Vov in the work of writers. The Great Patriotic War in the works of the XX century

The topic of my essay was not chosen by chance. The year 2005 marks the 60th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. In my essay, I want to talk about the exploits of Soviet writers, which they performed along with ordinary soldiers who did not spare sweat and blood to save the country from the fascist threat ...

... The Great Patriotic War. Generations have already grown up who know about it from the stories of veterans, books, and films. The pain of loss subsided over the years, the wounds healed. It has long been rebuilt, restored destroyed by the war. But why did our writers and poets turn and turn to those ancient days? Maybe the memory of the heart haunts them... The war still lives in the memory of our people, and not just in fiction. The military theme raises fundamental questions of human existence. The main hero of military prose is an ordinary participant in the war, its inconspicuous worker. This hero was young, did not like to talk about heroism, but honestly performed his military duties and turned out to be capable of a feat not in words, but in deeds.

I like stories and novels by Yuri Bondarev: “The Last Volleys”, “Battalions Ask for Fire”, “ Hot Snow“Reading these books, you understand how and in the name of what a person survived, what is the margin of his moral strength, what was spiritual world fighting people.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War became long years one of the main themes of 20th century literature. There are many reasons for this. This is the awareness of those irreparable losses that the war brought, and the sharpness of moral conflicts that are possible only in an extreme situation (and the events of the war are just such events), and the fact that any truthful word about modernity was banished from Soviet literature for a long time. The theme of the war sometimes remained the only island of authenticity in the stream of far-fetched, false prose, where all conflicts, according to the instructions "from above", were supposed to reflect the struggle between the good and the best. But the truth about the war did not come easily, something prevented her from telling it to the end.

Today it is clear that it is impossible to understand the events of those years, human characters, if you do not take into account that the year 1941 was preceded by the terrible year 1929 - the year of the “great turning point”, when, behind the liquidation of the “kulaks as a class”, they did not notice how everything was liquidated the best in the peasantry - and, perhaps, the even more terrible year of 1937.

One of the first attempts to tell the truth about the war was V. Bykov's story "The Sign of Trouble". This story became a milestone in the work of the Belarusian writer. She was preceded by his works about the war: "Obelisk", "Sotnikov", "Survive until dawn" and others. After “The Sign of Trouble”, the writer’s work takes on a new breath, deepens into historicism, primarily in such works as “In the Fog”, “Round”.

In the center of the story “The Sign of Trouble” is a man at war. Not always man goes to the war, she herself sometimes comes to his house, as happened with two Belarusian old men, peasants Stepanida and Petrok Bogatko. The farm where they live is occupied. The policemen come to the estate, and behind them the fascists. They are not shown by V. Bykov as cruel and atrocious, they just come to someone else's house and settle down there as masters, following the idea of ​​their Fuhrer that anyone who is not an Aryan is not a person, in his house you can cause complete ruin, but the inhabitants of the house themselves - be treated like work animals. And that is why it is so unexpected for them that Stepanida is not ready to obey them unquestioningly. Not allowing yourself to be humiliated is the source of this middle-aged woman's resistance in such a dramatic situation. Stepanida - a strong character. Human dignity is the main thing that drives her actions. “During her difficult life, she nevertheless learned the truth and, little by little, found her human dignity. And the one who once felt like a man will never become cattle, ”V. Bykov writes about his heroine. At the same time, the writer does not just draw this character for us, he reflects on the origins of its formation. Thinking about the meaning of the title of the story, you remember the lines from the poem by A. Tvardovsky, written in 1945: “Before the war, as if as a sign of trouble...” What happened before the war in the village became that “sign of trouble”, oh which says Bykov.

Stepanida Bogatko, who “for six years, not sparing herself, toiled herself in the laborers,” believed in new life, one of the first to enroll in the collective farm - it is not without reason that she is called a rural activist. But soon she realized that there was no truth that she was looking for and waiting for in this new life. Fearing suspicion of pandering to the class enemy, it is she, Stepanida, who throws angry words unfamiliar man in a black leather jacket: “Don’t you need justice? You smart people, don't you see what's going on?" More than once, Stepanida tries to intervene in the course of the case, intercede for Levon, who was arrested on a false denunciation, send Petrok to Minsk with a petition to the CEC chairman himself. And every time her resistance to untruth stumbles upon a blank wall. Unable to change the situation alone, Stepanida finds an opportunity to save herself, her inner sense of justice, to move away from what is happening around her: “Do what you want. But without me." It was in the pre-war years that one should look for the source of the formation of Stepanida's character, and not in the fact that she was a collective farmer activist, but in the fact that she managed not to succumb to the general rapture of deceit, empty words about a new life, she managed not to succumb to fear, she managed to keep in herself human beginning. And during the war years, it determined her behavior. At the end of the story, Stepanida dies, but dies, not resigning herself to fate, but resisting it to the last. One of the critics remarked ironically that "the damage inflicted by Stepanida on the enemy's army was great." Yes, the visible material damage is not great. But something else is infinitely important: Stepanida, by her death, proves that she is a person, and not a working animal that can be subdued, humiliated, forced to obey. In resistance to violence, that strength of character of the heroine is manifested, which, as it were, refutes death, shows the reader how much a person can, even if he is alone, even if he is in a hopeless situation.

Have you heard the expression? "When the cannons rumble, the muses are silent." During the Great Patriotic War, the muses were not just not silent - they shouted, sang, called, inspired, stood up to their full height.

The years 1941-1945 are probably one of the most terrible in the history of the "Russian state". Tears, blood, pain and fear - these are the main "symbols" of that time. And despite this - courage, joy, pride in yourself and your loved ones. People supported each other, fought for the right to life, for peace on earth - and art helped them in this.

