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Estimate for the main design decisions. Explanations for estimates

Practice shows that quite often an investor, especially a beginner, when thinking about a project, has a poor idea of what expenses it may entail. Any business requires a preliminary calculation of all costs, otherwise the customer may face the fact that he does not have enough money to complete the work. And this is the answer to the frequently asked question: what is the estimate for?

First, let's define the concept. Estimate, what it is, when and why it is compiled. An estimate is a financial document that makes it possible to determine, with a significant degree of accuracy and in detail, the cost of performing certain works. Calculations are made at the planning stage, after which they are all drawn up in an official document and transferred to the customer.

The estimate is made in various forms human activity where there is a need for a preliminary cost estimate. However, the concept of estimate documentation has the most important role in construction, where large amounts of money are involved, and the implementation of processes takes long time(months and years). This can be a standardized set of documents or costing of resources or costs per unit of materials (piece, running meter, kilogram). In combination with the project documentation and the contractor's agreement, it is the most important element in the start of construction.

One of the participants in the investment project can prepare estimates:

The designer, who is in a contractual relationship with the customer. Usually, in such cases, the resource method of calculation is used;
The customer, who determines the preliminary cost at the stage of preparing a feasibility study (feasibility study);
A general contractor who determines the cost of construction through contract bidding.

It is important that this responsible financial document be prepared by a professional organization with experience in such activities and a good reputation. An unprofessional approach to business can cause an underestimation or overestimation of the estimated cost of construction, which is equally unprofitable for the investor, since it entails additional costs. The work of preparing financial documentation is usually estimated at a certain percentage of the total cost of the project.

Most often, estimates are made by construction organizations that will perform work and purchase building materials for them. It is important for the customer to take part in all stages of the preparation of documentation, to control the data entered into it by the types of work, their cost, prices for materials, and to seek its correction. The use of modern specialized computer programs speeds up the calculation, so organizations can offer the customer a choice of "price - quality" several options for estimates, taking into account different construction technologies and materials used. After choosing the best option, the customer approves it, after which changes to the document can only be made with his consent.

Calculations in the preparation of the financial plan are made on the basis of estimated norms, prices and rates, which are combined into thematic collections, which are the official justification for the preparation of construction estimates. All of them can be classified depending on the subjects that developed them:

Federal (state). These are reference books GSN (State Estimated Norms), GESN (State Elemental Estimated Norms), FER (Federal Unit Rates). They are approved by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation, can be used in any industry, and are required for repairs or construction carried out at the expense of the state budget.
Industrial and branch (POSN). They are used in construction in certain industries, for example, energy or railway.
Territorial (TER). Approved by local authorities and used for construction in the respective area, incl. through local budgets.
Individual and corporate. They are developed for individual companies or organizations, taking into account the specifics of their construction and installation works, usually based on federal, industry or territorial rates and standards.

All the above collections of prices and standards in the complex form a single system of estimated rationing and pricing in construction, used throughout the Russian Federation. The information contained in the directories is periodically updated taking into account inflationary processes and the development of construction technology.

Classification of estimates

Often, the preliminary determination of the cost of a large construction project is very difficult and even impossible due to constantly changing prices for labor resources, energy, building materials, equipment and tools. In such cases, estimators follow the principle "from smallest to largest", using various types of estimates:

Local are prepared for one or another type of work, based on the scope of work, the quantity and range of equipment, current estimated standards, market rates and prices. For example, internal plumbing work, landscaping or installation of an alarm system. The cost set by the local estimate includes direct costs, estimated profit and overhead costs.
Object. They are formed at the current or base price level for a specific object by summing up several local estimates and grouping data into sections "Equipment", "Installation works", "Construction works", "Other costs". This also includes funds foreseen to cover the so-called limited costs (temporary structures, increased costs of processes in winter).
Summary calculation estimate. Shows the funds limit required for full completion of the object provided for by the project, financing of construction works is opened for it. The summary calculation includes all object estimates and calculations for certain types of expenses. It is formed for the construction as a whole, regardless of the number of contractors, based on the current price level. In this case, the funds are distributed to individual chapters depending on the specific object. When compiling a summary estimate, the instruction provides for an explanatory note with a textual description of the main construction parameters.

When determining the cost of work, much depends on the information provided by the parties to the agreement for the preparation of documents. There are several types of estimates here:

Conceptual. Prepared at the stage of elaboration of the feasibility study of the investment proposal. It is based on the capacity of the object or the cost of a unit of consumer properties. Accuracy from 17 to 20%.
Investor. It is developed at the pre-project stage as a basis for the starting price during bidding. In this case, a master plan, a sketch, a layout of a structure, an enlarged calculation according to the equipment specification and scope of work are used. Accuracy from 10 to 13%.
Contractor's estimate. It is compiled on the basis of tender documentation in preparation for the conclusion of an agreement. When preparing it, the contractor uses FER and TER and experience in the construction of similar facilities earlier. There are already inflationary losses, profits of the organization and expenses of subcontractors. Accuracy from 5 to 7%.
Designer estimate. More complete documentation is used (project, working diagrams and drawings, unit prices, elemental norms, average industry prices), which increases the accuracy of calculations up to 2-5%.
Executive. It is calculated according to the actual costs of the contractor at the final stage of construction, therefore, all additional costs incurred by the customer and contractor are taken into account. According to this financial document, the final book value of the erected object is calculated.

The estimate can take the form of a table, the columns of which indicate the types of work, their volume, quantity, price and cost of building materials, as well as additional processes and resources. In another option, it is possible to use such sections as direct costs (operation of equipment, wages, purchase of building materials), overhead costs (deductions to funds, business trips, labor protection) and estimated profit

To confirm the correctness of the financial calculations made, identify inaccuracies and make the necessary changes, the customer has the right to contact independent experts. Their services typically cost between 0.3 and 0.5% of the total construction cost.

