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Overview of the largest metallurgical plants in Russia. Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia

The following types of industries are distinguished in the metallurgical complex full cycle, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the above-mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously. Partial cycle production is an enterprise in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in the ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of pig iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermal ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc. Partial cycle enterprises, or "small metallurgy" are called conversion enterprises, are presented as separate units for the production of cast iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant (MMK), "Magnitogorsk" metallurgical plant in the city of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region. One of the largest metallurgical plants in the CIS, the largest in Russia. Full name - Open Joint Stock Company "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works".

The plant is a metallurgical complex with a full production cycle, from the preparation of iron ore to the deep processing of ferrous metals. The total area of the plant is 11834.9 hectares.

The raw material base is provided by a mine in the city of Bakal, as well as (in the future) by the development of the Prioskolsky iron ore deposit. Compared to its main Russian competitors (Evraz, Severstal, NLMK, Mechel), MMK is poorly provided with the main raw materials of its own production: iron ore is bought mainly in Kazakhstan (SSGOPO), coking coal - including from the group Mechel. In order to develop its own resource base, in 2006, a license was acquired for the development of the Prioskolsky deposit (Belgorod Region) for 630 million rubles. Plans to build a mining and processing plant and develop the deposit (a project worth more than $3 billion) were postponed indefinitely at the end of 2008 due to a lack of financial resources as a result of falling demand and prices for steel.

Production indicators of MMK for 2008:

· steel production for 12 months of 2008 -- 12 million tons;
production of commercial metal products - 11 million tons.

Revenue in 2008 - 226 billion rubles. (growth by 19%, 190 billion in 2007). Profit from sales - 54 billion rubles. (51 billion rubles in 2007). Net profit in 2008 -- 10 billion rubles.

The plant's revenue under US GAAP for 2007 amounted to $8.197 billion (for 2006 - $6.424 billion), operating profit - $2.079 billion (an increase of 17.8%), net profit - $1.772 billion ($1.426 billion in 2006)

Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works named after V. I. Lenin (abbreviation - NTMK; formerly Novo-Tagil Metallurgical Plant, NTMZ) is a city-forming enterprise in the city of Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region, one of the largest metallurgical complexes in Russia. The first cast iron was obtained at the Novo-Tagil Metallurgical Plant on June 25, 1940 - this date is considered the birthday of the enterprise.

Currently, NTMK includes mining, sintering, coke-chemical, refractory, blast furnace, steelmaking, rolling production.

The plant operates the only universal beam mill in Russia and the CIS for the production of wide flange beams and column profiles with a profile height of 150 to 1000 mm. The mill's capacity is 1.5 million tons/year.

The enterprise produces vanadium cast iron, vanadium slag (raw material for vanadium extraction). Rolled metal for railway transport is produced - in particular, all the main profiles for car building. The plant supplies blanks for pipe-rolling production and structural rolled metal for mechanical engineering.

At the beginning of 2008, the enterprise mastered the production of new steel grades that can be used in the production of large-diameter pipes for main gas pipelines.

The main ore base of the plant is the Kachkanar deposit.

Revenue for January-September 2008 (RAS) - 98.626 billion rubles. (growth by 34% compared to 2007), net profit - 30.622 billion rubles. (growth by 1.7 times).

West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Zapsib) - one of the largest metallurgical complexes former USSR. According to all the main technical and economic indicators, OAO "West-Siberian Metallurgical Plant" is one of the best metallurgy enterprises in Russia and is one of the largest manufacturers of rolled metal products of the construction and machine-building range in Russia. ZSMK is the largest steel producer in Siberia. Production facilities include a coking plant, a sinter plant, steelmaking facilities, three blast furnaces, a blooming plant, a continuous casting machine and four rolling mills. The West-Siberian Metallurgical Plant is one of the most modern enterprises in the country, located on an area of 3,000 hectares, 25 km from the city of Novokuznetsk. Successful work three blast furnaces with a total useful volume of 8000 m3 is provided with products of the sinter-lime production - sinter of constant chemical composition and increased strength. In terms of technical, construction and architectural solutions, Zapsib steel-rolling production is one of the best enterprises in Russia. The technology developed here for copper plating of welding wire made it possible to ensure a high level of product quality, reduce the labor intensity of the wire production process, and improve ecological situation at the plant, reducing the number of Wastewater. Reliable and uninterrupted operation of the main production workshops of Zapsib is ensured by a technically equipped repair base, powerful energy facilities, railway and road transport, specialized laboratories for the analysis of raw materials, materials and the quality of finished products. Total length 400 km of railway tracks at the plant, about 150 km of automobile tracks, 90 km of conveyor tracks. The annual freight turnover by rail is 60 million tons, the volume of road transport is 20 million tons per year. In 2005, Zapsib produced 4.6 million tons of pig iron, 5.7 million tons of steel, and 5.0 million tons of rolled products. ZSMK specializes in the production of long products for the construction industry and mechanical engineering, iron and steel casting, coke products, production of non-hardened wire, frost-resistant fittings for reinforced concrete and electrodes. Trade House EvrazHolding is engaged in the sale of products manufactured by OAO West Siberian Metallurgical Plant. Among the dealers trading house: Steel Industrial Company CJSC, Troika Steel Company CJSC, Nordkom LLC, Komteh OJSC and others.

Volgograd Metallurgical Plant "Krasny Oktyabr" is one of the largest producers of rolled metal products of special steel grades in Russia, an incomplete cycle plant.

The plant received its current structure and final specialization already in the post-war period. The main production facilities were launched in the 50-70s. By 1986, the plant had a production potential capable of producing 2 million tons of steel and 1.5 million tons of rolled products per year. Its share was 12% of the production of high-quality steels in the country, including stainless steels - 14%, steel of electroslag remelting - 52%. The assortment of the plant included 500 grades of steel produced according to the standards of the Russian Federation, Germany, the USA, and Japan.