Suffice it to recall the words spoken by two German soldiers many years after the end of the war: “Then, on August 9, 1942, we realized that we would lose the war. We felt your strength, capable of overcoming hunger, fear and even death ... "And on August 9, in the Leningrad Philharmonic, the orchestra performed the seventh symphony of D. D. Shostakovich ...

Not only music helped people to survive. It was during the war years that amazingly good films were shot, for example, “The Wedding” or “Hearts of Four”. It was during these years that beautiful, immortal songs were sung, like "The Blue Handkerchief".

And yet a huge role, perhaps the main one, was played by literature.

Writers and poets, writers, critics, artists knew firsthand what war is. They saw it with their own eyes. Just read: K. Simonov, B. Okudzhava, B. Slutsky, A. Tvardovsky, M. Jalil, V. Astafiev, V. Grossman ... It is not surprising that their books, their work became a kind of chronicle of those tragic events - a beautiful and terrible chronicle .

One of the most famous poems Yulia Drunina's short student four lines become about the war - the lines of a frightened, excited front-line girl:

I've only seen melee once,
Once upon a time. And a thousand - in a dream.
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war.

Forever the theme of the Great Patriotic War will remain in her work.

Perhaps one of the most terrible poems will be the work "Barbarity", which was written by the poet Musa Jalil. So much atrocity that the invaders showed, it seems, is not found in all wild animals in the world. Only man is capable of such unspeakable cruelty:

My land, tell me what's wrong with you?
You often saw human grief,
You bloomed for us for millions of years,
But have you ever experienced
Such a shame and barbarism?

Many more tears were shed, many bitter words were said about betrayal, cowardice and meanness, and even more about nobility, selflessness and humanity, when, it would seem, nothing human could remain in the souls.

Let's remember Mikhail Sholokhov and his story "The Fate of Man". It was written after the war, in the mid-1950s, but its realism strikes the imagination of even the modern reader. It's short and probably not unique story soldier who lost terrible years everything he had. And despite this, main character, Andrey Sokolov, did not get embittered. Fate dealt him blows one after another, but he coped - he carried his cross, continued to live.

Other writers and poets dedicated their works to the years of the Great Patriotic War. Some helped the soldiers survive in battle - for example, Konstantin Simonov and his immortal "Wait for me" or Alexander Tvardovsky with "Vasily Terkin". These works went beyond the boundaries of poetry. They were copied, cut out of newspapers, reprinted, sent to relatives and friends ... And all because the Word - the strongest weapon of the world - instilled in people the hope that a person is stronger than war. He knows how to cope with any difficulties.

Other works told the bitter truth about the war - for example, Vasil Bykov and his story "Sotnikov".

Almost all the literature of the 20th century is somehow connected with the theme of wartime. From books - huge novels, stories and short stories, we, a generation that has not experienced years of horror and fear, can learn about the greatest events in our history. Find out - and pay tribute to the Heroes, thanks to whom the peaceful sky turns blue over our heads.

The war that began on June 22, 1941 became a terrible milestone in the history of our country. Literally every family has faced this problem. However, later this tragedy served as an impetus for the creation of many talented books, poems and films. Especially talented authors created amazing and exciting poems.

While studying at school, many of us study the Great Patriotic War from literary works. Most of all I like poetry. There are many wonderful poets, but I fell in love with Alexander Tvardovsky, who created the brilliant poem "Vasily Terkin". The main character Vasily is a brave soldier who is capable of Hard time cheer up your fellow soldiers with a joke. First, poems began to be published in small excerpts in the newspaper starting in 1942 and immediately earned great popularity among the soldiers. The newspaper went from hand to hand and passed from department to department. The character of Vasily Terkin turned out to be so vividly written out, and his figure is so colorful and original, that many soldiers from different sectors of the front claimed that this particular man served in their company.

Terkin acts as a simple Russian soldier, who is a countryman of the author himself. This is not his first war, before that he went through the entire Finnish company. This person does not go into his pocket for a word, when he needs to, he can brag, he loves to eat well. In general - our guy! Everything is given to him easily, he performs his feats, as if by chance. Sometimes he dreams of how, having received a medal for courage, he will go to dances in the village council. How will everyone respect such a hero.

Many soldiers tried to imitate their book idol and wanted to be like him in everything. Vasily experienced many adventures, was wounded, was in hospital, killed German officers. The soldiers liked the poems so much that Tvardovsky received many letters asking him to write a sequel.

I liked Vasily Terkin's character because of its simplicity. He easily walked through life and did not lose heart in the most difficult moments for him. His manner of speaking, his actions, everything he did was very similar to the image of a Russian soldier. In addition, I liked Vasily for his dangerous adventures. He seemed to be playing toss with death every minute.

It was widely covered in the literature, especially in Soviet times, as many authors shared personal experience and they themselves experienced all the horrors described along with ordinary soldiers. Therefore, it is not surprising that first the military, and then post-war years were marked by the writing of a number of works dedicated to the feat of the Soviet people in the brutal struggle against Nazi Germany. You cannot pass by such books and forget about them, because they make us think about life and death, war and peace, past and present. We bring to your attention a list of the best books on the Great Patriotic War that are worth reading and rereading.

Vasil Bykov

Vasil Bykov (books are presented below) - outstanding Soviet writer, public figure and participant in the Second World War. Probably one of the most famous authors of military novels. Bykov wrote mainly about a person during the most severe trials that fall to his lot, and about the heroism of ordinary soldiers. Vasil Vladimirovich sang in his works the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Below we look at the most famous novels this author: Sotnikov, Obelisk and Survive Until Dawn.

