Fm Dostoevsky family. Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich: biography, family, creativity, interesting facts from life

Biography of Dostoevsky F.M.: birth and family, Dostoevsky's youth, first literary publications, arrest and exile, flourishing of creativity, death and funeral of the writer.

Birth and family

1821, October 30 (November 11), Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in Moscow in the right wing of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. The Dostoevsky family had six more children: Mikhail (1820-1864), Varvara (1822-1893), Andrei, Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883), Alexandra (1835-1889). Fedor grew up in a rather harsh environment, over which the gloomy spirit of his father hovered - a “nervous, irritable, proud” person. He was always busy looking after the welfare of the family.

Children were brought up in fear and obedience, according to the traditions of antiquity, spending most of their time in front of their parents. Rarely leaving the walls of the hospital building, they outside world very little has been reported. Is it only through patients with whom Fyodor Mikhailovich, secretly from his father, sometimes spoke. There was also a nanny hired from Moscow bourgeois women, whose name was Alena Frolovna. Dostoevsky remembered her with the same tenderness as Pushkin remembered Arina Rodionovna. It was from her that he heard the first fairy tales: about the Firebird, Alyosha Popovich, the Blue Bird, etc.

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1789-1839), the son of a Uniate priest, doctor (head doctor, surgeon) of the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. In 1831 he acquired the village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, in 1833 the neighboring village of Chermoshnya.

In terms of raising children, the father was an independent, educated, caring family man, but he had a quick-tempered and suspicious character. After the death of his wife in 1837, he retired and settled in Darovoe. According to the documents, he died of apoplexy. However, according to the recollections of relatives and oral tradition, he was killed by his peasants.

Mother, Maria Fedorovna (nee Nechaeva; 1800-1837) - from a merchant family, a religious woman, annually took children to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. In addition, she taught them to read from the book “One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testament” (in the novel “” memories of this book are included in the story of the elder Zosima about his childhood). In the house of parents, they read aloud the History of the Russian State by N. M. Karamzin, the works of G. R. Derzhavin, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin.

In his mature years, Dostoevsky recalled with particular enthusiasm his acquaintance with the Scriptures. “We in our family knew the Gospel almost from the first childhood.” The Old Testament "Book of Job" also became a vivid childhood impression of the writer. The younger brother of Fyodor, Andrei, wrote that “brother Fedya read more historical, serious works, as well as novels that came across. Brother Mikhail loved poetry and wrote poetry himself ... But they put up at Pushkin, and both, it seems, knew almost everything by heart then ... ”

The death of Alexander Sergeevich by young Fedya was perceived as a personal grief. Andrei Mikhailovich wrote: “Brother Fedya, in conversations with his older brother, repeated several times that if we didn’t have family mourning (his mother, Maria Fedorovna, died), he would ask his father’s permission to mourn for Pushkin.”

Youth of Dostoevsky

From 1832, the family annually spent the summer in the village of Darovoe (Tula province), bought by the father. Meetings and conversations with the peasants were forever deposited in Dostoevsky's memory and served as creative material in the future. An example is the story "" from the "Diary of a Writer" for 1876.

In 1832, Dostoevsky and his older brother Mikhail began to study with teachers who came to the house. From 1833 they studied at the boarding school of N. I. Drashusov (Sushara), then at the boarding school of L. I. Chermak, where the astronomer D. M. Perevoshchikov and paleologist A. M. Kubarev taught. The Russian language teacher N. I. Bilevich played a certain role in the spiritual development of Dostoevsky.

Museum "Manor of F.M. Dostoevsky in the village of Darovoye"

Memories of the boarding house served as material for many of the writer's works. The atmosphere of educational institutions and isolation from the family caused a painful reaction in Dostoevsky. For example, this was reflected in the autobiographical features of the hero of the novel "", who is experiencing deep moral upheavals in the "Tushar boarding house". At the same time, the years of study were marked by an awakened passion for reading.

In 1837, the writer's mother died, and soon his father took Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg to continue their education. More writer did not meet with his father, who died in 1839 (according to official information, he died of apoplexy, according to family legend, he was killed by serfs). Dostoevsky's attitude to his father, a suspicious and painfully suspicious man, was ambivalent.

It was hard to survive the death of his mother, which coincided with the news of the death of A.S. Pushkin (which he perceived as a personal loss), Dostoevsky traveled with his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg in May 1837 and entered the preparatory boarding school of K. F. Kostomarov. At the same time, he met I. N. Shidlovsky, whose religious and romantic mood fascinated Dostoevsky.

The first literary publications of Dostoevsky

The main engineering school, where Dostoevsky F.M.

Even on the way to St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky was mentally “composing a novel from Venetian life,” and in 1838 Riesenkampf told “about his own literary experiences.”

From January 1838, Dostoevsky studied at the Main Engineering School, in which he described an ordinary day as follows: “... from early morning until evening, we barely have time to follow lectures in classes. ... We are sent to fencing training, we are given lessons in fencing, dancing, singing ... they put us on guard, and all the time passes in this ... ".

The heavy impression of the “hard labor years” of the teachings was partially brightened up by friendly relations with V. Grigorovich, doctor A. E. Rizenkampf, officer on duty A. I. Savelyev, artist K. A. Trutovsky. Subsequently, Dostoevsky always believed that the choice educational institution was wrong. He suffered from the military atmosphere and drill, from disciplines alien to his interests and from loneliness.

As his colleague at the school, the artist K. A. Trutovsky, testified, Dostoevsky kept himself closed. However, he impressed his comrades with his erudition, and a literary circle formed around him. The first literary ideas took shape in the school.

Konstantin Alexandrovich Trutovsky, Russian artist, genre painter, friend of Dostoevsky F.M.

In 1841, at a party hosted by brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky read excerpts from his dramatic works, which are known only by their names - "Mary Stuart" and "Boris Godunov", - giving rise to associations with the names of F. Schiller and A. S. Pushkin, apparently the deepest literary hobbies of the young Dostoevsky; was also read by N. V. Gogol, E. Hoffmann, V. Scott, George Sand, V. Hugo.

After graduating from college, having served less than a year in the St. Petersburg engineering team, in the summer of 1844 Dostoevsky retired with the rank of lieutenant, deciding to devote himself completely to literary creativity.

Among the literary predilections of Dostoevsky of that time was O. de Balzac: the translation of his story "Eugene Grande" (1844, without indicating the name of the translator) the writer entered the literary field. At the same time, Dostoevsky worked on the translation of novels by Eugene Sue and George Sand (they did not appear in print).

The choice of works testified to the literary tastes of the novice writer. In those years, he was not alien to romantic and sentimentalist style, he liked dramatic collisions, large-scale characters, and action-packed narration. For example, in the works of George Sand, as he recalled at the end of his life, he was "struck ... by the chaste, the highest purity of types and ideals and the modest charm of the strict restrained tone of the story."

Dostoevsky informed his brother about the work on the drama The Jew Yankel in January 1844. The manuscripts of the dramas have not been preserved, but their titles already reveal the literary passions of the novice writer: Schiller, Pushkin, Gogol. After the death of his father, the relatives of the writer's mother took care of Dostoevsky's younger brothers and sisters. Fedor and Mikhail received a small inheritance.

After graduating from college (end of 1843), he was enlisted as a field engineer-lieutenant in the St. Petersburg engineering team. However, already at the beginning of the summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself entirely to literature, he resigned and retired with the rank of lieutenant.

Novel "Poor people"

In January 1844, Dostoevsky completed the translation of Balzac's Eugene Grande, which he was then particularly fond of. The translation was the first published literary work Dostoevsky. In 1844, he begins and in May 1845, after numerous alterations, finishes the novel "".

The novel "Poor Folk", whose connection with Pushkin's "Station Master" and Gogol's "Overcoat" was emphasized by Dostoevsky himself, was an exceptional success. Based on the traditions of the physiological sketch, Dostoevsky creates a realistic picture of the life of the "downtrodden" inhabitants of "Petersburg corners", a gallery of social types from a street beggar to "His Excellency".

Dostoevsky spent the summer of 1845 (as well as the next) in Revel with his brother Mikhail. In the autumn of 1845, upon his return to St. Petersburg, he often met with Belinsky. In October, the writer, together with Nekrasov and Grigorovich, draws up an anonymous program announcement for the almanac "Zuboskal" (03, 1845, No. 11), and in early December at the evening at Belinsky's he reads the chapters "" (03, 1846, No. 2), in which for the first time gives a psychological analysis of the split consciousness, "duality".

