The common creation of Merime and Bizet 6 letters. Did Georges Bizet plagiarize? Big solo exit

Did Georges Bizet plagiarize?

Vladimir Krasner

Edited by Irina Efedova

March 3, 1875 in Paris Opera The comedian gave the premiere performance of Georges Bizet's opera Carmen. The audience waited with bated breath for the first sounds of the Overture. And waited. The overture and all the music of the opera were beautiful, but the whimsical, spoiled and hypocritical Parisian public was "insulted" in their "best" feelings. After all, it was not nobles, not luxuriously dressed ladies who shone on the stage ... Together with the Spanish gypsy Carmen on opera stage new heroes came out: people from the people, soldiers, workers, smugglers. The audience was indignant at the "immorality" of the heroine... Satiated bourgeois - ordinary visitors to the boxes and stalls - found the plot of the opera obscene, and the music too serious and complex.

Criticism expressed particular dissatisfaction with what was happening sanctimoniously.

Newspapers competed in scathing critical reviews of the opera Carmen.Here is just one example of an article from those days:

“Venerable fathers of the family! With faith in tradition, you have brought your daughters and wives to provide them with decent, decent evening entertainment. What did you experience at the sight of this prostitute, who goes from the embrace of a mule driver to a dragoon, from a dragoon to a bullfighter, until the dagger of an abandoned lover ends her shameful life ... ??? ”

But, as often happens, it was precisely such reviews that created Carmen's immense popularity and only on the stage of the Parisian Comic Opera, in the premiere season alone, ran at least fifty performances. Nevertheless, Carmen disappeared from the Paris stage for a long time and was resumed during French capital only in 1883 edited Ernest Guiro . To a large extent, the return of the opera to the Parisian scene contributed to the triumphal procession of the opera "Carmen" through the cities Europe , Russia And America. Also in 1880 Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote:

“Bizet's opera is a masterpiece; one of those few things that is destined to reflect in itself the musical aspirations of an entire era to the strongest degree. In ten years, "Carmen" will be the most popular opera in the world...»

Tchaikovsky's words turned out to be prophetic. The opera Carmen is one of the most popular theatrical performances to this day.

G. Bizet's opera "Carmen" was written to the libretto by Henry Meilhac (sometimes there is a spelling Henri Meliak) and Ludovik Halévybased on the short story of the same name by Prosper Mérimée. Strong, proud, passionate Carmen Bizet - free interpretation literary source, quite far from the heroine Merimee. The conflict between Carmen and José acquired warmth and lyricism in Bizet's music, having lost the fundamental insolubility for the writer. The librettists removed from Carmen's biography a number of circumstances that reduce the image (for example, participation in the murder).

Here I simply have to remind the inquisitive reader that Prosper Mérimée idolized Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It was he, Merimee, who first translated into French poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies" (1824).

It would be a mistake to assume that the plot of "Carmen" is to some extent similar to the plot of Pushkin's "Gypsies". But there is no doubt that - P. Merime admitted this - the characters of Pushkin's gypsies, the spirit of the gypsy camp, described by the Russian poet, made a strong impression on the great Frenchman. Yes andcollision of Pushkin's "Gypsies" - the love of a gypsy for"alien", her treason, the murder of a gypsy by a “stranger” - all this is Merimee useful.

And it is absolutely charming and very curious that the song “Old Husband, Formidable Husband” from Pushkin’s poem was used in the libretto of “Carmen”. In Bizet's opera, it was as if the meeting of the heroine Merimee with Pushkin's Zemfira took place.

And now, - about the most interesting! Do not miss!!!

Perhaps it will be again even for musicians!

Bizet worked on the opera with rapture. The maestro unexpectedly "stumbled" when he had to write Carmen's couplets. These verses were very important to the opera. After all, in them O was to reflect the character main character. In these verses, Carmen must declare what does love mean to her ! This melody was supposed to be bright, "sparkling". Of course, burning Spanish motives should have sounded in the verses. (Let's not forget, Carmen - Spanish Gypsy). Bizet takes on this musical theme once, twice, - and ... he doesn’t succeed at all.