"Sotnikov"

The story was written in 1968. This is another example of how it has been described in fiction. Initially, the arbitrariness was called "Liquidation", and the plot was based on the author's meeting with a former fellow soldier, whom he considered dead. In 1976, based on this book, the film "Ascent" was made.

The story tells about a partisan detachment that is in great need of provisions and medicines. Rybak and the intellectual Sotnikov are sent for supplies, who is ill, but volunteers to go, since there were no more volunteers. Long wanderings and searches lead the partisans to the village of Lyasiny, where they rest a little and receive a sheep carcass. Now you can go back. But on the way back they run into a squad of policemen. Sotnikov is seriously injured. Now Rybak must save the life of his comrade and bring the promised provisions to the camp. However, he does not succeed, and together they fall into the hands of the Germans.

"Obelisk"

Many were written by Vasil Bykov. The writer's books were often filmed. One of these books was the story "Obelisk". The work is built according to the “story within a story” type and has a pronounced heroic character.

The hero of the story, whose name remains unknown, comes to the funeral of Pavel Miklashevich, a village teacher. At the commemoration, everyone remembers the deceased with a kind word, but then Frost comes up, and everyone falls silent. On the way home, the hero asks his fellow traveler what kind of Moroz has to do with Miklashevich. Then he is told that Frost was the teacher of the deceased. He treated the children as if they were his own, took care of them, and Miklashevich, who was oppressed by his father, took to live with him. When the war began, Frost helped the partisans. The village was occupied by the police. One day, his students, including Miklashevich, sawed the bridge supports, and the police chief, along with his henchmen, ended up in the water. The boys were caught. Frost, who by that time had fled to the partisans, surrendered in order to free the students. But the Nazis decided to hang both the children and their teachers. Before his execution, Moroz helped Miklashevich escape. The rest were hanged.

"Survive Until Dawn"

The story of 1972. As you can see, the Great Patriotic War in literature continues to be relevant even after decades. This is also confirmed by the fact that Bykov was awarded for this story. State Prize THE USSR. The work tells about Everyday life military intelligence officers and saboteurs. Initially, the story was written in Belarusian, and only then translated into Russian.

November 1941, the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Lieutenant Soviet army Igor Ivanovsky, the main character of the story, is in command of a sabotage group. He will have to lead his comrades behind the front line - to the lands of Belarus, occupied by the German invaders. Their task is to blow up the German ammunition depot. Bykov tells about the feat of ordinary soldiers. It was they, and not staff officers, who became the force that helped win the war.

The book was filmed in 1975. The script for the film was written by Bykov himself.

“And the dawns here are quiet…”

The work of the Soviet and Russian writer Boris Lvovich Vasiliev. One of the most famous front-line stories is largely due to the film adaptation of the same name in 1972. “And the dawns here are quiet…” Boris Vasiliev wrote in 1969. The work is based on real events: during the war, soldiers serving on the Kirov railway prevented German saboteurs from blowing up the railway track. Only the commander remained alive after a fierce battle Soviet group, who was awarded the Medal for Military Merit.

“The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” (Boris Vasiliev) - a book describing the 171st junction in the Karelian wilderness. Here is the calculation of anti-aircraft installations. The soldiers, not knowing what to do, begin to get drunk and mess around. Then Fyodor Vaskov, commandant of the section, asks to "send non-drinkers." The command sends two squads of anti-aircraft gunners to him. And somehow one of the new arrivals notices German saboteurs in the forest.

Vaskov realizes that the Germans want to get to strategic targets and understands that they need to be intercepted here. To do this, he collects a detachment of 5 anti-aircraft gunners and leads them to the Sinyukhina ridge through the swamps along a path he knows alone. During the campaign, it turns out that there are 16 Germans, so he sends one of the girls for reinforcements, while he pursues the enemy. However, the girl does not reach her own and dies in the swamps. Vaskov has to enter into an unequal battle with the Germans, and as a result, the four girls remaining with him die. But still the commandant manages to capture the enemies, and he takes them to the location Soviet troops.

The story describes the feat of a man who himself decides to confront the enemy and not let him walk with impunity. native land. Without the order of the authorities, the main character himself goes into battle and takes 5 volunteers with him - the girls volunteered themselves.

"Tomorrow there was a war"

The book is a kind of biography of the author of this work, Boris Lvovich Vasiliev. The story begins with the fact that the writer tells about his childhood, that he was born in Smolensk, his father was the commander of the Red Army. And before becoming at least someone in this life, choosing his profession and deciding on a place in society, Vasiliev became a soldier, like many of his peers.

"Tomorrow there was a war" - a work about the pre-war period. Its main characters are still very young students of the 9th grade, the book tells about their growing up, love and friendship, idealistic youth, which turned out to be too short due to the outbreak of war. The work tells about the first serious confrontation and choice, about the collapse of hopes, about the inevitable growing up. And all this against the backdrop of a looming grave threat that cannot be stopped or avoided. And in a year, these boys and girls will find themselves in the heat of a fierce battle, in which many of them are destined to burn out. However, for your short life they will learn what honor, duty, friendship and truth are.

"Hot Snow"

A novel by front-line writer Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev. The Great Patriotic War in the literature of this writer is presented especially widely and became the main motive of all his work. But most famous work Bondarev is precisely the novel "Hot Snow", written in 1970. The action of the work takes place in December 1942 near Stalingrad. The novel is based on real events - the attempt of the German army to release the sixth army of Paulus, surrounded at Stalingrad. This battle was decisive in the battle for Stalingrad. The book was filmed by G. Egiazarov.

The novel begins with the fact that two artillery platoons under the command of Davlatyan and Kuznetsov will have to gain a foothold on the Myshkova River, and then hold back the advance of German tanks rushing to the rescue of Paulus's army.