In Siberia, according to Dostoevsky, "gradually and after a very, very long time" his "beliefs" changed. The essence of these changes, Dostoevsky in the most general form formulated as "a return to the folk root, to the recognition of the Russian soul, to the recognition of the spirit of the people." In the magazines Vremya and Epoch, the Dostoevsky brothers acted as the ideologists of "pochvennichestvo" - a specific modification of the ideas of Slavophilism.

"Pochvennichestvo" was rather an attempt to outline the contours of a "general idea", to find a platform that would reconcile Westerners and Slavophiles, "civilization" and folk start. Skeptical about the revolutionary ways of transforming Russia and Europe, Dostoevsky expressed these doubts in works of art, articles and announcements of Vremya, in a sharp polemic with the publications of Sovremennik.

The essence of Dostoevsky's objections is the possibility, after the reform, of a rapprochement between the government and the intelligentsia and the people, of their peaceful cooperation. Dostoevsky continues this controversy in the story "" ("The Age", 1864) - a philosophical and artistic prelude to the "ideological" novels of the writer.

Dostoevsky wrote: “I am proud that for the first time I brought out the real man of the Russian majority and for the first time exposed his ugly and tragic side. The tragedy consists in the consciousness of ugliness. Only I brought out the tragedy of the underground, which consists in suffering, in self-punishment, in the consciousness of the best and in the impossibility of achieving it, and, most importantly, in the vivid conviction of these unfortunate people that everyone is like that, and therefore, it’s not worth it to improve!

Roman Idiot

In June 1862 Dostoevsky went abroad for the first time; visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England. In August 1863 the writer went abroad for the second time. In Paris, he met with A.P. Suslova, whose dramatic relationship (1861-1866) was reflected in the novel "", "" and other works.

In Baden-Baden, carried away, by the gambling of his nature, by playing roulette, he loses "all, completely to the ground"; this longstanding hobby of Dostoevsky is one of the qualities of his passionate nature.

In October 1863 he returned to Russia. Until mid-November, he lived with his sick wife in Vladimir, and at the end of 1863-April 1864- in Moscow, visiting St. Petersburg on business. 1864 brought heavy losses to Dostoevsky. On April 15, his wife died of consumption. The personality of Maria Dmitrievna, as well as the circumstances of their "unhappy" love, were reflected in many of Dostoevsky's works (in particular, in the images of Katerina Ivanovna - "" and Nastasya Filippovna - "").

On June 10, M.M. died. Dostoevsky. On September 26, Dostoevsky attends Grigoriev's funeral. After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky took over the publication of the periodical Epoch, burdened by a large debt and lagging behind by 3 months; the magazine began to appear more regularly, but a sharp drop in subscriptions in 1865 forced the writer to stop publishing.

He owed creditors about 15 thousand rubles, which he was able to pay only towards the end of his life. In an effort to provide conditions for work, Dostoevsky signed a contract with F.T. Stellovsky for the publication of the collected works and undertook to write for him new novel by November 1, 1866.

In the spring of 1865, Dostoevsky was a frequent guest of the family of General V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, eldest daughter whom A.V. Korvin-Krukovskaya he was very passionate about. In July, he left for Wiesbaden, from where in the autumn of 1865 he offered Katkov a story for Russkiy Vestnik, which later developed into a novel.

In the summer of 1866, Dostoevsky was in Moscow and at his dacha in the village of Lyublino, close to the family of his sister Vera Mikhailovna, where he wrote the novel " ". “Psychological account of one crime” became the plot outline of the novel, the main idea of ​​which Dostoevsky outlined as follows: “Insoluble questions arise before the murderer, unsuspected and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being compelled to denounce himself. I was forced to die in hard labor, but to join the people again ... ".

Novel "Crime and Punishment"

St. Petersburg and “current reality”, the richness of social characters, “the whole world of estate and professional types”, are accurately and multifacetedly depicted in the novel, but this is reality transformed and discovered by the artist, whose gaze penetrates to the very essence of things.

Intense philosophical disputes, prophetic dreams, confessions and nightmares, grotesque caricature scenes that naturally turn into tragic, symbolic meetings of heroes, the apocalyptic image of a ghostly city are organically linked in Dostoevsky's novel. The novel, in the words of the author himself, "was extremely successful" and raised his "reputation as a writer."

In 1866, the expiring contract with the publisher forced Dostoevsky to simultaneously work on two novels - "" and "". Dostoevsky resorted to an unusual way of working: on October 4, 1866, the stenographer A.G. Snitkin; he began to dictate to her the novel The Gambler, which reflected the writer's impressions of his acquaintance with Western Europe.

In the center of the novel is the clash of the "multi-developed, but in everything unfinished, distrustful and not daring not to believe, rebelling against authorities and fearing them" "foreign Russian" with "finished" European types. The protagonist is "a poet in his own way, but the fact is that he himself is ashamed of this poetry, for he deeply feels its baseness, although the need for risk ennobles him in his own eyes."

In the winter of 1867 Snitkina becomes Dostoyevsky's wife. The new marriage was more successful. From April 1867 to July 1871 Dostoevsky and his wife lived abroad (Berlin, Dresden, Baden-Baden, Geneva, Milan, Florence). There, on February 22, 1868, a daughter, Sophia, was born, whose sudden death (May of the same year) Dostoevsky was very upset. September 14, 1869 daughter Love was born; later in Russia on July 16, 1871 - son Fedor; Aug 12 1875 - son Alexei, who died at the age of three from a fit of epilepsy.

In 1867-1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel "". “The idea of ​​the novel,” the author pointed out, “is my old and beloved, but so difficult that for a long time I did not dare to take on it. the main idea novel - portray positively beautiful person. There is nothing more difficult than this in the world, and especially now ... "

Dostoevsky started the novel "", interrupting work on the widely conceived epics "Atheism" and "The Life of a Great Sinner" and hastily composing a "tale" "". The immediate impetus for the creation of the novel was the “Nechaev case”.

Activity secret society"People's massacre", the murder by five members of the organization of a student of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy I.I. Ivanov - these are the events that formed the basis of "Demons" and received a philosophical and psychological interpretation in the novel. The writer's attention was drawn to the circumstances of the murder, the ideological and organizational principles of the terrorists ("Revolutionary's Catechism"), the figures of accomplices in the crime, the personality of the leader of the society, S.G. Nechaev.

In the process of working on the novel, the idea changed many times. Initially, it is a direct response to events. The framework of the pamphlet subsequently expanded significantly, not only the Nechaevs, but also the figures of the 1860s, the liberals of the 1840s, T.N. Granovsky, Petrashevites, Belinsky, V.S. Pecherin, A.I. Herzen, even the Decembrists and P.Ya. Chaadaev find themselves in the grotesque-tragic space of the novel.

Gradually, the novel develops into a critical depiction of the common “disease” experienced by Russia and Europe, a vivid symptom of which is the “demonic” of Nechaev and the Nechaevites. In the center of the novel, in its philosophical and ideological focus, there are placed not the sinister "swindler" Pyotr Verkhovensky (Nechaev), but the mysterious and demonic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin, who "allowed himself everything".

In July 1871 Dostoevsky with his wife and daughter returned to St. Petersburg. The writer and his family spent the summer of 1872 in Staraya Russa; this city has become permanent place family summer stay. In 1876 Dostoevsky bought a house here. In 1872, the writer visits the Wednesdays of Prince V. P. Meshchersky, a supporter of counter-reforms and publisher of the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin. At the request of the publisher, supported by A. Maikov and Tyutchev, Dostoevsky in December 1872 agrees to take over the editorship of The Citizen, stipulating in advance that he takes on these duties temporarily.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich
Name at birth:	Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Aliases:	D.; Friend of Kuzma Prutkov; Scoffer; -y, M.; Chronicler; M-th; N. N.; Pruzhinin, Zuboskalov, Belopyatkin and Co. [collective]; Ed.; F. D.; N.N.
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
	Russian empire
Occupation:	Grozaik, translator, philosopher
Years of creativity:
Direction:
Art language:

Biography

Origin

The heyday of creativity

Family and environment

Poetics of Dostoevsky

Political Views

Bibliography

Artworks

Novels and stories

Writer's Diary

Poems

Domestic research

Foreign research

English language

German

Monuments

memorial plaques

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

Films about Dostoevsky

Current events

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(doref. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; October 30, 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) - one of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Biography

Origin

On the father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized by Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Serpukhov and Borovsky, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Pinsk, which at that time was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince of Pinsky. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, the son of Ivan Vasilyevich, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev a part of the village of Dostoeva in the Pinsk region. Hence the "Dostoevsky". Since 1577, the writer's paternal ancestors received the right to use the Radvan - the Polish noble coat of arms, the main element of which was the Golden Horde tamga (brand, seal). Dostoevsky's father drank heavily and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” says Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more ferocious he became, until they eventually killed him."

