Interesting facts about the violin. Thematic lesson in music “The history of a small violin All about the violin for children

The project of the teacher of additional education Lizneva E.A. MBOU DOD DSHI No. 12 g.o. Samara 2014. Interesting Facts about the violin Violin Where the violin came from It is impossible to establish exactly who invented the violin, but it is known for certain that the best examples of this amazingly beautiful sounding instrument were made in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Italy, there were entire famous families of violin makers. The secrets of making violins were carefully guarded and passed down from generation to generation. The most famous family of violin makers was the Amati family from the Italian city of Cremona. For a long time it was believed that no one else could create violins with such amazing and rare melody and tenderness. But Nicolo Amati had a talented student of Antonio Stradivari, who was called the master of masters without exaggeration. He created a violin somewhat larger and flatter than those that existed before him. But the most important thing is that he managed to bring the sound of the instrument closer to the timbre of the human voice. It is known that Stradivari created over 1000 instruments. Many of them were named after the musicians who played them. Only 540 Stradivarius violins have survived to this day, each of which is highly valued and considered an outstanding work of art. Violin by Antonio Stradivari The history of music knows many famous violinists. The unsurpassed violinist of all time was Nicolo Paganini, who lived in the first half of the 19th century. In a symphony orchestra, more than a third of the musicians are violinists. This is explained by the fact that the violin occupies a leading place in the orchestra due to the beauty and expressiveness of sound. Interesting facts about the violin There is a legend that Leonardo da Vinci ordered that all the time while Gioconda was posing in his studio, there was music performed by strings. Her smile was a reflection of the music playing. In many countries, the clergy took up arms against good violinists - even in quiet Norway they were considered accomplices of dark forces, Norwegian folk violins were burned like witches. Norwegian Hardingfele Violin Most Expensive Violin The violin, made by renowned Italian luthier Giuseppe Guarneri, was sold in July 2010 at an auction in Chicago for $18 million and is the most expensive musical instrument in the world. The violin was made in 1741 in the 19th century and belonged to the famous violinist Henri Vietan. The smallest violins In 1973, Eric Meissner made a violin with a height of only 4.1 cm. Despite its small size, the violin produces pleasant sounds. David Edwards, who once played violin in the Scottish National Orchestra, made a violin 1.5 centimeters high, the smallest in the world. Violins sometimes serve as a kind of canvas for artists. Julia Borden has been painting violins and cellos for several years. Before painting the violin, the artist needs to remove the strings and prepare the surface for drawing. Amazing, whimsical, bright creations by Julia Borden are unique and attract the eyes of the audience. Swedish sculptor Lars Wiedenfalk designed the Blackbird violin from stone. It is made according to the drawings of Stradivarius, and black diabase served as the material. The violin sounds no worse than many wooden ones and weighs only 2 kg, since the thickness of the stone walls of the resonator box is no more than 2.5 mm. It is worth noting that the "Blackbird" is not the only such instrument in the world - the marble violins are made by the Czech Jan Roerich. Among the works of Mozart there is an unusual duet for two violins. The musicians should stand facing each other and put the page with the notes between them. Each violin plays a different part, but both parts are recorded on the same page. The violinists begin to read notes from different ends of the sheet, then meet in the middle and again move away from each other, and in general a beautiful melody is obtained. Einstein loved to play the violin and once took part in charity concert in Germany. Admired by his playing, a local journalist recognized the name of the "artist" and the next day published an article in the newspaper about the performance of the great musician, the incomparable virtuoso violinist, Albert Einstein. He kept this note for himself and proudly showed it to his friends, saying that he was in fact a famous violinist, and not a scientist. On January 12, 2007, one of the best violinists, American Joshua Bell, agreed to take part in the experiment - in the morning for 45 minutes he played in the lobby of a subway station under the guise of an ordinary street musician. Out of a thousand people who passed by, only seven became interested in music. Music by N. Paganini (Spanish: Leonid Kogan) Sonata No. 1 for violin and guitar in A major, Op. 2 No. 1: Minuet. Adagio The presentation used materials from Wikipedia, sites en.wikipedia.org missjacobsonsmusic.blogspot.ru ru.wikipedia.org www.washingtonpost.com www.terra-2.ru www.rate1.com www.kulturologia.ru http://samoe -samaya.ru http://sitefaktov.ru

An essential part of modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical mobility.