After the first wave of the offensive, Lieutenant Kuznetsov's platoon is left with one gun and three soldiers. Nevertheless, the soldiers continue to repel the onslaught of enemies for another day.

"Destiny of Man"

"Destiny of Man" school work, which is studied within the framework of the topic "The Great Patriotic War in Literature". The story was written by the famous Soviet writer Mikhail Sholokhov in 1957.

The work describes the life of a simple driver Andrei Sokolov, who had to leave his family and home with the outbreak of World War II. However, the hero did not have time to get to the front, as he immediately gets injured and ends up in Nazi captivity, and then in a concentration camp. Thanks to his courage, Sokolov manages to survive captivity, and at the end of the war he manages to escape. Once he gets to his own, he gets a vacation and goes to his small homeland, where he learns that his family died, only his son survived, who went to war. Andrei returns to the front and learns that his son was shot dead by a sniper on the last day of the war. However, this is not the end of the hero's story, Sholokhov shows that even having lost everything, one can find new hope and gain strength in order to live on.

"Brest Fortress"

The book of the famous and journalist was written in 1954. For this work, the author was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964. And this is not surprising, because the book is the result of Smirnov's ten-year work on the history of the defense of the Brest Fortress.

The work "Brest Fortress" (Sergey Smirnov) is a part of history itself. Writing literally bit by bit collected information about the defenders, wishing that their good names and honor were not forgotten. Many of the heroes were captured, for which, after the end of the war, they were convicted. And Smirnov wanted to protect them. The book contains many memories and testimonies of the participants in the battles, which fills the book with true tragedy, full of courageous and decisive actions.

"Alive and Dead"

The Great Patriotic War in the literature of the 20th century describes the life of ordinary people who, by the will of fate, turned out to be heroes and traitors. This cruel time crushed many, and only a few managed to slip between the millstones of history.

"The Living and the Dead" is the first book of the famous trilogy of the same name by Konstantin Mikhailovich Simonov. The second two parts of the epic are called "Soldiers are not born" and " last summer". The first part of the trilogy was published in 1959.

Many critics consider the work one of the brightest and most talented examples of the description of the Great Patriotic War in the literature of the 20th century. At the same time, the epic novel is not a historiographical work or a chronicle of the war. The characters in the book are fictional people, although they have certain prototypes.

"War has no woman's face"

The literature devoted to the Great Patriotic War usually describes the exploits of men, sometimes forgetting that women also contributed to overall victory. But the book of the Belarusian writer Svetlana Aleksievich, one might say, restores historical justice. The writer collected in her work the stories of those women who took part in the Great Patriotic War. The title of the book was the first lines of the novel "The War under the Roofs" by A. Adamovich.

"Not listed"

Another story, the theme of which was the Great Patriotic War. IN Soviet literature Boris Vasiliev, whom we have already mentioned above, was quite famous. But he received this fame precisely thanks to his military work, one of which is the story "It does not appear on the lists."

The book was written in 1974. Its action takes place in the very Brest Fortress, which is besieged by fascist invaders. Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov, the protagonist of the work, ends up in this fortress before the start of the war - he arrived on the night of June 21-22. And at dawn the battle begins. Nikolai has the opportunity to leave here, since his name is not on any military list, but he decides to stay and defend his homeland to the end.

"Babi Yar"

The documentary novel Babi Yar was published by Anatoly Kuznetsov in 1965. The work is based on the childhood memories of the author, who during the war ended up in the territory occupied by the Germans.

The novel begins with a small author's preface, a short introductory chapter and several chapters, which are combined into three parts. The first part tells about the withdrawal of the retreating Soviet troops from Kyiv, the collapse of the Southwestern Front and the beginning of the occupation. Also included here were scenes of the execution of Jews, explosions of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and Khreshchatyk.

The second part is completely devoted to the occupational life of 1941-1943, the deportations of Russians and Ukrainians as workers to Germany, about the famine, about underground production, about Ukrainian nationalists. The final part of the novel tells about the liberation of the Ukrainian land from the German invaders, the flight of the policemen, the battle for the city, the uprising in the Babi Yar concentration camp.

"A Tale of a Real Man"

Literature about the Great Patriotic War also includes the work of another Russian writer who went through the war as a military journalist, Boris Polevoy. The story was written in 1946, that is, almost immediately after the end of hostilities.

The plot is based on an event from the life of the USSR military pilot Alexei Meresyev. Its prototype was real character, Hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Maresyev, who, like his hero, was a pilot. The story tells how he was shot down in battle with the Germans and badly wounded. As a result of the accident, he lost both legs. However, his willpower was so great that he managed to return to the ranks of Soviet pilots.

The work was awarded the Stalin Prize. The story is imbued with humanistic and patriotic ideas.

"Madonna with ration bread"

Maria Glushko is a Crimean Soviet writer who went to the front at the beginning of the Second World War. Her book Madonna with Ration Bread is about the feat of all mothers who had to survive the Great Patriotic War. The heroine of the work is a very young girl Nina, whose husband goes to war, and at the insistence of her father, she goes to evacuate to Tashkent, where her stepmother and brother are waiting for her. The heroine is on last dates pregnancy, but this will not protect her from the flood of human troubles. And in a short time, Nina will have to find out what was previously hidden from her behind the well-being and tranquility of the pre-war existence: people in the country live so differently, what they have life principles, values, attitudes, how they differ from her, who grew up in ignorance and prosperity. But the main thing that the heroine has to do is to give birth to a child and save him from all the misfortunes of the war.

"Vasily Terkin"

Such characters as the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, literature painted the reader in different ways, but the most memorable, resilient and charismatic, of course, was Vasily Terkin.