How to draw up a budget

During the construction of any facility, design and estimate documentation is initially drawn up. The main purpose of the estimate is to clearly determine the total cost of construction, taking into account possible changes in the market for building materials, equipment, etc.. Estimated calculations are carried out on the basis of different approaches - in terms of time s x costs, basic price indices, spending on resources. Description of these approaches, as well as finished example budgeting can be found in the article.

Determine the purpose of creation

The estimate is a financial document containing a detailed cost plan for the construction of a real estate object. For convenience, these costs are divided into several sections, and below is the total amount of costs at current or forecast prices.

Budgeting provides for the achievement of several goals at once:

Determination of the estimated cost - i.e. total amount of construction.
Determination of costs for certain types of construction work at all stages.
Report on the expenditure of funds to the customer, representatives of government agencies, investors and other interested parties.
Possibility to adjust the values in accordance with the changing situation in different construction markets.

A professionally drawn up estimate is a guarantee of efficient spending of funds, an uninterrupted construction process, and a competent distribution of financial resources. Therefore, in order to draw up estimate documentation, it is necessary to choose a certain approach (methodology), and then carry out calculations and check their correctness.

Budgeting Methods

There are various methods of budgeting, which differ in the approach to determining construction costs.

analog

This method is used in practice only in those cases when the estimator initially has information with the prices of objects that have already been built or designed earlier. The method is called analog because both objects being assessed must be similar - for example, 2 residential buildings from similar materials. At the same time, it is not necessary that they be identical: the main condition is the same cost in terms of units of measurement (linear meter, square meter, etc.).

time-based

This approach involves the definition of value based on the measurement of a unit of working time. The technique is of limited use, as it is usually used only in the evaluation of minor volumes of construction work. This may be a repair, a household contract, etc. As for the construction of large construction projects, other approaches are most often used.

Basis-index

It is based on the use of databases with current and predictive indexes. In this case, the cost is often determined at the basic level, which is where the name of the method comes from. It is also determined at the current level in the values of the previous period.

To determine the current prices, the basic values for each element are multiplied by the index, choosing a value for:

specific industry;
by region;
in view of works etc.

resource

The total cost of the object is determined on the basis of current (or forecasted taking into account inflation and other possible risks) prices for resources and tariffs. The calculation is based on the cost of resources, so this approach in practice is the most optimal for both the customer and the developer himself. In-kind measurement of costs allows you to adequately assess the costs for different budget items. Therefore, this method can be used for any of the stages in the development of estimate documentation.

However, the disadvantage of this approach is the high complexity and time for making calculations. In addition, the calculation is carried out according to rather complex formulas, which causes additional difficulties and increases the risk of errors or inaccuracies. Another disadvantage is that it is difficult for the customer to track price dynamics at the regional level. Therefore, he cannot fully control the disbursement of funds by the contractor.

Resource index

This approach combines the resource approach, as well as the use of an index system for costing. The advantage of the technique is in fairly adequate calculations due to the use of databases that are updated monthly. Information is taken from single pricing centers. Some experts recommend using this method for not all resources in general, but only for representative materials, as well as for leading machines. As for other calculations, they can be carried out using regional indices.

Enlarged estimated standards

In this case, this definition of cost is used by the consolidation of estimated standards. They are expressed in different units of measurement:

interest;
running meters;
square meters, etc.

Most often, enlarged standards are used at 2 stages to create documentation:

Early stages of design.
Development of documentation using UR, PRZS, etc.

Basic compensatory

The essence of the approach is that the estimators sum up the price of costs and construction work, which are determined at the base level. Then the obtained data is specified during the drafting of the project and the execution of construction work, 1 spring real changes in prices and tariffs. If there is a difference, the customer compensates the costs upon their occurrence. The most common costs include:

overspending on materials;
additional costs associated with low labor productivity;
loss of time due to unforeseen circumstances;
increase in the estimate in connection with the payment for the services of intermediaries, etc.

Structure and sample of the estimate report

The ultimate goal of the calculations is to compile a consolidated estimate report, which will include the totals for 12 sections:

Preparation of the construction site.
The main objects of construction.
Utility and service facilities.
Energy facilities.
Objects of transport economy and communication.
External networks and facilities for water supply, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply.
Landscaping and landscaping.
Temporary buildings and structures.
Other work and expenses.
Maintenance of the directorate (technical supervision) of the enterprise (institution) under construction.
Training of operational personnel.
Design and survey works, architectural supervision.

The finished document looks like this. The main part is presented in the form of a table with numbers of estimates for each of these sections. The table also shows the names of works, their estimated cost by type and total cost. When specifying the numbers of estimates, references to the relevant regulatory documents (Letters of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation, contracts, etc.) are required.

A ready-made example of a summary estimate report, which can be used as a guide when developing documentation, looks like this.

An example of compiling an estimate report

The number and features of the design of estimate reports directly depend on the construction / installation / improvement object, etc. Consider the instructions for compiling a report using a specific example. Administration municipal district plans to carry out landscaping and landscaping. To do this, she enters into a contract with a selected company. All work must be carried out in strict accordance with the previously drawn up estimate documentation. The work is being carried out in several stages.

Stage 1. Drawing up a statement of types of work

First of all, the contractor must determine the specific types of planned work and determine their indicators:

unit of measurement (pieces, square or cubic meters, etc.);
the amount of work (for example, 1500 m 2 of the territory needs to be planted);
equipment necessary to perform these tasks (bulldozers, bitumen pumps, dump trucks, asphalt pavers and many others); when performing work without the use of equipment, the corresponding mark “manually” is put.

The result of this stage should be a ready-made statement of planned types of work. On its basis, estimators calculate all costs for materials / work, working hours, as well as employee salaries. The statement is signed for each type of work - for example, in our example it will be planting trees, landscaping the lawn and much more.

Stage 2. Drawing up a statement of the calculation of material costs

For each planned type of activity, a statement is drawn up with the definition of material costs. The document is also drawn up in the form of a table in which the following columns are indicated:

Type of material grouped by tasks. For example, for a lawn, the materials will be fertile soil and grass seeds for sowing.
Unit of measurement by consumption - it can also be a square or cubic meter, the amount of material, as well as its cost per unit.
Then they indicate the total cost in rubles and give the final cost for each type of object (lawns, trees, driveways, etc.) indicating the total price for all work.