Mother, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837), daughter of the merchant of the III guild Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (1769-1832), who came from the old townspeople of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province, was born in a Moscow raznochin family, where there were merchants, inmates in shops, doctors, university students , professors, artists, spiritual persons. Her maternal grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich Kotelnitsky (1721-1798), was born into the family of the priest Fyodor Andreev, graduated from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and took his place after the death of his father, becoming a priest of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kotelniki.

Writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow. He was the second of 7 children left alive.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (later also a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding house in St. Petersburg.

1837 became important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother's death, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose works he (like his brother) read from childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School. In 1839 his father was killed, possibly by his serfs. Dostoevsky participated in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But next book"Double" ran into a misunderstanding.

Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."

Hard labor and exile

The trial and the harsh sentence of death (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was staged as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned, having been sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Nikolai Grigoriev, went mad. The feelings that he could experience before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. Women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the hard labor life of the writer have been preserved. Impressions from the stay in prison were later reflected in the story "Notes from the House of the Dead". In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh line Siberian battalion. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of an assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: the husband of M. D. Isaeva died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I died. Dostoevsky wrote a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result became a non-commissioned officer. October 20, 1856 Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they went to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky had an epileptic seizure, and they stayed in Barnaul for four days. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky's life: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859, Dostoevsky published his novels The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants in Otechestvennye Zapiski and Uncle's dream».

After the link

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky, with his wife and adopted son Pavel, returned to St. Petersburg, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine, Vremya, after which the brothers began publishing the Epoch magazine in 1863. On the pages of these magazines appeared such works by Dostoevsky as "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the Dead House", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground".

Dostoevsky undertook a trip abroad with the young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he became interested in a ruinous game of roulette, he was in constant need of money, and at the same time (1864) he lost his wife and brother. Unusual way European life completed the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, formed a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of The Epoch ceased (February 1865). In a hopeless financial situation, Dostoevsky wrote the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to M. N. Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russky Vestnik, where they were printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he would not have had enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hired a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helped him with this task. In October 1866, the novel The Gambler was written in twenty-six days and completed on the 25th.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was paid by Katkov very well, but in order to prevent creditors from taking this money, the writer went abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for a few days in Vilna.

The heyday of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.

From 1872 to 1878 the writer lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek".

In October 1878, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he settled in an apartment in a house on Kuznechny Lane, 5/2, in which he lived until the day of his death on January 28 (February 9), 1881. Here, in 1880, he finished writing his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. At present, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky is located in the apartment.

In the last few years of his life, 2 events became especially significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky said famous speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In the same years, the writer became close to conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, corresponded with the prominent statesman K. P. Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn something (Twilight of the Idols).

On January 26 (February 7), 1881, Dostoevsky's sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevsky's house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, inherited from his aunt A. F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fyodorovna Dostoevsky, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky bled in his throat. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation was the impetus for the exacerbation of his illness (emphysema) - two days later the writer died.

He was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigorievich Dostoevsky (1756 - around 1819) served as a Greek Catholic, later - an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemyriv (now the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine) (according to his pedigree - the archpriest of the city of Bratslav, Podolsk province).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), from October 14, 1809 he studied at the Moscow Department of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, on August 15, 1812 he was sent to the Moscow Golovinsky Hospital for the use of the sick and wounded, on August 5, 1813 he was transferred to the headquarters of the healers of the Borodino Infantry Regiment, On April 29, 1819, he was transferred as an intern to the Moscow military hospital; on May 7, he was transferred to the salary of a senior physician. In 1828 he received the title of nobleman Russian Empire, is included in the 3rd part of the Genealogy Book of the Moscow nobility with the right to use the old Polish coat of arms "Radvan", which belonged to Dostoevsky since 1577. He was a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, also known as Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoye in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, and in 1833 he also acquired the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:

His addiction to alcoholic beverages apparently increased, and he was almost constantly not in a normal position. Spring came, promising little good ... At that time in the village of Chermashna, in the fields under the edge of the forest, an artel of peasants was working, a dozen or a dozen people; The case, therefore, was far from home. Infuriated by some unsuccessful action of the peasants, or perhaps only seemed to him so, the father flared up and began to shout at the peasants very much. One of them, more impudent, responded to this cry with strong rudeness and after that, fearing this rudeness, he shouted: “Guys, karachun him! ..”. And with this exclamation, all the peasants, up to 15 people, rushed at their father and in an instant, of course, finished with him ... - From memoriesA. M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), was the daughter of a wealthy Moscow merchant of the 3rd guild, Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (born c. 1769) and Varvara Mikhailovna Kotelnitskaya (c. 1779 - died between 1811 and 1815), 7 th revision (1811), the Nechaev family lived in Moscow, on Syromyatnaya Sloboda, in the Basmannaya part, the parish of Peter and Paul, in their house; after the war of 1812, the family lost most of its wealth. At 19, she married Mikhail Dostoyevsky. She was, according to the recollections of the children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons in marriage and four daughters(son Fedor was the second child). M. F. Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer's work, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sophia Andreevna Dolgoruky ("The Teenager") and Sophia Ivanovna Karamazov ("The Brothers Karamazov")

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of his brother, and the work on the Vremya magazine was carried out by the brothers to a large extent jointly. The younger brother Andrei became an architect; Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother.

Of the Dostoevsky sisters, the writer had the closest relationship with Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: "I love her; she is a nice sister and a wonderful person…”(November 28, 1880).

Of the numerous nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), who, according to the memoirs of L. F. Dostoevsky, “loved her like his own daughter, caressed and entertained her when she was still small, later was proud of her musical talent and its success with young people" However, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness came to naught.

The second wife, Anna Snitkina, from a wealthy family, became the wife of the writer at the age of 20. At this time (the end of 1866) Dostoevsky experienced serious financial difficulties and signed a contract with a publisher on onerous terms. The novel "The Gambler" was composed by Dostoevsky and dictated by Snitkina, who worked as a stenographer, in 26 days and was submitted on time. Anna Dostoevskaya took all the financial affairs of the family into her own hands.

The descendants of Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Poetics of Dostoevsky

As O. M. Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative"ontological", "reflexive" poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a certain sense free in his relationship with the text that describes him (that is, the world for him), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts on the basis of him. Hence all the paradox, inconsistency and inconsistency of Dostoevsky's characters. If in traditional poetics the character always remains in the power of the author, always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, he remains wholly descriptive, wholly included in the text, wholly understandable, subordinate to causes and effects, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time we come across a character who tries to resist the textual elements, his subordination to the text, trying to “rewrite” it. With this approach, writing is not a description of a character in diverse situations and positions in the world, but empathy with his tragedy - his willful unwillingness to accept a text (world) that is inescapably redundant in relation to him, potentially infinite. For the first time, M. M. Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky towards his characters.

Political Views

During the life of Dostoevsky, at least two political currents fought in the cultural strata of society - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately as follows: adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, adherents of the second believed that Russians should take an example from Europeans. Both those and others reflected on the historical fate of Russia. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, had his own idea - “soilism”. He was and remained a Russian man, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time he did not deny the achievements of the culture and civilization of the West. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed: former member circle of Christian utopian socialists, he turned into a religious conservative, and during his third stay abroad he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question"

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in the life of Russia are reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of the peasants liberated from serfdom, he writes in the Writer's Diary for 1873:

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and short stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish Question" stated: "... this hatred has never been in my heart ...".

On February 26, 1878, in a letter to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, a teacher at the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernihiv province, who complained to the writer “that the Russian peasants are completely enslaved by the Jews, robbed by them, and the Russian press stands up for the Jews; Jews ... for Chernigov province ... more terrible than the Turks for the Bulgarians ... ”, Dostoevsky answered:

Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question" is analyzed by literary critic Leonid Grossman in the book "Confession of a Jew", dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and the Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his letter in response with the words: “Believe with complete sincerity with which I shake your hand extended to me,” and in the chapter on the Jewish question of the Writer’s Diary, he quotes Kovner extensively.

