The name of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation. Peoples of Russia: list and number Small peoples of the Russian Federation

Indigenous small peoples Russian Federation(hereinafter referred to as the Single List), prepared by the Ministry of Federation Affairs and Nationalities of the Russian Federation on the basis of proposals from state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territories these peoples live.

Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Kamchatka Krai

Republic of Karelia, Leningrad region, Vologda Region

Leningrad region

Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Chukchi autonomous region

Kamchatka Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, districts of the Tyumen region, Sverdlovsk region, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin Region

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, districts of the Arkhangelsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin Region

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, districts of the Tyumen Region, Tomsk Region, Komi Republic

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Tomsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory

Kemerovo Region, Republic of Khakassia, Republic of Altai

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Sakhalin Region, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Tomsk Region, Tyumen Region

Krasnoyarsk region

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan Region, Chukotka Autonomous Area

Judicial practice and legislation - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (as amended on August 25, 2015) "On the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation"

2. This Procedure applies to persons belonging to small peoples and their communities in places of traditional residence in accordance with the Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 14, item 1493, 2000, N 41, item 4081, 2008, N 42, item 4831), List of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 2006 N 536-r (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, N 17 (Part II), Art. 1905).

A small indigenous is from 0 to 50,000 people. Officially, there are 47 of them throughout the country, except for Dagestan. As the most multinational subject of the Federation, the State Council of the Republic itself determines the characteristics of the peoples living on its territory.

Kets. The smallest people - only four people. The Ket language is the last living representative of the Yenisei language family. The last related dialects disappeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, along with their speakers.

North of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

hunting-fishing

Nenets (« real man"). The most numerous of the small peoples - 44,640 representatives.

YaNAO, KhMAO, Arkhangelsk region

reindeer breeding

Nivkhs(4652 people). It is assumed that their related peoples live in Polynesia. And the culture originated in Japan, from where its carriers were expelled in the 7th century. Writers Vladimir Sangi, Chingiz Aitmatov, Gennady Gor spoke about the Nivkhs ...

Amur region and Sakhalin

Fishing

Saami- (1,771 people live in Russia). They are Laplanders, Lapps. Inhabitants of Lapland - a territory divided between Russia and Scandinavian countries. They have a distinct national self-identification, an alphabet (Latin), a flag and an anthem, their rights are represented by elected representative bodies of cultural self-government. American actress Renee Zellweger is a Norwegian Sami by her mother.

Kola Peninsula

reindeer herding, fishing, sea and land hunting

Yukagirs(1597 people) - a people on the verge of extinction. The expedition, which took place in 2011, did not reveal a single Yukaghir in the third generation, representatives of the older generation do not remember the Yukaghir tales, although they know the names of the characters. Only six native speakers have been identified.

North of Yakutia, west of Chukotka, Magadan region

reindeer breeding

Teleuts(2,643 people). richest and ancient history: in 391 the Tubgachamians were subjugated, in 403 - by the Jujans, in the 280s the Teleuts took Gaochyan and ruined Yuebani, created the Gaogyui state allied with the Chinese, soon destroyed by the Ephthalites, in 550 they were conquered by the Turks ...

Kemerovo region

Agriculture

Abaza(43,341 people - the second largest among the small nations after the Nenets). Historical homeland - the territory of modern Abkhazia. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) in his map ancient world in the list of peoples who lived along the banks of the Pontus of Euxinus, he mentioned the Abasags. In the 1st century, according to church tradition, the Apostle Andrew preached among the mountain peoples of the Alans, Abazgs and Zikhs. In 1073, Abaza icon painters and jewelry masters participated in the painting of the Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

Karachay-Cherkessia

Agriculture

Chukchi(15,908 people). A very warlike tribe - on their kayaks they terrorized not only their neighbors, but also sailed to the current Alaska and Canada. They resisted the Russian occupation for almost a century and a half. They managed to appease only economic preferences.

Chukotka

Reindeer husbandry, fishing

Alyutors(0 people). According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, there were 12 of them. In the 2010 census, the Alyutors are not even mentioned as a sub-ethnos. Whether native speakers remained is not known.

North of the Kamchatka Territory

Reindeer herding, fishing, sea slaughter

Vod(64 people). A nation close to extinction. Today, its representatives live only in the village of Ust-Luga (a port will be built here), the villages of Krakolye (the construction plan involves its demolition) and Luzhitsa (it will turn out to be in the industrial zone). The port development plan provides for the resettlement of residents in the cities of the Leningrad Region, which will finally destroy the Vodi culture.

Leningrad region

Dolgan(7885 people) - the northernmost Turkic-speaking people of the world.

Taimyr

reindeer breeding

Nganasany(862 people). Most northern people Eurasia. In 1940-1960, they decided to make them settled, for which several settlements were built. Today, only about a hundred people live semi-settled on the "points" of hunting and fishing.

