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Cultural heritage and the museum in the era of globalization. Summary: Problems of preserving cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations Globalization and the problem of preserving cultural diversity

Keywords

CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE/ GLOBALIZATION / PRESERVATION / PARTICULAR OBJECTS/ WORLD / INTERNATIONAL / TRADITIONS

annotation scientific article on other social sciences, author of scientific work - Nabiyeva U.N.

Target. The problems of conservation in the period of globalization, which has been gaining special intensity in recent decades and penetrating into various spheres of human life, are becoming especially relevant. Dagestan is a pronounced multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and has gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of this heritage can be classified as a social disaster comparable in its consequences to natural disasters on the planet. In this regard, the main goal is to develop proposals for the conservation and use cultural and natural heritage The Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization is a problem that sounds very relevant today. Methods. We used the analytical method of studying the problem, based on the study of scientific literature on the topic of heritage conservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we were guided by the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute cultural and natural heritage them. D.S. Likhachev. Results. In the article, the author presents proposals, the adoption of which will contribute to the conservation and use cultural and natural heritage The Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is the development of: 1) a long-term strategic policy document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use cultural and natural heritage; 2) a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) priority list especially valuable objects cultural, historical and natural heritage under threat (by analogy with the Red Books). Conclusions. It is necessary to develop at the state level a concept of preserving the natural and historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of a sociocultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the indigenous population, studying its languages, culture, traditions, organizing a system of protected areas of various types, use of unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Some aspects of the problem of preserving the cultural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization"

ECOLOGICAL TOURISM AND RECREATION

2015, Volume 10, N 2, p. 192-200 2015, Vol. 10, no. 2, rr. 192-200

UDC 572/930/85

DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2015-2-192-200

SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

Nabieva U.N.

FSBEI HPE "Dagestan State University", Faculty of Ecology and Geography, st. Dakhadaeva, 21, Makhachkala, 367001 Russia

Summary. Target. The problems of preserving cultural and natural heritage in the period of globalization, which has become especially intense in recent decades and penetrates into various spheres of human life, are becoming especially relevant. Dagestan is a pronounced multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and has gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of this heritage can be classified as a social disaster comparable in its consequences to natural disasters on the planet. In this regard, the main goal is to develop proposals for the preservation and use of the cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization - a problem that sounds very relevant today. Methods. We used the analytical method of studying the problem, based on the study of scientific literature on the topic of heritage conservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we were guided by the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. D.S. Likhachev. Results. In the article, the author presents proposals, the adoption of which will contribute to the preservation and use of the cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is the development of: 1) a long-term strategic program document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage; 2) a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) a priority list of especially valuable objects of cultural, historical and natural heritage under threat (by analogy with the Red Books). Conclusions. It is necessary to develop at the state level a concept of preserving the natural historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of a sociocultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the autochthonous population, studying its languages, culture, traditions, organizing a system of protected areas of various types, using unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes.

Key words: cultural and natural heritage, globalization, preservation, especially valuable objects, world, international, traditions.

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SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF DAGESTAN REPUBLIC UNDER GLOBALIZATION

FSBEIHPE Dagestan State University

Department of Ecology and Geography 21 Dahadaeva st., Makhachkala, 367001 Russia

abstract. aim. Problems of preservation of cultural and natural heritage in the era of globalization, acquiring intensity and penetration in various spheres of human activity in recent decades, are particularly relevant. The Republic of Dagestan is a multi-ethnic region located at the crossroads of world cultures and passed a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. The loss of the heritage can be attributed to one of social disasters, and in its consequences can be compared to the natural disasters on the planet. In this connection, the main aim is to develop proposals for the preservation and use of cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan under globalization, a problem that sounds very relevant today. methods. We used an analytical method to study the problem, based on the study of the scientific sources on heritage conservation in the context of globalization. In addition, we followed the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage. results. In the article we make suggestions that will contribute to the conservation and utilization of cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of globalization. The main task today is to develop the following: 1) long-term strategic policy document for justification of national policies in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage; 2) draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management; 3) the priority list of the most endangered and valuable objects of cultural, historical and natural heritage. Conclusions. At the state level, a concept should be developed of preservation of the natural and historical environment of ethnic groups, ways of life and traditional forms of management, including the creation of socio-cultural programs aimed at improving the living conditions of the indigenous population, the study of its language, culture, traditions, organization of the system of protected areas of different types, use of unique natural and cultural facilities for recreational purposes.

Keywords: cultural and natural heritage, globalization, preservation, particularly valuable objects, world, international, traditions.

INTRODUCTION

characteristic feature modern stage of social development is a contradictory, at first glance, the process of coexistence of two interrelated and interdependent trends. On the one hand, this is the trend of globalization and universalization of life: the development of global communication systems, transnational media, mass migrations and other processes of modern society. On the other hand, there is a tendency to preserve cultural individuality.

In modern society, as experts note, the interdependence of culture and politics is increasing, actualizing the issues of cultural policy and social identity in the context of a rapidly changing world.

From the point of view of the American philosopher F.D. Jameson, globalization means not only the unprecedented interpenetration of national cultures, but also the merging of business and culture and the formation of a new world culture. The Russian philosopher V.M. Mezh-uev: “Such a “globalization” in the sphere of culture, caused by the subordination of culture to the laws of the market, leads to the suppression of original ethnic and national cultures, dooms them to oblivion and dying” .

On the other hand, globalization creates opportunities for mutual enrichment of cultures. The growth of the prestige of folk culture and the need of members of society for knowledge of the historical past, the social and cultural experience of previous generations is not just a tribute to the political situation, but an urgent task that arises in the conditions of universalization. It is explained by the widespread desire of peoples to preserve their identity, to emphasize the uniqueness of their customs and way of life. In the Declaration and Program of Action of the Millennium Forum "We the peoples: strengthening the UN in the 21st century", adopted

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peoples are deeply concerned that the current process of globalization. in many cases leads to the denial of indigenous peoples' rights to their culture." .

As Russian culturologists note, modern culture is characterized by two complementary trends - integration, which leads, on the one hand, to the formation of a global mass culture that unites people regardless of gender, age, religion, and on the other hand, diversification, an increase in the diversity of cultural communities.

With an increasing impact on the worldview of people, modern processes tend to dissolve original cultures, especially developing countries, in new economic trade and market relations. The desire to hinder the processes of world globalization can be explained, first of all, by the desire of modern countries to preserve the diversity of their cultural traditions. National cultures seek to defend their historical identity and ethnic independence.

The accelerating rates of population migration and mobility increase the number of direct contacts between the bearers of different subcultures. It is in the sphere of culture, at the level of mass consciousness, that it is necessary to stimulate motivation and build up the potential for Russia's modernization.

The current international political environment is not characterized by stability. This is evidenced by recent events in the world. There is a direct expansion, the imposition by some, more developed states of their norms, rules and principles of social life, cultural patterns, educational standards to other, less developed national-state systems under the slogan of creating a single socio-cultural space and the movement of all mankind in a progressive direction.

Along with the erosion of the former spaces of existence of ethno-cultural integrity, globalization leads to another mixture of peoples. At the same time, each ethnic group strives to preserve its cultural integrity and spiritual image, to capture and preserve the uniqueness and originality of its culture. In the dual ethno-cultural process of “globalization” and “nationalization”, a universal culture is being formed with the simultaneous flourishing of national cultures and the national ethnic identity of peoples. At present, it is almost impossible to find a single ethnic group that has not been influenced by the cultures of other peoples.

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS

The North Caucasus has always been a region of highly developed material and spiritual culture and a place of interaction for many cultures and peoples. Ethnic psychology and self-consciousness of the peoples of the North Caucasus are connected with their history and settlement.

Local, national cultures acutely and painfully perceive the process of convergence of elements of a foreign culture, if the process is unilaterally directed and is associated with the loosening of the national culture from the inside, washing out the ethnic value content from it, and sometimes acquiring in return only that which deforms the national consciousness and cultural heritage.

