich (1748-53, architect I. Bowman; from 1810-25 the building of Humboldt University), the Old Library (1775-80, architects G. H. Unger, G. F. Bowman, according to the plan of I. E. Fischer von Erlach), St. Hedwig's Cathedral (1747-73). Bellevue Palace (1785-86, architect M. F. D. Bowman; now the residence of the President of Germany) is sustained in the same style. In the style of classicism (the so-called Prussian Hellenism), the Brandenburg Gate and numerous buildings erected by K. F. Schinkel were made: the New Guardhouse (1816-18, now the Central Memorial of Germany), the Tegel Palace (1820-24), the Friedrichwerder Church (1824 -30 years, since 1987 K. F. Schinkel Museum), "Schauspielhaus" (1818-21 years, since 1987 "Konzerthaus"), which, together with the German and French Cathedrals (1701-08, towers 1780-85 years , architects K. Gontard, G. H. Unger) determines the architectural appearance of the Gendarmerie Square. Numerous architectural monuments mid-19th - early 20th centuries bear the stamp of great power, which is associated with the unification and rise of Germany and the transformation of Berlin into the capital of the German Empire that took place at that time: “Red Town Hall” (1861-69, architect G. F. Wesemann), column Victory (1872-73, sculptor F. Drake), the Reichstag building (1884-94, architect P. Wallot), Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (1891-95, architect F. Schwechten), Berlin Cathedral (1894-1905 , architects Yu. K. and O. Rushdorff), etc. In this era, a unique architectural ensemble of the “Museum Island” (included in the World Heritage List) takes shape.

At the end of the 19th - the 1st third of the 20th centuries, industrial, public buildings and residential complexes were erected in Berlin and its environs, designed in the spirit of functionalism and constructivism. A. Wertheim's department store (1896-1904, architect A. Messel), the turbine shop of the AEG plant (1908-09, architect P. Behrens), the Mosse publishing house (1921-23) and the cinema "Universum" (1927 year; both - architect E. Mendelsohn), "Shellhaus" (the first high-rise reinforced concrete building in Germany, 1926-31, architect E. Fahrenkamp), the villages of Britz (1925-1933, architects Berlin Taut and M. Wagner) and Siemensstadt (1929-31, architect V. Gropius). During the period of the Nazi dictatorship, a number of neoclassical buildings were erected as part of the Berlin reconstruction program, of which the building of the former Ministry of Aviation (1934-36), the Tempelhof air terminal (1934-39; both by architect E. Sagebil), the Olympic Stadium ( 1934-36, architect V. March) and others.

After World War II, construction in West Berlin was carried out with the wide involvement of Western European and American architects. In 1957, as part of the preparations for the Interbau international construction exhibition, the construction of the so-called Hanseatic Quarter was completed (about 50 high-rise residential buildings; architects H. A. Aalto, V. Gropius, Le Corbusier, O. Niemeyer, etc.), which influenced the formation architectural appearance of West Berlin in an international style. New ensembles and large public buildings were erected: the Congress Hall (1957, architect H. Stubbins; since 1989 the House of World Cultures), the New National Gallery (1968, architect L. Mies van der Rohe), the Europe Center ( 1963-64, architects G. Hentrich, G. Pechnig) and others. A monument to Soviet soldiers - heroes of the storming of Berlin (1945-1948, sculptors L. E. Kerbel and V. E. Tsigal) was erected in the Tiergarten park.

In East Berlin, after 1945, broad program restoration and reconstruction historical center and new developments in adjacent areas. The architectural appearance of the city center was supplemented by the Palace of the Republic (1976), the Palast Hotel (1979), the new building of the Friedrichstadtpalast Theater (1984). The Alexanderplatz square was completely reconstructed, where a number of administrative buildings were erected, the Congress Hall (1964, architect G. Henselman), the Stadt Berlin high-rise hotel (1969, architects R. Korn, H. Charlipp, H. E. Bogacki), etc. A television observation tower was erected nearby (365 m; 1969, architects K. Kollman, K. Timm, G. Franke, engineer W. Herzog, etc.). A monument to Soviet soldiers who fell in battles with fascism was erected in Treptow Park (1946-49, sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, artist A.A. Gorpenko, architect Ya.B. Belopolsky).

After the reunification of Germany and the demolition of the Berlin Wall, the reconstruction and new development of the central part of Berlin, primarily Potsdamerplatz (Sony Center, 1996-2000, architects H. Jahn and R. Murphy) and Pariserplatz (architects R. Piano, K. Kohlbecker) , O. M. Ungere, J. Nouvel, etc.), Leipziger Strasse and others. new glass dome; a spiral mirror strip allows you to see the meeting room. The building complexes of the Government Quarter (architects A. Schultes, S. Frank), the Office of the Federal President (architects M. Grubber and G. Kleine-Krankenburg), the new main railway station Berlin - Lerter Bahnhof (architects M. von Gerkan and V. Marg), Tunnel "North - South". In 2005, the Memorial to the Victims of the Holocaust was erected on a vast area between the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag (architect P. Eisenman).

The largest scientific institutions in Berlin: the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts (founded in 1696), the Film and Television Academy, the Archaeological Institute, federal center study and testing of materials; institutes: urban studies, economic research, standardization; Berlin Research Center for Social Research; research institutes of the M. Planck Society (in the history of science, biology, molecular genetics, plasma physics, etc.), the Hahn-Meitner Institute, the Hertz Institute of Communications, etc.

19 universities, including 14 state ones: Humboldt University of Berlin, Free University (founded in 1948), Technical University (founded in 1946), two High Schools of Arts; The Higher School of Music (founded in 1869), the Higher School of Acting, the State Ballet School, the European Higher Economic School, and others. A large number of research institutes and scientific centers operate at universities. Largest libraries: Berlin state library- Prussian Cultural Heritage (founded in 1661, divided after 1945, merged and reorganized in 1995), Humboldt University Library (founded in 1831), Berlin Central City and State Library (since 1995).

There are over 130 museums in Berlin. A significant part of them is included in the Berlin state museums, among them: the museums of the "Museum Island" - old museum(1824-1830, architect K. F. Schinkel), New Museum(1843-46, architect F. A. Stüler; reconstructed in 1997, architect D. Chippenfield), Old National Gallery (1866-76, architects F. A. Stüler and J. G. Shtrak), Pergamon Museum ( 1909-30, architects A. Messel and L. Hofmann) and the Kaiser Friedrich Museum (now the Bode Museum; 1897-1904, architect E. von Ine). Other museums: New National Gallery (1968, architect L. Mies van der Rohe), Egyptian Museum, Brechan Museum, Bauhaus Archive - Museum of Architectural Solutions, Museum of Artistic Crafts, Museum of Berlin, Museum of Transport and Technology, City Museum (Merkisches- museum, founded in 1874), Art Gallery(founded in 1997). House-museums G. Zille, K. Kollwitz, G. Kolbe, numerous art galleries. The palaces and parks of Berlin are included in the World Heritage List.

There are about 40 drama theaters in Berlin, including such well-known ones as the German Theater (Deutsches Theater, since 1883), the Volksbühne (since 1890), the Schiller Theater (since 1894), Schlosspark-theater (since 1945), Berliner Ensemble (since 1949), Maxim Gorky-theater (since 1952), Schaubühne (since 1962), children's Grips Theater (since 1966 ). The theater festivals "Berliner Festtage" and "Berlin Meetings" are held annually - within the framework of the "Berliner Festspile"; International Film Festival "Berlinale" (since 1951; until 1990 - in West Berlin). Over 10 musical theaters, including the German State Opera (since 1742), Deutsche Oper Berlin (Deutsche Oper Berlin, since 1961), Komische Oper (since 1947), Metropol Theater (operetta, since 1898 ), Theater des Westens (operetta and musical, since 1896), Friedrichstadtpalast (revue and show, since 1947) and others. Orchestras: over 10 symphony orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1882), the Berlin symphony orchestra (1952), Symphony Orchestra Berlin Radio (1946); chamber, contemporary music, jazz. The largest concert venues are the Konzerthaus Hall (formerly the Schauspielhaus) and the Philharmonic Hall. Musical unions, societies, series music archives and libraries. Every year, international and national music festivals and competitions are held (the most important of them are within the framework of the Berliner Feetgame).

Zoological Garden (“Zoo”, or “Tiergarten”; one of the largest in Europe, since 1844), “Berlin Aquarium” (1911-13), Friedrichefelde Landscape Zoo (the largest in Europe, since 1956), Botanical Garden with Botanical Museum (1679; herbarium opened in 1815). Two observatories, including the Archenhold Observatory (since 1896) in combination with a planetarium (since 1987), equipped with a Carl Zeiss projector.

In 1936, the XI Olympic Games. A traditional women's tennis tournament is held. In 2005, the Beach Volleyball World Championship was held.

After the split of Germany in 1949, Berlin did not represent a single economic entity. East Berlin became the most important economic center of the GDR, the economy of West Berlin was focused on the FRG. After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the formation of an integral economic complex of Berlin was one of the most important tasks solved by the government of Germany.

Since the early 2000s, Berlin has been the largest and most diversified manufacturing and service center in Germany. However, its role in the country's economy is significantly lower than that of other European capitals (for example, Paris in France, London in the UK). In the structure of the service sector (76% of the economically active population is employed, in 2003), the public administration sector, as well as science, education, and culture, play an important role. According to some indicators, Berlin concedes the role of the leading center to other large cities of the country. Thus, of the 500 largest German firms, only 11 have their headquarters in Berlin (in Hamburg - about 50, Frankfurt am Main and Munich - 30 each). As a banking and financial center and the center of the insurance business, Berlin ranks third in Germany after Frankfurt am Main and Düsseldorf; as the location of the head business organizations - 2nd place after Cologne. The largest (in terms of turnover) service sector enterprises are the banking and financial corporations Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG and Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin, as well as Karstadt Quelle AG and Metro AG, which dominate the retail sector. Berlin firmly holds the 1st place among German cities in terms of the value of manufactured products of the manufacturing industry, as well as in terms of the share of people employed in it (about 24% of all employed in the urban economy in 2003; in the early 1990s, over 30%); more than 1,500 industrial enterprises are located within the administrative boundaries of the city. The leading industry is mechanical engineering, the structure of which is dominated by electrical engineering and radio electronics (by value, they produce more products than the corresponding industries in Switzerland and Austria combined); production of office equipment and computers, energy, refrigeration and motor transport equipment, compressors, vehicles (wagons, river boats), instrumentation and machine tools. Other industries traditional for Berlin are chemical-pharmaceutical, photochemical, rubber-technical, light (primarily sewing), printing, food, and tobacco. The largest enterprises in Berlin are the Simene AG and AEG plants (electrical engineering and radio electronics), Daimler-Chrysler AG (automotive), Schering AG (chemical products). In the 1990s - early 2000s, due to a sharp increase in land prices and an increase in rents for the use of land and production areas within the city limits, especially in the central regions, there was a transfer of industrial enterprises to the suburbs of Berlin.

Lit.: Kaiderling G., Stulz P. Berlin 1945-1975. M., 1976; 750 Jahre Architektur und Städtebau in Berlin. Stuttg., 1987; Ribbe W. Geschichte Berlins. Munch., 1987; Burg A., Crippa M. M. Berlino. Mil., 1991; Haus W. Geschichte der Stadt Berlin. Mannheim, 1992; Ribbe W., Schmädeke J. Kleine Berlin-Geschichte. 3. Aufl. B., 1994.

O. V. Vshilev, A. M. Muratov, L. A. Poletova, V. N. Streletsky.

Germany is one of the leading countries of the modern European Union. Its economic power and political stability have a significant impact on the life of not only the Old World, but also other states of our densely populated world. This is largely due to the mentality of the Germans themselves and, of course, the population of Berlin also plays an important role in this matter. This city, multifaceted in all respects, deserves our closest attention. And therefore, in this article, everything about the population of Berlin will be told as much as possible.

general information

The capital of Germany is the absolute leader of the country in terms of area and number of people living. In addition, Berlin, with a population of 3,496,293 in 2015, ranks second in the EU in terms of this indicator and fifth in terms of its territorial size. Rivers such as the Spree and the Havel flow through the city. The settlement is considered one of the world's cultural centers, as well as the largest transport hub, from which you can easily get not only to anywhere in Europe, but also to other continents.

Historical reference

The date of foundation of the city is 1307, which is already very distant from us. Initially, there was a merger of a pair of cities - Cologne and Berlin. In honor of this, a common municipal town hall was erected. And from 1415 to 1918, Berlin was the capital of the Hohenzollerns.

In 1933, after the fascist Hitler came to power, the city became the center of the Third Reich. However, after the crushing defeat of the Nazis in World War II, the capital was divided into four sectors, one of which for a long time belonged to the Soviet Union (GDR). The population (FRG), in turn, was subordinate to the leaders of the capitalist countries. Germany during the Cold War became a model settlement, while in the GDR a rebellion was suppressed and people lived in constant fear. The merger of the FRG and the GDR took place only in 1990 after the fall of the so-called

Administrative Features

The population of Berlin lives in twelve administrative districts, which are divided into 95 districts. Each district has its own personal identification number, consisting of four digits. In addition, the German capital is additionally divided into statistical territories with three-digit numbers, which are, in fact, the usual residential areas familiar to us.

Ethnic composition

The population of Berlin, as of January 1, 2016, is about 3,326,002 people. At the same time, the number of living females prevails over males. The average age of a city dweller is 41.3 years. About half of the people in the capital do not have their own family, and some of those who are still officially married, for a number of reasons, prefer to live separately from their legal halves. In Berlin society, it is not considered something reprehensible and wrong to live together with a stranger in order to spend less Money for housing rent and utilities.

Representatives of 185 states of our planet live in Berlin. Moreover, foreigners make up 14% of the total population of the capital. For example, only about 119 thousand people from Turkey live in the city, while the number of Poles is 36 thousand. In fact, the Turkish diaspora in Berlin is the largest of all foreign representatives. 60% of the Turks of Berlin are German citizens, compactly living in an area called Kreuzberg. Russian-speaking citizens make up 30% of all people living in the districts of Marzahn and Hellersdorf. Also the heirs of the first waves of emigration from the former Soviet Union settled Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf - two districts located in old West Berlin.

Artists and the elite live in areas called Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg. The industrial center of the capital, in which such giants as Siemens, Osram, BMW are located, is Spandau. A fairly large number of the population of Berlin lives in the most expensive area of ​​the capital, referred to as Grunewald. In fact, this is a huge private sector, located in the city and in contact with the Kurfürstendamm street.

The main visitors of numerous bakeries and cafes are older people - pensioners. Also this age category serviced by insurance at home or in specially created nursing homes. At the same time, these organizations are in constant competition with each other and strive to improve their service. Each employee of any such structure is very polite and courteous with the client and values ​​the reputation of his company.

Attitude towards religion

The majority of the population of Berlin (about 60%) adheres to atheistic views on the existence of God. 22% identify themselves as evangelical Christians, 9% as Catholics, and 6% as Muslims. There are four Orthodox churches in the capital.

Conclusion

Today to answer exactly the question: "How many people are in Berlin?" extremely difficult. This is largely due to the colossal influx of refugees from Syria, which literally flooded not only the capital, but also many other cities in Germany. The demographic situation in Berlin also leaves much to be desired, also because this city, despite all its economic power, is dying out, as can be seen from regularly updated statistics.

Berlin(German: Berlin) - the capital of Germany, the most Big city Germany, both in terms of population and area. After London, Berlin is the second most populated and the fifth largest city in the European Union.

Berlin is one of 16 states in the Federal Republic of Germany. The city is located on the banks of the rivers Spree (the "nickname" of Berlin "Spree-Athen" - "Athens on the Spree" is associated with this) and Havel in the center of the federal state of Brandenburg, of which it is not a part (since 1920).

Around 1200, on the site of modern Berlin, there were two trading settlements - Cologne and Berlin. The exact date of their receipt of city rights is unknown. The city rights of Cologne are first mentioned in 1237, the city rights of Berlin in 1244. In 1307, the cities united and formed a common city government. In 1400, the population of the united Berlin was 8,000 people. The historical name "Cologne" is reflected in the name of the Berlin district "Neuköln".

Berlin was the capital of Prussia and after the creation of the German Empire became its capital.

After the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Yalta Conference, Berlin, although it was located on the territory Soviet zone occupation of Germany, was divided by the four victorious powers into occupation sectors. Later, the three sectors of occupation of the allies were transformed into West Berlin, which received the status of a special state entity, but certainly closely connected with the FRG. Movement between the sectors of Berlin remained free for a long time, and in order to prevent the outflow of the population to the western sectors, the government of the GDR decided to build the Berlin Wall, which surrounded West Berlin on August 13, 1961. The Berlin Wall, which became one of the main symbols of the Cold War, lasted until 1989. After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the reunified Berlin became its capital. By 1994, the Bundestag, the presidential administration and the federal chancellor had moved there from Bonn.

Today Berlin is one of the most important industrial, scientific and cultural centers.

Geography

Berlin is located in the east of Germany, 70 kilometers from the border with Poland. Berlin has land rights and is located entirely within the federal state of Brandenburg.

The historic center of Berlin is located in a lowland, in the floodplain of the Spree, between two moraine hills (hills) called Barnim and Teltow. A significant part of the modern city is also located on these hills: most of the districts of Reinickendorf and Pankow are located on Barnim, and the districts of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg and Neukölln are mostly located on the Teltow upland.

Climate

The city is located in the temperate climate zone. Average annual temperature is +9.2 °C. The warmest months are June, July and August with an average daily temperature of +16.6 to +18.4 °C, and the coldest months are December, January and February with an average daily temperature of -0.5 to +1.8 °C .

Story

emergence

The city of Berlin arose from the twin city of Berlin - Cologne. Cologne was located on an island in the river Spree, and Berlin opposite it, on the east bank. Cologne was first mentioned in 1237 (28.10), Berlin in 1244 (26.01). In 1307, both cities were united and built a common town hall.

The name "Berlin" (like others with the accent -in - Schwerin, Stettin) has Slavic origin and goes back to the Polabian berl-/birl- "swamp".

Medieval market town

In 1415, Elector Frederick I founded the Margraviate of Brandenburg and ruled there until 1440. From this time on, members of the Hohenzollern dynasty ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as margraves of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and finally as German emperors (kaisers). Urban residents did not always welcome the change in power. For example, in 1448, city unrest is mentioned against the construction of a castle by Elector Frederick II of Iron. However, this protest was not successful, and the population, in turn, was deprived of many economic and political freedoms. In 1451, Berlin was proclaimed the seat of the Brandenburg margraves and electors and lost its status as a free trading city.

The Thirty Years' War (between 1618 and 1648) had a strong impact on the city: a third of the houses were destroyed, the city lost half of the inhabitants. Friedrich Wilhelm, known as the Grand Elector of Brandenburg, took over from his father in 1640. His policies were characterized by the promotion of immigration and a high degree religious tolerance. Already in the second year of his reign, he founded the suburbs of Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.

In 1671 Friedrich Wilhelm gave asylum to 50 Jewish families from Austria. By the Potsdam Edict of 1685, he invited the French Huguenots to Brandenburg. More than 15,000 Frenchmen arrived, of which 6,000 settled in Berlin. Around 1700, already 20 percent of the inhabitants of Berlin were French, and the cultural influence of France was enormous. Also in the city there were already many immigrants from Bohemia, Poland and Salzburg.

royal capital

In 1701, as a result of the coronation of Frederick I, Berlin acquired the status of the capital of Prussia.

In 1709, the unification of the cities of Berlin, Cologne, Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt followed. But in fact, these suburbs have long been considered part of Berlin.

On October 9, 1760, during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), Berlin capitulated to the Russian corps under the command of General Count Z. G. Chernyshev. 4,500 soldiers were taken prisoner. As trophies, the Russians got 143 guns, 18,000 rifles and pistols, and almost 2 million thalers of indemnity. The symbolic keys to Berlin, handed over by the city authorities to the Russian general, are now kept in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. After four days in Berlin, having received news of the approach of large enemy forces to the city, Chernyshev withdrew his corps to winter quarters.

October 14, 1806 in the battle with the Napoleonic troops at Jena and Auerstedt, Prussia suffered a crushing defeat. This led to the beginning of the reforms that became decisive in further development the Prussian state. The "Prussian reforms" gave a powerful impetus to the economy and education. In November 1806 French troops entered Berlin. On November 21(9), 1806 in Berlin, Napoleon announced a continental blockade of England. In February 1813, Russian troops occupied Berlin for the second time, pursuing the remnants of Napoleon's army.

By 1861, Berlin had acquired new suburbs such as Wedding, Moabit, Tempelhof, Schöneberg.

Imperial capital

In 1871, Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the newly formed German Empire.

After the end of the First World War in 1918, the German Republic was proclaimed in Berlin. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Foundation Act followed, bringing together many towns, estates and counties around Berlin. After that, the population of Berlin exceeded 4 million people.

Capital of the Third Reich

After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, Berlin became the capital of the Third Reich. In 1936, the World Summer Olympic Games were held in Berlin, which were used by the Nazis for propaganda purposes. Under the leadership of A. Speer, a master plan for the development of Berlin was developed as the future role of the capital of the "Thousand Year Reich". But these plans were destroyed by World War II.

From division to unity

During the war and after it, most of Berlin was destroyed as a result of numerous bombings and street battles in 1945. After the capture of the city by the Red Army and the complete and unconditional surrender of Germany, Berlin, like all of Germany, was divided into 4 sectors under foreign control. The sectors of the Western Allies (USA, Great Britain and France) were formed in the western part of the city, and the sector of the Soviet Union - in the east.

The confrontation between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union led in 1948-1949 to the economic blockade of West Berlin, to overcome which the Western Allies organized the so-called "air bridge" to supply the city. This confrontation also led to the formation of two German states in the occupied territories: first, the FRG in the western zone, and then the GDR in the east - both in 1949.

In 1953, a mass anti-government uprising took place in East Berlin, suppressed with the help of the Soviet occupying forces.

While the FRG established a new capital in the city of Bonn, the GDR placed its capital in East Berlin. The conflict between East and West on the territory of Berlin resulted in the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, erected on the initiative of the socialist GDR. Passage of citizens from one territory to another was allowed only through border checkpoints.

In 1971, the Quadripartite Agreement on West Berlin was signed, which regulated the legal status of the divided city.

After 1949, in initial period division of the city into two (Western and Eastern) parts, a remarkable feature of all regional city development projects was the almost complete disregard of this political reality by architects (both in the West and in the East). Neighboring parts of the territory of the urban area were considered during this period as objects for the implementation of architectural projects that were uniform in design. For example, the “Plan for the Use of the Territory of West Berlin”, which was repeatedly developed in the period 1965-1978, covered the entire territory of Greater Berlin in terms of developing a demographic hypothesis and proposals for the development of transport infrastructure. And only in the new version of this plan developed in 1984, its design solutions were strictly focused on the problems of developing the western part of the city and practically did not touch on any problems of developing its eastern part or the entire urban area as a whole.

A similar trend can be traced in the history of the development of the master plan for East Berlin. As in this plan itself, which began to be drawn up as early as 1949, so in the adjoining Plan for the Spatial Organization of the Territory of Greater Berlin (beginning of development in 1955), in the process of analyzing and solving all planning problems, it was a question of a single urban area . For its entire territory, as well as for the zone of direct gravity of Berlin allocated within it (within a radius of 30 km), a single, long-term concept of the functional use of the territory was developed, providing for the possibility of settling here at least 4 million people. In accordance with this concept, a sharp increase in the level of intensity of use of residential and industrial areas was envisaged, while maintaining large undeveloped spaces intended for agricultural and recreational use.

Large-scale measures were also envisaged for the reconstruction of the road network that had developed in the territory of this region: the completion of the construction of the ring road, its connection with the help of high-speed highways with the quadrangle of the tangential transport “bypass” of the central part of the city, the creation of a system of representative streets connecting the centers of urban areas with the citywide zone center. The Kurfürstendamm district was interpreted as a single business center of the city (a kind of "City"), however, without clear indications of its specific functions.

The Berlin Wall fell only in 1989 under pressure from the population of the GDR, and this happened against the backdrop of a general weakening of the Soviet Union. On October 3, 1990, the GDR joins the zone of application of the Basic Law of the FRG. Germany became a single country. In 1991, the Bundestag decided to move to Berlin and thus summed up the discussion about the location of the German government. On September 1, 1999, the German government and parliament began work already in Berlin.

Embassies of 147 states are located in Berlin.

Population

Population of Berlin
1650 - 6 500
1750 - 90 000
1800 - 172 000
1850 - 420 000
1900 - 1 890 000
1950 - 3 340 000
1987 - 3 250 000
1997 - 3 425 000
2007 - 3 370 000
2009 - 3 431 420

The Berlin metropolitan area is home to 3,950,887 people (as of January 1, 2005) on an area of ​​5,370 square kilometers. The population density in the region reaches 736 inhabitants per square kilometer, while in the suburbs the population density is about 123 inhabitants per square kilometer.

The average age of a Berliner in 2004 was 41.7 years.

In December 2004, about 450,900 foreign residents from 185 countries lived in Berlin. This is 14% of the population. Of these, 36,000 are citizens of Poland, about 119,000 citizens of Turkey. Berlin, after Turkey, has the largest community of ethnic Turks in Europe.

According to the statistics office (2005), about 60% of the inhabitants of Berlin are not members of any religious community, 22% are Evangelical Christians, 9% are Catholics and 6% are Muslims.

There are slightly more women than men. More than 50% of Berliners live without a family.

Culture and attractions

Berlin parks

In the west and southeast of the city there are extensive forest areas. Almost every street in the city is decorated with trees, one can say that Berlin is the greenest metropolis in Germany. Berlin has more than 2,500 public gardens, parks and recreational areas. Their total area is about 5500 hectares. Parks, forests, rivers, lakes and canals occupy about 30 percent of the city's area.

In the center of the city is the Tiergarten park. It is the oldest and largest (210 hectares) parkland in Berlin for over 500 years. In the past, the Tiergarten was a piece of forest in front of the gates of the city, which the nobility of the city used for horseback riding and hunting. Gradually, the city grew around the park. Today, the park stretches from the Berlin Zoo station to the Brandenburg Gate and is located in close proximity to government buildings and the parliament building.

At the intersection of the East-West Axis and 17 June Streets, there is the Berlin Victory Column, 69 meters high, built in 1864-1873 and crowned with an 8-meter figure of the goddess Victoria, to the statue of which 285 steps lead. From their height, a magnificent panorama of Berlin opens up.

Along with the Tiergarten, Treptow Park is a major park in Berlin. It was created in 1876-1882. the first Berlin director of garden construction, Johann Heinrich Gustav Meyer. In 1896, an exhibition of handicrafts was held in Treptow Park.

Among the park plantings, the Berlin Botanical Garden. It is located in the southeast of the city and is very popular among Berliners as a holiday destination.

In addition, there are 2 zoos in Berlin: the Berlin Zoological Garden and the Friedrichsfelde Zoo. Founded in 1844, the Berlin Zoo is the oldest zoo in Germany, and its collection is the most extensive in terms of the number of animal species represented (14,000 animals and 1,500 species). The second zoo was founded during the GDR in 1954 and is the largest zoo in Europe, covering 160 hectares.

Attractions

Berlin Zoo (German: Berliner Zoo);
Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (German: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche);
Potsdamer Platz (German: Potsdamer Platz, Potsdamer Platz);
Reichstag (German: Reichstag);
Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor, Brandenburger Tor);
Unter den Linden (German: Unter den Linden);
Alexanderplatz (German: Alexanderplatz);
Berlin Cathedral (German: Berliner Dom, Berliner Dom);
Office of the Federal Chancellor of Germany (German: Bundeskanzleramt, Bundeskanzleramt);
"Red Town Hall" (German: Rotes Rathaus, Rotes Rathaus);
Memorial to the victims of the Holocaust in Berlin (German: Holocaust-Mahnmal);
Victory Column (German: Siegessäule, Siegeszeule);
Charlottenburg Castle (German: Schloss Charlottenburg, Schloss Charlottenburg);
Concert Hall Berliner Schauspielhaus (German: Berliner Schauspielhaus);
Kaufhaus des Westens, the world famous department store;
Berlin Olympic Stadium (German: Olympiastadion Berlin);
Spandau Fortress (German: Zitadelle Spandau);
Bellevue Castle (Schloss Bellevue);
Zur letzten Instanz.

Honorary citizens of the city

Robert Koch;
Konrad Adenauer;
Willy Brandt;
Anna Zegers;
Mikhail Gorbachev;
Helmut Kohl;
Ronald Reagan;
Marlene Dietrich;
Johannes Rau;
Egorov, Mikhail Alekseevich;
Berzarin Nikolay Erastovich.

Museums

Pergamon Museum;
the Bode Museum;
Egyptian Museum and papyri collection;
Old Museum;
Old National Gallery;
New National Gallery;
Art Gallery;
Museums of Dahlem (Ethnological Museum, Indian Art Museum, etc.);
Jewish Museum;
German Historical Museum;
Russian-German Museum;
German Technical Museum;
Museum of Natural History;
Cinema Museum;
Sugar Museum;
German Technical Museum;
Ethnological Museum.
Checkpoint Charlie Museum.

Every Thursday from 16.00 to 20.00 - free admission to state museums.

Theaters

Berlin Mitte district at night
Schaubühne;
Volksbühne;
Deutsches Theatre;
Berlin Ensemble;
Theater des Westens;
Theater on Potsdamer Platz;
Berlin Theater. Gorky;
Renaissance Theater;
Friedrich Stadt Palace;
Berlin Drama Theatre.

Opera houses

German opera;
State Opera on Unter den Linden (Staatsoper Unter den Linden);
Komishe Oper.

Festivals

love parade
Transmediale

Infrastructure

There are several airports in Berlin: Schönefeld, Tegel, Tempelhof, Berlin-Brandenburg.

Higher education

There are 4 large universities and 17 higher schools in Berlin. Universities of Berlin:
Humboldt University of Berlin;
Free University of Berlin in the Dahlem district;
Technical University of Berlin in the Charlottenburg district;
Berlin University of the Arts since November 2001

The total number of Berlin students is about 140,000.

Surprisingly fast and dynamic Berlin can deservedly be considered one of the most interesting places on the tourist map of Europe. Today, the capital of Germany is a large metropolis, approaching 3.5 million people in terms of the number of inhabitants, the most important economic and Cultural Center European Union. At the same time, Berlin does not cease to be one of the most friendly and comfortable corners of Europe.

The city of Berlin is located at the confluence of the rivers Spree and Havel, in the eastern part of Germany. Its total area is approximately 892 square kilometers - it is the fifth largest city in the European Union. Berlin is one of the 16 federal states of Germany with the same name.

The city has two modern airports (Schönefeld and Tegel), several railway stations and bus stations. A developed public transport system allows you to easily get to any corner of the city - almost around the clock to the services of residents and guests of the city, metro, bus and tram routes.

A little history of Berlin

The appearance of modern Berlin is largely determined by its difficult fate; throughout its history, the city has constantly changed. In no city in the world are the consequences of the two world wars, in which Berlin played a significant role, not so noticeable.

Initially, on the territory of the modern capital of Germany, there were two settlements - Cologne and Berlin, which served as reference points for trade routes. The first mention of Cologne refers to 1237, this year is considered to be the year of the founding of Berlin. The settlements developed and after 70 years they united into one city with a common management system. A little later city became the capital of Prussia, and then the German Empire.

After the end of World War II, the city was divided between the victorious countries into 4 sectors of occupation. Three of them subsequently merged into West Berlin, and during the Cold War were separated from the rest of the country by the famous berlin wall. Only in 1989, the wall, which had divided the city into two camps for almost 30 years, was destroyed, and parts of the city were reunited.

In subsequent years, Berlin turned into a huge construction site, the capital of Germany healed its wounds, recovering from a difficult historical period. Today, ultra-modern business centers rise on the site of the legendary Berlin Wall, and the city is successfully flourishing and developing. The Berlin Wall itself has become one of the sights of this amazing city.

Of the most famous sights that are definitely worth seeing in Berlin, one can note the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Berlin TV Tower, the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Charlottenburg Palace. And just walking around the city can be very pleasant - many streets are planted with trees, so Berlin is considered a very "green" city. The largest and most famous of the city's parks is the Tiergarten park.

Berlin is not in vain considered one of the world capitals of culture - the city has a large number of museums, architectural monuments, concert halls, theaters. Traditionally, the capital of Germany hosts major music festivals, such as the jazz festival "Jazzfest".