Description of the current state of the village. Composition of nature in the village What can I write about the village

For the sociology of the countryside, important methodological provisions are, firstly, that agricultural production is a sphere that ensures the integrity of the national economic organism and without which the functioning of other industries is impossible; secondly, the involvement of a huge number of people in work, in life in the countryside - the number of rural residents in Russia in 1989 amounted to 39 million people, or 26% of the total population.

Before the revolution, when the village consisted of small producers, it was a fairly strong, stably conservative unit with a tendency towards even greater isolation and fragmentation. At the first stages of the existence of collective forms of management, the village and its main social institutions- collective farm, state farm - basically coincided with each other. Later, starting from the 1950s and 1960s, when the focus on concentration, specialization and consolidation of agricultural production intensified, the village, as a unity of production and territorial aspects of people's life, disintegrated again, but now on a different basis, which, as life has shown turned into major economic and social miscalculations. This gap is especially clearly seen in the ratio of the number of collective farms and state farms and rural settlements: already in 1980, one agricultural enterprise accounted for an average of 10 settlements.

By the mid-1980s, the situation in agriculture showed in full the crisis that the agrarian policy had led to. The face of the village was determined not by a small number of advanced collective farms and state farms, but by their bulk, which more and more lagged behind the real needs of the time, marked the impasse to which the process of collectivization led in the country, which turned into the ruin of the village, mass migration, and a decrease in the prestige of work. on the ground. And the apotheosis of all this is the import of bread into our country since the beginning of the 60s.

The economic crisis in the countryside was accompanied by far-reaching changes in social life. A very difficult socio-demographic situation has developed in the countryside, which was primarily manifested in the intensification of migration processes. The decrease in the rural population was mainly due to the center of the European part, the North and Siberia (T.I. Zaslavskaya).

Technological progress, attempts to improve organizational forms management did not lead to efficiency and a new quality of labor, which put on the agenda such urgent issues as changing the forms of land tenure, the qualitative structure of employment, and training workers who can radically increase labor productivity.

It is important to look at rural life from another angle. Despite repeated attempts to improve the material well-being of the villagers (for example, from 1970 to 1989 the salary of a state farm worker increased from 98.5 to 196 rubles), the level of real incomes of collective farmers and state farm workers was seriously inferior to this indicator in cities. And not so much in terms of the difference in wages, but rather in the fact that rural workers do not enjoy the complex of benefits in housing, public services, and the transport network that workers living in cities have.

There are still many problems associated with meeting the spiritual needs of the population. Although some quantitative characteristics of the social and cultural development improved at first glance (the size of the housing stock, the number of clubs and film installations), it is impossible not to notice the poverty of that book fund, the absence of clubs and houses of culture not only in many villages and cities, but even in district centers (in 1986, about 400 district centers did not have houses of culture). In general, cultural services in the countryside do not meet the needs of the time, the demands of rural workers.

But the main thing, nevertheless, is that the consciousness and behavior of the peasantry have changed radically, strategically, which has developed in them a special form of lifestyle and a specific reaction to the processes taking place in society. At the beginning of collectivization, in the 1930s, relations between the collective farm and the family household developed in such a way that the collective farm acted as a kind of branch of the peasant family farm. This was manifested in the fact that the peasant worked just as stubbornly, selflessly and persistently on the collective farm, as he used to work on his individual farm, regardless of any costs, time. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, a process of “quiet collectivization” took place, which, according to V.G. Vinogradsky, in form meant the consolidation of collective farms, the closure of unpromising villages, and in fact, carried out a radical peasant life: now the yard has turned into a branch of the collective farm. The yard was put in the center of worries villager, he ate, developed, existed at the expense of the collective farm, began to quickly, systematically and consciously connect to the financial and resource potential of collective farms and state farms, fully embodying the well-known proverb: "Everything around is collective farm, everything around is mine."

It is precisely this situation, when the yard and the collective farm (state farm) - mutual branches, mutual "filters" and mutual "lands" - also explains the fierce resistance to the hasty neoliberal agrarian policy, which in the early 90s was intended to "benefit" the peasants without their knowledge and desires.