According to critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and Jews is caused by the embodiment in Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters. According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished between the concepts of "Jew" and "Jew". In addition, Nasedkin notes that the word "Jew" and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries an ordinary tool word among others, was used widely and everywhere, was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, unlike our time.

Evaluations of creativity and personality of Dostoevsky

The work of Dostoevsky had a great influence on Russian and world culture. The literary heritage of the writer is differently evaluated both at home and abroad.

In Russian criticism, the most positive assessment of Dostoevsky was given by religious philosophers.

And he loved, first of all, the living human soul in everything and everywhere, and he believed that we are all the race of God, he believed in the infinite power of the human soul, triumphant over all external violence and over any internal fall. Having taken into his soul all the malice of life, all the hardships and blackness of life, and overcoming all this with the infinite power of love, Dostoevsky proclaimed this victory in all his creations. Having experienced the divine power in the soul, breaking through every human weakness, Dostoevsky came to the knowledge of God and the God-man. The reality of God and Christ was revealed to him in inner strength love and all-forgiveness, and he preached the same all-forgiving, grace-filled power as the basis for the external realization on earth of that kingdom of truth, which he longed for and to which he aspired all his life. V. S. SOLOVIEV Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky. 1881-1883

Dostoevsky's personality is ambiguously assessed by some liberal and democratic figures, in particular the leader of the liberal populists N. K. Mikhailovsky, Maxim Gorky.

At the same time, in the West, where Dostoevsky's novels have been popular since the beginning of the 20th century, his work has had a significant impact on such generally liberal movements as existentialism, expressionism and surrealism. Many people see him as the forerunner of existentialism. literary critics. However, abroad, Dostoevsky is usually regarded, first of all, as an outstanding writer and psychologist, while his ideology is ignored or almost completely rejected.

Bibliography

Artworks

Novels

• 1846 - Poor people
• 1861 - Humiliated and insulted
• 1866 - Crime and Punishment
• 1866 - Gambler
• 1868-1869 - Idiot
• 1871-1872 - Demons
• 1875 - Teenager
• 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Novels and stories

Publicism and criticism, essays

• 1847 - Petersburg chronicle
• 1861 - Stories by N.V. Uspensky
• 1862 - Winter notes on summer impressions
• 1880 - Judgment
• 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's Diary

• 1873 - Writer's diary. 1873
• 1876 ​​- Writer's diary. 1876
• 1877 - Writer's diary. January-August 1877.
• 1877 - Writer's diary. September-December 1877.
• 1880 - Writer's diary. 1880
• 1881 - Writer's diary. 1881

Poems

• 1854 - On European events in 1854
• 1855 - On the first of July 1855
• 1856 - For the coronation and conclusion of peace
• 1864 - Epigram for a Bavarian colonel
• 1864-1873 - Struggle of nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
• 1873-1874 - Describe everything entirely of some priests
• 1876-1877 - The collapse of Baimakov's office
• 1876 ​​- Children are expensive
• 1879 - Do not rob, Fedul

The collection of folklore material “My hard labor notebook”, also known as the “Siberian notebook”, written by Dostoevsky during his penal servitude, stands apart.

The main literature on Dostoevsky

Domestic research

• Barsht K.A. Drawings in the manuscripts of F.M. Dostoevsky. SPb., 1996. 319 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of Dostoevsky: in search of lost links. M., 2010.
• Belinsky V. G.

Introductory article // Petersburg collection published by N. Nekrasov. SPb., 1846.

• Dobrolyubov N. A. Downtrodden people // Sovremennik. 1861. No. 9. otdel. II.
• Pisarev D.I. Struggle for existence // Delo. 1868. No. 8.
• Leontiev K. N. About universal love: Regarding the speech of F. M. Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). pp. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). pp. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). pp. 3-4.
• Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1882. No. 9, 10.
• Solovyov V. S. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884. 55 p.
• Rozanov V.V. The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F. M. Dostoevsky: An Experience of Critical Commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891. Vol. 212, January. pp. 233-274; February. pp. 226-274; T. 213, March. pp. 215-253; April. pp. 251-274. Ed.: St. Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894. 244 p.
• Merezhkovsky D.S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and Antichrist in Russian Literature. T. 1. Life and work. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1901. 366 p. T. 2. Religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
• Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. SPb., 1906.
• Ivanov Vyach. AND. Dostoevsky and the tragedy novel // Russian Thought. 1911. Prince. 5. S. 46-61; Book. 6. S. 1-17.
• Pereverzev VF Creativity of Dostoevsky. M., 1912. (Reprinted in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
• Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (On the theory of parody). Pg.: OPOYAZ, 1921.
• Berdyaev N. A. Dostoevsky's world outlook. Prague, 1923. 238 p.
• Volotskoy M. V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
• Engelhardt B. M. The ideological novel of Dostoevsky // F. M. Dostoevsky: Articles and materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L.; M.: Thought, 1924. Sat. 2. S. 71-109.
• Dostoevskaya A. G. Memories . M.: Fiction, 1981.
• Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction/ Comp. and general ed. V. M. Leybin. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2002. S. 70-88.
• Mochulsky K.V. Dostoevsky: Life and work. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947. 564 p.
• Lossky N. O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. 406 p.
• Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. Collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
• Leskov N. S. About the kufelny peasant, etc. - Collected. soch., vol. 11, Moscow, 1958, pp. 146-156;
• Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M.: Young Guard, 1962. 543 p. (The life of remarkable people. A series of biographies; Issue 24 (357)).
• Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky's creativity. Leningrad: Surf, 1929. 244 p. 2nd ed., revised. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. M.: Soviet writer, 1963. 363 p.
• Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 vols. M., 1964. T. 1. T. 2.
• Fridlender G. M. Dostoevsky realism. M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. 404 p.
• Meyer G. A. Light in the night: (About "Crime and Punishment"): The experience of slow reading. Frankfurt/Main: Posev, 1967. 515 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and literature about him: 1917-1965. Moscow: Book, 1968. 407 p.
• Kirpotin V. Ya. Disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov: (A book about Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"). M.: Soviet writer, 1970. 448 p.
• Zakharov V. N. Problems of studying Dostoevsky: Tutorial. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
• Zakharov VN Dostoevsky's System of Genres: Typology and Poetics. - L., 1985.
• Toporov V. N. On the Structure of Dostoevsky's Novel in Connection with Archaic Schemes of Mythological Thinking ("Crime and Punishment") // Toporov V. N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Studies in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995. S. 193-258.
• Dostoevsky: Materials and Research / USSR Academy of Sciences. IRLI. L.: Nauka, 1974-2007. Issue. 1-18 (ongoing edition).
• Odinokov V. G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. 144 p.
• Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M .: Young Guard, 1981. 543 p., ill. (Life of remarkable people. A series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
• Volgin I. L. Dostoevsky's Last Year: Historical Notes. Moscow: Soviet writer, 1986.
• Saraskina L. I."Demons": a novel-warning. M.: Soviet writer, 1990. 488 p.
• Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Per. from fr. E. Vorobieva. St. Petersburg: Branch of the magazine "Youth"; Dusseldorf: Blue Rider, 1993. 160 p.
• Guardini R. Man and faith / Per. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994. 332 p.
• Kasatkina T. A. Characterology of Dostoevsky: Typology of emotional and value orientations. M.: Nasledie, 1996. 335 p.
• Laut R. Philosophy of Dostoevsky in a systematic presentation / Per. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. M.: Respublika, 1996. 448 p.
• Belnep R. L. The Structure of The Brothers Karamazov / Per. from English. St. Petersburg: Academic project, 1997.
• Dunaev M. M. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian literature: [at 6 hours]. M.: Christian literature, 1997. S. 284-560.
• Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's sense of life and death / Authoriz. per. from Japanese. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997. 332 p.
• Meletinsky E. M. Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. M.: RGGU, 2001. 190 p.
• The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot": The current state of the study. M.: Nasledie, 2001. 560 p.
• Kasatkina T. A. On the creative nature of the word: The ontology of the word in the work of F. M. Dostoevsky as the basis of "realism in the highest sense." M.: IMLI RAN, 2004. 480 p.
• Tikhomirov B. N."Lazarus! come out": F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" in a modern reading: Book-commentary. St. Petersburg: silver Age, 2005. 472 p.
• Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: ghosts, phobias, chimeras (reader's notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006. - 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
• Vetlovskaya V. E. The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov". St. Petersburg: Publishing house " Pushkin House”, 2007. 640 p.
• The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov": state of the art study. M.: Nauka, 2007. 835 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of Dostoevsky. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
• John Maxwell Coetzee. “Autumn in Petersburg” (this is the name of this work in Russian translation, in the original the novel is entitled “The Master from Petersburg”). Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.
• Openness to the abyss. Meetings with DostoevskyLiterary, philosophical and historiographic work of the culturologist Grigory Pomerants.
• Shulyatikov V. M. F. M. Dostoevsky (On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of his death) "Courier", 1901, No No 22, 36.
• Shulyatikov V. M. Back to Dostoevsky "Courier", 1903, No 287.