This poem by Alexander Tvardovsky, which began to be published in 1942, immediately received popular love and recognition. The work was written and published throughout the Second World War, the last part was published in 1945. The main task of the poem was to maintain the morale of the soldiers, and Tvardovsky successfully completed this task, largely due to the image of the protagonist. Daring and cheerful Terkin, who is always ready for battle, won the hearts of many ordinary soldiers. He is the soul of the unit, a merry fellow and a joker, and in battle he is a role model, a resourceful and always achieving his goal warrior. Even being on the verge of death, he continues to fight and is already in a fight with Death itself.

The work includes a prologue, 30 chapters of the main content, divided into three parts, and an epilogue. Each chapter is a small front-line story from the life of the protagonist.

Thus, we see that the exploits of the Great Patriotic War literature Soviet period widely covered. We can say that this is one of the main themes of the middle and second half of the 20th century for Russian and Soviet writers. This is due to the fact that the whole country was involved in the battle with the German invaders. Even those who were not at the front worked tirelessly in the rear, providing soldiers with ammunition and provisions.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Average comprehensive school with an in-depth study of individual individual subjects No. 7.

The Great Patriotic War

in the works of the XX century

Literature abstract

2012
Content

Introduction..............................................................................................................2-3

1. Stages of development of literature about the Great Patriotic War .................... 4-6

1.1. The first stage - .......................................................... ................. 4-5

1.2. The second stage - y .............................................. ................... 5

1.3. The third stage - y .............................................. ................... 5-6

2. The theme of war in the works of Russian writers .............................................. 7-20

2.1. Monument to the Russian soldier in the poem "Vasily Terkin" ............... 7-9

2.2. The fate of man is the fate of the people (according to the story of Sholokhov

"The fate of man ») .................................................................................10-13

2.3. The truth about the war through the eyes ("Killed under

Moscow”).................................................. .................................................. 14-17

Conclusion......................................................................................................18-19
Bibliography........................................................................................20

Introduction

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War - there is no crueler word.

War - there is no sadder word.

War - there is no holier word.

In the anguish and glory of these years...

And on our lips is different

It can't be and isn't.

A. Tvardovsky

Time passes, but the years of the war, the greatness of our victory over German fascism, do not fade in human memory. It is difficult to overestimate its importance in history.

It seems to us that the Great Patriotic War has remained in the distant past. However, sixty-six years is an insignificant period in history. And the generations that follow us should not forget the terrible times of those years, or evaluate it incorrectly, or take it too lightly (“just think - there was a war, there was a victory!”). As you know, forgetfulness can lead to repetition.

The Great Patriotic War is an ordeal that befell the Russian people. In this war revealed best features Russian national character: his courage, fortitude, mass heroism and patriotism. Our people broke the back of the fascist beast, under whose feet Europe dutifully lay down. Yes, we won, but this victory was too expensive. The war was not only a triumph for the people, but greatest tragedy. She left ruined cities, extinct villages. She brought death to a whole generation of young, healthy, talented people. The color of the nation was destroyed. How many of them, the great defenders of the motherland, died in air battles, burned down in tanks, killed in the infantry?! Everything was in this war: both heroism and tragedy, so the literature of that time could not stay away from these events.

The purpose of this work is the study of certain stages in the development of a military theme in literature, acquaintance and comparison individual works created during these years.

Thus, object my research is literature about the Great Patriotic War, and subject- the following works as: "Vasily Terkin", "The Fate of a Man", "Killed near Moscow".

The dead will not remind, but we, the living, understand how we need to know more about them. To remember them is the duty of all the living, because this life of ours, they, the fallen ones, paid with their own.

That is why I set out to study as broadly and in more detail as possible. selected works about the Great Patriotic War, united in one of the most important layers of Russian literature. They are dictated by pain, anger and sorrow, the joy of victory and the bitterness of loss. These works are of great value among others.

Stages of development of literature about the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War and after it, a whole layer appeared in Russian literature devoted to military realities. These were works different years, from poems written in the trenches to stories that appeared 10-20 years after the last battles, when people got the opportunity to realize what was happening.

So on the first day of the war, at a rally of Soviet writers, the following words were heard: “Every Soviet writer is ready to give all his strength, all his experience and talent, all his blood, if necessary, to give to the sacred cause. people's war against the enemies of our Motherland." These words were justified. From the very beginning of the war, the writers felt "mobilized and called". Every third of the writers who went to the front - about four hundred people - did not return from the war. These are big losses. Maybe they would be smaller, but very often writers, most of whom became front-line journalists, had to deal not only with their direct duties, but many simply ended up in the ranks - to fight in infantry units, in the militia, in partisans. The writer has never heard the heart of the people so clearly - for this he had to listen to his heart. The sense of community that united the people fighting against the invaders led them into battle. Georgy Suvorov, a front-line writer who died shortly before the victory, wrote: good age we lived as people, and for people.”

During the Great Patriotic War, not only poetic genres but also prose. It is represented by journalistic and essay genres, military stories and heroic stories. Journalistic genres are very diverse: articles, essays, feuilletons, appeals, letters, leaflets.

The literature of that time went through several stages in its development.

1.1. In the years it was created by writers who went to war in order to support the patriotic spirit of the people with their works, unite them in the fight against a common enemy, and reveal the feat of a soldier. The motto of the time is "Kill him!" (enemy), permeated this literature - a response to the tragic events in the life of a country that had not yet raised questions about the causes of the war and could not connect 1937 and 1941 in one plot, could not know the terrible price paid by the people for winning this war. The most successful, included in the treasury of Russian literature, was the poem "Vasily Terkin". The “Young Guard” about the feat and death of young Red Guards touches the soul with the moral purity of the heroes, but it is bewildering with the popular description of the life of young people before the war and the methods of creating images of the Nazis. The literature of the first stage was descriptive, non-analytical in spirit.