East of Taimyr

Hunting, fishing

soyots(3608 people). This people later than all received their own written language. It was developed only in 2001 for the revival of the Soyot language. In 2003, the Soyot-Buryat-Russian Dictionary was published. Since 2005, the gradual introduction of language teaching in primary school Soyot schools in the Okinsky district of Buryatia.

Buryatia

Reindeer and yak breeding

According to the most conservative estimates, more than 192 peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation, differing from each other in terms of culture, religion or history of development. It is noteworthy that they all ended up within the same state borders almost peacefully - as a result of the annexation of new territories.

Features of the residence of peoples

For the first time, a list of peoples living on the territory of Russia was compiled in the middle of the 18th century in order to streamline the collection of taxes. The Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg seriously dealt with this issue, and during the 17th-19th centuries several dozen serious ethnographic studies on this topic were published, as well as many illustrated albums and atlases, which have become very valuable for modern scientists.

At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the country's population can be formally divided into 192 ethnic groups. There are only 7 nations with a population of over 1 million in Russia. These include:

• Russians - 77.8%.
• Tatars - 3.75%.
• Chuvash - 1.05%.
• Bashkirs - 1.11%.
• Chechens - 1.07%.
• Armenians - 0.83%.
• Ukrainians - 1.35%.

There is also a term titular nation", which is understood as the ethnic group that gave the name to the region. Moreover, this may not be the most numerous people. For example, in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region many nationalities of Russia live (the list consists of more than 50 items). But only the Khanty and Mansi, who made up only 2% of the population of the region, gave it an official name.

Ethnographic research continues in the 21st century, and works on the topic "Russian peoples: list, number and percentage" are of interest not only to serious scientists, but also to ordinary people who want to know more about their homeland.

parts of Russia

Russians are not mentioned as a nation in the current Constitution of Russia, but in fact these people represent more than 2/3 of the entire population. His " cradle"is - from Northern Primorye and Karelia to the coast of the Caspian and Black Seas. The people are characterized by the unity of spiritual culture and religion, homogeneous anthropology and common language. However, Russians are also heterogeneous in their composition and are divided into various ethnographic groups:

Northern - Slavic peoples living in the Novgorod, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Kostroma regions, as well as in the Republic of Karelia and in the north of the Tver lands. Northern Russians are characterized by " shakish"dialect and a lighter color of appearance.

South Russian peoples live in the Ryazan, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Orel and Penza regions. The inhabitants of these regions okayut"when talking. For the part" South Russians"characteristic of bilingualism (Cossacks).

The northern and southern regions are not located close - they are connected by the Central Russian zone ( interfluve of the Oka and Volga), where the inhabitants of both zones are mixed equally. In addition, in the general mass of Russians there are so-called sub ethnic groups- compactly living small nationalities, which are distinguished by the peculiarities of their language and culture. These are rather closed and small. Their list consists of the following groups:

• Vod ( for 2010 the number of people is 70).
• Pomors.
• Meshcheryaki.
• Polekhi.
• Sayans.
• Don and Kuban Cossacks.
• Kamchadals.

The peoples of the southern regions

We are talking about the territories between the Azov and Caspian Seas. In addition to the Russian population, many other ethnic groups live there, including those who are radically different in terms of traditions and religion. The reason for such a striking difference was the proximity Eastern countries- Turkey, Tatar Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

Southern peoples of Russia (list):

• Chechens.
• Ingush.
• Nogais.
• Kabardians.
• Circassians.
• Adyghe.
• Karachays.
• Kalmyks.

Half of the " national Republics. Almost each of the listed peoples has its own language, and in religious terms, Islam prevails among them.

Separately, it is worth noting the long-suffering Dagestan. And, above all, the fact that a people with such a name does not exist. This word combines a group of ethnic groups (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Nogais, etc.) living on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan.

and the North

It includes 14 large regions and territorially occupies 30% of the entire country. However, 20.10 million people live in this territory. consists of the following nations:

1. Alien peoples, that is, ethnic groups that appeared in the region during its development from the 16th-20th centuries. This group includes Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars, etc.

2. Indigenous Siberian peoples of Russia. Their list is quite large, but the total number is relatively low. The most populous are the Yakuts ( 480 thousand), Buryats ( 460 thousand), Tuvans ( 265 thousand) and Khakasses ( 73 thousand).

The ratio between indigenous and alien peoples is 1:5. Moreover, the number of original inhabitants of Siberia is gradually decreasing and is calculated not even in thousands, but in hundreds.

The northern territories of Russia are in a similar situation. " past"The population of these areas is concentrated in large settlements. But the indigenous, for the most part, lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. Ethnographers note that the northern indigenous peoples are declining at a slower rate than the Siberians.

Peoples of the Far East and Primorye

The Far Eastern Territory consists of the territories of the Magadan, Khabarovsk regions, Yakutia, the Chukotka district and the Jewish Autonomous Region. They are adjoined by Primorye - Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Primorsky Krai, that is, regions with direct access to the eastern seas.