Stage 3. Drawing up a payroll sheet for employees

Also, the estimators must draw up a statement with payroll calculations.
Calculations are given in the form of a table with the following columns:

The name of the type of work (for example, arranging a lawn or planting trees).
The total volume indicated in the previously given units of measurement (for example, 1500 m 2 of lawn).
The rate of time that is expected to be spent on this type of activity (hour).
The tariff rate is rubles per hour.
Surcharges subject to availability.
The total cost is the payroll fund (in rubles).

Stage 4. Drawing up statements for calculating the machine hour

Estimators must also calculate data on the costs associated with the operation of each type of equipment. For this, 2 reports are usually compiled. The first one indicates the input data that are used to justify the calculation of the machine hour (for each piece of equipment). For example, for a bulldozer it would be:

book value;
wage rate;
cost of 1 liter of fuel;
fuel consumption rate;
cost of 1 liter of lubricant, etc.

Based on this, each indicator associated with the cost of operating a bulldozer (depreciation, wages, fuel, materials, garage rental, etc.) is calculated. As a result, a second report (statement) is compiled, in which they describe:

index;
unit of measurement (ruble, month, hour, liter, etc.);
the total cost in rubles.

Stage 5. Local estimates

Finally, the estimator also draws up several local estimates. They are statements with lists of work, materials for each object (lawn, roads, trees, etc.). The table uses the following columns:

Name of the type of expense (payment of wages, VAT, overheads, etc.).
Total amount.
Note if necessary.

Thus, the preparation of a consolidated estimate report is always a multi-stage and rather laborious process. The speed of compiling documentation directly depends on the complexity of the object, so usually the preparation of estimates is planned in advance.

Project estimate whether you need project estimate Why pay for the calculation of this document? Previously, no one would have asked such questions, because the estimate was part of the project documentation, no one thought about the need for such an important document. Must, means must. Who dares to open their own business without carefully calculating all the costs and risks. In the same way, no one picks up a shovel to dig a foundation without a basic financial document - project estimates.

Project estimate: data obtained from the document

The importance of the estimate documentation can be supported by the data that the customer receives from the estimate:

Main purpose project estimates- get information about the cost of the entire construction. First of all, this includes the price of the main building materials that are included in the project. The cost of auxiliary materials is added. The list is compiled on the basis of enlarged calculations, the rules for the implementation of which are determined by the methodology for compiling estimate documentation.
Estimated documentation includes the amount of costs for the implementation of all stages of construction. The professionalism of the estimator is manifested in the ability to foresee all operations and choose them correctly from the proposed list. These data directly affect the final cost of the project.
From the estimate documentation, information is obtained on the number of specialists required to carry out the construction and the professional level of their training.
The summed calculation provides information on the time it will take to build both the entire house and the implementation of each stage.

The given data is included in project estimate and allow not only to provide a budget for construction. After receiving the estimate documentation, all hidden financial information for construction:

When hiring a construction contractor, you can not guess about the amount that will be required to pay for their services, it has already been calculated.
Analyzing all cost items, it is easy to determine ways to reduce them, to find opportunities to reduce construction without compromising quality. Ways to reduce costs and reduce construction time are visible.
All transportation costs allocated in one section of the document provide information on the need to allocate a budget for the transport required to pay, including for the removal of construction waste.

Project estimate: can the document be trusted?

Having received so much voluminous information, it's time for a skeptic to be outraged, how reliable are the estimated data, and is the project estimate itself trustworthy?

Each country has its own approach to budgeting. The importance of the document can hardly be overestimated, it is used for settlements between organizations, it determines the correctness of the investment of funds and the rational use of the budget. Project estimate allows you to choose the most profitable from several organizations applying for construction. With its help, you can analyze cost items and evaluate ways to achieve savings.

In the post-Soviet space, estimate documentation is calculated on the basis of the methodology of integrated calculations, which are based on the experience of more than one generation of builders and reflect reality as much as possible. Everything that is impossible to foresee in our constantly changing time is allocated to the article of unforeseen expenses, the share of which is determined as a percentage.

What does the abbreviation PSD mean? Its decoding is incomprehensible to people far from construction. In our article, we will talk about design and estimate documentation, analyze the meaning of this concept and the composition of the documents included there. This topic will be of interest to those who are planning the construction of individual housing or are simply interested in construction topics.

What is PSD. Decryption

Any construction requires a lot of paper for industrial purposes. Under (this is the decoding of the design and estimate documentation) is understood the list of those documents that are established in the regulatory order to ensure the implementation of the project and the disclosure of its essence.

All of it consists of materials that have a textual form or exist in the form of diagrams (drawings). Its task is to determine all types of solutions - architectural, functional-technological, constructive, engineering - in order to ensure the process of construction (reconstruction) of objects or their parts, as well as in order to carry out major repairs.

This definition is contained in the provisions of the Town Planning Code (CC) of the Russian Federation. Throughout the life cycle of a facility being built or being repaired, design and estimate documentation is the most important moment that a construction organization deals with. The beginning of any process of construction, reconstruction or repair is the development, coordination and examination of design and estimate documentation.

When is it required and when is it not?

Its presence is absolutely necessary in the case of construction, reconstruction or repair. The exception includes IZHS objects (residential buildings, standing separately, having no more than three floors, the purpose of which is the residence of one family). In this case, it is not required by law to draw up a design and estimate documentation, but at the initiative of the developer, it can be prepared.

For reference: according to the definition of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, buildings (structures), as well as structures at the stage of construction in progress, are considered capital construction objects, excluding temporary buildings, kiosks, sheds, etc.

What is included in these concepts

Buildings include building systems that have volume, consisting of above-ground and (or) underground parts, which include premises, engineering networks and systems. Their purpose is the residence and activities of people, the location of production, the storage of products or the maintenance of animals.