The plant was awarded the Order of Lenin (1939) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1948), in 1985 VMZ "Red October" was awarded the Order " Patriotic War» I degree for merit in providing Soviet army and navy during World War II.

After corporatization, the enterprise survived several owners, including the arbitration department in 1998-1999. On October 16, 2003, Midland Resources Holding LTD (the largest shareholder of the Ukrainian metallurgical plant Zaporizhstal), in partnership with entrepreneur Igor Shamis, acquired 100 percent of the shares of the Volgograd Metallurgical Plant Krasny Oktyabr group of companies.

Today, Krasny Oktyabr VMZ is undergoing a large-scale reconstruction, the purpose of which is to expand the production of alloy steels for special purposes. In September 2003, the plant produced 37,582 tons of steel, and in September 2004 this figure was 55,558 tons. The number of grades of produced steel is currently more than 600 types. The number of employees at the enterprise exceeds 7 thousand people.

Enterprises without iron smelting are classified as so-called conversion metallurgy.

Converting metallurgy focuses mainly on sources of secondary raw materials (waste from metallurgical production, waste from consumed rolled products, depreciation scrap) and on places of consumption of finished products, since the largest amount of scrap metal accumulates in areas of developed mechanical engineering. "Small metallurgy" interacts even more closely with mechanical engineering. The production of ferroalloys and electric steels is distinguished by special features of the location. Ferroalloys - iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon, etc.), without which the development of high-quality metallurgy is generally unthinkable - are obtained in blast furnaces and by electrometallurgical means. In the first case, the production of ferroalloys is carried out at full-cycle metallurgical enterprises, as well as with two (iron-steel) or one (iron) redistribution, in the second, their production is represented by specialized plants.

The metallurgical complex occupies the third position in the structure industrial production and belongs to the basic industries. Ferrous metallurgy plays an important role in the development of the economy of any country.

Its sectoral composition includes organizational and technological measures for the production of cast iron and rolled products. In addition, it includes:

mining, enrichment of ores;
obtaining non-metallic and auxiliary raw materials for this industry;
secondary redistribution;
manufacturing of refractories;
metal products for industrial purposes;
coal coking.

Ferrous metallurgy products have found application in most sectors of the economy. Its main consumers are the machine-building, metal-working industry, construction, and railway transport. It is also interconnected with the light and chemical industries.

Ferrous metallurgy is a dynamically developing industry. But this is a complex production area, and Russia has quite strong competitors in the face of Japan, Ukraine, and Brazil. She manages to maintain one of the leading positions, while it is advantageous to stand out with a low cost. In the field, as well as iron smelting and coke production, she managed to achieve the greatest success. This is facilitated by the continuous improvement of technological processes, the development of strategic plans and the improvement of anti-crisis management.

Types and features of enterprises

The natural basis of ferrous metallurgy is fuel and.

Russia is rich in minerals and raw materials for the development of this industry, but their territorial distribution is uneven. Therefore, the construction of plants is tied to certain areas. There are three types of ferrous metallurgy, directly depends on them geographical position production complexes:

full-cycle metallurgy, which implies the presence of all production stages that are carried out on the territory of one enterprise;
incomplete cycle metallurgy is distinguished by the fact that one of the processes is separated into a separate production;
small metallurgy, which is characterized by separate metallurgical shops as part of machine-building complexes.

The full production cycle includes both the main production of iron, steel, rolled products, and preparatory stage to the smelting of iron ores - its enrichment to increase the content of iron in it. To do this, waste rock is removed and roasted to eliminate phosphorus, carbon dioxide,.

To ensure the quality of the final product, the following components must be used:

process fuel;
water;
alloying metals;
fluxes;
refractory materials.

The main fuel is coke from high-calorie, low-ash, low-sulfur and high-strength coal, as well as gas. Metallurgical enterprises of the full cycle are mostly located close to fuel, raw materials and water resources, as well as to auxiliary materials.

In production, 90% of the costs go to fuel and raw materials. Of these, coke accounts for about 50%, iron ore - 40%. Full cycle enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials - in the Center and in the Urals, fuel bases - complexes in Kuzbass, as well as plants between points - in Cherepovets.

Full cycle

In part-time metallurgy, the emphasis is on one type of product - cast iron, steel or rolled products. Converting plants are a separate group specializing in the manufacture of steel without iron smelting, it also includes pipe rolling plants.

The location of such industries depends on the proximity to sources of recyclable materials and consumers of finished products. In the case of machine-building plants, this is one person, since they are both consumers and sources of scrap metal.

For small metallurgy, which is part of the enterprises, as is clear from the location, the main reference point is consumers.

The production of ferroalloys and electric steel is also part of the iron and steel industry.

The first are alloys with alloying metals such as ferrosilicon, ferrochromium. They are produced at conversion plants (iron-steel, cast iron) or full-cycle plants.

They are important for the development of high-quality metallurgy. They are obtained electrometallurgically at specialized plants, but a large amount of electricity is consumed at the same time - up to 9 thousand kWh is needed per 1 ton. The production of electric steels is most developed in the areas of the necessary accumulation of scrap metal and energy sources.

In modern mechanical engineering, which needs metal of different grades, high quality, limited lots, products of mini-factories are in special demand. They do not require large capacities, they are able to quickly smelt a specific metal in a small amount.

Their advantage is a quick response to changes in market conditions, maximum satisfaction of consumer demands and high quality of the steel obtained, a feature of melting by the progressive electric arc method.