Foreign research

English language

• Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
• Holquist M. Dostoievvsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
• Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
• Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
• Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
• Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1-, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German

• Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
• Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung fur die gegenwärtige Kulturkrisis. Jena, 1923.
• Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
• Notzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
• Meier-Cräfe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
• Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". Munich, 1974.

Memory

Monuments

There is a memorial plaque to the writer on the house and in Florence (Italy), where he finished the novel The Idiot in 1868.

"Dostoevsky's zone" - this is the informal name of the area near Sennaya Square in St. Petersburg, which is closely associated with the work of F. M. Dostoevsky. He lived here: Kaznacheyskaya Street, houses No. 1 and No. 7 (a memorial plaque was installed), No. 9. Here, on the streets, alleys, avenues, on the square itself, on the Catherine Canal, the action of a number of the writer’s works (“Idiot”, “Crime and punishment" and others). In the houses of these streets, Dostoevsky settled his literary characters - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Svidrigailov, General Yepanchin, Rogozhin and others. On Grazhdanskaya Street (formerly Meshchanskaya) in house No. 19/5 (corner of Stolyarny Lane), according to the searches of local historians, Rodion Raskolnikov “lived”. The building is listed in many guidebooks around St. Petersburg as "Raskolnikov's House" and is marked with a memorial sign to the literary hero. The "Dostoevsky Zone" was created in the 1980-1990s at the request of the public, which forced the city authorities to put in order the memorable places located here, which are associated with the name of the writer.

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

• The name of F. M. Dostoevsky is associated with the concept dostoevism, which has two meanings: a) psychological analysis in the manner of Dostoevsky, b) "mental imbalance, sharp and contradictory soul feelings", inherent in the heroes of the writer's works.
• One of the 16 personality types in socionics is named after Dostoevsky - an original psychological and social typology that has been developing in the USSR and Russia since the 1980s. The name of the classic of literature was given to the sociotype "ethical-intuitive introvert" (abbreviated as EII; another name is "Humanist"). Socionics expert E. S. Filatova proposed a generalized graphic portrait of the EII, in which, among others, the features of Fyodor Dostoevsky are guessed.

Films about Dostoevsky

• Dead House (1932) Nikolai Khmelev as Dostoevsky
• "Dostoevsky". Documentary. TSSDF (RTSSDF). 27 minutes. - documentary Samuil Bubrik and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death.
• The Writer and His City: Dostoevsky and Petersburg - a film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
• Twenty-six days in the life of Dostoevsky - Feature Film Alexandra Zarkhi (USSR, 1980). IN leading role Anatoly Solonitsyn
• Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
• Return of the Prophet - documentary by V. E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
• The Life and Death of Dostoevsky - a documentary (12 episodes) by Alexander Klyushkin (Russia, 2004).
• Demons of St. Petersburg - a feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008). In the role - Miki Manoilovich.
• Three Women of Dostoevsky - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010). In the role of Andrey Tashkov
• Dostoevsky - series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011). Starring Yevgeny Mironov.

The image of Dostoevsky is also used in the biographical films Sofia Kovalevskaya (Alexander Filippenko), Chokan Valikhanov (Yuri Orlov), 1985, and the TV series Gentlemen of the Jury (Oleg Vlasov), 2005.

Other

• In Omsk, a street, a library, the Omsk State literary museum, Omsk State University, 2 monuments, etc.
• A street in Tomsk is named after Dostoevsky.
• Street and metro station in St. Petersburg.
• Street, lane and metro station in Moscow.
• In Staraya Russa, Novgorod region - Dostoevsky embankment on the river Porusya
• Novgorod academic theater drama named after F. M. Dostoevsky (Veliky Novgorod).
• Aeroflot's Boeing 767 VP-BAX is named after Fyodor Dostoevsky.
• An impact crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• In honor of F. M. Dostoevsky, an employee of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory L. G. Karachkina named the minor planet 3453 Dostoevsky, discovered on September 27, 1981.

Current events

• On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
• A crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• November 12, 2001 in Omsk, on the day of the 180th anniversary of the birth of the writer, a monument to F. M. Dostoevsky was opened.
• Since 1997 musical critic and radio host Artemy Troitsky conducts an author's radio program called "FM Dostoevsky".
• The writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M., dedicated to Dostoevsky.
• Nobel Prize winner in literature John Maxwell Coetzee wrote a novel about Dostoevsky, Autumn in Petersburg, in 1994. The Master of Petersburg; 1994, Russian translation 1999)
• In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a serial film about Dostoevsky, which was released in 2011 on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
• On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro "Dostoevskaya" was opened. Access to the city is carried out on Suvorovskaya Square, Seleznevskaya Street and Durova Street. The design of the station: on the walls of the station there are scenes illustrating four novels by F. M. Dostoevsky (“Crime and Punishment”, “The Idiot”, “Demons”, “The Brothers Karamazov”).
• On October 29, 2010, a monument to Dostoevsky was unveiled in Tobolsk.
• In October 2011, the days dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the birth of F. M. Dostoevsky were held at the University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur).

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky opened up to the world new facets of the knowledge of worldly vanity and spiritual nobility. All his works are close to the people, each hero plays the role of himself, and sometimes it seems that I live on the pages famous novels writer.

His great "Pentateuch" is known to everyone since the student's bench, because such large-scale works forever crashed into the reader's subconscious.

Forever we remember the plots of works "Crimes and Punishments"(1866), where the protagonist tries to get out of everyday poverty and commits a terrible murder. Self-affirmation of the individual, the desire for power, the right to selfishness - such were the mindsets at that time, this book tells the story of the fall and resurrection of the human soul, the story of liberation from the circles of hell and the triumph of goodness, truth and love.

"The Brothers Karamazov"- This is the last novel of the writer, which was completed in November 1880. Four months after the publication of this work, Dostoevsky died.

Critics consider this canvas the most reliable and majestic. In the person of the main characters, the three brothers, the whole Mother Russia is represented.

Mitya is a broad soul, capable of high and low deeds, the complete opposite is Ivan, this is a cold mind and reason, every action is weighed and calculated. What to say about Alyosha. Pure, pious, kind and merciful youth. The novel is highly artistic and based on real events.

Novel "Idiot"(1868) is still positioned incorrectly by many readers, you can often find on the shelves of bookstores the announcement of a work of the following content: "A vivid and almost painful story of the unfortunate Prince Myshkin, the frantic Parfyon Rogozhin and the desperate Nastasya Filippovna." And this is far from everything, just the tip of the iceberg, but inside there are global thoughts about divine powers, the destiny of man on this earth, the life story of the great messiah Jesus Christ. How society affects a healthy person, turning him into a sick person. Idiot.

"Humiliated and Insulted"(1861) - here all the established morals and character traits of the writer are clearly visible. Severe psychological and emotional anguish, pain and sharpness of perception of reality, permanent hysteria and a gripping plot that makes it impossible to stop reading and terrifies with its long pathos. A deep and suffering novel that opens the curtain on the soul of a thinker and a mournful writer.

"Player"(1866) - a large-scale work that was not included by critics in the Pentateuch. The theme of excitement of the Russian public is insignificant and anecdotal. Yes, the book was written in a hurry in order to quickly complete the order to receive large sum, which Dostoevsky lost at cards. But readers were still able to discern the psychology of a gambler who has the literary gift and insight of the great writer of Rus'.

Tale "White Nights"(1848) revealed to readers the heartbreaking nature of Dostoevsky. The poetic image of the dreamer evokes sympathy and compassion at the end of the book.

The atmosphere of the white nights of St. Petersburg is so enticing and enveloping that many filmmakers took up the film adaptation of this story. The sharp stoicism and exciting beauty of Mother Earth still surprises the modern reader, but Fyodor Mikhailovich himself experienced this drama!

Tale "Dead House Notes"(1860) - is an intriguing real document that reveals to the reader the life and customs of criminals that were sent to cold and distant Siberia. The characters of people and the actions of the main characters spoke of the elusive reality and truthfulness of the essay written by the creator.