Construction - a system of volumetric, planar or linear type. It can also consist of ground, above ground, as well as underground parts. It consists of load-bearing and enclosing building structures designed to perform production processes different kind, storage of goods or products and temporary stay.

As general concept for buildings and structures, such a term as a structure is used. Sometimes he carries secondary importance. This refers to outbuildings located mainly in summer cottages or intended for keeping pets or for auxiliary purposes.

Design and estimate documentation for construction: legislative framework

A contract (in other words, a work contract) is that important document that regulates the relationship between the customer and the contractor (construction organization). It determines the required scope of work and the conditions for their production, including the cost of design and estimate documentation. In the contract (its appendices) there is usually a link to the list of project documentation available for this object. It also defines liability for non-compliance with the conditions.

Even in the absence of such references, the contractor must clearly understand that he is legally bound to comply with any design decisions during construction. Article 743 of the Civil Code unambiguously requires him to strictly adhere to the technical documentation that determines the content and scope of work, as well as other requirements, including estimates for repairs or construction.

If there are no other indications in the contract, it is assumed that absolutely all the work specified in and estimates will be performed. According to the law, the contractor is liable for deviations from the requirements provided for in the design and estimate documentation. If during construction additional unaccounted for work is found, the need for their implementation is negotiated separately with the preparation of the appropriate estimate documentation.

Deviation from the parameters of the construction or repair object specified in the project documentation is allowed only on the basis of a newly approved version with changes made in the proper order (Article 52 of the Town Planning Code).

Composition of the PSD - decoding of the mandatory list

The requirements for what should be contained in each section of the design and estimate documentation are determined at the legislative level. This is also regulated by the Town Planning Code. All major activities (construction, reconstruction, repair work) must be accompanied by a strictly standardized type and number of technical documents, the list of which is determined by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87, adopted in February 2008.

Also, this information contains. The said Regulation applies to both industrial and non-industrial facilities, and also applies to linear facilities (pipelines, railways and roads, power lines, etc.)

The above provision subdivides all design and estimate documentation into design and working. It does not mean separate design stages, but various types of technical documents. According to accepted standards, the design is carried out in one or two stages. The meaning of the second option is in the phased preparation of the documents necessary for the construction.

What are these stages

The first stage consists of choosing the type of object, working out its main decisions, both architectural and planning, and constructive. Also, the method of construction and the schematic diagrams of all the main technological processes are selected, decisions regarding engineering equipment are being worked out, a summary estimate is being carried out, and the main issues regarding the organization of construction production are being resolved.

After development, the documentation is sent for state expertise with an overall assessment and the necessary comments. Then the designer eliminates the identified shortcomings and submits the project for consideration or approval to the customer (investor).

The second design stage consists of the development of working documentation (RD). It is here that decisions made previously are clarified and detailed. All necessary working drawings, estimates of a local nature and other documents necessary for direct production are drawn up.

Which method is better

Working documentation (RD) refers directly to the drawings, as well as textual material, the use of which is provided for in the conditions of the construction site. As a rule, the documentation developed at the first stage is not transferred to the direct executor.

The advantage of two-stage design lies in the minimum costs in case of need to rework the design documentation (if the overall solution turned out to be unsuccessful). Currently, this design method is the main one.

In contrast, in the case of one-stage design, it is customary to prepare the entire volume of design and estimate documentation immediately. It contains all questions, both general and specific. This option is convenient in the case of a small amount of design work, for simple objects or as a standard project for mass and repeated use.

The role of working documentation

The task of the working documentation as part of the design and estimate documentation is to provide the developed technical, architectural and technological solutions in the construction process. The sequence of development is not strictly regulated by the Regulations. That is, it is possible to execute it either simultaneously with the preparation of the entire design and estimate documentation, or after that.

The composition, volume and content are determined by the customer (developer), depending on what degree of detail he needs. A complete set of design and estimate documentation for major repairs or construction consists of design and working documentation that complement one another. Consider what is included in each of them.

Main sections of project documentation

It consists of an explanatory note, a construction organization project, fire prevention measures, estimates for repairs or construction, and other main sections of the organization of the construction process. As part of the DD - drawings necessary for work with documents and specifications. Based on it, the adopted design decisions are implemented.

The above Regulation establishes the mandatory composition of the design and estimate documentation in the form of 12 sections - an explanatory note, a land plot planning scheme, architectural solutions, as well as structural and space-planning, information about engineering equipment and engineering networks with a list of relevant measures and necessary solutions for power supply, water supply and sewerage, heating networks, heating, ventilation with air conditioning, as well as communication networks, gas supply systems and a subsection concerning technological solutions.

The remaining sections of the project documentation relate to the content of the construction organization project (demolition, dismantling), the list of conservation measures environment and fire prevention measures. Below we provide a sample design and estimate documentation - an agreement for the development of documentation (1 sheet).

Minor sections

Additional sections provide for measures to ensure access for disabled people and compliance with the necessary requirements for equipping facilities under construction with devices for metering the consumption of energy resources.

One of the most important sections (number 11) is the estimate documentation for the facility under construction. The final section includes everything else that is not included in the main list and provided for by law.

If we are talking about the construction, as part of the design documentation, you can find 10 similar sections. Their content is from the design of the right of way, technological and design solutions of the linear facility, together with the buildings and structures included in its infrastructure, to the project for the organization of construction work with the need for demolition (dismantling) of existing structures.

Similarly, measures related to environmental protection and fire safety are envisaged. Of course, among the final and most important sections there is an estimate for construction work.

About the cost of PSD

The cost of construction and installation work is influenced by a huge number of various factors - from the region of construction, the size of the facility being built to the specific rates of the contractor. Before drawing up an estimate, a list of works is determined and the required volumes are calculated. To do this, it is desirable to have the most calculated specification, which is not always completed in full and on time.

Having such a document, the specialist will make an estimate without much difficulty. In the most general case (for any estimated volume), the cost of work on the calculation of design and estimate estimates in terms of price will be 10% of the total cost of all work. At the same time, the minimum amount that the development of any document will cost starts from 3000 rubles.