Just at those very hours, when the composer was close to despair, he heard the song. Bizet, the beautiful Mademoiselle Mogador, sang it ( La Mogador ). The charmer sang How it seemed Bizet, - "burning love tunes." Why "it seemed"? Why in the first moments Georges was not quite sure of this? The composer did not understand a single word from the song, because the neighbor sang on Spanish . “Yes, yes, of course, this is a song about passionate, fatal love”, - the Maestro became more and more convinced with each new measure.

“This is how my Carmen should sing her couplets!” The composer raved about such a melody for the fatal gypsy during sleepless nights! "Yes, definitely my Carmen must sing this song!!! ».

Defiant of all the rules of decency, Bizet burst into the neighbor's apartment: "What are you singing now?!?".

“But doesn’t the Maestro know?” Mademoiselle Mogador answered coquettishly. “This song is very popular in Paris today ... This is a Spanish folk"Engagement" song in Spanish El Arreglito.

"Spanish folk ..." Georges said aloud. “... Are you sure that the song is folk?” Bizet did not let up.

"It's true, monsieur! This is as true as the fact that you just broke into my apartment without knocking! ”The young woman said, bursting into laughter.

Muttering an indistinct apology, Georges ran to his room and immediately wrote down the melody of this song on sheet music.

We must pay tribute to the great French composer Georges Bizet. He made a titanic effort to orchestrate this song; so that the couplets of the gypsy would organically “weave into the fabric” of his, Bizet, music.

According to the wonderful musicians who know the opera "Carmen" well and the song El Arreglito, - Bizet's arrangement is amazing!

Interestingly, the text of Carmen's couplets was written not by librettists, but by the composer himself. Naturally in French - like the rest of the libretto. It is also interesting that this text, differing from the poems of the "Engagement", in many ways still "echoes" with them.

As a result, Georges Bizet's opera was enriched masterpiece- the famous Habanera - “ L"amour est un oiseau rebelle ”("Love has wings like a bird...").

After the premiere performance, musician friends approached the composer and congratulated him on his brilliant success (they, unlike the cutesy audience and corrupt critics, immediately appreciated Bizet’s work! They, the musician friends, pointed out to him that the basis him, Bizet, Habanera by no means folk song!

"This song was written by a Spanish composer..."

In the early morning of March 4, 1875 - the day after the premiere - Georges Bizet rushed to the building of the National French Library ...

The grey-haired librarian politely placed in front of the composer, published in Paris in 1864 Musical Collection of 25 selected songs by the composer Sebastian Iradier ( Sebastian Iradier ) "Flowers of Spain" ( Fleurs d'Espagne ), in which Bizet easily found a play El Arreglito (Engagement)...

“Yes, my neighbor has a very good ear ... On that memorable morning, she very beautifully and without a single error “brought out” the passages of the song “Engagement”. But why? .. Why didn’t she know that this lovely song has an author, and it’s not a folk one ... ”, Georges whispered contritely, reproaching himself for his gullibility.

Let us leave for a moment the suffering Bizet in the Library...

So, Sebastian Iradier Salaverri! Future composer was born on January 20, 1809 in Spain, in the Basque Country. Little Sebastian was discovered early musical ability. The boy's parents sought to give their son a good education. Young Sebastian played the piano excellently and began to compose songs. For some time he taught at the Madrid Conservatory.At one time, Iradier lived in Paris, where he was a court musician - a singing teacher of the French Empress Eugenie (Napoleon's wife III).

As an indispensable accompanist, he accompanied the singers on tour around the world. Among his "wards" are the outstanding Italian singer Marietta Alboni and, still very young, in the future the great Adeline Patti.

During a tour of the New World, he ended up in Cuba, then still a Spanish colony, and with all his heart fell in love with the open, cheerful, and friendly inhabitants of the island. It was then that he discovered Cuban culture and fell in love with it "without memory". He was especially shocked as a composer by burning and languid habaner songs and habaner dances. Habanera (from the Spanish name for the capital of Cuba - La Habana - Habana) whimsically absorbed the tunes and rhythms of the Spaniards, Cubans, Creoles ... It was then, shortly after his stay in Cuba, Sebastian Iradier wrote his famous Habaners, which are still considered the BEST Habaners in the entire history of this wonderful genre. Especially two: El Arreglito which we are talking about in these notes and... best song all times and peoples (as the professionals pompously call this Habanera) - La Paloma - "Dove", in which there are such lines:

“Wherever you swim, everywhere to you, my dear,

I will fly like a gray-winged dove.