Production and use of iron and steel

Metallurgical bases: characteristics and placement

Metallurgical enterprises that use common resources - fuel and ore, providing the country with the required amount of metal are called metallurgical bases. The oldest of them is located in the Urals. It has been smelting the largest volume of pig iron and steel in Russia since the 18th century and remains the leader to this day.

The following positions are occupied by the Central and Northern regions, as well as Siberia and the Far East. In addition, outside the main ones, there are other centers of ferrous metallurgy - Severstal (Cherepovets) a full-cycle plant, as well as a converting type - in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus.

The Ural ferrous metallurgy uses imported fuel - Kuznetsk, Karaganda coal, and minerals mined in the Kizel basin can only be used in a mixture.

Raw materials are supplied from Kazakhstan, as well as from the Kursk magnetic anomaly. Own raw material base is represented by promising developing Kachkanar and Bakal deposits.

There is a lot of iron ore in the Urals, which contains alloying components, and there are deposits of manganese ores in the Polunochnoye deposit.

The leading role in this area is played by full-cycle enterprises, while small factories have been preserved and are developing.

Partial cycle enterprises are mainly located on the western slopes. The peculiarity of the region is that only there they produce the smelting of naturally alloyed metals and cast iron on charcoal.

The central metallurgical base uses imported fuel. Ore mining is mainly carried out in the Kursk and Belgorod regions. Most of the steel and cast iron is smelted by the Novolipetsk Combine, one of the largest and most technologically advanced in Russia.

Of particular interest is the plant located in Stary Oskol, where iron and electric steel are produced from iron ore concentrate through chemical reduction, while bypassing the stage of iron smelting.

Method features

This progressive method does not require the use of coke, high water consumption, which is important for an area with a shortage of fresh water and its own fuel resources. Major iron foundries, steel mills and steel mills include:

Novotulsky;
"Electrostal";
enterprise in Orel;
Kosogorsky.

Less powerful steel plants in the Volga-Vyatka region: Vyksunsky, Kulebaksky, Omutninsky. The central region is famous for small-scale metallurgy and has a huge plus - its location next to the iron ore basin, as well as proximity to engineering centers and other consumers.

Siberian and Far Eastern metallurgical bases operate on Kuzbass coal, as well as iron ores Gorny Altai, Priangarye.

There are factories, full cycle plants - Kuznetsk and West Siberian.

Converting plants operate in the following cities:

Krasnoyarsk;
Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
Zabaikalsk;
Novosibirsk.

Engaged in the production of building and machine-building rolled metal profiles, the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant produces 44% of the total volume of reinforcement and 45% of wire, and also exports products to 30 countries around the world.

The smelting of a ferroalloy - ferrosilicon - takes place at the Kuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant, the largest in Russia.

Ferrous metallurgy production process

Market Condition and Industry Development Trends

In Russia, the volume of exports in the ferrous metallurgy exceeds domestic consumption. The share of production is directly affected by the ability to export, as well as the level of competition and trade policy of importers.

If exports decrease, there is also a reduction in investment activity, and, accordingly, the active development of this area. Under such circumstances, the industry is more dependent on domestic demand - industries that need these products.

The main trend in the prospects of the industry is the transition to a higher quality and cleaner ferrous metallurgy.

The time is coming for economically alloyed steels, which are distinguished by a high tensile strength.

Manufactured structures are metal-intensive and have a long service life.

In the development of the sphere of ferrous metallurgy, the following areas become relevant:

Modernization, use the latest technologies, reorientation of enterprises whose products are not competitive. Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Kuznetsk, Novolipetsk, Chelyabinsk and other large pipe plants will remain the main producers.
Growth in the share of conversion metallurgical industries, since such metal is cheaper. It is promising to create mini-factories, maximally focused on the needs of consumers. They are able to provide high quality metals, be highly specialized and fulfill small orders.
Orientation to consumers, which is associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, the improvement of ore dressing methods, a large accumulation of recyclable materials in old industrial areas.
Construction of factories away from densely populated areas, as more importance is given to measures for the protection of nature and environmental safety.
The closure of factories where obsolete equipment is still used on the "lower" floors.
Strengthening the specialization of factories to improve the quality of steels, complex types of rolled products. The activity of metal production for the transport, construction, automotive and electronic industries will begin.

Technologies and production safety

The pace of technological re-equipment of the Russian ferrous metallurgy exceeds other industrial sectors.

Held in last years the modernization of the basic stages allowed to reduce production costs, which is the main competitive advantage.

And also increased energy efficiency, the need for resources, which led to a decrease in energy costs at environmentally harmful, which is now produced at converter, as well as electric steelmaking facilities.

One of the pressing problems at this stage of the development of metallurgy is the rational use of natural resources and ensuring safety. environment. During the operation of the equipment used in the production of ferrous metals, harmful emissions into the atmosphere are carried out, which negatively affects both surrounding nature and on people's health.

In terms of air emissions, this industry is in third place, ahead of it is only the energy sector and.

Among the main sources of pollution with harmful substances are crushing and grinding equipment, sintering machines, as well as pellet roasting. Dangerous are also places where loading and unloading operations, transfer of materials take place.

In cities where large factories operate, which are engaged in the processing, smelting and production of goods in this industry, there is a level of pollution in the air with various impurities with a high hazard class.

A particularly high concentration of impurities is recorded in Magnitogorsk, where ethylbenzene, nitrogen dioxide have threatening indicators, as well as a similar situation in Novokuznetsk with nitrogen dioxide.

The growth of production provokes an increase in waste discharges, that is, water pollution occurs. According to research results, every ninth cubic meter of wastewater generated by the operation of Russian industrial enterprises is waste from ferrous metallurgy.

Although this problem is quite acute, in the current situation of ever-increasing competition with producers from the CIS, large-scale work is unlikely that requires serious financial injections aimed at solving environmental problems. The importance of ferrous metallurgy often exceeds the importance of ecology in the country. Enterprises specializing in the production of steel rarely think about the cleanliness of the environment. Therefore, a company arises that specializes in checking the work of black enterprises.