And if we take into account that at the same time there was a disintegration of the intellectual environment of the village, then all this allows us to conclude that the position of the peasant is seriously destabilized, the process of depeasantization continues, the villagers have lost in many respects the necessary spiritual community with the land. There was an alienation of the people of the village from labor and its results, which, in turn, could not but affect the economic and social efficiency Agriculture in general (P.I. Simush).

The social consciousness of the peasantry, like no other group, presents a very contradictory picture. And most importantly, even those sprouts of the revival of the master's attitude to the land, which appeared among a part of both former and present peasants, were actually ruined by the unreasonable agrarian policy of the new politicians Russia.

My village is called Martin. She is beautiful, she has a lot of pets. These are chickens, sheep, cows, goats. It is now spring, but in the summer all livestock except goats and chickens will be brought out into the field.

I help granny bring the cattle home. I have four goats, three goats, ten sheep, twenty chickens and two cows in my village. We take the sheep and two cows out into the field to graze, and in the evening we bring them home. I also help my grandmother milk the goats and cows. Once I even sent sheep. It is very difficult. Watch all day long so that not a single sheep runs away. I was very tired, but still, I did not lose a single sheep. All the sheep came home.

And I also have a dog Mukhtar in my village. He is very kind and good. When Mucha was still small, my mother and I took him to the forest with us. He ran and played with us. But we didn't play there, but picked mushrooms and berries. After I collected a full basket of mushrooms and a can of berries, I began to play with the Fly and watch that he did not run away. When we got home, I put my dog ​​to bed.

I also have a cat Katya and Ksyushechka, I remember her as a small ball of fluff. When she was just born, I immediately gave her the name Ksyushka. Katya used to live with us in the city, but now she lives in the countryside, because she was very disobedient. Now two good cats live together. We have two new chickens, their names are Squirrel and Feather. The squirrel sat on the eggs and she already had ten chickens, they are so small fluffy and even yellow. Feather has not sat on the eggs yet, but will sit soon. As you can see, there are a lot of animals in our village. I love my village very much.

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The first years after the revolution of 1905-1907. was the desire to study social reality. The works of these years involve us in deep reflections on the history of Russia, its people, the fate of the Russian revolution. Interpenetration of national, historical, contemplative-philosophical thought is observed.

General characteristics of the "Village"

The story "The Village", created in 1910, has such a complex content in an outwardly traditional everyday appearance. This is one of the first major works Ivan Alekseevich, written in prose. The writer worked on its creation for 10 years, starting work back in 1900.

V. V. Voronovsky described this work, which opens the village cycle in Bunin's work, as a study of the causes of "memorable failures" (that is, the reasons for the defeat of the revolution). However, the semantic content of the story is not limited to this. The story about the doom of the Russian outback, given in the "Village", is one of the most talented descriptions of the fate of the patriarchal system in the history of modern times. There is a generalized image: the village is the realm of death and hunger.

The task that the author has set for himself is to portray the Russian people without idealization. Therefore, Ivan Alekseevich conducts a merciless psychological analysis ("Village"). Bunin had rich material for him, which was given to the writer by the life familiar to him, everyday life and the psychology of the Russian outback. A miserable, impoverished life, to match which the appearance of people - inertness, passivity, cruel customs - all this was observed by the writer, drawing conclusions, as well as conducting a thorough analysis.

"Village" (Bunin): the ideological basis of the work

The ideological basis of the story is a reflection on the complexity and problematic nature of the question "Who is to blame?". Kuzma Krasov, one of the main characters, struggles painfully to resolve this issue. He believes that there is nothing to exact from the unfortunate people, and his brother, Tikhon Krasov, that the peasants themselves are to blame for this situation.

The two characters mentioned above are the main characters of this work. Tikhon Krasov personifies the appearance of a new village master, and Kuzma - a people's intellectual. Bunin believes that the people themselves are to blame for the misfortunes, but does not give a clear answer to the question of what should be done.