In the orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often, due to their exceptional melodiousness, violins are used for melodic "singing", for leading the main musical thought. The magnificent melodic possibilities of violins have long been discovered by composers, and have firmly established themselves in this role already among the classics of the 18th century.

Names of the violin in other languages:

• violino(Italian);
• violon(French);
• violine or Geige(German);
• violin or fiddle(English).

The most famous violin makers include such personalities as Antonio Stradivari, Niccolo Amati And Giuseppe Guarneri.

Origin, history of the violin

It has folk origin. The progenitors of the violin were Arabic, Spanish fidel, german company, the merger of which formed .

Violin shapes set to XVI century. By this age and early XVII centuries are well-known manufacturers of violins - the Amati family. Their instruments are of excellent shape and excellent material. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which the Stradivari and Guarneri violins are currently highly valued.

The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for the violin are: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" by Marini from Brescia (1620) and "Capriccio stravagante" by his contemporary Farin. Founder artistic game the violin is considered A. Corelli; then follow Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (1693-1764), a student of Corelli, who developed the bravura violin playing technique.

The violin acquired its modern form in the 16th century, and became widespread in the 17th century.

violin device

The violin has four strings tuned in fifths: g, d, a, e (salt of a small octave, re, la of the first octave, mi of the second octave).

violin range from g (salt of a small octave) to a (a of the fourth octave) and higher.

Violin timbre thick in the low register, soft in the middle and shiny in the high.

violin body has an oval shape with rounded notches on the sides, forming a "waist". The roundness of the outer contours and the "waist" lines ensures the convenience of playing, in particular in high registers.

Top and bottom decks connected to each other by shells. The bottom deck is made from maple and the top deck is made from Tyrolean spruce. They both have a convex shape, forming "vaults". The geometry of the arches, as well as their thickness, to one degree or another determine the strength and timbre of the sound.

Another important factor, affecting the timbre of the violin - the height of the shells.

Two resonator holes are made in the upper deck - efs (in shape they resemble latin letter f).

In the middle of the upper soundboard there is a stand through which the strings, fixed on the tailpiece, pass. tailpiece is a strip of ebony, expanding towards the fastening of the strings. Its opposite end is narrow, with a thick vein string in the form of a loop, it is connected to a button located on the shell. Stand also affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in timbre (when shifting down, the sound is muffled, while moving up, it is more piercing).

Inside the body of the violin, between the upper and lower decks, a round pin made of resonant spruce is inserted - darling (from the word "soul"). This part transmits vibrations from the top deck to the bottom, providing resonance.

Violin fretboard- a long plate of ebony or plastic. The lower part of the neck is attached to a rounded and polished bar, the so-called neck. Also, the strength and timbre of the sound of bowed instruments is greatly influenced by the material from which they are made, and the composition of the varnish.

Violin playing technique

The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fretboard (the thumb is excluded). The strings are led with a bow in the right hand of the player.

Pressing the finger against the fretboard shortens the string, thereby raising the pitch of the string. Strings that are not pressed by a finger are called open strings and are denoted by zero.

violin part written in treble clef.

violin range- from salt of a small octave to up to the fourth octave. Higher sounds are difficult.

From the semi-pressure, the strings in certain places are obtained harmonics. Some harmonic sounds go beyond the violin range indicated above.

The application of the fingers of the left hand is called fingering. Forefinger the hands are called the first, the middle - the second, the nameless - the third, the little finger - the fourth. position called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced from one another by a tone or semitone. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or the first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - from the sixth to the twelfth.