I will find your sail over the sea wave,

You gently stroke my feathers with your hand.

Oh my dove!

Be with me, I pray! .. "

Whoever sang this wonderful song! That's just some names: Maria Callas, Placido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti, Edith Piaf, Mireille Mathieu, Lolita Torres, Robertino Loretti, Elvis Presley, Claudia Shulzhenko, Alla Pugacheva...

Later, Sebastian Iradier returned to his homeland, to the Basque Country, where (forgotten by all) he died on December 6, 1865.

He was not destined to know that his songs El Arreglito (thanks to Georges Bizet) and especially, La Paloma became super popular all over the world, immortalized his name.

And the last thing about the Spanish Maestro. (This information is for the most inquisitive readers who want to check the information in these notes.) full name Sebasti a n Iradier Salaverri (Salaberri ). At the urging of his Parisian publisher, in order to make his name more universal, he agreed to change the first letter of his surname from “ I” to “Y ". (Last name changed from Iradier on Yradier , but you'll find both spellings). The reader can find information about Iradier, about his songs in Music Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, Soviet composer. Ed. Yu.V. Keldysh, 1973 - 1982 and in many other reference books.

Let us return, however, to the sufferer Georges Bizet.

Realizing that in the first edition of "Carmen" involuntarily made the mistake of believing he was dealing with folk song, he immediately went to the Opera Comic. At the same time, he personally made corrections to the Vocal Score of the opera, indicating that the Habanera Carmen was based on the song El ArreglitoSpanish composer Iradier.

That's the whole story.

The reader will easily give an answer to the provocative question posed in the title of these notes.

The image of the young Spanish gypsy Carmen was originally described in the short story of the same name by P. Merime in 1845. Big Picture the character of the fatal beauty is made up of male book narratives.

The narrator meets a gypsy on the embankment. The Frenchman has mixed feelings when looking at the maid dark forces. He looks at her with an interest that veers into fear and alienation. Gloomy light, the background of a dark night river, give tragedy and a gloomy atmosphere that will haunt the characters throughout the story.

Georges Bizet, creating an opera

Bizet began work on the opera in 1874. "Carmen" stage subsequently underwent major changes. The libretto was full of drama and deep emotional contrasts, acting heroes became brighter. A colorful folk gypsy theme was added to the opera. The premiere of the story of the life and love of a Spanish woman took place in 1875, but was absolutely unsuccessful, since the concepts of morality of that time differed from those laid down in the opera.

The first to appreciate the image of the girl was Tchaikovsky. According to him, this masterpiece of Bidet reflects everything musical goals era. After 10 years, the picture "Carmen" is gaining more and more popularity and wins the hearts of the audience.

Bizet's opera brought folk character traits to the appearance of a gypsy. To do this, the composer moved the scene of the events to the square and the unimaginable beauty of the mountainous expanses. Wild gorges and gloomy urban slums have been replaced by the sunny streets of Seville. Bizet created a Spain full of joyful life.

He placed in all places a mass of people, which is in constant motion, depicting happy life. An important shade of the opera was the inclusion of folk episodes. The gloomy features of the drama took on the appearance of an optimistic tragedy of what is happening.

Bizet invested in the idea of ​​the opera the importance of affirming the rights of people to express the freedom of feelings. The opera was a clash of two points of view psychological development humanity. If Jose defends only the patriarchal view, then the gypsy is trying to prove that life in freedom, which is not constrained by the norms and dogmas of accepted morality in society, is much better and more beautiful.

Gypsy image of Carmen in the opera "Carmen"

The gypsy is one of the brightest heroines opera life. Passionate temperament, female irresistibility and independence - all this literally screams in the image of Carmen. She has almost nothing to do with her literary heroine in description. All this was done intentionally to open up more passion in the heroine and remove cunning and thieving habits. book character. Moreover, Bizet gave her the opportunity to seek the right to gain her freedom with the tragic condition - the loss of her own life.