The metallurgical complex includes the extraction of metal ores, their enrichment, metal smelting, and the production of rolled products. Allocate ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. More than 90% of the metal used in the economy is ferrous metals, primarily steel.

As part of ferrous metallurgy the following types of enterprises are distinguished:

metallurgical plants of a full cycle, i.e., producing pig iron, steel and rolled products (sometimes iron ore mining is also included in their composition);
steel-smelting and steel-rolling plants ("conversion metallurgy");
production of ferroalloys - iron alloys with chromium, manganese, silicon and other elements; these alloys are further used in the smelting of steel to give it the required properties;
small metallurgy - production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants;
domainless metallurgy - production of iron by direct reduction (from iron ore pellets in electric furnaces).

In Russia, full-cycle plants prevail, which produce more than 2/3 of all steel. These plants, as a rule, have a large capacity (3/4 of all pig iron and 2/3 of steel are produced at enterprises with a capacity of more than 3 million tons each).

The total production of iron ore in Russia is about 95 million tons, more than half of them are the ores of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, approximately 15-20% are ores of the Urals and deposits of the European North (Murmansk region and Karelia) , much less ore mining in Gornaya Shoria (south of the Kemerovo region), Khakassia and the Irkutsk region.

Of all pig iron produced in Russia (about 60 million tons in 1990, 50 million tons in 2004), more than 94% goes to steel production (the so-called pig iron), and only a small part is foundry iron, from which in the future cast finished parts. Almost all pig iron in Russia is smelted at full-cycle plants, including more than 40% at plants in the Urals, about 7-8 million tons each in Lipetsk, Cherepovets and about 7 million tons in Novokuznetsk (where two enterprises operate: the pre-war Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works and post-war - West Siberian Metallurgical Plant).

Steel production is more geographically dispersed, primarily due to the existence of many relatively small conversion plants. Of the total steel production in Russia (about 90 million tons in 1990 and 66 million tons in 2004), the share of the Urals was more than 40%, the share of plants in Lipetsk, Cherepovets and Stary Oskol was 1/4 in 1990 and 1 /3 in 2001, still about l/7-1/8 - the share of plants in Novokuznetsk. The rest of the smelting was carried out at several dozen plants and a full cycle, and converting, and machine-building (small metallurgy). Metal production is especially large at machine-building plants - in large industrial centers (for example, in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod).

There are conversion plants that work on scrap metal and are mostly small in almost every economic region (so that the scrap metal collected here does not have to be transported far), for example, in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.

Steel production according to the most modern technology of direct reduction of iron (domain-free metallurgy) is organized in Russia only at the Stary Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (about 3 million tons per year), built in the 1970s. with the help of Germany.

Let us now consider the links between the main regions of ferrous metallurgy in terms of raw materials and fuel.

In the Urals - the largest metallurgical region of Russia - in the 30s. In the 20th century, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works was built (which soon became the largest in the world), during the war years, the Chelyabinsk plant, and after it, the Nizhniy Tagil and Orsk-Khalilovsky (in Novotroitsk) plants. These enterprises now produce 80% of all pig iron and more than 2/3 of the steel of the Urals. Ural plants, from the very beginning of their history, focusing on their own iron ore base, are now forced to import more than half of the ore from Kazakhstan and from the KMA (the ratio of the share of the Urals in ore mining - about 15% and in iron smelting - more than 40%) indicates the need for this. The once rich and easily accessible iron ores of the Urals have already been largely depleted (for example, former mountain Magnetic, to which the Magnitogorsk Combine was tied, no longer exists. This ore is almost completely used). There are no reserves of coking coal in the Urals, and this was one of the reasons why iron smelting on charcoal lasted the longest. The first large metallurgical plants of the Urals since the 1930s. were oriented to the coals of Kuzbass within the framework of one of the first regional programs in Russia - the creation of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine (UKK).

The idea of creating the Ural-Kuznetsk plant was to combine the Ural iron ore and Kuznetsk coal by building an unprecedented for the 30s. 20th century "superhighway", loaded in both directions (according to the pendulum principle: to the west - coal, to the east - ore), and the construction of the largest at that time metallurgical plants in Magnitogorsk and Novokuznetsk. However, later coking coal deposits (Karaganda basin) closer to the Urals were discovered, and iron ore deposits in Siberia. Therefore, the metallurgy of both the Urals and Novokuznetsk began to focus on closer resources, and not on long-distance connections within the framework of the UKC.

The metallurgy of the Center of Russia (in Lipetsk and Tula) is focused on KMA ores, and coking coal is used from different basins, including the Pechora one. The plant in Cherepovets, built as a metallurgical base for engineering enterprises in St. Petersburg, uses Pechora coal and iron ore from the Kola Peninsula.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are of great complex-forming significance, since they can be united by technological links with other sectors of the economy. For example, when coking coal, the production of nitrogen fertilizers (on the basis of coke oven gas) is often organized; waste from blast-furnace and steel-smelting production are used as building materials; metal-intensive machine building also gravitates towards metallurgical plants (for example, in the Urals).

Non-ferrous metallurgy in terms of the amount of metal produced, it is significantly inferior to ferrous metal (its production is measured in numbers several orders of magnitude less - not tens of millions of tons, but millions, hundreds of thousands or even hundreds of tons), but the cost of one ton of this product is much higher. Non-ferrous metals are distinguished by a lower content in ores: if the poorest iron ores contain at least 20% iron, then copper ores with a copper content of 5% are considered very rich, and tin begins to be mined when its content is tenths of a percent.