The processes of globalization cause a crisis in the culture of an ethnos, which is associated with the breaking of old cultural customs, worldview stereotypes, spiritual values, with the simultaneous generation of new "values" that are not characteristic of the former worldview. The determinant of value changes in the ethno-social dimension is the new consumer standard penetrating into people's lives, which is characteristic of Western European civilization. A person from a creator turns into a consumer with ever-growing demands.

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“Universal culture,” writes L.N. Gumilyov, - one for all peoples, is impossible, since all ethnic groups have a different enclosing composition of the landscape and a different past that forms the present, both in time and in space. The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and it is this mosaic of humanity as a species that gives it plasticity, thanks to which the Homo sapiens species survived on planet Earth.

In other words, there is a planetary process of formation of a single, universal, global culture market life. Under these conditions, will the national-cultural value systems be able to preserve their originality? Most likely not, and if so, then only as ethno-national reserves, which will be an expression of a certain cultural and historical era that has stopped in its development, and will be of interest as an ethno-cultural heritage of autochthonous peoples. That is, the formation of a global consciousness is taking place, which requires qualitative changes in the public consciousness of small and large peoples, countries with different structures. The new consciousness requires the rejection of established stereotypes and social myths that do not correspond to the realities of today and do not reflect the interests and trends of social development.

It is necessary to conduct this dialogue in such a way that Russia and other regions are strengthened in their cultural and moral foundation. Russia should position itself as a center of concentration of the spiritual power of the peoples living in it, capable of rallying the international community around the ideas of jointly solving global civilizational problems and a civilized dialogue between neighboring regions, primarily with the aim of building a non-violent world, respecting international law and recognizing universal humanistic values.

It should be stated that in recent years, there have been trends in the world to revise attitudes towards natural and cultural heritage, and the problem of studying the spatial diversity of culture is becoming an urgent task of our time.

This is also due to the fact that it is the heritage, as Yu.L. Mazurov, plays a decisive role in ensuring sustainable development - an unparalleled concept of the survival of mankind.

At the same time, it should be noted that in recent years the role of traditional cultures has been noticeably weakening due to the rapidly accelerating processes of globalization. The post-industrial civilization has realized the highest potential of the cultural heritage, the need for its conservation and efficient use as one of the most important resources of the world economy.

The loss of cultural values is irreplaceable and irreversible. Any loss of heritage will inevitably affect all areas of the life of present and future generations, lead to spiritual impoverishment, breaks in historical memory, and impoverishment of society as a whole. They cannot be compensated for either by the development of modern culture or by the creation of significant new works. Some of them have already disappeared from the map of the Earth, others are on the verge of extinction. The world community is beginning to realize the depth and scale of the impending danger.

Dagestan is a unique testing ground as a pronounced multi-ethnic region, located at the junction of world cultures and having gone through a difficult path of political, socio-economic and cultural development. Dagestan is part of a larger geocultural region of the Caucasus, which occupies a unique geopolitical and geocultural position, a region where a barrier and, at the same time, the age-old interaction of Christianity, primarily Orthodoxy, Islam and Buddhism, has emerged; dominant trade routes passed here.

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Photo 1. VI century Citadel and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Photo 1. VI century Citadel and Fortress Buildings of Derbent

The first settlements in the Derbent region arose in the Early Bronze Age - at the end of the 4th millennium BC, they are among the oldest centers of the early agricultural cultures of the Caucasus and the Middle East. Considering the historical and cultural value of the complex monument "Ancient Derbent", it is defined as unique and exceptional for civilization, as well as "an outstanding example of construction and architectural ensemble and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in Russian Federation. This nomination includes 449 objects of cultural heritage, including 228 federal and 221 regional. Other significant objects located on the territory of the republic are also considered for inclusion in this list. Many of them are in disrepair and in need of overhaul and restoration.

Currently, in order to preserve historical monuments, work is underway to bring cultural heritage sites into proper condition, in connection with preparations for the celebration in December 2015 of the 2000th anniversary of the founding of the city of Derbent. Repair and restoration work is underway on the fortress walls and towers of the Naryn-Kala citadel, in the sections of the Northern Fortress Wall and the Southern Fortress Wall and other objects.

Some researchers, noting the features of the Caucasian region, associate its formation with a special local civilization. Dagestan is a country of mountains, and here there is a certain commonality of spiritual and everyday culture, national psychology, there is an interpenetration of Asian and European cultures.

As features of the geocultural space, one can note polyethnicity, religious syncretism (synthesis of local paganism with world religions), a combination of high mountains, foothills and plains, which determine the presence of terraced agriculture, alpine cattle breeding, the priority role of geographical conditions, which was especially noticeable in the early historical stages, which was reflected in the ethnolinguistic diversity of the region, the emergence of many worlds: the world of nomads and settled inhabitants, highlanders and steppe dwellers, alien tribes and autochthons.

All features are especially pronounced on the territory of Dagestan with its more than thirty autochthonous cultures. What is their future - melting down into some kind of common, "averaged" culture or unity in diversity? This is not a new, but still relevant issue makes Dagestan extremely interesting for researchers.

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The study of the differentiation of the geocultural space of Dagestan is based on the definition of culture as a trinity of mentifacts (attributes of consciousness, ideology), artifacts ( material items, techniques and means) and sociofacts (social tools for the formation, reproduction and preservation of culture).

The multilevel nature of culture makes the geocultural space of Dagestan multi-layered, associated with the objects of study by various sciences: history, cultural studies, geography, economics, philosophy, sociology. By now, the concepts of cultural landscapes, geo-ethno-cultural and socio-cultural systems, historical-cultural and natural-cultural complexes, economic and cultural areas, etc. have already been formed. Our study is based on the methodology developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. D.S. Likhachev.

The globalization of culture undermines the foundations of creative diversity and cultural pluralism, which is especially dangerous for the cultural heritage of a few ethnic groups, which include the peoples of Dagestan. In our opinion, the preservation of the heritage of ethnic groups, ethno-cultural values is a very complex problem that requires the intervention of the state, science, and religion.

On a global scale, Dagestan, despite all its inherent originality of natural and historical conditions and territorial structure, can be considered as one unique natural, economic and cultural landscape complex of the Eurasian region.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Summing up what has been said, it can be noted that the cultural heritage of Dagestan is a complex, continuously developing dynamic structure. However, the absence of state programs aimed at maintaining and preserving cultural heritage will lead to its loss.

At this stage, in our opinion, the following is necessary:

Development of a concept for the preservation of the natural and historical habitat of ethnic groups, their way of life and traditional methods of management;

Creation of a special socio-cultural program aimed at improving the living conditions of the autochthonous population, studying its languages, folklore, traditions and characteristics;

Organization of a system of protected areas of various types, including museum-reserves based on historical settlements and battlefields, biosphere reserves based on unique natural complexes and national parks;

Development of proposals for the use of unique natural and cultural complexes for recreational purposes (development of the tourism industry).

The strategic objective of the national heritage policy should be to increase the effectiveness of the conservation of cultural heritage and effective use for the benefit of present and future generations. Based on this, the most important directions for the preservation of cultural heritage can be identified:

Socialization of the problem of preserving cultural heritage through the most complete inclusion of civil society structures in it; diversification of the forms of heritage management through the involvement of civil society and business structures in it, while maintaining the leading role of the state;

In order to improve work on the conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects, it is necessary to speed up the creation of a separate body authorized in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects that are not endowed with functions, not

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provided for by the Law, as required by the Federal Law of October 22, 2014 N 315-FZ (as amended on July 13, 2015) “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Cultural Heritage Objects (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation” and certain legislative acts Russian Federation" .