The opera overture is initial description musical image Carmen. A fatal passion is played out between a gypsy and a Spaniard, Jose. The music is reminiscent of the leitmotif from the bullfighters' festival, it is sharp and quick-tempered. Subsequently, this motif returns in dramatic scenes.

Spaniard portrait

The full image of Carmen is revealed through the famous spanish dance habanera, which is the progenitor of tango. Bizet created a whole range of languid, sensual, passionate movements to the real melody of Cuban freedom. This is not just a portrait of a hot gypsy, but also a story in motion about her desire to be free in her love - this is her life position.

The characterization of the girl is kept in the dance variation until the third act. This is a series of scenes with songs and dancing Spanish rhythms. Gypsy folklore completes the picture when the interrogation episode comes. In it, Carmen sings a playful gypsy song, she taunts and defiantly, singing one verse after another.

Hispanic gypsy character

A more meaningful description of the image of Carmen appears in Spanish folk dance Seguidilla. Under the virtuoso playing, the gypsy shows her peculiar Spanish character, and the composer compares the minor and major scales.

Cymbals, a tambourine and a triangle in the next act return the gypsy look to the image of Carmen. The growing dynamics of the tempo gives the girl a perky, energetic and temperamental look.

The image of Carmen in a duet

Military guy Jose, in love with a gypsy, follows with joy in his eyes her songs and dances using a castanet. The melody is simple enough that Carmen sings it without using words. Jose admires the girl, but remembers his military duty as soon as he hears the call to muster.

However, the freedom-loving Carmen does not understand this attachment, even after Jose's declaration of love, she does not stop reproaching the guy. After that, the duet turns into a solo gypsy who wants to lure a young military man into her life full of freedom. Here you can see a very simple and frivolous image of a passionate gypsy.

Big solo exit

Her solo performance occupies a large place in the opera. It is built on the themes of farewell to one's duty and escape to one's native land. The second theme is accompanied by a tarantella dance, and the first theme is accompanied by song motifs. As a result, all this turns into a kind of hymn to freedom.

However, the conflict is aggravated, and the more the girl's experience grows, the deeper and more dramatic the image of Carmen becomes. The turning point comes only during the aria in the divination scene. Carmen finally realizes that having only selfish intentions to bend others to her will, she loses her own "I". For the first time, a gypsy thinks about how she burns her life.

End of opera

In the divination scene, the characterization of Carmen's image has three forms. The first and last are funny songs with girlfriends, the second is a separate aria of a gypsy. The expressiveness of the performance of the aria is hallmark image of Carmen in this phase of the opera. The song was originally set to be performed in a minor key, without dance accompaniment. The low tones of the orchestra part, in which a gloomy color is achieved thanks to the sound of trombones, bring an atmosphere of mourning. The wave principle of vocals is adjacent to the rhythmic pattern of musical accompaniment.

The gypsy performs the last act in duets with Escamillo, who brings an imprint of love into the image of Carmen. The second duet is embodied with Jose, it resembles a tragic duel full of sorrow - it is the culmination of the entire opera "Carmen". The image of Carmen is adamant to the entreaties and threats of José. She dryly and succinctly answers the melodic songs of the military. The theme of passion reappears in the orchestra.

The development of events takes place along a dramatic line with the intrusion of the cries of outsiders. The finale of the opera ends with Carmen's death while Escamillo is honored as the winner. Born in freedom, the gypsy decides to commit suicide and prove that she is also free in this choice. The festive sound of the theme of the march of the bullfighters is compared with a fatal motive.

Opera Bizet

First letter "k"

Second letter "a"

Third letter "r"

The last beech is the letter "n"

Answer for the clue "Opera Bizet", 6 letters:
carmen

Alternative questions in crossword puzzles for the word carmen

Cycle of poems by A. Blok

Opera by Jean Bizet

The most "Spanish" opera by Bizet

Female name: (Spanish from Latin) goddesses of prophecy

Famous actress... Elektra

A. Blok's cycle

Cycle of poems by A. Blok

This opera heroine sang that love, like a bird, has wings

Word definitions for carmen in dictionaries

Wikipedia The meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Carmen is a 2003 Spanish film directed by Vicente Aranda. The plot was written by the director himself based on the short story by Prosper Merimee "Carmen". The first screening of the film took place on May 16, 2003 in France. The film was awarded in 7 nominations of the national award ...