1.2. The second stage in the development of the military theme in literature falls on the years. These are novels, short stories, poems about victory and meetings, about salutes and kisses - unnecessarily jubilant and triumphant. They didn't say terrible truth about war. Generally lovely story"The Fate of a Man" (1957) hid the truth about where former prisoners of war ended up after returning home, although the author himself argued: "A writer must be able to directly tell the reader the truth, no matter how bitter it may be." But this is not his fault, but the fault of time and censorship.

Tvardovsky will later say about this:

And to the end, having experienced alive

That way of the cross half dead -

From captivity captivity - under the thunder of victory

1.3. The real truth about the war was written in the 60-80s; when those who fought themselves, sat in the trenches, commanded a battery and fought for a “span of land” came to literature, were captured. The literature of this period was called "Lieutenant's prose" (Yu. Bondarev, G. Baklanov, V. Bykov, K. Vorobyov, B. Vasiliev, V. Bogomolov). She made the picture of the war all-encompassing: the front line, captivity, the partisan region, the victorious days of 1945, the rear - that's what these writers resurrected in high and low manifestations. They were beaten hard. They were beaten because they "Narrowed" the scale of the image of the war to the size of "a span of land", a battery, a trench, a fishing line ... They were not published for a long time for "deheroization" of events. And they, knowing the price of everyday feat, saw him in the everyday work of a soldier. Lieutenant writers wrote not about victories at the fronts, but about defeats, encirclement, the retreat of the army, about stupid command and confusion at the top. The writers of this generation took Tolstoy's principle of depicting war as a model - "Not in the correct, beautiful and brilliant order, with music ... with waving banners and prancing generals, but ... in blood, in suffering, in death." The analytical spirit of the "Sevastopol Tales" entered the domestic literature on the war of the XX century.

Monument to the Russian soldier in the poem "Vasily Terkin".

During the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war decade, such works were created in which the main attention was paid to the fate of a person in the war. Human life, personal dignity and war - this is how the main principle of works about war can be formulated.

The poem "Vasily Terkin" is distinguished by a kind of historicism. Conventionally, it can be divided into three parts, coinciding with the beginning, middle and end of the war. The poetic comprehension of the stages of the war creates a lyrical chronicle of events from the chronicle. A feeling of bitterness and sorrow fills the first part, faith in victory - the second, the joy of the liberation of the Fatherland becomes the leitmotif of the third part of the poem. This is explained by the fact that he created the poem gradually, throughout the Great Patriotic War, Mr.

This is the most amazing, most life-affirming work, from which, in fact, it began military theme in our art. It will help us understand why, after all, despite Stalinism and the slave state of the people a great victory over the brown plague took place.

"Vasily Terkin" is a poem-monument to a Russian soldier, which was erected long before the end of the war. You read it and, as it were, immerse yourself in the element of a living, natural, precise word, flavored with humor, a trick (“And what time of the year is it better to die in a war?”), Oral language that gives astringency to the language (“and at least spit in her face”) , phraseological units ("here's your cover now"). Through the language of the poem, a cheerful, honest people's consciousness is transmitted to themselves and others.

Without you, Vasily Terkin,

even death, but on dry land. It rains. And you can’t even smoke: the matches are soaked. The soldiers curse everything, and it seems to them, “there is no worse trouble.” And Terkin grins and begins a long discussion. the soldier feels the elbow of a comrade, he is strong. Behind him is a battalion, a regiment, a division. Or even a front. Why, all of Russia! Just last year, when a German rushed to Moscow and sang "My Moscow", then it was necessary And now the German is not at all the same, "the German is not a singer with this last year's song." And we think to ourselves that even last year, when it was completely sickening, Vasily found words that helped his comrades. "Such a talent that, lying in a wet swamp, his comrades laughed: it became easier in his soul. He accepts everything as it is, Not busy only with himself, does not lose heart and does not panic (chapter "Before the fight"). He is not alien to the feeling of gratitude , consciousness of unity with his people, not the statutory "understanding of duty", but with his heart. He is savvy, brave and merciful to enemy. All these features can be summarized in the concept of "Russian national character". Tvardovsky emphasized all the time: "he is an ordinary guy." Ordinary in its moral purity, inner strength and poetry. It is these heroes, not supermen, who are able to charge the reader with cheerfulness, optimism and " good feelings» to everything that is named LIFE.

The fate of a person is the fate of the people (according to Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man").

One of the works in which the author sought to tell the world the harsh truth about what a huge price he paid Soviet people the right of mankind to the future is the story "The Fate of Man", published in Pravda on December 31, 1956 - January 1, 1957. Sholokhov wrote this story in an amazingly short time. Only a few days of hard work were devoted to the story. However, his creative history takes many years: between chance meeting ten years passed with the man who became the prototype of Andrei Sokolov and the appearance of The Fate of Man. It must be assumed that Sholokhov turned to the events of wartime not only because the impression of the meeting with the driver, which deeply excited him and gave him an almost finished plot, did not disappear. The main and defining was something else: past war was such an event in the life of mankind that without taking into account its lessons, none of the most important problems could be comprehended and solved modern world. Sholokhov, exploring the national origins of the character of the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, was faithful to the deep tradition of Russian literature, the pathos of which was love for the Russian person, admiration for him, and was especially attentive to those manifestations of his soul that are connected with the national soil.