Integration of cultural and natural heritage as objects of state policy;

Development of education in the field of historical (natural and cultural) heritage from secondary and higher schools, improvement of the system of training and retraining of personnel in this area;

Development of a long-term strategic policy document to substantiate the national policy in the field of protection and use of cultural and natural heritage;

Development of a draft law on measures of state support for the preservation of cultural heritage and heritage management;

Development of a priority list of especially valuable objects of cultural and natural heritage under threat (similar to the Red Data Books).

Modern technologies practically destroy the concepts of distance and national borders and actively lay the foundation for information and cultural inequality. The balance is changing in many areas of human life, in particular between the national and the global, the global and the local. Therefore, despite the processes taking place in modern culture, it is still a collection of many original cultures and their interactions.

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Nabieva Umukusum Nabievna - Doctor of Geography, Professor, Department of Recreational Geography and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Faculty of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, st. Dakhadaeva, 21. E-mail: [email protected]

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Nabieva Umukusum Nabievna - Doctor of Geography, Professor of the Department of Recreative Geography and Stable Development, Dagestan State University, Ecological-Geographical Faculty, 21, Dakhadaev st., Makhachkala, 367001 Russia. Email: [email protected]

Structural-semiotic studies of culture

Religious and philosophical understanding of culture by Russian thinkers

Game concept of culture j. Huizinga

III. Culture as a system of values Functions of culture as a socionormative system

Classification of values. Values and norms

Culture levels

IV. Culture -

Sign-symbolic system

Language as a sign method of fixation,

Processing and transfer of information

Sign and symbol. The symbolic mechanism of culture

Culture as text. Text and symbol

V. Subjects of culture The concept of the subject of culture. The People and the Mass

Personality as a subject of culture. Sociocultural typology of personalities

Intelligentsia and the cultural elite, their role in the development of culture

VI. Myth and Religion in the Value System of Culture Myth as the Primary Form of Social Consciousness

The essence of religion. Religion and culture

Religion in modern culture

VII. Modern world religions Historical stages of development of religion. The concept of world religion

Buddhism

Christianity

VIII. Morality is humanistic

Founding culture

Foundation of culture and universal regulator

human relations

Moral Contradictions and Moral Freedom

Moral consciousness in the modern world

Culture of conduct and professional ethics

Scientific knowledge and its relation to morality and religion

The concept of technology. Socio-cultural significance of modern science and technology

X. Art in the system of culture Aesthetic development of the world, types and functions of art

Art among other areas of culture

Forms of artistic consciousness

Postmodernism: pluralism and relativism

XI. Culture and nature The way society adapts to nature and transforms it

Nature as a value of culture

Sociocultural conditionality of the ecological problem and ecological culture

XII. Sociodynamics of culture Culture and society, their relationship

The main types of cultural processes. Counterculture

Modernization and globalization in contemporary culture

XIII. Man in the world of culture Socialization and inculturation

Personality in different types of cultures

Human corporality and culture

XIV. Intercultural communications Communication and communication. Their structure and process

Cultural perception and ethnic relations

Principles of modern intercultural communication

XV. Typology of cultures Variety of criteria for typology of cultures

Formational and civilizational typologies

Consanguineous, ethnic, national cultures

Confessional types of cultures

Subculture

XVI. The West-Russia-East Problem: A Culturological Aspect The Value System of Western European Culture

Sociocultural foundations of Eastern culture

Specificity and features of the dynamics of Russian culture

Sociocultural relations of Russia with Europe and Asia. The current sociocultural situation in Russia

XVII. Culture in context

global civilization

Civilization as a sociocultural community.

Typology of civilizations

The role of culture in the dynamics of civilizations

Globalization and the problem of preserving cultural diversity

Basic concepts

Intelligence is a characteristic of a person, the defining qualities of which are: humanism, high spirituality, a sense of duty and honor, a measure in everything.

Philosophy is a system of ideas, rationally substantiated universal knowledge about the world and the place of man in it.

Russian language

Forms of existence of the national language

Literary language is the highest form of the national language

Russian language is one of the world languages

Language norm, its role in the formation and functioning of the literary language

II. Language and speech Speech interaction

Speech in interpersonal and social relations

III. Functional styles of speech of the modern Russian language General characteristics of functional styles

scientific style

Formal business style

Newspaper-journalistic style

Art style

Conversational style

IV. Formal business style

Modern Russian language

Scope of operation

Official business style

Unification of the language and rules for issuing official documents

V. Culture of speech The concept of culture of speech

Culture of business speech

The culture of colloquial speech

VI. oratorical speech

Features of oral public speech

The speaker and his audience

Speech preparation

Basic concepts

Public relations

I. Essence pr Content, purpose and scope

Principles of Public Relations

Public and public opinion

II. Pr in marketing and management Main types of marketing activities

Pr in the management system

III. Fundamentals of communication in pr The function of pr in modern communications

Verbal communications in PR

Non-verbal communications in pr

IV. Relations with the media (media) Mass communications and their functions

The role of the media in modern society

Genres of analytical and artistic journalism

V. Consumers and employees Relations with consumers

Relationships with employees

Means of intraorganizational communications

VI. Relations with the state and the public Lobbying: its goals, objectives, basic principles

VII. Comprehensive directions in pr activity Concept, choice and formation of publicity

The concept, formation and maintenance of the image

Organization of special events

VIII. Pr in a multicultural environment Factors of actualization of multinational business communications. Levels of business culture

Cultural differences: criteria, content and meaning in pr

Western and Eastern business cultures

IX. Features of public relations in modern Russia The originality of the Russian mentality and pr

The origin and development of domestic pr

Creation of a raso

Morality in the PR industry

Russian code of professional and ethical principles in the field of public relations

Basic concepts

Attention students and graduate students!

Attention: eureka!

Globalization and the problem of preserving cultural diversity

One of the main trends of modern humanity is the formation of a global civilization. Having appeared in separate corners of the planet, humanity has now mastered and populated almost the entire surface of the Earth; a single global community of people is formed.

At the same time, a new phenomenon arose - the phenomenon of the globality of events and processes. Events taking place in certain regions of the Earth have an impact on the life of many states and peoples; information about events in the world, due to the development of modern means of communication and the media, is almost immediately distributed everywhere.

The formation of a planetary civilization is based on such factors as the processes of economic, socio-political, cultural integration, largely accelerated by the scientific and technological revolution; industrialization, the deepening of the social division of labor, the formation of the world market.

An important factor is also the need to unite states to solve the global problems of our time.

The means of communication, from those that have already become traditional (radio, television, press) to the latest (Internet, satellite communications), have covered the entire planet.

Simultaneously with the processes of integration in various areas of human life, international structures and interstate unions are also being formed that are trying to regulate them. In the economic sphere, these are the EEC, OPEC, ASEAN and others, in the political sphere - the UN, various military-political blocs such as NATO, in the cultural sphere - UNESCO.

Life styles (mass culture, fashion, food, press) are also globalized. So, various kinds of pop, pop and rock music, standardized action movies, soap operas, horror films are increasingly filling the cultural niche. Thousands of McDonald's restaurants operate in many countries around the world. Fashion shows in France, Italy and other countries dictate clothing styles. In almost any country you can buy any newspaper or magazine, watch foreign TV shows and films via satellite channels.

The already huge number of people in the world who speak English is constantly increasing. And now we can say with confidence about the onset of mass American culture and the corresponding way of life.

As the processes of globalization of culture and people's lives develop, opposite trends are becoming more and more apparent. This is due to the fact that the change in the underlying values of culture is much slower than civilizational changes. Performing its protective function, the value core of culture prevents the transition of civilization to new conditions of life. According to a number of culturologists, the erosion of the values of the cultural core of modern Western European civilization has led to the suppression of the trend towards the integration of world civilization by another sharply marked trend - towards isolation, the cultivation of one's own uniqueness.