The preparation of an estimate can go according to the items listed in the specification or based on a certain amount of construction. In the latter case, the approximate cost of OCI can be presented in the form of the table below.

This option is also possible: there are necessary design solutions, but there is no certainty on the number of proposed positions. In this case, budgeting services may be specified in the following form:

If the construction is carried out in stages

If necessary, in the case of the initiative of the customer, project documentation can be developed for each of the individual stages of the construction or reconstruction process (Article 48 of the Town Planning Code). This should be specified in the design brief.

The volume of project documentation for each stage of construction is developed taking into account the need for its implementation. The entire composition and content of its sections must meet the requirements established by the main Regulations.

Lecture "Financing, estimate and budget of the project"

1. Project financing.

2. Development of project estimates.

3. Development of the project budget.

1. Project financing should ensure the fulfillment of two main tasks:

Ensure such dynamics of investments, which would make it possible to carry out the project in accordance with time and financial (monetary) constraints;

Reduce the cost of financial resources and project risks by optimizing the investment structure and maximizing tax incentives.

For any investment project, it is necessary to coordinate the flow of funds in time in each time period (month, quarter, year), the enterprise must receive more funds than it needs to pay (for the return of investments, paying interest on them, paying taxes, etc.). ). If in each time period the balance is additional, then the financial stability of the investment project is ensured.

The project financing includes four stages:

Previous project viability study;

Development of a plan for its implementation;

Organization of financing;

Monitoring the implementation of the plan and adhering to the conditions of financing.

Previous viability analysis The project is carried out in order to determine whether the project is worth the time and resources that are associated with it and whether the flow of resources will be sufficient to cover all costs and obtain an average profit.

Project Implementation Planning covers the process from prior examination of its viability to the organization of funding. At this stage, all indicators and risks of the project are evaluated, analyzing possible options development of economic, political and other situations, predict the impact on the viability of the project of such indicators as interest rates on loans, inflation rates, currency risks.

After the completion of the first two stages, proposals are developed on the organization of the project financing scheme, and at the stage of its implementation they carry out Control over the implementation of the plan and the terms of financing.

Means and sources of project financing.

There are such Project financing means:

Equity investments (introduction of funds, equipment, technologies);

Financing from public sources (directly through investment programs through direct subsidies on paid and free terms);

Leasing financing (on the basis of a long-term lease of property with the retention of ownership by the lessor);

Mortgage (mortgage of real estate for the purpose of obtaining a cash loan);

Debt financing (due to bank loans and debt obligations of legal entities and individuals). Each of these forms has certain advantages and disadvantages, therefore, it is possible to correctly assess the consequences of using different means of financing only after comparing alternative options.

Sources of project financing:

Own financial resources (profit, depreciation, funds paid by insurance companies as compensation), as well as other types of assets (fixed assets, land plots, etc.) and attracted funds (funds from the sale of shares, charitable and other contributions, funds allocated by the level of holding or joint-stock companies, industrial and financial groups on a free and preferential basis);

Allocations from the state, regional and local budgets, the entrepreneurship support fund, provided free of charge;

Foreign investment provided in the form of financial or other participation in authorized capital general enterprises, as well as in the form of direct cash contributions international organizations and financial institutions, states, enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership;

Various forms of borrowed funds, in particular loans provided by the state on a reverse basis; loans from foreign investors; bond loans; loans from banks, investment funds and companies, insurance companies, pension funds; bills, etc.

Some banks provide a special service - they analyze the proposed project, bring it to a level that makes it possible to successfully organize its financing, negotiate to identify possible creditors and transfer to the customer (on commercial terms) the completed version of the project with specific recommendations. In this case, the lenders have an additional guarantee of the viability of the project.

Budget financing. Centralized investments, which are financed from the state, regional and local budgets, are concentrated on priority areas of economic development. The list of investment projects that are carried out at the expense of public investment is formed in strict accordance with the goals and priorities of the investment policy. Centralized investments from the budget in the production sector are allocated, as a rule, on a paid and reverse basis, in the manner determined by the government. Long-term loans, including preferential ones, which are provided to enterprises for the implementation of investment projects, must be returned in the prescribed manner.

Equity financing. One of the most common forms of project financing is the receipt of financial resources through the issuance of shares and bonds. Equity capital, which is based on the issue of shares, can take the form of cash contributions, equipment and technology, as well as services, documentation, property rights, rights to use resources, etc. The preference for the equity form of financing is that the bulk of the necessary resources come at the beginning or during the implementation of the project. This form makes it possible to postpone settlements with investors to a later date, when the ability of the project to generate profits increases. At the same time, projects are financed through the issuance of both shares and debt.

Debt financing. The sources of debt financing for projects are long-term loans in commercial banks, loans in public institutions, mortgage loans, private placement of debt, in particular, in the case of projects in existing enterprises. Project financing options should be selected taking into account the possibility of repaying the loan and paying the interest rate. The success of the project is affected by right choice sources of credit, which can be international financial institutions, specialized credit agencies, commercial banks, financial, investment and leasing companies, savings banks, wealthy individuals. Most often, the main source of loans are commercial banks. Financial institutions also take part in lending. Banking institutions analyze project options, organize project financing, act as a financial advisor, develop risk sharing schemes, and communicate with other creditors. Debt obligations - this is one of the forms of raising funds to increase equity, that is, the obligation of the enterprise to return to the creditor a certain amount of funds after a fixed period of time with an agreed premium in the form of a part of the profit from the project. In other words, it's a loan. It should be noted that this method of raising funds is associated with a certain risk. Therefore, even an increased interest rate does not make them financially attractive. In order for the financing conditions to be the most acceptable, the debtor's securities are added to debt obligations - guarantors, bonds with a fixed interest rate, converted and subordinated converted bonds.