Examples of the use of the word carmen in the literature.

One evening I was sitting with Dorothea, whom I had tamed, treating her from time to time to a glass of anise, when all of a sudden Carmen

Dorothea, whom he had almost tamed by giving her an occasional shot of anise, when Carmen accompanied young man, lieutenant of our regiment.

He will vividly present himself with burning Mexican looks, sidelocks, twisted, like Carmen, on saffron cheeks, velvet pants of bullfighters, navajas, guitars, banderillas and tiger passions.

Carmen Yes Gama was cousin Irish, the orphaned daughter of Epifania's sister, Blimunda, and owner of a small printing press, a certain Lobu.

But Irish da Gama, exhausted by excesses, was in such apathy as Carmen could not dispel any reproaches.

There is hardly a person in the world who dares to boo the immortal creation of Georges Bizet - the opera Carmen. It was during the first premiere of the opera that the audience behaved so cruelly and mercilessly that after some time the composer, according to one version, died of a broken heart, according to another, he committed suicide by diving into the icy waters of the Seine. During the premiere of the opera, everyone turned away from Bizet: both friends and fans. And his best friend, composer Charles Gounod (author of the opera "Faust"), stated that Bizet ripped off the "Aria with a Flower" from him. It is now that any mezzo-soprano in the world dreams of performing the role of Carmen, and then Georges's wife, the beautiful Genevieve, defiantly left auditorium arm in arm with your lover.

“If only recognition found authors during their lifetime, and not a hundred years after their death!”, the composer often liked to exclaim, anticipating his fate. But be that as it may, fame came to Bizet precisely one hundred years after his death, and precisely thanks to Carmen. So who was the prototype of the fatal beauty, for whose heart the poor soldier Don José and the brilliant bullfighter Escamillo are fighting in the opera? Everyone knows that the libretto of the opera was written by Ludovico Halevi, who was very friendly with Bizet, from Prosper Merimee's novel "Carmen" - about the Andalusian Jose's passion for the fatal smuggler Carmen. But the reader will not find in the short story what the listener of Bizet's opera will find: no vivid images, no strength of character, no colors. Spanish life. The focus of the novel is the confession of Don José, who, out of jealousy, killed the woman he loved. Carmen is not presented brightly, and everything is focused on the personal experiences of the protagonist. Naturally, the question arises: who is the woman who inspired Georges Bizet to create such a popular image?

It is believed that she was an elite courtesan, actress, professional horsewoman, popular writer, and part-time widow of the Comte de Chabriand, better known as Mogador. They met on the train. He was 28, she was 42. She went to see how her villa "Lionelle" was being built. It turned out that they live next door. Then Mogador knew all of Paris, especially after her scandalous book Farewell to the World was published, with which she not only earned popularity, but also saved her beloved husband, who had already died by the time she met Bizet, from a debt hole. In this book, Mogador admitted that she was pushed into prostitution by the criminal passion for her of her mother's second husband. Her stepfather often tried to rape her, and when she ran away, he caught her and, having beaten her, sold her to brothel. But Mogador not only found there new life, but also managed to achieve unsurpassed success.

She was compared with the goddess Venus herself, so she knew how to capture the attention of men. But, the most interesting thing is that, hosting many, she loved only her husband. Acquaintance with the composer flattered Mogador. Probably, at the first meeting, she already included him in the list of those interesting acquaintances that she presents famous people fate. No more, no less. But Bizet sincerely fell in love with this woman. And she laughed at his love, saying, like a true Carmen: "I like men who don't need me." Of course, Mogador was aware that there was little that could bind them, except for the bed. She understood that Bizet was young, and she was getting old. Mogador herself pushed the composer away from herself, defiantly laughing at him: in the presence of her mother and family, a tub of water was poured on Bizet, inflamed with passion, and the young composer, to the screams and laughter of the inhabitants of the courtesan's house, was expelled from her life.