And this process is quite natural, although it can have a large number of negative consequences. The cultivation of the uniqueness of this or that ethnic group, people gives rise to cultural, and then political nationalism, can serve as the basis for the development of religious fundamentalism and fanaticism. All this is becoming the cause of numerous armed conflicts and wars today.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to see in the values of local cultures an obstacle on the way to world civilization. It is spiritual values that determine the progress of civilization, the ways of its development. Mutual enrichment of cultures allows accelerating the pace of development of society, "compressing social time." Experience shows that each subsequent historical epoch (civilizational cycle) is shorter than the previous one, although not to the same extent for different peoples.

There are a number of approaches to the prospects for the interaction of local cultures and world civilization.

Proponents of one of them argue that society in the future will also be a set of autonomously developing civilizations and cultures, which will preserve the spiritual foundations, the originality of the culture of various peoples, and can also become a means of overcoming the crisis of technogenic civilization generated by the dominance of Western European cultural values. The interaction of different cultures will lead to the emergence of new life guidelines, to the formation of the cultural foundation of a new cycle of civilization development.

Proponents of a different approach seek to go beyond the dilemma: the standard uniformity of the future society or the preservation of the diversity of local civilizations and cultures, devoid of commonality in development. According to this approach, the problem of world global civilization should be perceived as understanding the meaning of history in its unity and diversity. Evidence of this is the desire of mankind for planetary interaction and cultural unity. Each civilization carries a certain part of the values of a universal nature (first of all, social, moral values). This part unites mankind, is its common property. Among these values, one can single out the respect of a person for a person in society, compassion, religious and secular humanism, a certain intellectual freedom, recognition of the right to creativity, values of a socio-economic, political and environmental nature. Based on this, a number of scientists put forward the idea of metaculture as a common cultural denominator. Moreover, metaculture within the framework of this approach should be understood as the accumulation of universal human values that ensure the survival and integrity of mankind in its development.

Similar approaches, despite different starting points, are very similar in their conclusions. They reflect the fact that humanity is faced with the need to choose and recognize socio-cultural values that could form the core of a future civilization. And in choosing values, one should carefully study the original experience of each culture.

Moreover, according to many ethnographers, differences in culture are a natural and fundamental condition for universality in the development of mankind. If the differences between them disappear, it is only to reappear in a different form. It is necessary to regulate the interaction and collision of integration and disintegration processes. Realizing this, already today many peoples and states are voluntarily striving to prevent clashes, eliminate contradictions in relations with each other and find common ground in culture.

The global human civilization cannot be viewed as a standardized, impersonal community of people formed on the basis of Western or American culture. It should be a diverse, but integral community, preserving the uniqueness and originality of its constituent peoples.

Integration processes are an objective and natural phenomenon leading to a single humanity, and therefore, in the interests of its preservation and development, “... not only common principles and rules for living together, but also a common responsibility for the fate of each person should be established. “But whether such a society will become a reality, whether humanity will be able to move from the awareness of its unity to real unity and, ultimately, while maintaining the national identity of individual communities, a world social system of an open type ... is not at all obvious. This will depend on a variety of factors that are largely related to the clash of interests in the global world.” 40

	Tasks. Questions.	Answers.
	What is the relationship between the concepts of "culture" and "civilization"? What are the approaches to the typology and periodization of "civilizations"? What is the role of culture in the development of civilizations? Expand the content of the concept of "sociogenetic code". What is the essence of the crisis of modern technogenic civilization? What factors make the process of globalization inevitable? What are the main problems of the formation of a global civilization? What is the reason for the emergence of anti-integration tendencies - the desire of individual nations for self-isolation? What does the term "global cultural space" mean? What are the approaches to the prospects for the interaction of local cultures and the emerging unified world civilization? Are the values of local cultures an obstacle on the way to world civilization? What are the prospects for the development of modern civilization?
Tasks. Tests.		Answers.
1. Who was the first in the history of theoretical thought to introduce the concept of "civilization": a) K. Marx; b) V. Mirabeau; c) L. Morgan; d) J.-J. Rousseau. 2. What theory puts the criterion of the level of technical and technological development as the basis for the development of society: a) the theory of the unifying role of "world religions"; b) the theory of stages of economic growth; c) the theory of the determining role of the modes of material production; d) the theory of open” and “closed” civilizations. 3. What factors accelerate the development of modern integration processes in the world: a) the spread of world religions; b) development of information technologies; c) dissemination and approval of universal human values; d) economic development. 4. According to A. Toynbee, in the future it is possible to achieve the unity of mankind on the basis of a unifying role: a) the economy; b) information technology; c) world religions; d) environmental problems. 5. The values of technogenic civilization are: a) pragmatism; b) humanism; c) recognition of nature as a value in itself; d) the cult of science. 6. The core of culture, which ensures the stability and adaptive capabilities of society, is called: a) a hierarchy of values; b) archetype; c) sociogenetic code; d) material basis. 7. According to many researchers, the most important feature of a technogenic civilization is: a) effective information technologies; b) loss of human power over technology; c) the cult of science and reason; d) unification of lifestyle. 8. The concept of metaculture means: a) erosion of the values of Western European culture; b) accumulation of universal values; c) erasure of intercultural differences; d) accepting the values of any culture as a common basis.

In the context of globalization, the factors that determine the development of the sphere of culture are radically changing. There is a dominance of the pragmatically useful side in socio-cultural activity, social life, which leads to the erosion of values, deformation of the principle of utility and sharply poses the problem of the very existence of culture and society. Along with the erosion of the former spaces of existence of ethno-cultural integrity, globalization leads to another mixture of peoples. At the same time, each nation strives to preserve its cultural integrity and spiritual image, to capture and preserve the uniqueness and uniqueness of its culture. In the dual ethno-cultural process of “globalization” and “nationalization”, a universal culture is being formed with the simultaneous flourishing of national cultures and the national ethnic identity of peoples. At present, it is almost impossible to find a single ethnic group that has not been influenced by the cultures of other peoples.
The North Caucasus has always been a region of highly developed material and spiritual culture and a place of interaction for many cultures and peoples. Ethnic psychology and self-consciousness of the peoples of the North Caucasus is continuously connected with their history and culture.
The respect for ancestors characteristic of the peoples of the Caucasus, the depth of historical memory, recorded not only in the chronicle, but also in historical legends, genealogies, epic, the peculiarities of socio-economic and cultural development - all this led to the formation of the mentality of the peoples of the North Caucasus.
The study of the history and national culture of the Kabardians and Balkars is today one of the actively developing areas in anthropology, ethnography, and cultural history. Increased attention of peoples to their traditional culture is currently due to the increased interest of society in the historical and ethno-cultural heritage. The growth of the prestige of folk culture and the need of members of society to know the historical past, the social and cultural experience of previous generations is not just a tribute to the political situation, but an urgent task that arises in the conditions of universalization and globalization. It is explained by the widespread desire of peoples to preserve their identity, to emphasize the uniqueness of customs and psychological structure, to write new chapters in ethnic history and the history of mankind. The spread of the same cultural patterns around the world, the openness of borders to cultural influence and the expanding cultural communication, forced scientists to talk about the process of globalization of modern culture. This process has both positive and negative sides.
In the context of globalization, the preservation of the traditional value orientations of the Kabardians and Balkars contributes to the revival of the national culture of the region. The confidence of an ethnic group in the positivity and value of its culture allows it to show tolerance towards other cultures. As a result, national values are enriched with the achievements of locally developing cultural systems, their certain transformation, integration with universal cultural values.
North Caucasian etiquette is an integral part of the code of unwritten laws, customs that regulate the behavior of peoples in all areas of the traditional way of life. Each type of relationship is regulated by the relevant norms that are passed down from generation to generation. Thanks to etiquette, the Kabardian and Balkar culture, while changing, has basically survived as a stable system in the context of globalization. At the same time, it has always demonstrated and continues to demonstrate its openness to renewal and development. Therefore, the three main ethnic groups republics

COURSE WORK

CONSERVATION ISSUES
CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CONTENT:

INTRODUCTION… 3

1.Activity international organizations in the preservation of cultural heritage… 5

1.1. Concept, types and international legal status of cultural heritage ... 5

1.2. International Organizations in the World Cultural Heritage System… 11

Chapter 2. Preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations (on the example of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage) ... 15

2.1.Mission and goals of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage… 15

2.2. Programs to promote the protection of cultural heritage… 16

2.3. Overview of the exhibition "THE WORLD IN THE EYES OF A CHILD"… 18

CONCLUSION… 21

Only recently have cultural institutions around the world realized the need to convey to the widest possible audience, including politicians, the message of how important the protection of cultural heritage is to the quality of people's daily lives. Often our perception of culture is so direct that we take cultural heritage for granted, not realizing how fragile it is and how it is subject to various threats coming from nature and people. These include: uncontrolled commercial activity, the constant lack of funds necessary for the preservation and maintenance of cultural monuments, as well as indifference when the preservation of cultural heritage is considered as a secondary task.