The story "Village" (Bunin): composition of the work

The action of the story takes place in the village of Durnovka, which is a collective image of the long-suffering village. In this title there is an indication of the idiocy of his life.

The composition is divided into three parts. In the first part, Tikhon is in the center, in the second part - Kuzma, in the third part the life of both brothers is summed up. Based on their fates, the problems of the Russian village are shown. The images of Kuzma and Tikhon are in many ways opposite.

Tikhon, being a descendant of serfs who managed to get rich and become the owner of an estate, is sure that money is the most reliable thing in the world. This hardworking, savvy and strong-willed man devotes his whole life to the pursuit of wealth. Kuzma Krasov, truth lover and folk poet, reflects on the fate of Russia, experiencing the poverty of the people and the backwardness of the peasantry.

Images of Kuzma and Tikhon

Using the example of Kuzma, Bunin shows the emerging features of a new folk psychology, Kuzma reflects on the savagery and laziness of the people, that the reasons for this are not only the difficult circumstances that the peasants fell into, but also in themselves. In contrast to the character of this hero, Ivan Bunin ("The Village") portrays Tikhon as prudent and selfish. He gradually increases the capital, and on the way to power and prosperity does not stop at any means. However, despite the chosen direction, he feels despair and emptiness, which are directly related to looking into the future of the country, which opens up pictures of an even more cruel and destructive revolution.

Through disputes, thoughts, conclusions of the brothers about himself and about his homeland, the writer shows bright and dark sides the lives of the peasants, revealing the depth of the decline peasant world by analyzing it. "Village" (Bunin) is a deep reflection of the author about the deplorable situation created in the peasant environment.

The third part of the work is devoted to the image of the brothers at the time of the crisis - summing up life path the main characters of the work "The Village" (Bunin). These heroes are dissatisfied with life: Kuzma is consumed by melancholy and hopeless loneliness, Tikhon is preoccupied with a personal tragedy (lack of children), as well as the destruction of the foundations of the everyday life of the village. The brothers are aware of the hopelessness of the situation in which they find themselves. For all the difference in their characters and aspirations, the fate of these two heroes is largely similar: despite enlightenment and prosperity, the social position makes both of them superfluous, unnecessary.

The author's assessment of the revolution

The story "The Village" (Bunin) is a clear, sincere and truthful assessment of Russia during the life of the writer. He shows that those who are "rebels" are empty and stupid people who grew up in rudeness and lack of culture, and their protest is only an attempt to change something that is doomed to failure. However, they are unable to make a revolution in their own consciousness, which remains hopeless and bony, as the author's analysis shows. The village of Bunin is a sad sight.

Depiction of the peasantry

The men appear before the reader in all their ugliness: beating children and wives, wild drunkenness, torturing animals. Many Durnovites simply do not understand what is happening around them. So, the worker Koshel once visited the Caucasus, but he cannot tell anything about him, except that there is a "mountain on a mountain." His mind is "poor", he repels everything incomprehensible, new, but he believes that he has recently seen a real witch.

A soldier works as a teacher in Durnovka, the most ordinary-looking peasant, who, however, was talking such nonsense that one could only "distort with his hands." Training was presented to him as accustoming to strict army discipline.

The work "Village" (Bunin) gives us another vivid image - the peasant Gray. He was the poorest in the village, while having a lot of land. Once Gray built a new hut, but it had to be heated in winter, so he first burned the roof, and then sold the hut as well. This hero refuses to work, sits idle in an unheated dwelling, and the children are afraid of the torch, because they are used to living in the dark.

The village is the whole of Russia, therefore the fate of the whole country is reflected in the work. Bunin believed that the peasants were only capable of spontaneous and senseless rebellion. The story gives a description of how one day they rebelled throughout the county. It ended with the peasants burning down several estates, shouting "and they were silent."

Conclusion

Ivan Alekseevich was accused of hating the people, not knowing the village. But the author would never have created such a poignant story if he had not rooted for his homeland and peasants with all his heart, as can be seen in the work "The Village". Bunin wanted to show with the content of his story everything wild, dark, which prevents people and the country from developing.