Ways of conducting a bow have a great influence on the character, strength, timbre of sound, and indeed on phrasing.

On a violin, you can normally play two notes simultaneously on adjacent strings ( double strings), in exceptional cases - three (strong bow pressure is required), and not simultaneously, but very quickly - three ( triple strings) and four. Such combinations, mostly harmonic, are easier to perform with empty strings and more difficult without them, and are usually used in solo works.

Very common orchestral technique tremolo- fast alternation of two sounds or repetition of the same sound, creating the effect of trembling, trembling, flickering.

Reception if it's lazy(col legno), meaning the strike of a bow shaft on a string, evokes a knocking, dead sound, which is also used with great success by composers in symphonic music.

In addition to playing with a bow, they use touching the strings with one of the fingers of the right hand - pizzicato(pizzicato).

To attenuate or muffle the sound, use mute- a metal, rubber, rubber, bone or wooden plate with recesses in the lower part for strings, which is attached to the top of the stand or filly.

The violin is easier to play in those keys that allow the greatest use of empty strings. The most convenient passages are those that are composed of scales or their parts, as well as arpeggios of natural keys.

It is difficult to become a violinist in adulthood (but possible!), since for these musicians the sensitivity of the fingers is very important and muscle memory. The sensitivity of the fingers of an adult is much less than that of a young person, and muscle memory takes longer to develop. It is best to learn to play the violin from the age of five, six, seven, perhaps even from an earlier age.

Famous violinists

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vietain
• Alexey Fedorovich Lvov
• Henryk Wieniawski
• Pablo Sarasate
• Ferdinand Laub
• Joseph Joachim
• Leopold Auer
• Eugene Ysaye
• Fritz Kreisler
• Jacques Thibault
• Oleg Kagan
• George Enescu
• Miron Polyakin
• Mikhail Erdenko
• Jascha Heifetz
• David Oistrakh
• Yehudi Menuhin
• Leonid Kogan
• Henryk Schering
• Julian Sitkovetsky
• Mikhail Vayman
• Victor Tretyakov
• Gidon Kremer
• Maxim Vengerov
• Janos Bihari
• Andrew Manze
• Pinchas Zuckerman
• Itzhak Perlman

Video: Violin on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the tool, see real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

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Of course, everyone knows the violin. The most refined and refined among string instruments the violin is a way of conveying the emotions of a skilled performer to the listener. Being somewhere gloomy, unrestrained and even rude, she remains tender and vulnerable, beautiful and sensual.

We have prepared some fascinating facts about this magical musical instrument. You will learn how the violin works, how many strings it has, and what works composers compose for the violin.

How is a violin made?

Its structure is simple: body, neck and strings. Tool accessories are very different in their purpose and degree of importance. For example, one should not lose sight of the bow, thanks to which the sound is extracted from the strings, or the chin rest and bridge, which allow the performer to arrange the instrument most comfortably on the left shoulder.

And there are also accessories like a typewriter, which allows the violinist to correct the system that has changed for any reason without losing time, in contrast to the use of string holders - tuning pegs, which are much more difficult to work with.

There are only four strings themselves, always tuned to the same notes - Mi, La, Re and Sol. violins? From different materials- they can be veined, and silk and metal.

The first string on the right is tuned to "Mi" of the second octave and is the thinnest of all the strings presented. The second string together with the third "personalize" the notes "La" and "Re", respectively. They are medium, almost the same thickness. Both notes are in the first octave. The last, thickest and bass is the fourth string, tuned to the note "Sol" of a small octave.

Each string has its own timbre - from piercing ("Mi") to thick ("Sol"). This allows the violinist to convey emotions so skillfully. Also, the sound depends on the bow - the cane itself and the hair stretched over it.

What are violins?