Although the preservation of cultural heritage has come to be regarded by the governments of many countries as a task of great public importance, in the public mind, the understanding of the importance of protecting cultural monuments is still far behind the understanding of the need to protect the environment and wildlife.

Despite a certain interest recently shown by domestic scientists to the topic under consideration, the problems of protecting cultural property in the activities of international organizations at the present stage have not yet received proper coverage in the literature.

These factors combined have led to the purpose of the course work, which stands in the analysis of the main activities of international organizations for the preservation of cultural values.

1. Activities of international organizations in conservation
cultural heritage

1.1. Concept, types and international legal status
cultural heritage

The range of objects related to cultural values is wide and varied. They differ in the nature of origin, in the form of implementation, in the value they represent for social development, and in many other criteria. Naturally, all these differences are reflected in legal regulation cultural values.

From a socio-legal point of view, it is of interest to divide these objects into: spiritual and material; movable and immovable; by value - on the values of universal, federal and local significance; according to the form of ownership - on the values that are in federal, municipal and private property; by appointment - for values that, due to their qualitative characteristics, should be used mainly for research, as well as for cultural, educational and educational purposes, cultural values, the main purpose of organizing the use of which is to ensure their optimal preservation, on the one hand, and accessibility for sightseeing tours and tourists, on the other hand, and values that have retained their functional purpose well enough, which on this basis can be used for the same or close to them public, economic or other purposes in modern conditions.

Consideration of cultural values from the position of philosophy allows us to say that the values of culture are a value derived from the relationship between the world and man, and include both what is in the world and what a person creates in the process of history.

The policy of the state in relation to cultural values is, as a rule, protective. The only exceptions are short periods of revolutions and reforms. In the Soviet period of Russian history, the priorities of cultural policy were determined exclusively by the state, with the beginning of reforms, the activities of public social systems and, above all, international organizations are becoming increasingly important in the preservation of cultural heritage, but the state has not lost its protective function.

The legislation of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, as well as local legislation on the preservation and use of cultural property, must be considered in the context of the international regulatory system, in the context of the concept of world cultural heritage (property), which is normatively enshrined in modern international law. Its essence can be summarized as follows:

1. States, in accordance with their domestic legislation, have the right to declare certain cultural property inalienable (clause d, article 13 of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 1970).

2. Cultural values that are national cultural heritage (property) are recognized as the world heritage (property) of mankind. The ownership of these valuables cannot be transferred or appropriated by another people (state) (clause 1, article 6 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972).

3. States are obliged to facilitate the return to interested states of valuables illegally removed from their territory.

The starting point for the formation of this concept was the promotion in the second half of the 60s of the twentieth century in international public law of the concept of "common heritage of mankind" in relation to the seabed and its resources beyond national jurisdiction and somewhat later - in the early 70s - in relation to Moon and other celestial bodies and their resources.

In 1972, under the auspices of UNESCO, the Convention on the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted, as well as the Recommendation on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage in the National Plan, in which the above terms were used for the first time in the light of a coherent concept.

The Russian Federation participates in the aforementioned convention and bears the obligations arising from it by way of general succession under treaties of the USSR.

This concept has found a corresponding refraction at the regional pan-European level. According to the conventions of 1969 and 1985, adopted within the framework of the Council of Europe, the architectural and archaeological heritage of Europe is recognized as "the common heritage of all Europeans". The Russian Federation has been a full member of this authoritative international organization since February 1996 and participates in the above conventions.

The cultural program of the Council of Europe aims to:

→ promoting awareness and development of this identity, which constitutes the cultural mosaic of our continent;

→ search for joint solutions to problems such as the globalization of the economy and its consequences that Member States face in their cultural policies.

Based on the analysis of the legislation of a number of states (USA, England, Germany, France), as well as the principles and norms of international law, it can be concluded that in the above countries, as well as in the practice of international organizations, in particular, UNESCO and the Council of Europe for designations of cultural property, the two most common concepts are used: cultural heritage - das Kulturerbe (cultural heritage) and cultural property - das Kulturgut - patrimoine culturel (literally: cultural property). At the same time, the term "cultural property" in its content in one of the meanings is equivalent to the concept of "national wealth" and therefore is fully reasonably translated into Russian as "cultural property" .

Evidence of the concern of the world community for cultural heritage are the most important international legal acts in this area - the conventions for the protection of cultural property: the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing Illicit Import, Export and transfer of ownership of cultural property, 1970, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, etc.

For example, in accordance with Article 4 of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property dated November 14, 1970, according to the criterion enshrined in this international legal instrument - according to the source of origin and creation - five groups of movable cultural property classified as cultural heritage. The first group includes "cultural property created by individuals or groups of persons who are citizens of a given state, and cultural property that is important for a given state and created on the territory of this state by foreign citizens or stateless persons residing in the territory of this state." The second group includes the values found on the national territory. To the third - cultural values acquired by archaeological, ethnological and natural-scientific expeditions with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these values come from. The fourth group includes values acquired as a result of voluntary exchanges. And, finally, in the fifth - cultural values received as a gift or legally bought with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where they originate.

In general, the analysis of literature and legal acts, including international legal acts, relating to the preservation of cultural heritage, allows us to classify cultural values according to a number of criteria, namely:

1. Cultural values in the philosophical aspect are the concretely expressed, the best creative result of the social labor of a certain historical era, recognized as a national or universal guideline of human activity for many generations.

2. Cultural values in the legal aspect are unique objects of the material world, which are the result of human activity of past generations or are closely related to it, having a national or universal cultural significance. They have the following characteristics: a) the conditionality of human activity or a close connection with it; b) uniqueness; c) universality; d) special significance for society; e) age.

3. Cultural values according to their internal value content are classified: 1) according to their ancestry - into scientific values and art values; 2) by species - into historical, archaeological, paleontological, philatelic, numismatic, etc. (scientific values); artistic, musical, cinematographic, architectural and sculpture values, etc. (values of art).

1.2. International organizations
in the World Cultural Heritage system

In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy. The emergence of international organizations in the 19th century was a reflection and consequence of an objective trend towards the internationalization of many aspects of society. Mutual ties and cooperation between currently existing international organizations (there are more than 4,000 of them, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental) allow us to speak of a system of international organizations, at the center of which is the UN. This leads to the emergence of new structures (joint bodies, coordinating bodies, etc.).

Today, one of the main functions of any international organization is the information function. It is carried out in two aspects: firstly, each organization publishes a series of documents directly related to its structure, goals and main activities; secondly, the organization publishes special materials: reports, reviews, abstracts on topical issues of international relations, the preparation of which serves as one of the activities of the organization to guide the international cooperation of states in specific areas.

The World Heritage System consists of several structures:

⌂ UNESCO World Heritage Foundation

⌂ World Heritage Committee

⌂ UNESCO World Heritage Center

⌂ World Heritage Bureau

The UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Fund is of outstanding value. This Fund, in accordance with the relevant articles of the Financial Regulations of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a trust fund.