Andrei Sokolov is a truly Russian person Soviet era. His fate reflects the fate of his native people, his personality embodied the features that characterize the appearance of a Russian person who went through all the horrors of the war imposed on him and, at the cost of enormous, irreparable personal losses and tragic hardships, defended his homeland, affirming the great right to life, freedom and independence of his homeland.

The story raises the problem of the psychology of a Russian soldier - a man who embodies the typical features of a national character. The reader is presented with a life story ordinary person. A modest worker, the father of the family lived and was happy in his own way. He represents those moral values that are inherent in working people. With what tender penetration he recalls his wife Irina (“Looking from the side, she wasn’t so prominent, but I didn’t look at her from the side, but point-blank. And it was not more beautiful and desirable for me than her, never existed in the world and never will!"") How much paternal pride he puts into words about children, especially about his son ("And the children made me happy: all three were excellent students, and the elder Anatoly turned out to be so capable of mathematics that about him even in central newspaper wrote...").

And suddenly the war ... Andrey Sokolov went to the front to defend his homeland. Like thousands of others just like him. The war tore him away from his home, from his family, from peaceful labor. And his whole life seemed to go downhill. All the troubles of the war time fell upon the soldier, life suddenly for no reason began to beat and whip him with all his might. The feat of a person appears in Sholokhov’s story, mainly not on the battlefield and not on the labor front, but in the conditions of fascist captivity, behind the barbed wire of a concentration camp (“... Before the war, I weighed eighty-six kilograms, and by autumn I was no longer pulling more than fifty. One skin remained on the bones, and it was impossible to wear your own bones. In the spiritual single combat with fascism, the character of Andrei Sokolov, his courage, is revealed. A person is always faced with a moral choice: to hide, to sit out, to betray, or to forget about the impending danger, about his “I”, to help, save, rescue, sacrifice himself. Andrey Sokolov had to make such a choice. Without hesitation for a minute, he rushes to the rescue of his comrades (“My comrades may be dying there, but will I sniff around here?”). At this point, he forgets about himself.

Away from the front, the soldier survived all the hardships of the war, the inhuman abuse of the Nazis. Andrei had to endure many terrible torments during the two years of captivity. After the Germans poisoned him with dogs, so much so that the skin and meat flew to shreds, and then they kept him in a punishment cell for a month for escaping, beat him with fists, rubber sticks and all kinds of iron, trampled underfoot, while almost not feeding him and forced him to work hard. And more than once death looked into his eyes, each time he found courage in himself and, in spite of everything, remained a man. He refused to drink on the orders of Müller for the victory of German weapons, although he knew that he could be shot for this. But not only in a collision with the enemy, Sholokhov sees the manifestation of a heroic person in nature. No less serious tests are his loss. Terrible grief a soldier deprived of loved ones and shelter, his loneliness. , who emerged from the war as a winner, who returned peace and tranquility to people, he himself lost everything he had in life, love, happiness.

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The truth about the war through the eyes ("Killed near Moscow").

War is a reason to talk

about good and bad people.

These words of V. Bykov express the essence of the tasks solved by the literature on the war of the third stage - to give a ruthless, sober analysis of time and human material. tore off the lush veils ... A lover of loud and correct phrases sometimes turned out to be a coward. An undisciplined fighter accomplished a feat ”(V. Bykov). The writer is convinced that historians should deal with war in the narrow sense, while the writer's interest should be focused exclusively on moral issues: "Who is a citizen in military and civilian life, and who is a self-seeker?"

Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow" was published in Russia only in the 80s. - afraid of the truth. The title of the story, like a blow of a hammer, is precise, brief, immediately raising the question: by whom? The military leader and historian A. Gulyga wrote: “In this war, we lacked everything: cars, fuel, shells, rifles .... The only thing we did not regret was people.” The German General Golwitzer was amazed: "You do not spare your soldiers, you might think that you command a foreign legion, and not your compatriots." Two statements raise the important problem of killing one's own by one's own. But what K. Vorobyov managed to show in the story is much deeper and more tragic, because the whole horror of the betrayal of his boys can only be depicted in a work of art.

The first and second chapters are expositional. The Germans are pushing the army to Moscow, and the Kremlin cadets are sent to the front line, "boyishly loudly and almost joyfully" reacting to the flying Junkers, in love with Captain Ryumin - with his "arrogantly ironic" smile, drawn out and slim figure, with a twig stack in his hand, with a cap slightly shifted to the right temple. Alyosha Yastrebov, like everyone else, "carried in himself an irrepressible, hidden happiness", "the joy of a flexible young body." The landscape also corresponds to the description of youth, freshness in the guys: “...Snow is light, dry, blue. He smelled Antonov apples... something cheerful and cheerful was communicated to the legs, as with music. They ate biscuits, laughed, dug trenches and rushed into battle. And they had no idea about the impending disaster. “Some kind of soul-searching smile” on the lips of the NKVD major, the lieutenant colonel’s warning that 240 cadets would not receive a single machine gun alerted Alexei, who knew Stalin’s speech by heart that “we will beat the enemy on his territory.” He figured out the deception. “There was no place in his soul where the incredible reality of war would lie down,” but the reader guessed that the cadet boys would become hostages of the war. The plot of the plot is the appearance of reconnaissance aircraft. Sashka's whitened nose, an inexorable feeling of fear not from the fact that cowards, but from the fact that the Nazis do not expect mercy.

Ryumin already knew that “the front has been broken in our direction,” a wounded soldier told about the true situation there: “Although the darkness has perished there, there are still more alive! Now we're wandering." “Like a blow, Alexei suddenly felt an agonizing feeling of kinship, pity and closeness to everything that was around and nearby, ashamed of the painfully welling tears,” this is how Vorobyov describes the psychological state of the protagonist.