In ethnographic descriptions, the peoples of Siberia and the Far East are described together, but this is not entirely correct. The indigenous ethnic groups of this part of the country are distinguished by a very peculiar culture, which was determined by the most severe living conditions.

The Far Eastern and coastal indigenous peoples of Russia, which are listed below, were first described in the 17th century:

• Orochi.
• Oroks.
• Nivkhs.
• Udege.
• Chukchi.
• Koryaks.
• Tungus.
• Daura.
• Duchers.
• Nanais.
• Eskimos.
• Aleuts.

Currently small ethnic groups enjoy protection and benefits from the state, and are also of interest to ethnographic and tourist expeditions.

On ethnic composition The Far East and Primorye were influenced by the peoples of neighboring states - China and Japan. About 19,000 people from China have settled in the Russian region. On the islands of the Kuril ridge and Sakhalin, the Ainu people live happily, whose homeland was once Hokkaido (Japan).

Non-indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation

Formally, all ethnic groups in Russia, except for very small and closed ones, are non-indigenous. But in fact, there was a constant migration within the country due to wars (evacuation), the development of Siberia and the Far East, government construction, search better conditions life. As a result, the peoples have mixed up in order, and the Yakuts living in Moscow will no longer surprise anyone.

But the country is home to many ethnic groups with roots coming from completely different states. Their homeland is not even close to the borders of the Russian Federation! They appeared on its territory as a result of accidental or voluntary migration to different years. The non-indigenous peoples of Russia, the list of which is given below, make up groups of several tens of thousands of people over the age of 40 (2 generations). These include:

• Koreans.
• Chinese.
• Germans.
• Jews.
• Turks.
• Greeks.
• Bulgarians.

In addition, small groups of ethnic groups from the Baltic States, Asia, India, and Europe are happily living in Russia. Almost all of them are assimilated in terms of language and way of life, but have retained some of their original traditions.

Languages ​​and religions of the peoples of Russia

The multi-ethnic Russian Federation is a secular state, but religion still plays a big role ( cultural, ethical, power) in the life of the population. It is characteristic that small ethnic groups adhere to their traditional religion, received " in inheritance"from their ancestors. But the Slavic peoples are more mobile and profess different kinds theology, including renewed paganism, Satanism, and atheism.

Currently, the following religious movements are common in Russia:

• Orthodox Christianity.
• Islam ( Sunni Muslims).
• Buddhism.
• Catholicism.
• Protestant Christianity.

A rather simple situation has developed with the languages ​​of the peoples. The state language in the country is Russian, that is, the language of the majority of the population. However, in national regions ( Chechnya, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan, etc.) the language of the titular nation has the status of a state language.

And, of course, almost every nationality has its own, distinct from others, language or dialect. It often happens that the dialects of ethnic groups living in the same area have different roots of formation. For example, the Altai people of Siberia speak the language of the Turkic group, and among the Bashkirs located nearby, the roots of oral speech are hidden in the Mongolian language.

It is worth noting that when looking at the list of the peoples of Russia, the ethno-linguistic classification appears in almost complete form. Particularly among the languages different peoples Almost all language groups were "noted":

1. Indo-European group:

• Slavic languages ​​( Russian, Belarusian).
• Germanic languages ​​( Jewish, German).

2. Finno-Ugric languages ​​( Mordovian, Mari, Komi-Zyryan, etc.).

3. Turkic languages ​​( Altai, Nogai, Yakut, etc.).

4. (Kalmyk, Buryat).

5. Languages North Caucasus (Adyghe, Dagestan languages, Chechen, etc.).

In the 21st century, the Russian Federation continues to be one of the most multinational states in the world. There is no need to impose "multiculturalism", because the country has existed in this mode for many centuries.

RESOLUTION
Government of the Russian Federation

March 24, 2000 No. 255 "On a unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation"

In pursuance federal law"On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation" The Government of the Russian Federation decides:
1. Approve the attached Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Unified List), prepared by the Ministry for Federal Affairs and Nationalities of the Russian Federation on the basis of proposals from state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territories these peoples live.
2. To the Government of the Republic of Dagestan, prepare and submit to the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan proposals on indigenous peoples living in the territory of the Republic for their subsequent inclusion in the Unified List.
3. Establish that changes and additions to the Unified List are made by the Government of the Russian Federation at the proposal of the Ministry of Federation Affairs and Nationalities of the Russian Federation on the basis of submissions from state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territories the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation live.
4. Subparagraph 20 of paragraph 5 of the Regulations on the Ministry for the Affairs of the Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2000 No. 45 (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2000, No. 4, Art. 397), shall be stated as follows:
"20) maintenance of the federal register municipalities, the register of national-cultural autonomies, the state register of the Cossack societies of the Russian Federation and the Unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation".

Prime Minister
Russian Federation V.Putin

APPROVED
Government Decree
Russian Federation
March 24, 2000
N 255

UNIFIED LIST
indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation

Note. The names of the subjects of the Russian Federation are given line by line, in descending order of the number of each people living in the respective territories.