Financing alternatives. Financing projects in the form of loans is more expedient for attracting investments in efficiently operating enterprises. Such businesses are not required to pay higher loan fees because of the low risk; in addition, they have the material security of the loan, since they have assets. When creating new enterprises, implementing new investment projects, the best source of financing is equity capital. For such projects, obtaining a loan is associated with a high risk, since it creates the introduction of a rigid system of payments in order to ensure the return of principal and interest. It can be difficult for new businesses to meet payment deadlines due to the slow increase in profits. Liquidity problems in the first years of operation of an object in such a situation may not be unleashed even for promising projects that can provide significant profits in the future. In world practice, the main form of raising funds for investment is expansion for equity capital, as well as loans and issuance of bonds. The preference for this form is that earnings per share depend on the performance of the enterprise, and the issuance of shares to the public increases their liquidity; with the help of shares, capital is attracted for an indefinite period and without obligations of return; An open joint stock company has more opportunities to raise capital than a closed joint stock company. However, there are certain problems: an increase in the number of shareholders makes it difficult to manage the enterprise, and the issue of shares leads to the splitting of profits between a large number of participants; an open sale of shares may result in the loss of control of the property. The main difference between own and borrowed financial resources is that in the case of attracting the latter, interest on loans is deducted from taxes, that is, they are included in gross costs, while dividends are paid from profits that remain at the disposal of the enterprise. This circumstance is a source of additional benefit for the enterprise.

Leasing financing. If an enterprise does not have free funds to buy equipment, it can apply to a leasing company. Instead of borrowing funds, an enterprise may lease equipment or other production assets. Such financing is called leasing. According to the drawn up agreement, the leasing company fully pays the manufacturer (or owner) the cost of the equipment and leases it with the right to purchase at the end of the lease. Thus, the enterprise receives a long-term loan from a leasing company, which it gradually pays off as a result of attributing lease payments to the cost of production. Leasing enables the company to obtain equipment and start its operation without withdrawing funds from the turnover.

Mortgage - This is a loan against the outpost of real estate. Mortgage is one of the important sources of financing projects in countries with market economies. The object of the outpost may be buildings, structures, houses, land and other types of real estate that are owned by enterprises and individuals. To finance projects, the following forms of mortgage loans are used: standard - payment of debt and payment of interest in equal installments; with an increase in payments initial stage increase in deposits at a certain constant rate, and then pay them out in constant amounts; with a variable payment amount - payment during the grace period of only interest without increasing the principal amount of the debt; with a fictitious account - opening a special account, to which the debtor deposits certain funds to secure the payment of contributions at the stage of project implementation.

In recent years, the developed countries of the world have been widely using project financing as one of the types of debt. Such financing consists in the fact that the creditor bank analyzes the proposed investment project, brings it to a level that makes it possible to organize its successful financing, negotiates with creditors, and transfers the formed version with specific conclusions and proposals to the customer on commercial terms. In this case, investors have a significant guarantee of the viability and effectiveness of the project. Project finance departments are part of many leading banking institutions.

Financing with full recourse to the borrower – The most common form of project financing. The preference is given because of the speed and ease of obtaining the funds needed to finance the project. The cost of this form is lower than the cost of the last two. This form is used in such cases:

To finance low-profit or non-commercial projects, whose customers have the opportunity to pay loans at the expense of the borrower's other profits, for example, projects that have a social focus;

When funds are provided in the form of an export credit; many specialized agencies providing such loans are able to take on the risks of projects without additional guarantees from third parties;

A recourse is a demand to repay a loan.

For projects with insufficiently reliable guarantees, even if they cover all risks;

For small projects that are very sensitive to slight cost increases.

When Financing without recourse to the supplier The lender does not have any guarantees from him and assumes almost all the risks associated with the implementation of the project. This form of financing has a high cost to the borrower as the lender hopes to receive adequate compensation for a high degree risk. Without recourse to the supplier, highly profitable projects are financed that result in competitive products. In order for lenders to risk investing in such a project, the following conditions are necessary:

The use of well-established technology, which makes it possible to produce competitive products;

The ability to assess the risks of construction, reaching the design capacity, as well as those associated with the operation of the project;

Possibility to assess the market of products to be realized in order to pre-determine price risks;

Reliable agreements with suppliers of raw materials, components, energy carriers and certain prices for these resources.

Now the project is rapidly spreading Financing with limited recourse per supplier . In this case, when financing a project, all the risks associated with its implementation are assessed, which are distributed among the project participants in such a way that everyone can take on the risks that depend on it. The advantages of this form include its moderate price and the maximum distribution of project risks for the supplier. At the same time, the parties interested in the implementation of the project assume specific commercial obligations.

Monitoring compliance with the conditions of financing is carried out by regular audits on the following aspects: actual costs; real money flow; the financial condition of the project and the company that implements the project; reporting; financial management; erroneous costs. The effectiveness of the project manager is evaluated mainly by how he organizes control over the costs of the project.

2. Development of project estimates.

Project cost planning is the most important component of its successful implementation. All project participants - suppliers, banks, contractors - must take into account the cost indicators of the project when planning their own activities. The cost plan for a project is called a budget. This is a set of documentary calculations necessary to determine the amount of project costs. The estimate has a double meaning: it is a document that determines the cost of the project; it is a tool for monitoring and analyzing the cost of funds and resources for a project.

Appointment of estimates. On the basis of estimates, the volume of investments is determined, which includes the costs of acquiring technological, energy, lifting and transport and other equipment, instruments, tools and production equipment necessary for the operation of the enterprise; for construction work; installation work; for the implementation of technical and author's inspection; for the development of project documentation and so on.