At the same time, the Department of External Relations interacts with:

UNESCO ;

International organizations of the World Heritage system;

State organizations;

Orthodox organizations;

Partners.

The Committee may inscribe a World Heritage property as defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention on the List of World Heritage in Danger if it is found that the condition of the property meets at least one of the criteria given for any of the cases listed below.

For cultural heritage sites:

Established danger- The object is threatened by a specific serious danger, the existence of which is proved, for example:

· serious destruction of materials;

serious damage to the structure and / or decorative elements;

· serious violation of architectural and/or town-planning connectivity;

· serious deterioration of the urban, rural or natural environment;

Significant loss of characteristics of historical authenticity;

significant loss of cultural significance.

Potential Hazard- The object is affected by factors that threaten to deprive the object of its inherent characteristics. Such factors can be, for example:

· change in the legal status of the object and the associated reduction in the category of protection;

Lack of security policy;

· harmful consequences of the economic development of the region;

the detrimental effects of urban development;

the emergence or threat of armed conflict;

· Gradual changes as a result of the impact of geological, climatic and other environmental factors.

The System of International Organizations for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage includes:

ICCROM (ICCROM). The International Research Center for the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property is an intergovernmental body that provides expert support for the conservation of sites included in the World Heritage List, as well as training in restoration technologies. The center was founded in 1956 and is located in Rome. It is an active member of the World Heritage Information Network.

ICOM (ICOM). The International Council of Museums was founded in 1946 with the aim of developing and supporting museums and their employees at the international level. The Council was the initiator of the creation of the World Heritage Information Network.

ICOMOS (ICOMOS). The International Council for the Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites was founded in 1956, after the adoption of the Venice Charter, with the aim of supporting the idea and methodology for the protection of monuments and sites. The Council evaluates properties proposed for inscription on the World Heritage List, as well as comparative analysis, technical support and periodic reporting on the status of properties included in the List. The Council is one of the leading members of the World Heritage Information Network.

IUCN (IUCN). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is an international non-governmental organization that prepares recommendations to the World Heritage Committee for inscription on the List of Natural Heritage Sites, as well as reports on the state of conservation of the sites included in the List through an international network of specialists. IUCN was established in 1948 and is located in Switzerland. IUCN has over 850 members.

OWHC (OWHC). Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC).

World Heritage Cities is an organization founded in 1993 to develop cooperation between World Heritage cities, especially in the framework of the implementation of the Convention. It promotes the exchange of knowledge and management experience, as well as mutual financial support in the protection of monuments and historical sites. A special approach is the need for a more dynamic management of objects located in cities due to the increased anthropogenic load. To date, there are more than 100 World Heritage cities in the world.

Chapter 2. Preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations (on the example of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage)

2.1.Mission and goals of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage

St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage was established in 1994 by the Institute of Conservation. Getty, the Administration of St. Petersburg and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The center was opened in June 1995 by Mrs. Tipper Gore, wife of US Vice President Al Gore. In 1996, the government of the Netherlands established the Peter the Great Foundation to support the Center's programs.

The main programs of the Center are:

√ Information programs;

√ Educational programs for professionals involved in the field of cultural heritage preservation;

√ Conservation projects;

√ Scientific projects;

√ Promoting the protection of cultural heritage;

√ Additional tuition for conservative students.

One of the Center's priorities is to strengthen and support openness new Russia by building information bridges. Most of the curators, architects and conservators in the leading Russian cultural institutions are on a par with their Western colleagues in terms of education and professional competence. However, Russian conservatives were often deprived of information about important developments in their field, as they rarely had the opportunity to travel to the West during the Cold War. IN equally, specialists from abroad had only a rare opportunity to come to Russia. Printed works that reached Russia were available only to a small part of the Russian conservative community (practically only to those institutions that could purchase foreign books and subscribe to foreign periodicals). In today's economic conditions, only a few of these institutions can afford to purchase foreign literature and subscribe to foreign periodicals. Thus, the lack of information from abroad is felt as acutely as in the past.

The Center's programs and services are centered primarily, though not exclusively, around preventive conservation, an approach that has been developed in the West over the past 20 years. preventive conservation is based on the idea that by applying macro-methods aimed at preserving the funds as a whole and at improving the conditions for their storage, more cultural monuments can be saved than by processing them one by one in turn. By focusing its programs on preventive conservation, the Center aims to promote and stimulate new approaches to conservation without duplicating existing work. This will help bring international achievements closer to Russian practice.

2.2. Programs to promote the protection of cultural heritage

To successfully advocate for cultural heritage preservation to governments, corporate and private benefactors, and the public at large, its advocates must have a broad understanding of its true value and why it needs to be preserved. This is the only way to guarantee the success of propaganda. Administrators working in the field of cultural conservation must have a firm understanding of the basic principles of management and financial responsibility. However, in order to provide the funds necessary to effectively fight for the preservation of cultural heritage, cultural specialists with a deep understanding of the relevant field and a talent for propagating are needed in leadership positions. This is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the international community of conservatives today, which is why the Center considers it one of its priorities to train cultural professionals in the skills to advocate for the preservation of cultural heritage.

As part of its outreach program, with the help of partner organizations, the Center organizes exhibitions. These exhibitions are designed to draw the attention of the world community to the cultural wealth stored in the cultural institutions of St. Petersburg, as well as to the fact that many of them are under threat. The first traveling exhibition "Watercolors from the Banks of the Neva: Original Drawings from the New Hermitage" was organized jointly with the Russian State Historical Archive. It was held as a standalone event at the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in New York in January 1997 and later that year at the American Federation of Architects Octagon Museum in Washington DC.

The Center, acting both independently and jointly with partners, through publications, videos, lectures and other activities, seeks to increase awareness of the conservation needs of St. Petersburg around the world. In order to prevent the destruction of elements of the cultural environment, especially urban landscapes and cultural monuments, unrestrained and uncontrolled commercial activities, the Center works closely with leading experts and politicians, promoting responsible policy towards the cultural environment at the local, Russian and international level.

2.3. Overview of the exhibition "THE WORLD IN THE EYES OF A CHILD"

The organization of children's charity exhibitions has become a good tradition in the Trubetskoy-Naryshkin mansion. Every year orphans from St. Petersburg orphanages take part in these exhibitions. On March 1, 2004, the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage organized another exhibition in the pink living room of the Trubetskoy-Naryshkin mansion (Tchaikovsky Street, 29) entitled "The World Through the Eyes of a Child", where the works of orphans from orphanages were presented. The works of young artists were brought from Berlin, several cities in Holland, as well as from Washington. Pictures of German children are presented in a separate exhibition series "Preserving the Masterpieces of the World". The work was done by children from St. Hedwig's Hospital in Berlin.

A separate room of the exhibition was devoted to the drawings of the children of the city of Washington, created with the support of the "Washington Arts Group" by Ms. Roslyn Cambridge in the Hirchshorn Museum. Seven works are written as variations on the themes of works of modern American painting, presented in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum. Each children's work was accompanied by a small poem. famous poets USA.

"Fish" Laquita Forester, Washington Arts Group

« Composition » David Roger Washington Art group

A series of works dedicated to the beloved city appears before the audience in bright and colorful works created by orphans at the art studios of the orphanage No. 46 of the Primorsky District, which is supervised by the House of Scientists and the Neva Rotary Club. Interesting and talented children's teams have repeatedly presented their work at art exhibitions in St. Petersburg.

The guys dedicated their works to their city - St. Petersburg, and they all used different painting techniques. Here one could see an interesting combination of ink and watercolor, as well as gouache and cold batik. In this fabulous variety of material, technique, color schemes and combinations, and most importantly, in the perception of each child, the bright creative individuality of each of them was expressed.