I really enjoy spending time in the village with my grandmother. She has a wonderful little house where I am always greeted with warmth. Even in winter time years in this place, I feel great! Why? The answer is simple! This is a wonderfully quiet place. At the entrance to the village, only the barking of dogs disturbs the tranquility of the silent nature. I go to a pretty courtyard. Looking at me kindly an old house. The wooden windows are covered with hoarfrost, which gives a special fabulous temptation to this place. Already from the threshold I smell the pies. Grandmother welcomes

He escorts me to the living room. It's so cozy here! I am surrounded by a pleasant atmosphere, reinforced by the warmth of the fire in the stove, grandmother's stories and fairy tales. To the right of the entrance to the room is a huge wardrobe-old man. He has seen a lot, as well as unusual objects standing inside him. These old vases, a small snuffbox with a porcelain lid, various figurines. But the most important thing is the books. It seems that everything has gathered in this closet. long history our planet. Here are children's books, and instructive-philosophical, and lyrical works different years. There are also encyclopedias ready to tell a lot about those who want it. Directly opposite this rare giant is a large window from which the entire street is perfectly visible. The snow is falling thickly behind the glass, and I am watching the beauty of nature, sitting in a comfortable chair with a cup of tea. There is a table in the middle, laden with food, but ready at any time to get rid of this burden and provide a place for reading or other equally important matters. Grandma's house in this quiet village is just a magical place where the bygone past comes to life. I would visit it much more often, but, alas, it turns out only on weekends to escape from the shem city into this mysterious silence. Good luck!

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Bunin wrote the work "In the Village" in 1897. This is one of the writer's most poetic stories, filled with an extraordinary love for the rural landscape.

Bunin dedicated several stories and novels to the village. It is worth saying that this topic was quite relevant for many writers at the turn of the century. The question of the fate of the Russian peasantry at that time was very acute. If in the nineteenth century in many works of art there is an extra pastorality, then at the beginning of the twentieth prose writers began to depict rural life already without embellishment.

Features of Bunin's work

"In the Village" is a story in which optimistic notes are still present. The author mentions the poverty of the peasantry only in passing. The story is told in the first person little boy. The author reminisces about his childhood. It is not easy to present a summary of Bunin's "In the Village". It's extremely poetic work, which shows very few events.

Plan

If you retell Bunin's "In the Village" chapter by chapter, you need to adhere to the following plan:

1. In anticipation of the holiday.
2. Way home.
3. Return to the city.

As we can see from the plan presented above, there is no plot as such in the story. Most of the work is devoted to the road. First, the boy with his father goes to his native village, then returns to the city. Nothing is said about how the Christmas holidays are held.

Mainly in the work of Bunin is the village. It is to her that the writer dedicated this short story. And the story of a boy who missed home and was glad to see his father, is probably just an excuse to sing of the rural landscape - gray and unsightly for a person who cannot appreciate its beauty, and beautiful for the author and his characters.

Waiting for the holiday

The boy studies at the city gymnasium, lives away from his family. Home is only during the holidays. The work "In the Village" by Ivan Bunin tells about the events that take place on the eve of the Christmas holidays. The father comes for the boy and takes him to the village, where he will spend two weeks.

It seemed to the narrator in childhood that after the Christmas holidays, spring comes. He was looking forward to Christmas time, and on the way to the gymnasium he looked into the shop windows, where a lot of elegant Christmas decorations had already been put up. The boy was sure that the real, harsh and gray winter was over. After all, your father will be here soon. He saw him infrequently, only on holidays.

Finally, this day has come. In the apartment where the boy lived, the bell rang. It was the father. The whole evening the schoolboy did not leave him, and before going to bed he dreamed about how he would spend time in his native village. In the morning they set off.

Way home

Everything made him happy in those pre-Christmas days. And a long way home on a snow-covered road. And the coachman, who menacingly, cracking his whip, shouted at the horse. And huge snowdrifts under the porch of the native house.