It is impossible to delete from the biography of the writer the moment when he spent many years in exile, in prison, so why should he be silent and not pour out his soul on paper. This is how such an exciting and raging work of Dostoevsky's "Notes of the Dead House" turned out.

(1864) - is one of the writer's works that must be read after reading the great "Pentateuch". The described problem in the novel is close and familiar to many contemporaries. The “underground”, where the Petersburg official drives himself, makes you think about your life and actions as a person of rank, representing the features of society. Complete inaction, despair, reflex panic, cruelty and moral ugliness of the main character represents the top of the proletariat, topical and uncontrollable.

Two years later, Dostoevsky will write "Crime and Punishment", where he will reveal the essence of the moral Raskolnikov and his views on reality. It is here that the nature of the writer and the characteristic features of the personality of Fyodor Mikhailovich can be traced.

Vaudeville "Someone else's wife and husband under the bed", written in 1860, surprised the public with Dostoevsky's humorous nature and sarcastic manner of writing. For example, he did not often resort to such a character of the composition, which adds even more gloss and respect to his work.

The composition did not leave the filmmakers unattended and already in 1984 a film adaptation was filmed from this vaudeville with Oleg Tabakov in the title role. This once again emphasizes the deep power of thought and the high writing talent of the author.

An unusual story by Dostoevsky in 1865. This nasty anecdote is striking in its wisdom and courage, the main character, an official swallowed whole by a crocodile, remained alive after the attack and did not change his public and political views. Even being in this cavernous, cold and miserable place, he absurdly talks about the new prospects and opportunities that have opened up for him.

It was in this work that Fyodor Mikhailovich did not stint on expressions, with a caustic grin he pounces on his political opponents from the liberal camp. This is where the minds and rulers of socialism are born.

Anyone who has read Gogol's nose or is familiar with the work of the surrealist Kafka should understand where the legs of their works “grow from”. The theme of bureaucracy, unjust and insignificant, has always been and will be the first on the pages of the description of the political history of the public. Dostoevsky's thoughts still excite the minds of the modern reader.

What genres is the list of works of the writer

The list of Dostoevsky's works is long and extensive. Here you can find prose and poetry, journalism and novels, stories and vaudeville, it is simply impossible to list everything.

Hidden Images

According to the leading critics of our time, in the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich one can find encrypted pages of the sacred Gospel while reading the novel "Poor People". The theme of egoism and the second "I" is carried out in the story "Double" and can be traced in many images of the writer's heroes.

The criminal storyline is vividly represented in Dostoyevsky's novels The Teenager, Crime and Punishment, and The Brothers Karamazov. The image of Supremacy and terrifying realism demonstrates the essence of the developing Russian social democracy, the complete cynicism of the populist ideology.

Mentioning the criminal theme, it would be wrong to miss the novel "Demons", written in 1872. Unfortunately, it is practically unknown to the modern reader, due to the strictest prohibition. But today, each of us can discover the writer's soul and look into the vastness of the cynical ideology that led to Bolshevism.

List of works by F. M. Dostoevsky

Eight novels:

• (1846)
• (1861)
• Gambler (1866)
• Crime and Punishment (1866)
• (1869-69)
• (1871-72)
• (1875)
• (1879-80)

Novels and stories:

• Double (1846)
• A novel in nine letters (1847)
• Crawlers (1848)
• Uncle's Dream (1859)
• Someone else's wife and husband under the bed (1860)
• Bad Joke (1862)
• Notes from the Underground (1864)
• Crocodile (1865)
• Writer's diary. September-December 1877
• Writer's diary. 1880
• Writer's diary. 1881

Poems

• On European Events in 1854 (1854)
• On the first of July 1855 (1855)
• For the coronation and conclusion of peace (1856)
• Epigram for a Bavarian Colonel (1864)
• The struggle of nihilism with honesty (1864-73)
• Describe everything entirely of one priests (1873-74)
• The collapse of the cantor Baimakov (1876-77)
• Children Are Expensive (1876)
• Don't Rob, Fedul (1879)

A separate volume is a collection of folklore material "My notebook is hard labor".

Love and read Dostoevsky

This is a whole world of enthusiastic soulfulness, intellectual mind, enlightenment and despair. The works are devoted to the eternal questions of the universe and do not go beyond the time frame of history.

Someone calls him a prophet, a gloomy philosopher, someone calls him an evil genius. He himself called himself "a child of the century, a child of disbelief, doubt." Much has been said about Dostoevsky as a writer, but his personality is surrounded by an aura of mystery. The multifaceted nature of the classic allowed him to leave a mark on the pages of history, to inspire millions of people around the world. His ability to expose vices without turning away from them made the characters so alive, and his works full of mental suffering. Immersion in the world of Dostoevsky can be painful, difficult, but it gives birth to something new in people, this is exactly the kind of literature that educates. Dostoevsky is a phenomenon that needs to be studied for a long time and thoughtfully. Brief biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, some Interesting Facts from his life, creativity will be presented to your attention in the article.

Brief biography in dates

The main task of life, as Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote, is “not to lose heart, not to fall”, despite all the trials sent from above. And he had a lot of them.

November 11, 1821 - birth. Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born? He was born in our glorious capital - Moscow. Father - head physician Mikhail Andreevich, a believing, pious family. Named after my grandfather.

The boy began to study at a young age under the guidance of his parents, by the age of 10 he knew the history of Russia quite well, his mother taught him to read. Religious education was also given attention: daily prayer before going to bed was a family tradition.

In 1837, the mother of Fyodor Mikhailovich, Maria, died, in 1839, father Mikhail.

1838 - Dostoevsky enters the Main Engineering School of St. Petersburg.

1841 - becomes an officer.

1843 - enlisted in the engineering corps. The study did not please, there was a strong craving for literature, the writer made his first creative experiments even then.

1847 - visiting Fridays Petrashevsky.

April 23, 1849 - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

From January 1850 to February 1854 - the Omsk fortress, hard labor. This period had a strong influence on the work, the attitude of the writer.

1854-1859 - the period of military service, the city of Semipalatinsk.

1857 - wedding with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva.

June 7, 1862 - the first trip abroad, where Dostoevsky stays until October. For a long time I was fond of gambling.

1863 - falling in love, relationship with A. Suslova.

1864 - the writer's wife Maria, older brother Mikhail die.

1867 - marries stenographer A. Snitkina.

Until 1871, they traveled a lot outside of Russia.

1877 - spends a lot of time with Nekrasov, then delivers a speech at his funeral.

1881 - Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich dies, he was 59 years old.

Biography in detail

The childhood of the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky can be called prosperous: born into a noble family in 1821, he received an excellent home education and upbringing. Parents managed to instill a love for languages ​​(Latin, French, German), history. After reaching the age of 16, Fedor was sent to a private boarding school. Then the training continued at the military engineering school of St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky showed interest in literature even then, visited literary salons with his brother, tried to write himself.

As evidenced by the biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, 1839 takes the life of his father. Internal protest is looking for a way out, Dostoevsky begins to get acquainted with the socialists, visits Petrashevsky's circle. The novel "Poor People" was written under the influence of the ideas of that period. This work allowed the writer to finally finish the hated engineering service and take up literature. From an unknown student, Dostoevsky became a successful writer until censorship intervened.

In 1849, the ideas of the Petrashevites were recognized as harmful, the members of the circle were arrested and sent to hard labor. It is noteworthy that the sentence was originally death, but the last 10 minutes changed it. The Petrashevites, who were already on the scaffold, were pardoned, limiting the punishment to four years of hard labor. Mikhail Petrashevsky was sentenced to life imprisonment. Dostoevsky was sent to Omsk.

The biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky tells that serving the term was difficult for the writer. He compares that time to being buried alive. Heavy monotonous work like burning bricks, disgusting conditions, cold undermined the health of Fyodor Mikhailovich, but also gave him food for thought, new ideas, topics for creativity.

After serving his term, Dostoevsky serves in Semipalatinsk, where the only consolation was the first love - Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. These relationships were tender, somewhat reminiscent of the relationship of a mother with her son. The only thing that stopped the writer from proposing to a woman was the fact that she had a husband. A little later he died. In 1857, Dostoevsky finally achieves Maria Isaeva, they get married. After the marriage, the relationship changed somewhat, the writer himself speaks of them as "unfortunate".