The answer to this question can be confusing and varied, but we will answer quite simply: there are the most familiar wooden violins for us - the so-called acoustic ones, and there are also electric violins. The latter are powered by electricity, and their sound is heard thanks to the so-called "column" with an amplifier - combo. Undoubtedly, these instruments are arranged differently, although they may look the same outwardly. The technique of playing the acoustic and electronic violin is not significantly different, but you have to get used to the analog electronic instrument in its own way.

What works are written for violin?

The works are a separate topic for reflection, because the violin perfectly manifests itself both as a soloist and in. Therefore, for the violin they write solo concerts, sonatas, partitas, caprices and pieces of other genres, as well as parts for various duets, quartets and other ensembles.

The violin can participate in almost all areas of music. Most often on this moment it is included in classical, folklore and rock. You can hear the violin even in children's cartoons and their Japanese anime adaptations. All this only contributes to the growth of the popularity of the instrument and only confirms that the violin will never disappear.

Notable violin makers

Also, do not forget about the masters of violins. Perhaps the most famous can be called Antonio Stradivari. All his instruments are very expensive, they were valued in the past. Stradivarius violins are the most famous. During his lifetime, he made more than 1,000 violins, but at the moment, from 150 to 600 instruments have survived - the information in various sources is sometimes striking in its diversity.

Among other surnames associated with the skill of making violins, the Amati family can be mentioned. Different generations of this large Italian family perfected bowed musical instruments, including they improved the structure of the violin, achieving a strong and expressive sound from it.

Famous violinists: who are they?

The violin was once folk instrument, but over time, the technique of playing it became complex and individual virtuoso craftsmen began to stand out from the people's environment, who delighted the public with their art. From the time of musical renaissance Italy is famous for its violinists. It is enough to name just a few names - Vivaldi, Corelli, Tartini. Niccolò Paganini was also from Italy, whose name is shrouded in legends and mysteries.

Among the violinists, immigrants from Russia, there are such great names as J. Kheifets, D. Oistrakh, L. Kogan. The modern listener knows the names of the current stars in this area. performing arts- these are, for example, V. Spivakov and Vanessa-Mae.

It is believed that in order to start learning to play this instrument, you must have at least good, strong nerves and patience that will help you overcome five to seven years of study. Of course, such a business cannot do without breakdowns and failures, however, as a rule, even they are only beneficial. The time of study will be hard, but the result is worth the pain.

The material devoted to the violin cannot be left without music. Listen famous music Saint-Saens. You've probably heard it before, but do you know what it is?

C. Saint-Saens Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso

Interesting facts about the violin will tell a lot about this stringed musical instrument.

The modern violin is over 500 years old. It was designed in the 1500s by Andrea Amati.

In 2003, Athira Krishna from India entered the Guinness Book of Records by playing the violin continuously for 32 hours.

Playing an instrument burns 170 calories per hour.

Violins are usually made from spruce or maple wood. Violins are very complex. More 70 different pieces of wood brought together to create the modern violin.

Before 1750 strings were made from sheep intestines.

The tool stimulates the brain.

The word violin comes from the medieval Latin word vitula, which means stringed instrument;

In the city of Guangzhou (southern China), the smallest violin in the world, 1 cm long, was created.

Violins produced by Stradivari and Guarneri are extremely highly valued.

The most expensive violin ever bought by a private investor was purchased for 16 million dollars. However, the Ashmolay Museum currently owns a violin worth $20 million.

Notable violinists:

• Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) was an Italian violinist and composer, one of the founders of the concerto grosso genre.
• Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Venetian composer, violinist, teacher, conductor.
• Giuseppe Tartini (1692-1770), Italian violinist and composer. He improved the design of the bow, lengthening it, and developed the basic techniques for holding the bow, recognized by all contemporary Italian and French violinists and came into general use.
• Giovanni Battista Viotti (1753-1824) was an Italian violinist and composer who wrote 29 violin concertos.
• Nicolo Paganini (1782-1840) - Italian violinist, guitarist and composer, author of violin caprices, concertos.
• Henri Vietain (1820-1881) - Belgian violinist and composer, one of the founders of the national violin school. Author of numerous works for violin - seven concertos with orchestra, a number of fantasies, variations, concert etudes, etc.