There are usually heavy non-ferrous metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin), light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium), noble (gold, silver, platinum), as well as rare and scattered (zirconium, gallium, germanium, selenium, etc. .).

Historically, the first region of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia was the Urals, which initially had rich and diverse deposits. Over time, these reserves were developed, and the main part of non-ferrous metal ores began to be mined in Kazakhstan (and the smelting of metal from them was largely preserved in the Urals).

copper ores in Russia, they have been mined for a long time in the Urals, and blister copper is smelted and refined (refined) here. The resulting sulfur dioxide is used to produce sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates make it possible to obtain phosphate fertilizers. In total, five copper smelters (producing blister copper) and two electrolytic copper plants (refining it) operate in the Urals. But most major center ore mining and copper smelting - Norilsk. Copper refining is also located in the areas of its consumption (in particular, in Moscow and St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc ores in Russia, they are mined in mountainous regions: Dalnegorsk in Sikhote-Alin, Nerchinsk in Transbaikalia, Salair in Kuzbass, Sadon in the Caucasus. Metal smelting occurs most often in the places where ores are mined: lead - near Dalnegorsk, zinc - in Vladikavkaz (North Ossetia), and from local copper-zinc ores - in Chelyabinsk. But 3/4 of all the lead and zinc of the former USSR was produced in East Kazakhstan (Rudny Altai), and now Russia does not provide itself with these metals.

Nickel-cobalt ores are processed in the places of extraction, since the content of metals in them is low. The largest centers of ore mining and metal smelting are Norilsk and Talnakh, where the mined copper-nickel ores are complexly processed to obtain nickel, cobalt, platinum, copper and a number of other metals. Another center of these industries is the Kola Peninsula: Monchegorsk near the Khibiny mountain range, Zapolyarny (near which there is a village with the characteristic name Nikel). On a smaller scale, ore is mined in the Urals.

Mining tin ore carried out in the Far East and Siberia - these are deposits in the north of Yakutia, as well as near the Olovyannaya station in Chita region, and metal smelting - in Novosibirsk (along the route of concentrates).

aluminum industry uses various raw materials: bauxites (the cities of Boksitogorsk in the Leningrad region and Severouralsk in the Sverdlovsk region) and nepheline (the city of Kirovsk on the Kola Peninsula, the village of Goryachegorsk southwest of Krasnoyarsk). From these types of raw materials, alumina (alumina) is first obtained, and to obtain 1 ton of it, it is necessary to process either 2-3 tons of bauxites and 1 ton of limestone, or 4-6 tons of nephelines and 9-12 tons of limestone. Therefore, the production of alumina tends to the places of extraction of raw materials.

And the production of metallic aluminum from alumina requires a lot of electricity, so it gravitates towards large power plants, especially hydroelectric power plants, which produce the cheapest electricity. The largest aluminum plants are located in Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk. Together they provide about half of Russian aluminum.

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Ferrous metallurgy is a huge industry, which is a combination of various industries for the extraction of raw materials, the smelting of steel, iron and the production of rolled products. It is ferrous metallurgy that serves as the basis for the development of construction and engineering. Manganese, ores of alloying metals, iron ores, coking coals are raw materials for the production of ferrous metal.

Ferrous metallurgy is of three types:

1. Full cycle metallurgy (characterized by the presence of literally all stages of production at a single enterprise).

2. Converted metallurgy (a type of production in which one of the stages is separated into a separate production or is associated with the processing of scrap metal).

3. Small metallurgy (these are metallurgical shops as part of large machine-building complexes).

Note that the geographical location of enterprises depends on the type of metallurgy. So small metallurgy is located in the centers of large machine-building bases.

Converting metallurgy, as a rule, is associated with the processing of scrap metal, so the enterprises of this metallurgy are located either in areas of concentration of ferrous metallurgy or in areas of large machine-building bases, where a large amount of scrap metal remains in the production process.

Ferroalloy production is the improvement of the quality of iron products with the help of additions of alloying metals in order to give these products the necessary properties. The production of ferroalloys is material-intensive and energy-intensive, so it is optimal to locate enterprises in those areas where inexpensive energy is combined with alloying metal resources.

Full-cycle metallurgy is characterized by fuel and material intensity (fuel and raw materials account for 90% of production costs). Therefore, it is rational to place full-cycle enterprises in areas of inexpensive fuel or affordable raw materials.

Black coking coal is a fuel for metallurgy. The main fuel bases for ferrous metallurgy are located:

In the Pechora basin (Northern region).

In Kuzbass (Western Siberia).

In the city of Shakhty (Northern Caucasus).

In the South Yakutsk basin (Far East).

In the Karaganda basin (Kazakhstan).

In Donbass (Ukraine).

In Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli (Georgia).

Iron ores are raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. The main deposits in the CIS are:

Tagilo-Kushvinskaya group of deposits in the Sverdlovsk region, Bakalskaya group in the Chelyabinsk region, Orsko-Khalilovskaya group in the Orenburg region (Urals).

Abakan, Teyskoye, Irbinskoye (Eastern Siberia).

Mountain Shoria (Western Siberia).

Kerch, Azov, Krivorzhovskoe (Ukraine).

Dashkesan (Armenia).

Sokolovo-Sarbayskoye and Lisakovskoye deposits (Kazakhstan).

Garinskoye, Aldanskoye (Far East).

Olenegorskoe, Kovdorskoe, Kostomukshskoe (Northern region).

The Ural Metallurgical Base is the first base of the Russian Federation. In the Urals, there are two main principles for the location of metallurgical enterprises.

The first principle is in fuel areas. Since there was never coal in the Urals, forest resources were mainly used as fuel, namely charcoal. Chusovoy, Alapaevsk, Nevyansk, Nizhny Tagil became the first centers of metallurgy in the Urals. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. the first metallurgical plants were created, and before today these centers retained their metallurgical specialization.