1859 - return to St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky writes again, opens the Vremya magazine with his brother. Brother Mikhail does business ineptly, gets into debt, dies. Fyodor Mikhailovich has to deal with debts. He has to write quickly in order to be able to pay all the accumulated debts. But even in such a hurry, the most complex works of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky were created.

In 1860, Dostoevsky fell in love with the young Apollinaria Suslova, who did not at all resemble his wife Maria. The relationship was also different - passionate, bright, lasted three years. Then Fedor Mikhailovich is fond of playing roulette, he loses a lot. This period of life is reflected in the novel "The Gambler".

1864 claimed the lives of his brother and wife. Something seems to have broken in the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Relations with Suslova come to naught, the writer feels lost, alone in the world. He tries to escape from himself abroad, to get distracted, but the longing does not leave. Epileptic seizures become more frequent. This is how Anna Snitkina, a young stenographer, came to know and love Dostoevsky. The man shared with the girl the story of his life, he needed to speak out. Gradually, they became closer, although the age difference was 24 years. Anna accepted Dostoevsky's offer to marry him sincerely, because Fyodor Mikhailovich evoked the brightest, enthusiastic feelings in her. The marriage was perceived negatively by the society, Dostoyevsky's adopted son Pavel. The newlyweds leave for Germany.

Relations with Snitkina had a beneficial effect on the writer: he got rid of his addiction to roulette, became calmer. Sophia is born in 1868, but dies three months later. After a difficult period of common experiences, Anna and Fedor Mikhailovich continue their attempts to conceive a child. They succeed: Lyubov (1869), Fedor (1871) and Alexei (1875) are born. Alexei inherited the illness from his father and died at the age of three. The wife became for Fedor Mikhailovich support and support, a spiritual outlet. In addition, she helped to improve the financial situation. The family moves to Staraya Russa to escape the stressful life in St. Petersburg. Thanks to Anna, a wise girl beyond her years, Fyodor Mikhailovich becomes happy, at least for a while. Here they spend their time happily and serenely, until Dostoevsky's health forces them to return to the capital.

In 1881 the writer dies.

A stick or a carrot: how Fedor Mikhailovich raised children

The indisputable authority of his father was the basis of Dostoevsky's upbringing, which passed into his own family. Decency, responsibility - the writer managed to invest these qualities in his children. Even if they did not grow up to be the same geniuses as their father, some craving for literature existed in each of them.

The writer considered the main mistakes of education:

• ignoring the inner world of the child;
• intrusive attention;
• bias.

He called the suppression of individuality, cruelty, and the relief of life a crime against a child. Dostoevsky considered the main instrument of education not corporal punishment, but parental love. He himself incredibly loved his children, greatly experienced their illnesses and losses.

An important place in the life of a child, as Fyodor Mikhailovich believed, should be given to spiritual light, religion. The writer rightly believed that a child always takes an example from the family where he was born. Dostoevsky's educational measures were based on intuition.

Literary evenings were a good tradition in the family of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. These evening readings of masterpieces of literature were traditional in the childhood of the author himself. Often the children of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky fell asleep, did not understand anything they read, but he continued to cultivate literary taste. Often the writer read with such feeling that in the process he began to cry. He liked to hear what impression this or that novel made on children.

Another educational element is a visit to the theater. Opera was preferred.

Lyubov Dostoevskaya

Attempts to become a writer were unsuccessful with Lyubov Fedorovna. Maybe the reason was that her work was always inevitably compared with the brilliant novels of her father, maybe she did not write about that. Eventually main work her life was a description of her father's biography.

The girl who lost him at the age of 11 was very afraid that in the next world the sins of Fyodor Mikhailovich would not be forgiven. She believed that life continues after death, but here, on earth, one must seek happiness. For Dostoevsky's daughter, it consisted primarily in a clear conscience.

Lyubov Fedorovna lived to be 56 years old, spent the last few years in sunny Italy. She must have been happier there than at home.

Fedor Dostoevsky

Fedor Fedorovich became a horse breeder. The boy began to show interest in horses in childhood. I tried to create literary works, but it did not work out. He was vain, sought to achieve success in life, these qualities were inherited from his grandfather. Fedor Fedorovich, if he was not sure that he could be the first in something, preferred not to do it, his pride was so pronounced. He was nervous and withdrawn, wasteful, prone to excitement, like a father.

Fedor lost his father at the age of 9, but he managed to invest in him best qualities. The upbringing of his father greatly helped him in life, he received a good education. He was very successful in his business, perhaps because he loved what he did.

Creative path in dates

The beginning of Dostoevsky's career was bright, he wrote in many genres.

Genres of the early period of creativity of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

• humorous story;
• physiological essay;
• tragicomic story;
• Christmas story;
• story;
• novel.

In 1840-1841 - the creation of historical dramas "Mary Stuart", "Boris Godunov".

1844 - Balzac's translation of "Eugenie Grande" is published.

1845 - finished the story "Poor people", met Belinsky, Nekrasov.

1846 - The Petersburg Collection was published, Poor People were printed.

In February, "Double" was published, in October - "Mr. Prokharchin".

In 1847, Dostoevsky wrote The Mistress, published in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti.

In December 1848, "White Nights" was written, in 1849 - "Netochka Nezvanova".

1854-1859 - service in Semipalatinsk, "Uncle's Dream", "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants".

In 1860, a fragment of Notes of the Dead House was printed in Russkiy Mir. The first collected works were published.

1861 - the beginning of the publication of the magazine "Time", the printing of part of the novel "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the Dead House".

In 1863, "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" was created.

May of the same year - the Vremya magazine was closed.

1864 - the beginning of the publication of the magazine "Epoch". "Notes from the Underground".

1865 - "An Extraordinary Event, or a Passage in a Passage" is published in "Crocodile".

1866 - written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "Player". Departure abroad with family. "Idiot".

In 1870, Dostoevsky wrote the story "The Eternal Husband".

1871-1872 - "Demons".

1875 - printing of "Teenager" in "Notes of the Fatherland".

1876 ​​- the resumption of the activities of the Writer's Diary.

The Brothers Karamazov were written from 1879 to 1880.

Places in Petersburg

The city keeps the spirit of the writer, many books by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky were written here.

1. Dostoevsky studied at the Engineering Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. The Serapinskaya hotel on Moskovsky Prospekt became the residence of the writer in 1837, he lived here, seeing St. Petersburg for the first time in his life.
3. "Poor people" were written in the house of the post director Pryanichnikov.
4. "Mr. Prokharchin" was created in Kohenderfer's house on Kazanskaya street.
5. Fedor Mikhailovich lived in Soloshich's tenement house on Vasilievsky Island in the 1840s.
6. The profitable house of Kotomin introduced Dostoevsky to Petrashevsky.
7. The writer lived on Voznesensky Prospekt during his arrest, wrote "White Nights", "Honest Thief" and other stories.
8. "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Humiliated and Insulted" were written on 3rd Krasnoarmeiskaya Street.
9. The writer lived in the house of A. Astafieva in 1861-1863.
10. In Strubinsky's house on Grechesky Prospekt - from 1875 to 1878.

Symbolism of Dostoevsky

You can analyze the books of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky endlessly, finding new and new symbols. Dostoevsky mastered the art of penetrating into the essence of things, their soul. It is thanks to the ability to unravel these symbols one by one that the journey through the pages of novels becomes so exciting.

• Axe.

This symbol carries a deadly meaning, being a kind of emblem of Dostoevsky's work. The ax symbolizes murder, crime, decisive desperate move, crucial moment. If a person pronounces the word “ax”, most likely, the first thing that comes to his mind is “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

• Clean linen.

His appearance in the novels occurs at certain similar moments, which allows us to speak of symbolism. For example, Raskolnikov was prevented from committing a murder by a hanging clean linen maid. A similar situation was with Ivan Karamazov. It is not so much the linen itself that is symbolic, but its color - white, denoting purity, correctness, purity.

• Smells.

It is enough to skim through any of Dostoevsky's novels to understand how important smells are to him. One of them, which is more common than others, is the smell of a putrid spirit.

• Silver pledge.

One of the most important characters. The silver cigarette case was not made of silver at all. There is a motive of falsity, forgery, suspicion. Raskolnikov, having made a cigarette box out of wood, similar to silver, as if he had already committed a deceit, a crime.

• The ringing of a copper bell.

The symbol plays a warning role. A small detail makes the reader feel the mood of the hero, imagine the events brighter. Small objects are endowed with strange, unusual features emphasizing the exceptional circumstances.

• Wood and iron.

There are many things in the novels from these materials, each of them carries a certain meaning. If a tree symbolizes a person, a victim, bodily torment, then iron is a crime, murder, evil.

Finally, I would like to note some interesting facts from the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

1. Dostoevsky wrote most of all in the last 10 years of his life.
2. Dostoevsky loved sex, used the services of prostitutes, even when he was married.
3. Nietzsche called Dostoevsky the best psychologist.
4. He smoked a lot and liked strong tea.
5. He was jealous of his women for every pillar, forbade even smiling in public.
6. Mostly worked at night.
7. The hero of the novel "The Idiot" is a self-portrait of the writer.
8. There are many film adaptations of Dostoevsky's works, as well as those dedicated to him.
9. The first child appeared with Fedor Mikhailovich at the age of 46.
10. Leonardo DiCaprio also celebrates his birthday on November 11th.
11. More than 30,000 people attended the writer's funeral.
12. Sigmund Freud considered Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov the greatest novel ever written.

We also present to your attention the famous quotes of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

One must love life more than the meaning of life. Freedom is not in not holding back, but in being in control of yourself. In everything there is a line beyond which it is dangerous to cross; for once crossed, it is impossible to turn back. Happiness is not in happiness, but only in achieving it. No one makes the first move because everyone thinks it's not mutual. The Russian people, as it were, enjoy their suffering. Life goes breathless without an aim. To stop reading books means to stop thinking. There is no happiness in comfort, happiness is bought by suffering. In a truly loving heart, either jealousy kills love, or love kills jealousy.

Conclusion

The result of a person's life is his deeds. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (years of life - 1821-1881) left behind brilliant novels, having lived a relatively short life. Who knows if these novels would have been born if the life of the author were easy, without obstacles and hardships? Dostoevsky, who is known and loved, is impossible without suffering, mental turmoil, inner overcoming. They are what make the work so real.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a famous Russian writer and thinker. His works are known and loved all over the world. Perhaps Dostoevsky's most famous work is Crime and Punishment.

In this article we will touch on the most significant dates in the biography of the writer. We will provide a chronology of the most significant events, as well as talk about the character of the thinker. In this article, we will only cover key dates in the author's life history.

In contact with

Early years - briefly about the author, how the story began

Fedor Mikhailovich was born November 11, 1821 in a noble family. My father worked in a hospital for the poor. There were many children in the family.

Dostoevsky was the second of seven children. At 16, Dostoevsky loses his mother. It was in this year that the father decided to send his eldest sons to the boarding house K.F. Kostomarov. Starting this year, the Dostoevsky brothers Mikhail and Fyodor settled in St. Petersburg.

Life, work - chronological table of Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

1837

It was at this time that the author moved to the cultural capital of our Motherland, together with his older brother Mikhail. This happens after the death of their mother. They enter the military engineering school. Two years later, the writer's father dies. IN 1843 Fyodor Mikhailovich translates the work of Balzac - "Eugene Grandet".

While studying at the school, the future writer was interested in the works foreign writers. Among them:

• Homer.
• Balzac.
• Hugo.
• Goethe.
• Hoffmann.
• Shakespeare, etc.

He was also interested in the works of Russian authors:

• Derzhavin.
• Pushkin - he was the most beloved of all Russian writers by Dostoevsky.

1844

We can say that it is from this moment that the stage of Fyodor Mikhailovich's creativity begins. This year the first work of the writer is published - "Poor people". This novel immediately brought fame to the author. The work was highly appreciated by Belinsky and Nekrasov. This work was positively received by the public. What can not be said about another work of the author - "Double". The story was published in 1845-1846. The product is not understood. In addition, there was a lot of criticism.

1849

December 22, 1849. A date that could interrupt the life and work of the writer. At this time, the author was sentenced to death "in the case of Petrashevsky." Many things appear before the writer in a new light.

But, the author was not destined to die that year. His death sentence at the last moment is changed to "more lenient" - hard labor. All the sensations that the author experienced at that moment, he tried to convey in the monologue of Prince Myshkin from the novel "Idiot".

1850-1854

During this period, the author does not write anything. This stagnant period. The fact is that the author is in exile in Omsk. After the author served time in hard labor, he was sent to the service. Fedor Mikhailovich went to the Siberian battalion number seven, where he served as a simple soldier.

Here the writer meets the traveler and ethnographer from Kazakhstan, Chokan Valikhanov. During these years, Dostoevsky also met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. She was married to an official special assignments. who had been retired for a long time. Dostoevsky and Isaeva begin an affair.

1857

After Isaeva's husband dies, Dostoevsky marries her. But their marriage was not a happy one.

As for creativity, after hard labor, the writer changes his worldview. If the writer had no ideals in his early work, then during this period an ideal appears - Christ.

IN 1859 — the writer's family, consisting of his wife and adopted son Pavel, moved to St. Petersburg from Semipalatinsk. But he is under unofficial surveillance.

1860–1866

At this time, Dostoevsky, together with his brother Mikhail, worked in various magazines:

• Time.
• Epoch.

Significant works of the author were also written over the years.

IN 1864 year the writer's brother and wife die. This undermined the writer and he begins to play roulette, losing all the money. The author is in debt. Money quickly ran out and the writer is going through hard times.

At this time, he writes the novel Crime and Punishment. The work was written one chapter at a time and sent to the journal. Only in this way could he not lose the copyright to this work. For the same purposes, the author begins to write the novel "The Gambler". But he lacked the physical strength to write two works at the same time. That is why the writer decides to hire a stenographer Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina.

Novel "Player" was written in just 21 days.

In 1867, Snitkina became the second wife of the writer. She accompanies him abroad and takes care of all financial affairs. They go abroad with the money received for the novel Crime and Punishment. Snitkina writes a diary about a joint trip with her husband.

The last years of the author

The last years of his life pass fruitfully in the work of Dostoevsky. In recent years, the author and his wife lived in the city of Staraya Russa, which is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region. At this time, the novel "Demons" is published. A year later, The Writer's Diary appears. In 1875 he published a novel "Teenager". And a year later the story comes out "Meek".

In 1878, the writer is invited to the palace to Alexander II. The emperor introduces the writer to his family.

For two recent years of his life, Dostoevsky creates one of his main and best works - the novel "The Brothers Karamazov".

February 9, 1881 the writer dies. His long-standing emphysema disease worsened. It happened due to a lot of stress. Dostoevsky quarreled with his sister, who asked the writer to renounce the inheritance. The inheritance included the estate of Aunt Kumanina.

It is worth recognizing that fame came to the author during his lifetime, but some works became popular only after his death. As a result, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was recognized as one of the the greatest writers Russia, which touched upon in his works sharp questions Everyday life.

Dostoevsky's biography was full of various events. Here are some facts from the writer's life:

• At that time the name of Dostoevsky was worth millions, but now nothing. But, it is worth noting an interesting fact: despite the fact that the novel "Crime and Punishment" diverged large circulations, Dostoevsky was not a rich man. For his work, he received about 150 rubles for each sheet. When compared with Turgenev, who received 500 rubles for one sheet of his work, then these are mere pennies.
• Dostoevsky was married twice. The first time he married the widow Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. It is worth noting that their romance began during the life of Isaeva's husband. But, their marriage to Dostoyevsky was not a happy one. Isaeva was ill with consumption. This was reflected in her character and behavior. She constantly suspected Dostoevsky and lashed out at him. The author found solace only in literature.
• In 1861, Dostoevsky's brother began publishing a new magazine, Vremya. Dostoevsky moves to Petersburg after his service and exile. He works for a magazine. It was in this magazine that the writer published his work “The Humiliated and Insulted”.
• 1864 is a very difficult year for a writer. This year two relatives of the writer die - this is his wife and brother. The writer could not bear the loss. This led him into debt. He entered into an agreement with the publication, where he undertook to provide a new work by November 1, 1866.
• If you look at Dostoevsky's biography, he lived on the edge all the time, but in the last moments fate itself tries to help him. At this point, help came in the form of stenographer Anna Snitkina. She helped the author to print the novel "The Gambler". After that they got married.
• Fedor was very jealous. That is why he made a list of rules that his wife had to follow. It was thanks to his second wife that Dostoevsky found happiness and paid off all his debts.

So, we have provided a chronological table of Dostoevsky, we also gave a description of Dostoevsky. Who is Fyodor Dostoevsky, who was he? Fedor Mikhailovich was a great Russian writer. His life is a continuous test, which is reflected in his works. We tried to briefly tell the story of the life and work of the author, touched on the main dates in his life.