The correct definition of the estimated cost of the project is of great importance. How accurately the estimate reflects the level of necessary costs depends on the assessment of the economics of the project, planning of capital investments and financing. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the accuracy of determining the scope of work associated with the project. Estimates are made in the design process based on graphic materials, specifications to them and explanatory notes. Then determine the costs associated with the implementation of the project. Based on the estimated cost of the project, contractual prices are determined and contracts (agreements) are drawn up between customers and contractors, the general contractor and subcontractors. Estimated cost indicators are used to evaluate options for organizing work, choosing the most economically feasible one, as well as for comparing options for organizing work, choosing constructive and planned solutions, equipment and materials. Based on budget and calendar plan prepare the project budget and keep records of costs, prepare reports and evaluate the activities of the customer and contractor. Therefore, the estimated cost should not only cover the costs, but also ensure the receipt of the planned profit. Comparison of the estimated cost of work and actual costs is the basis for identifying sources of profit and reasons for unprofitable work. But in any case, the estimate only gives a forecast of the final cost of the project, and therefore the residual value becomes known only when the financing of the project is completed. All project costs that must be displayed in the project estimate can be accounted for in one of the following categories:

The main costs associated with the investment project; reserve funds in case of increased costs;

Costs associated with the creation of initial working capital;

Interest on obligations assumed for the period of project implementation.

Methods for determining the estimated cost. To determine the estimated cost of the project and its individual stages, resource and basic-compensation methods are used. The basic-compensation method is reduced to streamlining the estimate documentation using the existing estimate norms. The cost of the project and its individual stages is formed taking into account the actual costs and can be finally determined only after the completion of the project. The resource method for determining the cost consists in calculating the cost elements (resources) necessary for the implementation of the project in current or projected prices and tariffs. The cost price (future production costs) is calculated on the basis of the needs for equipment, materials, products and structures expressed in natural meters, data on their location and methods of delivery, energy costs for technological purposes, the operating time of equipment and machines, their composition, labor costs of workers . To determine the need for resources, use the information in the statement of the need for materials that are compiled during the design; data on labor costs of employees and on the time of use of equipment, machines and mechanisms; production norms for the cost of materials; collections of resource estimates. Resources, on the basis of which the cost of the relevant work is determined, are calculated for the project in general or for part of it. After that, the final (total) resource indicators are evaluated. To this end, it is recommended to preliminarily draw up a local resource sheet, which reflects the amount of resources for each type of work associated with the project.

Types of estimates. The estimated cost of projects, their parts and types of work is determined during design as part of projects and working documentation. For this, a consolidated estimate of the cost of the project, object and local estimates, local resource estimates, estimates for research, design and exploration work are compiled.

The consolidated estimate calculation is the main document by which the cost of the project is determined. It is compiled on the basis of object and local estimates, as well as estimates for additional costs not calculated in object and local estimates;

Object estimates are developed on the basis of local estimates for individual structural elements and types of work (costs for equipment, construction, installation and other types of work, for the organization of production and other costs associated with the object, as well as part of the reserve funds for unforeseen work and costs);

Local estimates are made according to working drawings for each type of work. They determine the estimated cost of structural elements and types of work. The scope of work is taken from the relevant statements and determined according to the working drawings. They are calculated according to the schemes, so it is easy to follow the process of calculations, the sequence of their implementation and the necessary formulas.

Estimated cost structure. Estimated cost is the total amount of costs associated with the implementation of the project. This cost should take into account the costs of construction work, installation of equipment, purchase of materials, equipment, tools and inventory, other capital costs, as well as a reserve for unforeseen expenses.

Estimated cost of materials, structures, parts and semi-finished products includes their cost, the cost of packaging, details, delivery, as well as procurement and storage costs.

Costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms include the cost of delivery of machines to the project site, their installation and dismantling, depreciation; the costs necessary for capital and current repairs and maintenance of machines; salary service personnel; the cost of fuels and lubricants, replacement parts and accessories.

overhead costs provided for the organization, management and maintenance of the project materialization process. Unlike direct costs, overheads are not related to the performance of work and reflect the costs of creating the necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the project materialization process.

Estimated profit - these are the funds necessary to cover individual (general) costs, which are included in the cost of work. The estimated profit covers the costs of paying income tax, developing production, stimulating employees and developing the social sphere.

To the composition Costs for the purchase of equipment, instruments, tools and production inventory Includes costs for the acquisition of technological, lifting and transport, energy and other equipment provided for by the project, which is subject to and not subject to installation; packaging and delivery, containers, as well as for the purchase or manufacture of devices, tools and inventory, without which it is impossible to operate the facility.

Other capital expenditures, which are included in the estimated cost - these are the costs of research, design and development work, in construction - the costs of developing the construction site, payment for the allocation of land plots, compensation for the cost of land alienated for construction, resettlement in connection with construction, training of operational personnel for the enterprise; various compensations and additional payments to employees.

Provision for unforeseen work and costs is intended to compensate for the cost of work and costs that cannot always be foreseen during the design, but they can penetrate into the detailed development of design decisions and the performance of work related to the implementation of the project. A certain reserve of funds is calculated as a percentage of the total estimated cost and depends on the object and industry. This reserve should be such as to ensure the implementation of the project without additional financial assistance.

Based on the estimated cost, the contract price is determined, which is the basis for contract bidding, and after its final agreement, the basis for drawing up the contract.

3. Development of the project budget.

It is necessary to plan the costs in such a way that they can meet the needs for financial resources throughout the entire period of the project. To do this, a project budget is drawn up - a plan that is expressed in quantitative terms and displays the costs necessary to achieve the goal. The budget reflects the estimated results of the adjusted schedule and project implementation strategy. The budget of an investment project must be drawn up so that all its components can be easily analyzed and verified. The overall budget reflects the cost of funds for the project by years throughout the entire period of its implementation. At the same time, the budget of the first year with quarterly and monthly distribution is determined with a high degree of accuracy, and the budgets of subsequent years may change with price changes. The plans of individual performers are based on the overall budget. The project budget, like the estimate, has a dual meaning: it is a plan of action, as well as a tool for management and control. A properly folded project budget is aimed at unleashing two main tasks: ensuring such dynamics of investments that will contribute to the implementation of the project, respectively, to time and financial constraints; reducing costs and reducing the risk of the project due to the appropriate investment structure and maximum tax benefits.