The second principle is the location of enterprises in the areas of raw materials. With the development in the 30s. In the 20th century, the mountains of Magnitnaya began to be actively located near iron ore deposits. This period includes the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the largest in Europe.

It should be noted that it is the metallurgy of the Urals that stands out for its high share in the smelting of steel, cast iron and the production of rolled products. The full cycle metallurgy includes the following plants: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky in the city of Novotroitsk (Orenburg Region). The largest ferroalloy centers in Russia are located in the Urals (Chelyabinsk, Serov), as well as centers of pipe-rolling production (Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk). The factories of Asha, Zlatoust, Satka (all of the Chelyabinsk region), Alapaevsk, Chusovoy, Revda, Yekaterinburg (all of the Sverdlovsk region) belong to the conversion metallurgy. Small-scale metallurgy is well developed in the largest machine-building centers of the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions. The metallurgical base of the Urals also has its own problems: lack of fuel and a large depletion of the raw material base. Basically, ores are imported here from the Sokolvo-Sarbayskoye deposit and from the KMA, but coal comes from Karaganda and Kuzbass.

The Central Metallurgical Base is considered the second largest metallurgical base in Russia. It is located on the territory of the Central Black Earth and Central economic regions. Here, the development of metallurgy is justified by the unique KMA iron ore deposit (estimated reserves of 16.7 billion tons). Metallurgy of the Center of the Russian Federation specializes in the extraction of iron ores and their enrichment. The full-cycle enterprises include two large plants: Novooskolsky and Lipetsky. It should be noted that the Novooskolsky plant was built under a license from Germany, this technology consists in the direct reduction of iron without the use of a blast furnace.

Converting plants are located in Elektrostal, Moscow, Orel, Tula. The central metallurgical base also has its own problems, the main of which is the lack of fuel. Coal has to be imported from Kuzbass, Vorkuta, Donbass.

The third metallurgical base of our country is the West Siberian base. Here, the development of metallurgy is facilitated by the availability of raw materials (iron ores of Gornaya Shoria) and fuel (Kuzbass) near the Trans-Siberian Railway. On the other hand, the remoteness of the base from the main consumers in the Central European regions complicates its development. That is why the lower floors of the industry dominate here, which are provided by the extraction and export of coal. The Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works belongs to the full cycle metallurgy. Novosibirsk is the center of conversion metallurgy. Ferroalloys are produced in Novokuznetsk.

Cherepovets is the largest metallurgical center in the country. The uniqueness of the Cherepovets full-cycle plant lies in the fact that it is located at the intersection of the fuel base (Pechersk coal basin) and the raw material base (iron ore of the Kola Peninsula). The main task of the plant is to provide the machine-building bases of the Central and North-Western economic regions with metal.

Among the CIS countries, the largest metallurgical base is the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine. The basis of its development is Donbass coal, as well as iron ore deposits of Kerch and Krivoy Rog. The southern metallurgical base is characterized high level development of the upper floors of the industry. The full cycle metallurgy includes the plants of Dnepropetrovsk, Makeevka, Donetsk and Stakhanov. But for the conversion metallurgy, the centers are Kramatorsk, Zaporozhye and Gorlovka.

Kazakhstan also has several large metallurgical industries, their development is due to the presence of their own fuel and raw material bases (Karaganda basin, Sokolovo-Sarbayskoye, Ayatskoye, Lisakovskoye deposits). The metallurgical base of Kazakhstan is characterized by a large proportion of the lower floors of the industry, the extracted raw materials are sent mainly to the Urals. The Temirtau plant belongs to the full cycle metallurgy. Large centers for ferroalloy production are located in Temirtau, Aktyubinsk, Pavlodar.

Metallurgical production in Georgia developed on the basis of the Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli coal deposits. Iron ore is supplied to metal plants from Dashkesan. In the city of Rustavi there is a full cycle metallurgical plant. A large center of ferroalloy production has developed in Zestaponi.

It is the largest iron and steel smelter not only in Russia, but also in Europe. Metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production, a special place is occupied by the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The Ural Metallurgical Base is the oldest and largest center of ferrous metallurgy in the country. The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. The share of the Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia.

One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is its unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are located in "clumps". Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (OAO KM K) and the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works (ZSMK).

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. It is most profitable to create metallurgical enterprises near raw materials (Urals, Norilsk) or energy bases (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia), and sometimes between them (Cherepovets). When placing a metallurgical enterprise, the availability of water, transport routes, and the need to protect nature are also taken into account.

Therefore, enrichment enterprises are necessarily created in the areas of extraction of such ores. The production of heavy metals, due to the low content of metal in ores, is confined to the areas of their extraction. The Ural Metallurgical Base is the leader in the production of ferrous metals. The Ural base is distinguished by a wide variety of non-ferrous metallurgy industries. But more than 1/3 of non-ferrous metal ores are imported to the Urals.

The main part of the country's iron ore reserves is concentrated in the Central Metallurgical Base. Almost all ore is concentrated within one of the world's largest deposits - KMA. Iron ore is also mined on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Kostomuksha). Metallic aluminum is smelted in Volkhov and Kandalaksha. It develops on the Kuznetsk coal and iron ore deposits of the Angara and Gornaya Shoria. They are used by two metallurgical enterprises in Novokuznetsk.

At present, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed. The intensive development of the metallurgy of the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ores. Almost all ore is mined open way. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron (Belgorod Region) was put into operation. The ores of the North with a low iron content (28-32%) are well enriched, have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Mountain Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Converting metallurgy has also been developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

Small-scale metallurgy is developed at large machine-building enterprises. The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in the introduction of a blast-furnace metallurgical process. In general, the extraction of raw ore is about 80 million tons, i.e. about 39% of Russian production. Metallurgical enterprises are not evenly distributed throughout the country. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other features.