"Walking around the city" Ashravzan Nikita, 8 years old, Orphanage No. 46

"Peter and Paul Fortress" Polukhin Vladimir, 11 years old

By tradition, the solemn opening of the exhibition was fun and interesting - with surprises, prizes and gifts. And the organizers have prepared a musical and game program for children, so that every child can feel a real holiday by being present at the exhibition of their paintings.

In 2004, under the auspices of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, together with other institutions and organizations, the following events were also held:

April 25-28, 2004 international conference “Art in the Church. XIX-XX centuries Problems of History, Conservation and Revival of Church Art.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the concept of the cultural heritage (property) of peoples is a logical reflection at the national level of the concept of world cultural heritage (property), enshrined in modern international law, and the terms "cultural heritage" and "cultural heritage" in their origin in their modern use are received into the internal law of states from the relevant international legal sources.

The most important document in the field of protection of the world cultural heritage is the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972). It concerns monuments, cultural and natural sites of exceptional value to all mankind.

The problems of preserving the cultural heritage of mankind include:

1) insufficient development of legal aspects of the protection of cultural property at the national level;

2) lack of due attention to this issue on the part of academic legal science;

3) a high level of illegal circulation of cultural property both within individual states (including Russia) and at the international level (one of clear examples looting of cultural property in Iraq during the US invasion of that country);

4) insufficient understanding on the part of the world community of the importance of protecting cultural heritage.

The most significant contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage is made by international organizations operating under the auspices of the United Nations, especially UNESCO and the organizations of the World Heritage System.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Barchukova N.K. UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Values // Moscow Journal of International Law.-1996.- No. 2.

2) Galenskaya L.N. Muses and law (legal issues of international cooperation in the field of culture), L., Publishing House of Leningrad University, 1987.

3) Dukov E.V. and others. Introduction to the sociology of art: Proc. settlement for humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2001

4) Klimenko B.M. common heritage of mankind. M., MO., 1989.

5) Kudrina T. Cultural heritage in the context of the dialogue between the state and the Russian Orthodox Church / Kudrina T. // Security of Eurasia, 2001. - No. 2. - P. 649-658.

6) Cultural policy of Russia: History and modernity. Two views on the same problem / Ed. I.A. Butenko; Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.-M.: Liberea, 1998.

7) Maksakovskiy V.P. World Cultural Heritage: Nauch. - popul. reference ed./Maksakovsky V.P.-M.: Logos, 2002.

8) International law and protection of cultural heritage: Documents, bibliogr./Comp. M.A. Polyakova; Ed. S.I. Sotnikova- Athens: B.I., 1997.

9) International law. A common part. / Yu.M. Kolosov, V.I. Kuznetsov.-M., 1999.

10) International organizations of the UN system: Handbook / Comp. A.A. Titarenko; Ed. V.F. Petrovsky - M.: International relations, 1990.

11) Molchanov S.N. To the question of the use of the concepts of "cultural heritage and "cultural heritage" in legislation. - Yekaterinburg, 1998.

12) United Nations: basic facts. Publishing house "Ves Mir", M., 2000.

13) UNESCO: Goals, structures, activities: Chronicle, facts and figures / Comp. Reuther W., Hüfner K.; Ed. Drozdov A.V.-M.: Rudomino, 2002.

14) Shibaeva E., Potochny M. Legal issues of the structure and activities of international organizations. M., 1988.

15) European Cultural Convention (ETS No.18) (1982), ISBN 92-871-0074-8;

16) Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (ETS No. 121) (1985), ISBN 92-871-0799-8.

See Galenskaya L.N. Muses and law (legal issues of international cooperation in the field of culture), L., Publishing house of the Leningrad University, 1987; Klimenko B.M. common heritage of mankind. M., MO., 1989; Barchukova N.K. UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Property // Moscow Journal of International Law, No. 2, 1996.

Dukov E.V. and others. Introduction to the sociology of art: Proc. settlement for humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2001, pp. 185-189.

International law and protection of cultural heritage: Documents, bibliogr./Comp. M.A. Polyakova; Ed. S.I. Sotnikova- Athens: B.I., 1997; Cultural Policy of Russia: History and Modernity. Two views on the same problem / Ed. I.A. Butenko; Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.-M.: Liberea, 1998; Maksakovskiy V.P. World Cultural Heritage: Nauch. - popul. reference ed./Maksakovsky V.P.-M.: Logos, 2002.

UNESCO: Goals, structures, activities: Chronicle, facts and figures / Comp. Reuther W., Hüfner K.; Ed. Drozdov A.V.-M.: Rudomino, 2002.

European Cultural Convention (ETS No.18) (1982), ISBN 92-871-0074-8; Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (ETS No. 121) (1985), ISBN 92-871-0799-8.

Molchanov S.N. To the question of the use in the legislation of the concepts of "cultural heritage and" cultural heritage ". - Yekaterinburg, 1998.

International law. A common part. / Yu.M. Kolosov, V.I. Kuznetsov.-M., 1999.

United Nations: key facts. Publishing house "Ves Mir", M., 2000.

Shibaeva E., Potochny M. Legal issues of the structure and activities of international organizations. M., 1988. S. 76.

International organizations of the UN system: Handbook / Comp. A.A. Titarenko; Ed. V.F. Petrovsky-M.: International relations, 1990.

Published: Electronic age and museums: Materials of international. scientific conf. and meetings of the Siberian branch of the scientific council ist. and local historian. museums under the RF Ministry of Culture "Role scientific research in the modernization of stock and exposition activities of local history museums”, dedicated to. 125th anniversary of the Omsk state. ist.-local lore. museum. Part 1. - Omsk: Ed. OGICM, 2003. - S. 196 - 203.

Cultural Heritage and the Museum in the Age of Globalization.

last decade The 20th century is considered to be a turning point in the development of world and national culture. It is distinguished by the processes of convergence of various ways of recording and transmitting information based on the latest digital technologies, which made it possible in principle to merge the "whales" of the cultural industry (print, cinema, television and computer) and communication (telephone, television and electronic networks). The active introduction of new technologies has accelerated both the globalization of culture and the diversification of cultures, which set the main parameters for the development of man and mankind in the 21st century.

The current situation in society necessitates close attention to culture as a development factor. This thesis is not just the opinion of researchers and the principled position of experts in the field under consideration, it is actually a social imperative based on an impartial scientific analysis of the general situation in the country and options for its development. This is also evidenced by a number of documents adopted at the international level, UN and UNESCO programs that include culture in broader development strategies.

In this context, addressing the problems of preservation, interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage in the museum seems to be extremely relevant and justified. The preservation of cultural heritage throughout the 20th century has been and still is one of the priorities of the state cultural policy of Russia. In our country, numerous monuments of history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art have formed the richest layers of the cultural heritage of Russia, which are closely related to the emergence and activities of domestic museums.

Traditionally, the problem of cultural heritage is considered mainly in terms of the preservation of monuments of the past, mainly through museumification or museum storage. But the sphere of cultural heritage usually includes individual elements, and not the entire cultural complex of the past, which characterizes facts, events or phenomena of reality. Often even architectural monument, “torn out” from the historical and cultural context of its era, cannot be studied and perceived adequately.

In connection with the ongoing global transformations in society and culture, the interpretation of cultural heritage is also changing, acquiring a more expanded interpretation. The idea that the ways of interaction between society and nature is the most important part of the cultural heritage, which also constitutes the undoubted contribution of each people to the treasury of world culture, is gaining more and more recognition. The use of ecological knowledge by the museum and its management both at the local and global levels should become the most important direction in the museum field, one of the ways to counter the environmental risks caused by urbanization and technogenic factors.

It seems fruitful for museum activities to comprehend and actively implement the main provisions of the concept of cultural heritage developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Modern representation about cultural heritage allows us to understand it as a reflection of the historical experience of interaction between man and nature, and not just as a collection of individual monuments. This is due to new approaches to rethinking history, with new principles for identifying cultural monuments of the peoples of Russia, with the inclusion in the framework of the heritage of such phenomena as historical technologies, traditional forms of nature management, landscapes, etc.