Georges' pride was hurt. He was ill for a long time after parting with his beloved. But - c'est la vie, as the French say! Fate brings great people together so that they get a bright joint experience, and in fact only bright stories love deserve to be inspired by the Muse. While there are such meetings, I want to believe that life is beautiful. I would like to wish all readers to be worthy of great love, but we must remember that great love It is also a great sacrifice and a great disappointment. But I would like to believe that it is your love that will become worthy of the recognition of the Muse, as the passion of the composer Georges Bizet for the elite courtesan Mogador turned out to be worthy of her recognition. Text from here: School of Life.ru

"Carmen" is the culmination of Bizet's work. The approach to reaching this peak was the Arlesian.
“While the plots he chose distracted him from the main thing (with the exception of the music of the Arlesian), his talent did not receive impulses, to a bright flash: the flame smoldered. The plot of "Carmen" turned out to be a spark that initiated an explosion-discharge! The energy has awakened." These words, written by the remarkable Soviet musicologist B.V. Asafiev, emphasize the special place of the opera among other works of the composer and point to the fruitful significance of the plot that interested Bizet.
The plot of "Carmen" is borrowed from the short story by Prosper Mérimée, published in 1845.
Prosper Merimee (1803-1870)—brilliant French writer, which came to the fore during the heyday of French romantic literature.

“A sharp and original writer” (according to Pushkin), Merimet captured cold secular people, consumed by boredom and fruitless doubts, in living images. Along with the pictures of the empty secular life, in the work of Merimee significant place occupy whole, strong, direct and immediate natures ("Carmen", "Matteo Falcone").
In the complex creative image of Merimee, one should also emphasize the writer's characteristic romantic attraction to the extraordinary, exceptional, attraction to the exotic.
One of the creators of the modern short story, Merimee is distinguished by his special style of narration - elegant, subtle, entertaining and witty, not without skeptical notes.
Among the brilliant short stories of Merimee, in addition to "Carmen" - "Lokis" (known to us under the name "Bear's Wedding", she went to the cinema, in the theater), "Double Error", "Colombes" and "Blue Room". Merimee's major works should also be mentioned, for example, The Chronicle of the Times of Charles IX - the history of Bartholomew's Night.

Zuniga - National artist RSFSR V.A. Lossky

Merimee's Russian connections are very interesting. Pushkin, Turgenev and our other great writers loved and knew him.
Merimee treated Russian literature with deep respect and admiration and even studied the Russian language.
He translated a lot from Russian into French - Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev, and also translated his favorite work - Pushkin's "Gypsies". A number of Merimee's works on Russian history and literature are known.
The libretto "Carmen", executed with great professional skill by Meliak and Halevi4, reveals a number of differences compared to Mérimée's short story. These differences are deepened by Bizet's music. As you know, creative transformation literary primary sources rather the rule than the exception in world opera literature. Suffice it to recall "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades" by Tchaikovsky.
Bizet, together with his librettists, transformed the main characters of the opera - Carmen, Don Jose. So, he endowed Carmen with more humanity and sincerity, especially in the brilliant fortune-telling scene:
Don José Bizet is very different from Don José Lisarrabengoa in Merimee's short story—rude and common man, a robber who terrifies the surrounding population.

In his Don José, Bizet brought to the fore a fiery, passionate feeling for Carmen; Bizet emphasized Don José's softness of soul, his filial love; in the opera, José's suffering is conveyed, for example, in the scene of the meeting with Escamillo and Michaela in. mountains, in the final act - in the scene with Carmen.
Bizet and his librettists completely abandoned some of the characters, and the motives of Mérimée's short story. For example, Carmen's ferocious husband, Garcia's smuggler, is absent from the opera.
On the other hand, Bizet developed other, barely outlined images of the short story. Composer gave bright life two heroes, only touched by the brush of Merimee. These are the bullfighter Escamillo (Lucas in Merimee's short story) and, in particular, the peasant girl Michaela. The image of Michaela brings a bright, lyrical stream to the opera.