Metallurgical complex.

The vast majority of the metal comes from Magnitogorsk, Novo-Tagilsk, and other giant plants built during the first five-year plans (the Ural-Kuznetsk complex). The scale of development of the metallurgical redistribution in the Central region is much more modest than in the Urals (22% of cast iron, 16% of steel, 17% of finished rolled products and 15% of pipes of all-Russian production). With a significant development of pig metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds iron production) leading role enterprises with a full cycle play.

Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important industries National economy Russia. The central metallurgical base covers almost the entire European part countries. The center has sharply increased its importance in recent years, has overtaken the Urals in the production of rolled products, and in the near future may even overtake the Urals in the production of ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy

The largest metallurgical centers of the Urals are Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. important centers conversion metallurgy of the Urals are Yekaterinburg, Perm, Izhevsk and Zlatoust. The Siberian base occupies the southern part of Western and Eastern Siberia and is of great prospective importance, based on its own resources.

The largest center of the Siberian metallurgical base is Novokuznetsk

The emerging Far Eastern metallurgical base, which has significant resources for the development of the industry, is represented by one center of conversion metallurgy in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. During the lesson, users will be able to get an idea about the topic "Geography of the metallurgical complex". Iron ore and coal are sent to a metallurgical plant, where metal is smelted from them. The oldest and most important area for the production of ferrous metal is the Urals. It produces 40% of steel and rolled products produced in our country.

The largest metal production center here is the city of Cherepovets. On the basis of Kuzbass coal and its own iron ore, a large metallurgical plant was formed here in the city of Novokuznetsk. The second branch of the metallurgical complex is non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is developing using its own raw materials, because Russia is one of the largest countries reserves of non-ferrous metal ores.

The largest enterprises for their extraction are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Baikal Mining Administration. The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines, the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.

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CHAPTER 12. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALLURGY

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous, non-ferrous metals and their alloys.

Metallurgical complex— ϶ᴛᴏ interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

1) extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, obtaining the necessary concentrates);

2) obtaining cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc.;

3) production of alloys;

4) recycling of waste from the main production and obtaining secondary products from them.

The following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:

full cycle production, represented, as a rule, by combines, in

which all the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously;

part-time production— ϶ᴛᴏ enterprises in which

not all stages of the technological process are implemented, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of pig iron or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.

Partial cycle enterprises are called conversion enterprises and are represented by separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the ϶ᴛᴏ foundation of mechanical engineering. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production.

Overview of the metallurgical industry in Russia

The regional-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great.

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base:

relatively great content useful component in raw materials (from 17 to 53 - 55%);
variety of raw materials;
various mining conditions: both mine and open pit;
the use of ores that are complex in composition.

The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel. IN modern conditions an ever greater influence on the location of the branches of the metallurgical complex is exerted by scientific and technical progress. A significant role in the placement of metallurgical activities is played by the transport factor.

At the same time, the development of infrastructure influences, namely, the provision of the district with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, the level of their development.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, there are three options for locating full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises: near sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), near sources of fuel (Kuzbass), between sources of raw materials and fuel (Cherepovets).

Pitch metallurgy, which includes steel-smelting, steel-rolling and pipe plants, is distinguished by large volumes of production. Converting metallurgy plants are being set up in major engineering centers where the demand for certain grades of metal is quite large.

The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer, since the main consumption of ferrous metals and alloys is carried out in the European part of Russia.

Metallurgical bases of Russia

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian.

Ural Metallurgical Base is the largest in Russia. The share of the Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. The Urals uses imported Kuznetsk coal. The country's own iron ore base has been depleted, in connection with this, a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (the Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), Karelia, and from the Kursk magnetic anomaly. There are major centers of ferrous metallurgy in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc.). Now 2/3 of iron and steel smelting falls on the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. A special place is occupied by the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. It is the largest iron and steel smelter not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk.

Central metallurgical base. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) and on imported coking coal - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk. Almost all of the ore is mined in an open pit. The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works

(ᴦ. Lipetsk), Novotulsky plant (ᴦ. Tula), ʼʼSvobodny Sokolʼʼ metallurgical plant (ᴦ. Lipetsk), ʼʼElektrostalʼʼ near Moscow. Small-scale metallurgy is developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod Region).

The zone of influence and territorial relations of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, the largest enterprise is the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (PJSC (until 2015 OJSC) Severstal).

The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately one fifth of the iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Mountain Shoria, Khakassia, the Angaro-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Production here is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (ᴦ. Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region) and the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works

(ᴦ. Novosibirsk), as well as a ferroalloy plant (ᴦ. Novokuznetsk.). Converting metallurgy has also been developed, represented by several converting plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.).

In the Far East, the prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the formation of the South Yakutsk TPK, which will include the creation of full-cycle enterprises.

Ferrous metallurgy is of three types:

1. Full cycle metallurgy (characterized by the presence of literally all stages of production at a single enterprise).

2. Converted metallurgy (a type of production in which one of the stages is separated into a separate production or is associated with the processing of scrap metal).

3. Small metallurgy (these are metallurgical shops as part of large machine-building complexes).

Note that the geographical location of enterprises depends on the type of metallurgy. So small metallurgy is located in the centers of large machine-building bases.

Black coking coal is a fuel for metallurgy. The main fuel bases for ferrous metallurgy are located:

In the Pechora basin (Northern region).
In Kuzbass (Western Siberia).
In the city of Shakhty (Northern Caucasus).
In the South Yakutsk basin (Far East).
In the Karaganda basin (Kazakhstan).
In Donbass (Ukraine).
In Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli (Georgia).