The appearance of political instructor Anisimov gave rise to hope. He "called on the Kremlin to perseverance and said that communications were being pulled here from the rear and neighbors were coming." But it was another deception. A mortar attack began, shown by Vorobyov in naturalistic detail, in the suffering of Anisimov wounded in the stomach: “Cut off ... Well, please, cut off ...”, he begged Alexei. An "unnecessary tearful cry" accumulated in Alexei's soul. A man of "rapid action", Captain Ryumin understood: nobody needs them, they are cannon fodder to divert the attention of the enemy. "Only forward!" - Ryumin decides to himself, leading the cadets into the night battle. They didn't yell "Hurrah! For Stalin!" (like in the movies), something "wordless and hard" was torn from their chests. Alexey no longer "shouted, but howled." The patriotism of the cadets was expressed not in a slogan, not in a phrase, but in an act. And after the victory, the first in their lives, the young, ringing joy of these Russian boys: “... They smashed it to smithereens! Understand? Rip!”

But the German air attack began. Vorobyov amazingly depicted the hell of war with some new images: “trembling of the earth”, “dense carousel of aircraft”, “rising and falling fountains of explosions”, “waterfall fusion of sounds”. The author’s words seem to reproduce Ryumin’s passionate internal monologue: “But only night could lead the company to this line of final victory, and not this bashful little baby of the sky - day! Oh, if Ryumin could drive him into the dark gates of the night!..”

The climax occurs after the attack of tanks, when Yastrebov, who was running from them, saw a young cadet clinging to a hole in the ground. “A coward, a traitor,” Aleksey suddenly and terribly guessed, still not connecting himself with the cadet in any way. He suggested that Alexei report upstairs that he, Yastrebov, had shot down the cadets. “Shkurnik,” Alexey thinks of him, threatening to be sent to the NKVD after their argument about what to do next. In each of them, fear of the NKVD and conscience fought. And Aleksey realized that “death has many faces”: you can kill a comrade, thinking that he is a traitor, you can kill yourself in a fit of despair, you can throw yourself under a tank not for the sake of a heroic deed, but simply because instinct dictates it. K. Vorobyov-analyst explores this diversity of death in war and shows how it happens without false pathos. The story strikes with laconism, chastity of the description of the tragic.

The denouement comes unexpectedly. Alexei crawled out from under cover and soon found himself on a field with stacks and saw his own people, led by Ryumin. Before their eyes, a Soviet hawk was shot in the air. "Bastard! After all, all this was shown to us in Spain a long time ago! Ryumin whispered. “…We can never be forgiven for this!” Here is a portrait of Ryumin, who realized the great crime of the high command in front of the hawk, the boys, their gullibility and love for him, the captain: listening to something and trying to comprehend the thought eluding him ... "

And Alexei was also expecting a duel with a tank. Good luck: the tank caught fire. “The dumbfounded surprise at what he witnessed during these five days of his life” will sooner or later subside, and then he will understand who was to blame for the retreat, for the death of the purest and brightest. He just won’t understand why the gray-haired generals there, near Moscow, sacrificed their “children”.

In Vorobyov’s story, three truths seemed to collide: the “truth” of bloody fascism, the “truth” of cruel Stalinism, and the high truth of young men who lived and died with one thought: “I am responsible for everything!”.

Such prose made the picture of the war all-encompassing: the front line, captivity, the partisan region, the victorious days of 1945, the rear - this is what K. Vorobyov, A. Tvardovsky, and others resurrected in high and low manifestations.

Conclusion

"Whoever thinks about the past, he also has in mind the future. Whoever thinks about the future, he has no right to forget the past. Having passed through the fire of many battles, I know the severity of the war and do not want this fate to again fall to the lot of peoples"

In the works I have read and described, I am struck by the meticulous knowledge and exact description the realities of war, the truth of life. But after all, the most fundamental truth about war is not how bullets whistle, how people writhe in suffering and die. The truth is that they, people at war, think, feel, fighting, suffering, dying, killing the enemy.
To know this means to know the whole truth about a person, the truth - that a positive hero is never alone. Heroes always feel their belonging to all life on earth. Living is forever. Everything that has arisen with the aim of killing, enslaving, will surely fail. The heroes feel this with their hearts, with some special flair that the authors endow them with, who are able to show how that strongest, most invincible feeling, which is called an idea, is born in a person. A person obsessed with an idea knows his worth - this is his human essence. And no matter how different best books about the war, one thing united them without exception: the firm conviction that this bloody, terrible war was won by the people, they bore its incredible weight on their shoulders.
Now those who saw the war not on TV, who endured and survived it themselves, are becoming less and less every day. Years make themselves felt, old wounds and experiences that now fall to the lot of old people. The further, the more vivid and majestic they will unfold in our memory, and more than once our heart will want to relive the sacred, heavy and heroic epic of the days when the country fought from small to large. And nothing else but books will be able to convey to us this great and tragic event- The Great Patriotic War, the tests of which were a test of civil maturity, strength of communication literary work with life, with the people, its viability artistic method.
About the price of the victory that our people paid with their lives best sons and daughters, about the price of peace that the earth breathes, you think today, reading bitter and such profound works of Soviet literature.

Bibliography

1. Vorobyov near Moscow. – M.: Fiction 1993

2. Korf about the writers of the twentieth century. - M .: Publishing house Sagittarius 2006.

3. Lazarenko reference book for schoolchildren. - M .: Bustard 2006.

4. Ants. - M .: Enlightenment 1981.

5. Tvardovsky Terkin. Collected works in six volumes. Volume three. - M .: Fiction, 1983.

6. Sholokhov of man. - M .: Roman-newspaper for teenagers and youth, 1988.

7. website: http://www. *****.

8. site: http://new. *****.