The word "spring" appears frequently in the story. What does this time of year have to do with the January holidays? But is it not the spring mood that visits a child who is finally at home? Still, perhaps, spring is mentioned, because the hero associates it with the house.

In the village

The next day, the boy woke up early, studied the bizarre drawings on the glasses for a long time, and then asked his father to take a ride on the hill. Hard frosts did not frighten him. And he still believed that spring was very close. He didn't want to leave the yard. Everything pleased. He wandered into the yard, where cows were dozing, sheep were scurrying about, and horses roamed, thinner over the winter. Here he smelled a mixture of hay and snow. And these were the happiest moments in his short life.

A happy person does not notice the time. Griboyedov once said something similar. The boy, drowning in happy dreams, did not notice how the holidays flew by. It's time to return to the city. His father equipped him for the trip and gave instructions. And in order to cheer up a little, he promised to buy a stallion by spring. For the next few months, the boy will dream about how he will ride a horse and go hunting with his father. He is very sad to leave native home. But he agrees with his father: spring will come very soon.

Return to the city

The work is permeated with love for rural landscapes. On the way, the father talks about the village, about why people think that living here is boring. Already from a few phrases of the hero, the reader understands that this man is very wise. The man says that the village is not at all boring, but there really is a lot of poverty here. In order for it not to be, you need to work hard. And then in the village a good life. After all, only here you can understand what real spring is. In the city, a person does not fully notice the beauty of the thaw. There he pays more attention to the bright signs. Nature can be loved only in the village - that's, perhaps, the main idea Bunin's story.

On the way to the city, the boy admires the scenery again. He thinks that these huge snowdrifts will soon melt, and even the poor black huts will change their appearance - they will become cheerful and clean. He likes village houses, especially brick ones, those that belong to wealthy peasants. In such huts there is always the smell of freshly baked bread, wet straw lies on the floor, there are a lot of people, and everyone is at work.

They leave the village. Endless fields all around. Black peasant huts behind...

From the history of writing

At the beginning of the 20th century, Bunin began work on a series of works dedicated to rural life. But the main work in this collection was not the story, a summary of which is presented above, but a completely different work. It is called simply - "Village".

When writing this work, the author set himself the following task: to show a simple Russian peasant without embellishment, while emphasizing the hopelessness of his existence. At the beginning of the century in Russia there were quite tragic events from which the rural population suffered the most. But in the story "The Village" Bunin showed poverty not so much material as spiritual. At the same time, he portrayed a picture of rural poverty quite realistically.

The writer wholeheartedly sympathized with the peasants. Exhausted by hard work, throughout their lives they were subjected to humiliation, hopeless poverty. But it is worth saying that despite the rather sad background, Bunin's heroes have spontaneity, childish naivety and amazing love of life.

These two works dedicated to the village are completely different. In the first, the content of which is conveyed in this article, we are talking about a wise villager. The father of the protagonist does not suffer from poverty. One of the peasants says high school student - chief hero - "master", but affectionately, without malice and envy. The boy's father is used to working hard, loves his native land and instills this love in his little son. This hero, perhaps, is an example of a correct villager in Bunin's understanding.

In the story "The Village" shows the wretchedness spiritual world descendants of a former serf. The characters of this work live in a village called Durnovo, which speaks for itself.

Landscape in Bunin's story

The prose of this writer is extremely poetic. He achieved real mastery, of course, in creating works dedicated to love. Bunin is best known as the author of small romantic stories, such as the stories included in the collection Dark Alleys. But the famous stories about love were written much later, already in exile. In Russia, for the writer, apparently, the theme of the village was much more important - poor, gray, sometimes gloomy, but very beloved by the last Russian classic.

In order to understand how important the role of the landscape is in literary work, you should read one of the stories of Ivan Bunin. And first of all, the one we are talking about in today's article. When immersed in the world of Bunin's images, it is as if you find yourself in another time. You feel that amazing mixture of smells of hay and snow, which so pleased the hero of the story "In the Village". You see endless snow-white fields, and in the distance - black peasant huts. Summary does not convey the richness of the Bunin language. In order to appreciate it, the work should be read in the original.