Iron ores are raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. The main deposits in the CIS are:

Tagilo-Kushvinskaya group of deposits in the Sverdlovsk region, Bakalskaya group in the Chelyabinsk region, Orsko-Khalilovskaya group in the Orenburg region (Urals).
Abakan, Teyskoye, Irbinskoye (Eastern Siberia).
Mountain Shoria (Western Siberia).
Kerch, Azov, Krivorzhovskoe (Ukraine).
Dashkesan (Armenia).
Sokolovo-Sarbayskoye and Lisakovskoye deposits (Kazakhstan).
Garinskoye, Aldanskoye (Far East).
Olenegorskoe, Kovdorskoe, Kostomukshskoe (Northern region).

The Ural Metallurgical Base is the first base of the Russian Federation. In the Urals, there are two main principles for the location of metallurgical enterprises.

The first principle is in fuel areas. Since there was never coal in the Urals, forest resources, namely charcoal, were mainly used as fuel. Chusovoy, Alapaevsk, Nevyansk, Nizhny Tagil became the first centers of metallurgy in the Urals. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. the first metallurgical plants were created, and to this day these centers have retained their metallurgical specialization.

Among the CIS countries, the largest metallurgical base is the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine. The basis of its development is Donbass coal, as well as iron ore deposits of Kerch and Krivoy Rog. The southern metallurgical base is characterized by a high level of development of the upper floors of the industry. The full cycle metallurgy includes the plants of Dnepropetrovsk, Makeevka, Donetsk and Stakhanov. But for the conversion metallurgy, the centers are Kramatorsk, Zaporozhye and Gorlovka.

Ferrous metallurgy covers the entire process from the extraction and preparation of raw materials, fuel, auxiliary materials to the production of rolled products with products for further processing.

The significance of ferrous metallurgy lies in the fact that it serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering (one third of the produced metal goes to mechanical engineering), construction (1/4 of the metal goes to construction). In addition, ferrous metallurgy products are of export importance.

Ferrous metallurgy includes the following main sub-sectors:

extraction and enrichment of ore raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (iron, manganese and chromite ores);

extraction and enrichment of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (fluxed limestones, refractory clays, etc.);

production of ferrous metals (cast iron, steel, rolled metal, blast-furnace ferroalloys, metal powders of ferrous metals);

production of steel and cast iron pipes;

coking industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);

secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).

The actual metallurgical cycle is the production of iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises producing pig iron, steel and rolled metal belong to full-cycle metallurgical enterprises.

Enterprises without iron smelting are classified as so-called conversion metallurgy. "Small metallurgy" is the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants. Combines are the main type of ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

Raw materials and fuel play an important role in locating the full-cycle ferrous metallurgy, especially the role of combinations of iron ores and coking coal. A feature of the location of industries is their territorial mismatch, since iron ore reserves are concentrated mainly in the European part, and fuel - mainly in the eastern regions of Russia. Combines are created near raw materials or fuel bases, and sometimes between them. When placing, the provision of water, electricity, natural gas is also taken into account.

Three metallurgical bases have been created in Russia: Ural, Central and Siberian.

The dynamics of the production of ferrous metals shows (Fig. 1, 2) that their largest output in Russia was reached in 1988, then the decline in production began. In 1992-94. its rates reached 16-17%, however, since 1995. enterprises reoriented to export and the rate of decline decreased: in 1998. a minimum was reached - 52% of 1990, and recovery growth began in 2004. output amounted to 83% of the 1990 level.

From 1990 to 2004, the export of ferrous metals increased several times: pig iron - from 1931 to 4734 thousand tons, ferroalloys - from 203 to 540, waste and scrap metal - from 433 to 8133, pipes - from 3675 to 11125 thousand tons, by export is more than 60% of the production of ferrous metals.

In terms of the total volume of smelting of ferrous metals, Russia ranks fourth in the world, however, in terms of technological parameters of metal production and their quality, it is significantly inferior to industrialized countries. Open-hearth steel production in its total volume in Russia is 39.4%, while in the USA - 2.5%, in Japan - no, in Germany it is coming to naught. Almost 63% of steel in Russia is cast into ingots, while in the US, Japan and Germany over 90% is already processed on continuous casting machines.

The share of long products in rolled products is 59.3% of rolled sheets with coatings - 3.3%. labor costs for the manufacture of 1 ton of rolled products are 8-16 people per hour, and in the United States at integrated enterprises - 6-12, at mini-factories - 1-2 people per hour Molotilov B., Brodov A., Matorin V. Trends in the development of black metallurgy // Economist. - 1997. No. 3 .. The share of electric steel in the world is 33.9% (1998), its average annual growth is 3%, while in Russia, which occupies the 4th place in the production of electricity in the world after the USA, China and Japan, electric steel occupies only 14.8%. BIKI.-1999. - Dec 9 Goskomstat data.

In recent years, the technological system of ferrous metallurgy has improved somewhat - the share of oxygen-converter production has increased by 22%, continuous casting has increased by 45%. Switching ferrous metallurgy and metalworking enterprises for export helped to keep the industry, albeit with the simplification of technology, at a level that provides Russia with the fourth largest steel production in the world.

The largest consumer of iron ore is Asia, the three main countries importing iron ore are China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. Brazil is the largest supplier of iron ore. BIKI.-1999. May 18.- S. 14-15. Russia imports concentrates and ore mainly from the CIS countries (10.5 million tons in 2003), export of iron ores to non-CIS countries is 7-9 million tons.

Lack of investment prevents the industry from moving to more modern technologies, which would ensure the expansion of the market segment, the growth of additional income and competitiveness in the global market. Outdated technologies make products uncompetitive not only in the external market, but, in the presence of imports, in the domestic market as well. Therefore, the most important task of the complex is to increase the level of technological support for the industry.

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