In the era of globalization, the idea of preserving cultural diversity comes to the fore. The cultural diversity of society, the country and the world as a whole is an objective trend caused by the current heightened understanding of each nation of its history and culture as an absolute value, its way of life as an inalienable right. This is largely due to a natural reaction to the processes of unification, primarily the Westernization of culture, in which one system of values is the basis of universal norms. Modern museums, revealing new layers of cultural heritage, should focus on tolerance, respect and pride in the diversity of cultures. Support for cultural diversity is the most important means of counteracting the globalization of culture, as well as preventing conflicts of an ethno-cultural nature. Because of this, a serious reorientation of the activities of traditional museums as institutional forms of cultural heritage preservation is necessary, or a significant transformation of these forms, which allow preserving, interpreting and demonstrating not only a variety of material monuments, but also phenomena of spiritual culture. It is no coincidence that eco-museums, museums under the open sky, museums of traditions, museums of folklore, for example, the museum-reserve of peasant songs in the village. Katarach of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as the creation of such special museum-type institutions as cultural heritage centers. Researchers note that the actualization of the study and preservation of non-material forms of culture led to the emergence of "museums of action", "environmental museums" at the turn of the century. The innovative nature of these so-called "living" museums necessitates close attention to the problems of their further development. Thus, attempts are being made to develop general methods for updating heritage in an environmental museum: fixation, reconstruction, modeling and construction.

There is a lot of evidence that it is in modern conditions that cultural monuments have acquired special significance, increasingly fulfilling the functions of cultural values of the past, actively participating in the socio-cultural processes of the present. Thus, museums, expanding the boundaries of their meaning and purpose, act not only in the traditional role of custodians and translators of cultural heritage, but also become an organic part of modern social and economic processes. The revival of historical places involves not only the restoration of monuments, the creation of museum estates, museum reserves, unique historical territories, but also their live development, the restoration of historically determined forms of management, local traditions and schools, crafts and trade. The implementation of this principle suggests that the joint orientation of cultural and economic policy will make it possible to see the actualization of heritage as a guarantee of future social development.

It is worth paying attention to the acceleration of the modernization process in museums at the turn of the century, the main components of which we single out:

A change in the socio-cultural situation, manifested, in particular, in the emergence of new subjects of cultural activity in the museum sphere (private galleries, leisure centers, non-state educational structures), resulting in the development of competition;

The lack of mastery of new technologies by most museums, primarily social interaction, which creates a resource deficit, hinders the development of museums adequate to today's transformations and reduces their competitiveness;

The introduction of modern information technologies in Russian museums is intensive, but not uniform, therefore, in general, mastering them is still at an early stage. More advanced are the large museums of capital cities and regional centers. All of them are presented both on their own sites and on foreign servers.

For regional museums the possibility of presentation on the Internet has been significantly expanded as a result of the organization in 1996 within the framework of the project "Museums of Russia on the Internet" of the server "Museums of Russia", where a variety of museum information is collected and made available. Today, the Internet contains data on almost all real existing museums Moreover, there are many integrative sites with a myriad of documents from museums around the world.

Despite the relevance of involving museums in the process of using network technologies, in our opinion, in the era of globalization, the social aspect of modernization will be of fundamental importance, that is, mastering new management methods, organizing both internal and external museum partnerships, primarily with the museum audience, building public relations. Undoubtedly, information technologies play and will continue to play an important role in the implementation of this direction.

Museums are gradually moving away from the model limited to museum collections. The orientation of museums to the entire spectrum of the cultural heritage of the city, region and the transmission of collective experience through a system of stationary expositions and temporary exhibitions that complement it, revealing regional specifics, makes it possible to strengthen the social activity of the population, its involvement in solving socially significant problems. Computer technologies and multimedia products created by the museum will make it possible to involve a much larger number of people in these problems, thereby expanding the circle of real and potential museum audience.

Cultural heritage sites have always been a potential for the development of tourism. Today, cultural heritage, which includes the following groups of objects: historical and cultural territories, historical cities and towns, museum-reserves, national parks, historical parks, forms the framework of tourist and excursion routes, largely contributing to the intensive development of the tourism industry. The growth of tourist activity in the late 1990s gave an undoubted impetus to the development of domestic museums. Many museums and museum-reserves began to create their own travel and excursion agencies, which actually became the beginning of a new stage in museum activity, when cultural institutions are not only used by various tourist companies, but also begin to use the income received in this area to realize their interests. This trend is another evidence that cultural heritage can play a significant role not only in social, but also in economic development, and its preservation and use, and its preservation and use should become an organic part of sociocultural development programs.

Multimedia technologies are increasingly used by museums for the preservation and promotion of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, as well as for intercultural exchanges and inter-museum contacts. Access to various types of cultural products and multimedia services through information highways provides both specialists and users with unlimited opportunities to become familiar with world culture in all its diversity. Today you can visit many museums of the world in virtual mode without crossings and queues. What's more, 3D imaging and interactive interfaces open up a wide range of experimental art museums. In general, these technologies have great potential to promote intercultural dialogue, but the virtual world does not replace, but only complements the real one. The specificity of the museum, primarily as an institution for the storage, processing and transmission of subject forms of culture, should not be lost. The expansion of virtuality does not provide the emotional fullness of human existence. The multifaceted properties and functions of a museum object constitute the material modality of culture. It is the thing, the object in its uniqueness or typicality, indisputable reality and authenticity, plurality of meanings and meanings, that forms the basis of the adaptive and inculturating possibilities of the museum.

Today, one cannot ignore the fact that the development of information technologies and the emergence of virtual museums stimulate a rethinking of the very phenomenon of the museum. It is interpreted by specialists as a functional organ of social consciousness, which arises at the intersection points of information and communication processes, as a meaningful field consisting of "already built" models of consciousness. This definition arose in the process of creating virtual museums as a special form of presenting diverse information. A virtual museum, in contrast to the usual one, which works with things and forms, “is an opportunity to represent the entire museum content, where in a single environment they can coexist as objects from museum collection, and reconstruction of the lost things. And all this can be organized into an associated structure, which can be defined as cultural memory Not in a metaphorical sense, but in a literal sense. The virtual museum thus becomes a fact of the reality of the electronic age, which cannot be ignored.

Museums, participating in the process of formation of the information society, have already faced, and probably will still face, a number of complex and multifaceted problems. One of the most important is the maintenance of cultural diversity in the information society, because globalization is perceived by many as a threat to national traditions, local customs, beliefs, and values. In this sense, the museum is one of the few public institutions that provide opportunities and create optimal conditions for cultural identification.

Obviously, the problems of cultural heritage and the museum are not yet sufficiently studied, and a deeper scientific analysis will be required before they can be adequately used in the cultural policy and museum practice of the 21st century.

See: Kaulen. at the turn of the century: the space of interaction of cultures //Cultural worlds: Materials of scientific. conf. "Typology and types of cultures: a variety of approaches". - M., 2001. - S.216-221.

Kaulen. heritage objects: from object to tradition // Culture of the Russian province: century XX - XXI century. Materials Vseross. scientific-practical. conf. - Kaluga, 2000. - S. 199-208.

Kaulen. actualization of heritage objects and the problem of classification of museums // Theory and practice of museum business in Russia at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries / Proceedings of the State Historical Museum. Issue. 127. - M., 2001. - S. 86-98.

See Nikishin in global networks of electronic communications // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 127-140.

Selivanov in the open information space. // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 85-89.

Cher Museum on the Internet // Internet. Society. Personality: Culture and Art on the Internet: Proceedings of the IOL-99 conference, Perm, 2000. - P. 30-34.

Drikker Art Museum in the Information Space // Museums and the Information Space: the Problem of Informatization and Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conf. ADIT-98 (Ivanovo). - M., 1999. - S. 21-24.

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