Interesting Violin Facts
(Anna Blagaya)

God or Devil?

Legends about violinists who allegedly sold their souls to the devil are known to everyone: let us recall, for example, Niccolo Paganini.

In many countries, the clergy took up arms against good violinists - even in quiet Norway they were considered accomplices dark forces, ANorwegian folk violinsburned like witches.
But not everyone knows that there were directly opposite stories!

If we look into a more ancient "layer" of time, we find that with bowed instruments, related to the violin, were actually originally depicted on the frescoes of temples and in manuscript Bibles angels , and in one old manuscript Christ was called not by anyone, but"beloved violinist".

Such things were hushed up later, and the frescoes were destroyed, but on the fresco of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, you can still see a musician playing a bowed instrument.

Why Mona Lisa smiled

Leonardo ordered that all the time while Gioconda was posing in his studio, there was music performed by strings. The smile of the model was a reflection of the sound of the music; apparently, therefore, it is considered either the smile of an angel, or the smile of the devil. (See above: God or Devil?)
In general, the artist, apparently, did not accidentally conduct this experiment with music. After all, he wanted to achieve in his picture a synthesis, a unity of opposites (see about thisnear Chicherinin a book about Mozart). And the violin has just such a property. Auer quoted Berlioz as saying that “The violin is capable of many apparently opposite shades of expression. It has strength, lightness and grace, conveys a gloomy and joyful mood, thought and passion. You just have to be able to get her to talk.”

Violins and Venetian gondolas

There is a beautiful episode in the film "Stradivari" (with Anthony Quinn): a gondola gliding in the rays of the setting sun, on the stern of which a violinist was playing, so impressed the imagination of the young Antonio Stradivari that he threw himself into the water, tagged along with the violinist and eventually became a violin maker .

The violin and the gondola really do have something in common. Moreover, this connection is not only aesthetic, it also manifests itself at the most “organic” level.

The violins of the legendary Cremonese school use the same sycamore (wavy maple) from Dalmatia and Bosnia, which was used for the oars of the Venetian gondolas.

Time Machine

Good violinists, in addition to hearing and dexterity, have some talents that have not yet been explained by science. Including the ability to manage time. (Not only violinists can do this, but all concert performing musicians). V. Grigoriev writes about a curious mechanism that allows you to “travel in time” (let's call it that), when the whole piece in the mind of a musician folds into a certain formula, code, and unfolds already when playing on stage. There were also cases when the "machine" failed. (Which, of course, only proves its existence) There are a number of interesting testimonies about how this or that virtuoso stopped after playing just one note, because time passed for him at a different speed than for the listeners, and the whole work had already completely resounded in his mind.

More interesting point: musicians often look younger than their years. Apparently, here the point is that time flows differently on the stage. But there is also something else. opera bass Matorin likes to repeat Obraztsova’s words that “we, artists, until old age -Masha, Petka, Katka, because about We spend most of our time outside of this world.” (That is, in the creative world - this is a different dimension, where time slows down). Science has yet to explain these things.

Virtuosos are scientists

The word virtuoso was once applied to scientists. Many violinists were not only artists, artists, violin poets, but also scientists and inventors. (One violin work written at that time was called “sonata for inventive violin”).

The word "virtuoso" is now used (if we are talking about music) in only one sense - "technical". Meanwhile, the state of affairs has not changed: in order to play the violin well, including virtuoso music, you still need to have not developed muscles, but a flexible mind and strong intuition.

Interestingly, the opposite is also true: the violin stimulates the brain (what is the scientific explanation). It is not for nothing that many brilliant minds have enjoyed playing this magical instrument in their spare time to prepare their minds for the birth of new ideas. (Cm. -Sherlock Holmes and Einstein violin).