Project cost planning procedure. The initial information for cost planning is the project estimate documentation and its schedule. Before planning costs, the following work is performed: on the basis of the calendar plan, they make a list of work that must be performed in each time period (year, quarter, month); from the estimate documentation determine the cost of these works; calculate the cost of work by cost items (raw materials and materials, equipment, wages, overhead costs). When drawing up a project budget, costs are planned from general to specific. In addition to the list of main costs, the project budget should have an additional calendar, the degree of accuracy of which depends on the characteristic features of the project, the amount of capital investment, as well as specific requirements proposed by the lenders. In the calendar, information is divided into different periods (month, quarter, half year, year) and can be compiled both for the project as a whole and for its individual components. Components of the project calendar: cost calendar (including payment dates); payment terms, mainly for the main cost categories; critical moments of the project implementation and means of reducing the risks associated with it. The project implementation calendar has three levels.

The main tasks of budget control – Obtaining accurate cost estimates, their distribution over time, confirmation of costs, timeliness of cost reporting, identification of erroneous costs, preparation of a project financial status report, cost forecast. Control over the costs of financial resources is carried out by a special control group under the project manager. Cost control focuses on identifying variances from the plan, so project budget control is focused on meeting the original budget and identifying variances from it, rather than looking for cost savings. Plans and budgets are drawn up a year in advance, but their implementation is monitored regularly. Budgetary control provides for a detailed analysis of information on the implementation and status of project work. They carry out control in the following sequence: determine the volume of work performed and their estimated cost; compare the estimated cost of completed and planned work; determine the balances of the estimated cost and the actual costs of the work performed; compare actual costs with the estimated cost of work performed; determine the savings or costs of financial resources.

Preparation of cost reporting. During budgetary control, data on project costs are taken from accounting accounts. Project costs are associated with the transfer of funds to pay for materials, equipment, works and services. Costs that fall on the reporting period are called current. There are also production costs associated with the production process, and non-production (disposal of fixed assets, write-off of unclaimed receivables, etc.). When choosing cost control accounts for a project, the relationship between the project and accounting must be taken into account. Accounting information is used to prepare internal reporting for daily planning, monitoring, control and strategic planning, as well as external reporting for owners and other external organizations. The project status report based on accounting data is the main means of controlling the cost of the project. For different users who take part in the implementation of the project, they prepare reports with varying degrees of detail and for different articles. External reports have a special form and provide for a specific calculation procedure, their preparation is associated with the accepted accounting system.

Budget control system. Constant comparison of actual results with planned ones allows the project manager to evaluate the effectiveness of the project implementation and determine the degree of its compliance initial plan. If, as a result of budgetary control, it is revealed that the budget is being fulfilled and there are no deviations, then the work is carried out according to the plan. If the actual budget indicators do not correspond to the planned ones, it is necessary to identify the causes and source of deviations. If the budget is real, then the probable reason for its non-fulfillment is an insufficient level of control. In this case, it is necessary to adjust the execution of work, bringing them in line with the schedule and budget. In the event of a change in the general situation (for example, a change in prices) or the identification of errors made during the planning and execution of work, it is impossible to implement the planned budget, it must be reviewed and adjusted to the circumstances. This means that budgetary control consists in comparing actual costs with forecasted ones, and the last forecast with the initial budget. Based on this comparison, the parameters to which the initial budget should be adjusted to meet changing circumstances are determined.

Change of schedule and budget . If the actual state of affairs deviates from the plan, it is necessary to draw up a new calendar plan and make changes to the budget. Work on the calendar plan and budget lasts the entire period of the project. Expected changes in the cost of equipment, materials and wages must be calculated when predicting the cost of future work. Without these changes, schedules and budgets will become increasingly inefficient. At the same time, projected estimates of the duration and cost of the work can only be verified after the work has been completed. In a real project, its duration and cost are always interconnected. As a project progresses, delays affect cost, and budget issues can affect schedule adjustments. The problems of integrating information about the cost and the schedule are related to the fact that in practice they are developed by different groups of performers with varying degrees of detail. Therefore, the easiest way to determine the relationship between the duration of the project and its cost is to identify the cost elements associated with the project activities.

Financing, estimate and budget of the project - 3.3 out of 5 based on 3 votes

A project estimate is a printed document that establishes the scope and cost of work for the implementation of construction projects. The project estimate is a package of documents that serve as the basis for the customer and the contractor to sign the contract, mutual settlements, control over the expenditure of funds, and organization of production.

Regulatory documents

The procedure for the development, content and composition of design and estimate documentation is regulated by the "Regulations on the composition of sections of project documentation ...". The composition of the documentation under the contract for capital construction includes an estimate for design and survey work. It is compiled in accordance with the "Collection of basic prices ..." (CBC).

The "Regulation" is applied in the direct development of estimate documentation for reconstruction, overhaul and capital construction facilities, including:

production facilities;
non-production facilities;
linear objects.

General requirements for the preparation of design and estimate documentation are specified in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

Estimate for design and survey

Compilation procedure

When calculating the cost of design and survey work, the State standard "STsB" is used. The estimate for design and survey describes the main directions and tasks, the order and timing of design, determines the cost of design work. Design can be done in one or two stages. The CCB regulates the cost of work for both options.

At the “P” (Project) stage, fundamental decisions are made - the choice of the location of the object, the main architectural, planning and design decisions, the choice of equipment, the method of construction. At this stage, a summary estimate is drawn up. It is reviewed, approved or sent for revision.

At the “WP” (Working Draft) stage, the decisions made at the first stage are clarified and detailed. Working drawings, specifications and other documentation required at the construction site are created. Estimated documentation is also detailed - local and object estimates are developed.

The two-stage design method is preferable, since, with unsuccessful decisions, the costs of design and survey and development of estimates are minimal. The one-stage method is used in the design of small objects. In this case, local, object and summary estimates are compiled simultaneously.

Decor

The creation of an estimate for design and survey work is preceded by the signing of a design contract. It reflects the scope of design, deadlines and other important conditions.

The estimate for the design and survey is created in an arbitrary form and does not have an approved form, however, the requirements of the SBC must be observed. It is created in a simple writing, is approved and attached to the rest of the design documentation.

The estimate contains: