Primitive technologies of the Stone Age. stone ax

At one time, I wrote an article about the manufacturing option for the King of the bath. How, with the help of one, the simplest reference surface, to make a number of others and, as a result, to make a product (king bath) from a block of granite. Any slightly educated mechanical engineer will tell you that there is nothing new or revolutionary in my proposal. The same principle of manufacturing products is incorporated in many modern machines. According to the reference surface of the longitudinally transverse guides, products are manufactured on turning, milling, planing, grinding and other machines. It's just that I proposed to use as a reference surface the surfaces of the king bath itself made in stages. But how many angry reviews I received, where the main thought was: “How did this Shishkin dare to make the Tsar-bath, a possible product of aliens from Another Galaxy, down to the level of an earthly lathe, and even without a lathe?” Personally, I thought that for smart people and pictures, you don’t need extra ones. It is possible to create something extra wonderful at the state level, but the technologies will still remain common and well known.
For the second month now I have been trying to write an article about the production of "Crimean Pithosophists". It is not clear how the cocoon-shaped pits carved in the thickness of the limestone. If with the manufacture of the “King of the Bath” it was possible to spend money on cost and time, then the Crimean pithoi, in my opinion, are just consumer goods of ancient times. The tsar took a bath for several years, and the Crimean pithoi did not last more than a week. And this is taking into account that pithoi could have been made back in the Stone Age, since the time of their manufacture has not yet been established.
With pithos, everything is both simpler and more complicated. The king made the bath one way or another, but how the pithoi were made must be indicated and told relatively accurately. I myself have been to the Crimea. I saw a lot of things there, but I didn’t see pithoi “live”. However, I believe that the descriptions and photographs of these pithoi, as well as knowledge of the Crimean features, are quite enough to tell about the technology of those times and the tools used with the help of logical reasoning and assumptions quite accurately. An article about the technology of making Crimean pithoi will be mainly of interest only to narrow specialists. But for a wider readership, the very technology of the Stone Age will be of interest. After all, most believe that the "Stone Age" is primitive people in skins, with stone axes chasing mammoths and saber-toothed tigers. Not certainly in that way. These are also the first cities and states, the first officials, politicians and merchants, centralized power and castes of the chosen (priests). Developed agriculture and animal husbandry. Ceramics and woven materials. The first division of labor and the emergence of estates in society ...
Instead of numerous explanations to the stories about the Crimean pithoi, I decided to write an additional series of articles about the technologies of the "Stone Age" and the possible application of these technologies in our time. Start in "Charging wood without an ax" and "Hut and tent."
In the photo, the Crimean pithoi after the collapse of the rock turned out to be a sectional view of the pithoi.
To be continued…

Paleolithic. under the broad term "stone Age" we understand a huge period, covering tens of thousands of years, when the main material from which tools were made was stone. In addition to stone, of course, wood and animal bones were used, but objects made from these materials survived either in relatively small quantities (bone) or did not survive at all (wood).

The technologies of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic did not differ in variety and were dictated by the harsh natural conditions of these eras. The development of human communities at this time is determined by hunting and gathering. From large groups of Paleolithic sources stand out hand tools And ground structures. Last group less numerous, but very informative, as it gives an idea of ​​the level of "engineering" thinking of the Paleolithic man. The remains of Late Paleolithic structures have been studied the most. Modern researchers distinguish two types of such structures - temporary and permanent. The first type is close to the modern plague (dwelling of peoples Far North Europe and America) and is a cone-shaped frame of wooden poles placed vertically and covered with animal skins. Long-term dwellings had a domed shape (the frame was made both from wood and from the ribs of a mammoth), a kind of foundation from the jaws or skulls of mammoths. Technologically, such a structure is close to the modern northern yaranga. Yarangi, unlike plagues, are more stable, have a larger area. The remains of such structures have been found in France (Mezin), Ukraine (Mezhirichi site) and Russia (Kostenki site).

No less expressive source of knowledge of the Paleolithic man was drawings in caves. Such drawings were discovered in the caves of France and Spain - Altamira (1879), La Moute (1895), Marsula, Le Grez, Marnifal (beginning of the 20th century), Lascaux (1940), Rufignac (1956). In 1959

rock paintings were also discovered in Russia - in the Kapova cave in Bashkiria. I must say that until the beginning of the XX century. many researchers questioned the antiquity of the discovered drawings - they were too realistic and multicolored. Not in favor of ancient dating spoke and their excellent safety. The first doubts in antiquity were shaken after the discovery of an elephant drawing in the Chabot cave (France). Subsequently, the improvement of the excavation technique and the development of technical means made it possible to date the drawings in the caves more accurately, and it turned out that most of them really belong to the Paleolithic era.

In addition to evidence of ancient fauna, these images give insight into the primitive technology of creating colors and lighting. For example, to create drawings, durable mineral paints were used, which were a mixture of crushed stones, ocher and water. Since it was dark in the caves, the ancient artists used stone lamps - flat stones with hollowed out recesses, where fuel (obviously, animal fat) was poured into which the wick was lowered.

The beginning of the Paleolithic is also human mastery of fire - we can say the first energy revolution in the history of mankind. There are different points of view on the dating of the earliest use of fire (traces of such use, for example, are noted in the sites Homo erectus, however, the most probable dating is 120-130 thousand years BC), but the main thing is that fire changed a person’s life. It became possible to use new products (of both plant and animal origin) as food, to heat habitats, and to protect themselves from wild animals with the help of fire. All this led to biological changes - a person received more energy, as well as new useful substances. Later, with the help of fire, it became possible development pottery, blacksmithing and many other crafts.

Important changes occur on the verge of the mean and Upper Paleolithic. At this time, a hard-to-explain radical leap takes place in the physical and, most importantly, intellectual development of an emerging person: a person appears (and has hardly changed since then). modern type - Homo sapiens , the story begins human society. This process originates in Africa (in Europe at the same time the formation of Neanderthals takes place). About 40-30 thousand years ago Homo sapiens begins to spread to other regions - Asia, Australia and Europe. This leads to human assimilation sentient hominid located in these regions (modern anthropologists sometimes find features of Neanderthals on the skulls of Homo sapiens dating back to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic).

Mesolithic. Important changes in technology and knowledge occur during the Mesolithic era. This period is characterized by the beginning global warming. Natural conditions are gradually changing - the melting of glaciers leads to an increase in the area of ​​​​inland waters, the development of some species of fauna. A person masters a new form of activity for himself - fishing. Warming has led to the gradual disappearance of megafauna. However, modern researchers are inclined to believe that, for example, the extinction of mammoths is associated not so much with a change natural conditions how much with human activities. Thus, the migration of mammoths to the northern parts of Europe was accompanied by their extermination by tribes of hunters. It can also be said that already in the Stone Age there are features later era consumption - a person killed more mammoths than he could eat.

A person masters hunting for smaller fauna (relatively small mammals, birds) - In the Mesolithic, one of the main inventions of mankind appears - Bow and arrows. This is an ingenious device where potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. The relatively small one-time damage (compared to spears or stones) inflicted by arrows on an animal or bird was compensated by a rather high initial speed arrow flight, hit accuracy and rate of fire. The bow was used not only for hunting land dwellers, but also for fishing. Spears were still used in hunting, but were developed in another invention of the Mesolithic era - the harpoon, a piercing tool mainly with a bone tip, used to catch large fish.

During the Mesolithic era, they became widespread and insertion tools. Such tools (for example, a knife) were based on a small thick stick with a longitudinal groove in the middle. Small thin stone plates were inserted into this gutter to form a blade. As it was squeezing or in case of breaking off, the plate could be replaced with a new one, and it was not necessary to change the entire blade or its base - hand-held liner tools were easier to manufacture, which led to their wide distribution.

History of "material production" primitive man not very rich, but, constantly remembering that such inventions as simple, and then lined stone tools, bow, arrows, traps, mastering fire, were made for the first time, it is difficult to argue that if labor, perhaps, did not create man, it certainly ensured his survival in changing natural conditions.

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Scientists call the most ancient people before historical, cavemen and the time in which they lived is called stone age. About the ability to historical time a lot has been written about stone tools, stone arrowheads and spears, everyone knows everything - you take a stone for a couple of hours of hard work and a primitive tool is ready! And where did the primitive people of the Stone Age live? Of course in the caves! The next technological order is the Bronze Age, i.e. a man got out of the cave and immediately made bronze, he made himself a chisel out of bronze and made ancient megalithic structures of Egypt, India, erected ancient masterpieces of architecture of Greece and Rome. It was hard to part with the usual stone, so, purely out of habit, I took rock massifs and cut them, made habitual caves for myself, and made temples of Jupiter, all sorts of parthenons from scraps. Everything is logical - a smooth transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age, from the cave to the temples. A man got used to stone - he made temples in Baalbek, Syria, India, America. Such is the logic of modern historiography.
And this is how, approximately, with a pebble, with a pebble, the ancient Egyptians cut obelisks. The donkey was harnessed and taken all over the world.

FIG.1

I would like to start a smooth transition from the cave to antiquity with the Aswan quarry. because there is everything we need, all traces of the use of guns ancient man.

FIG.2

In the first picture, a person imitates the way that ancient people cut down obelisks - they just took another stone and beat it for a long time .....

FIG.3

FIG.4

On the processed wall and surfaces of the obelisk, very characteristic bands of stone working are visible, scientists explain these bands by the fact that the stone is so convenient, the hand habitually takes just such a band in width .... well, God be with them, with scientists.
Stripes, these stripes seemed very familiar to me, I have seen them many times when I looked at various ancient quarries.
This is China, very ancient, prehistoric Longue caves. Pay attention to the same stripes.

FIG.5

FIG.6

This is Crimea, Inkerman quarries

FIG.7

FIG.8

This is India. Elora.

FIG.9

This is Crimea, Inkerman .... one wants to put either Buddha or some other god into this drink ...

FIG.9

FIG.10

This is Egypt, Aswan.

FIG.11

For too "alternative" historians who blame such mountain cuts on modernity or recent history, I will say right away - no. I have a photo of the late 19th century and Inkerman and Egypt where these traces already exist.

FIG.12

FIG.13

Thus, the people of the Stone Age are not called so in vain, they loved to fiddle with stones, especially when it turns out so easily - he took a cobblestone in his calloused hand and went to cut the mountains ... But now it’s still worth looking into the caves.

These are the catacombs of Odessa. As they write in official sources, not fully explored, with a length of 2000 to 5000 kilometers! I did not describe myself, this is not a typo - they write about five thousand kilometers in total length, but they have not been fully explored!

FIG.14

FIG.15

FIG.16
Very interesting photo- a stone track stretches along the floor of this corridor, as on the surface in Malta, Turkey, Chutuf - Kale, wherever there are quarries, these tracks are everywhere.

FIG.17

Figure 17 clearly shows the "stripes" on the wall. There are catacombs almost everywhere, at least Odessa is not alone, the quarries of Kerch, Feodosia are widely known, allegedly the stone was taken from the Inkerman quarries to ROME !!! Back in antiquity! Although there are catacombs in ROME itself and they are about the same. But let's think about the figure of 2000 km! For every meter of length, there are two cubic meters of rock - a total of at least four thousand cubic kilometers of rock in Odessa alone! And where did all this go, in my opinion, the whole of Odessa is unlikely to pull such a volume with all its houses now! And also Kerch, and there the catacombs speak longer .... well, only if all the stone went to antiquity and Egypt, well, they took it on papyrus boats ....
Let's take a closer look at the "stripes", closer to what they did, what they did interestingly, they already saw in Egypt, they specially poured stones nearby for tourists - if you want, take and cut Aswan granite.

FIG.18

On the hard Aswan granite there are point notches, on the rock the features and cuts are softer, well, supposedly from a chisel and a cobblestone ...

FIG.19

Finding such traces in modern mining is not a problem, here they are stripes, this is how they are made today!

FIG.20

FIG.21

FIG.22

FIG.23

It would seem that everything is clear, they brought mining equipment and worked, so what if archaeologists do not find it - they hid it somewhere or took it to other planets, new ancient Romes to do.
But all my early assumptions are broken by one Aswan obelisk, it actually breaks all assumptions about the development of technology and conjures up the idea of ​​\u200b\u200b"helpers - aliens", well, they had nothing to do more than cut down obelisks! I would have taken all the historians and dragged them to Aswan, and no matter what the history was about until they explained how it was done !!!

FIG.24

FIG.25

FIG.26

This cheerful tourist is having fun until they put him in a narrow passage between the wall and the obelisk with a pebble ....
Moreover, modern equipment will not fit into such a narrow space, nor any saws and plasma cutters of builders aswan dam 20th century (there is such a version).

Well, even if we take and consider for fun a version of a chisel, albeit not bronze, albeit with a diamond tip .....

FIG.28

FIG.29

Now, if we were to step back from the fact that this is granite, it looks like they took a shovel and dug it out in wet sand .... I called this tool a "magic shovel" if you have my readers' versions, then I will be glad to listen to them .. ..

A good selection in the video, but it’s not necessary to say that civilization, as the author says, was one, only because the same technologies were used all over the world. In our time, the same technologies are also used everywhere, but our civilization is not unified - there is confrontation and, in general, unity is still very far away. Moreover, if ancient civilization, which is discussed in the video, was really united, then it would exist to this day, but we do not observe this, which means that something ruined it, due to its disunity.
As for the “technologies” themselves, there is a mention in the Koran about the people of Samud, who carved their dwellings in the rocks - “Remember how He made you the successors of Adites and settled you on the land, on the plains of which you erect palaces, and in the mountains you carve dwellings….” (7 al-Araf (Fences), 74), “They carved safe dwellings in the mountains” (15 al-Hijr, 82), “And will you skillfully (or proudly) carve dwellings in the mountains?” (26 ash-Shuara (Poets), 149), "With the Thamud who cut the rocks in the dell?" (89 al-Fajr (Dawn), 9) “Will you be left in safety among what is here: among gardens and springs, among crops and palm trees with tender fruits, and will you skillfully (or proudly) carve dwellings in the mountains? » (26 ash-Shuara (Poets), 146-149), but for a long time the Thamud lived in prosperity and prosperity, until they began to forget God, who sent down all this grace to them. The people of the tribe began to carve idols from the rocks and deify them. In addition, they fell into the sin of pride: they became an arrogant and arrogant people, where the rich oppressed the poor: they did not recognize their right to use pastures for livestock and water. blinded by pagan delusions, they believed that insufficiently strong dwellings became the cause of his death from a hurricane (which was possibly the reason not for building buildings from stone, but for carving them in the rocks) - and God punished the proud people.
“And to the Thamudites - Salih, their brother, (We sent), and he said: “O my people! Worship God! You have no other god besides Him. A clear testimony has come to you from your Master: This is the she-camel of God, which will be a sign of Him to you. Let her graze on the land of the Lord, without harming her, so as not to incur severe punishment on yourself. You will remember that he appointed you the successor of the people of Hell and placed you on the earth, where you build palaces and castles in the valleys and cut your houses out of the rocks. So remember (about all) the blessings of God and do not walk on the earth, outrageous on it (and thereby bringing trouble into His order) ”(Sura“ Barriers ”: 73-74).